简述艾伦莫尔斯的女性主义批评

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简爱中的女权主义探析

Feminism as Demonstrated in Jane Eyre 现代文学批评概论作业Feminism as Demonstrated in Jane EyreAbstract: The Victorian Age was men-centered and men-controlled times. Women were discriminated against by men at that time. However, the ahead-of-age female consciousness of Jane Eyre, the main character of Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Bronte, challenged men’s authority. In this novel of the Victorian Age, Charlotte exposed and denounced men’s oppression of and discrimination against women. On the other hand, Charlotte is remarkable in portraying Jane Eyre as a self-respecting and rebellious girl, desiring equality and independence, bravely showing her love and deciding on her own marriage. Through the portrayal, Charlotte sets a new role model for women of Victorian times as well as modern age.Key words: feminism; Jane Eyre; rebellion; equality; independence1. Background introductionJane’s characteristics of feminism should ascribe to both the epoch and her own experience. In order to make a deeper understanding of Jane’s feminism,the background of Jane must be introduced: the 19th century, the feminist movement, and the formation of Jane’s feminism.In 19th century, women did not have any status. They were discriminated against and conceived of as people inf erior to men. Although women’s colleges were established at Cambridge in 1869 and at Oxford in 1879, women could not take degrees at the university until 1920-1921. At that time, almost the only occupationopen to women of good families was teaching as school mistress or more likely serving as governess in a private family. The Victorian moral code for women was that they should remain ignorant and uneducated. So, novels about young girls who went out alone into the world, suffered various trials, miseries and temptation, and emerged chaste and triumphant had been popular in England for over a century. Charlotte Bronte and her Jane Eyre challenged the old commandment and traditional discrimination to women. That is why Jane Eyre was criticized by some people. Lionel Stevenson said, “Jane Eyre was an intolerable renegade from all the standards of behavior expected of respectable girls.”(Luo I:103) W. A. Craik thought, “The Bronte biography does them a disservice with the reader, may prevent him from seeing properly are air individual merits or indeed what is her purpose in writing it.”(Luo II:109) However, the praise of Jane Eyre by far outweighs criticism. Most people regarded this book as one of the greatest novels of that time. It was Jane’s rebelliousness, her dislike of servility, her insistence on equality with her master and her claim that she had a right to feelings and passions that gave the book its uniqueness and force, shocked many of its early readers and earned popularity among most women. The book also encouraged women to be independent and fight for their own rights. Luo Jingguo said, “Jane Eyre is the first English novel even the most powerful and popular novel, which presents the modern view of women’s position in society.”(Luo III:176)1.1 The feminist movementThe 19th century was the Victorian age in history, when the Industrial Revolutionwas already successful, but the society was still controlled by men. Women had not any rights, they were just appendants of men. At that time, women had not equal chance with men to get education, their education were just to learn how to be a good wife, and if any one want to be learned, there would be no one want to marry her. And women had no chance to have an ideal job, the best job for them were governess. They even couldn’t possess their properties at will, all their properties were entitled to and controlled by their husband. Women at that time couldn’t control their own life, they all suffered a lot from the society and convention. So the only way for them was to marry a husband with good fortune, so that they could live a wealthy life.The Feminist Movement first arose in French in the mid 19th century,and then spread to England and America. The movement can be divided into three phases: the first phase was from the mid 19th century to 1920s, the second phase was from 1920s to 1970s, and the third was after 1980s. In Jane’s time, it was at the very beginning of the first phase of the Feminist Movement. When feminism had not a systematic theory, the aim of the movement was to get legal rights for women. The early feminist hold that, women should have equal rights with men in education, election, work, and property possession. They fought hard against patriarchy, and set a solid foundation for feminism. From then on, systematic theories of feminism came into being, and became diversified.1.2 The formation of Jane’s feminismAt Jane’s time the convention made women suffer a lot from men’s oppression, and Jane suffered even more because of her own experience. She could depend on noone, and she must obtain everything she want through her own effort and struggle.One’s experience is very important to the formation of his characteristics. Jane’s feminism was formed from her childhood on. Jane was an orphan, and was adopted by others. She lived with her aunt and cousins, but they were not good to her, she was unwanted in the family. She must suffer the insult from her cousin, the punishment of her aunt and even the blame from the maids. She was isolated, and no one can she seek help from, the only one to be depended on was herself, so she formed the independent and rebellious characteristics. There were so many unjust things about her, and she suffered a lot from them, so she was sensitive to injustice and was earnest to pursue equality in her life. So Jane’s feminism thought was formed during her childhood in Gateshead.Jane’s characteristics of feminism developed in Lowood Institution. In Lowood Institution the condition did not get better, the teachers beat and punish the girls at will, and Mr. Brocklehurst oppressed the girls both in body and spirit, the living conditions were awful also. Under these circumstances, Jane could not give in, she was obliged to rebel all the injustice about her. “When we are struck at without a reason, we should strike again very hard; I am sure we should–so hard as to teach the person who struc k us never do it again.”(Bronte 68)Her experience made her know that she must depend on herself, and the most important thing is to get independence in economy, so she worked all the time to support herself.2. The feminist characteristics of JaneJane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence.2.1 Rebellious characteristicWomen in Jane’s t ime were oppressed by men, but Jane rebelled the oppressions all the way. She showed her rebellious characteristic at every stage of her life, and gained opportunities she want through her rebellion and struggle.The first oppressor is Jane Eyre’s cousin, John Reed. John, at the age of 14, has become particularly obnoxious, a fat, greedy, unwholesome bully. He regards himself as the future owner of the house. He beats and insults Jane at will. Goaded by John Reed’s bullying, she hits back on two occasions, fighting like a mad cat until she is overpowered. Then, she is locked up alone in the red room. Terror as well as anger is always with her when she is in the red room where her own vivid imagination frightens her into a frantic fit. Jane experiences the first crisis in life and nearly dies. In the clash between Jane and her cousin, the writer emphasizes Jane’s feelings of dread, loathing and despair as the weak when facing unreasonable, ill-mannered merciless even brutish threat. This description shows exac tly small and weak female’s general sentiment under male’s maltreatment. When we read the part from Chapter I to Chapter IV, we will sympathize with Jane’s miserable experience.The second oppressor is Mr. Brocklehurst, the headmaster of Lowood orphanage. The first impression he gives Jane is “What a great nose! And what a mouth!”, (Luo III:32) just like a brutal bloodsucking animal. Here, Brocklehurst is portrayed as a very severe and hard-hearted person who not only keeps the children half-starved butprevents them from having normal mental growth. He is meddling, loveless and hypocritical. Brocklehurst thinks it is his duty to punish the eighty girls’bodies in order to save their immortal souls. He does not let them have enough rest. He forces them to cut their long hair and makes them wear the worst quality, the ugliest clothes. He attempts to kill these poor girls nature of pursuing beauty. He is hostile to women. He calls these girls’bodies “vile bodies”(Luo III:63) and their natural curled hair “excrescence”(Luo III:63). He strangles these girls’vigor and vitality. These girls almost become machines which can only work and read Bible. Brocklehurst’s devastation to these girls is far beyond people’s toleration. Brocklehurst makes the life condition much worse, which causes a lot of deaths including that of Jane’s best friend, Helen Burns. Life in Lowood Orphanage may be the most agonizing memory to Jane, but the miserable life gives Jane much more courage and determination to struggle for her right.The third oppressor Jane has met is Mr. Rochester. Most writers agree that the theme of Jane Eyre is the search for love. Lawrence has said, “The novel is revolutionary in its treatment of love.”(Luo II:101) Rochester’s oppression does not come from the fact that Rochester wants to marry Jane without telling her his mad wife’s story. Here the point is that Rochester’s love oppresses Jane and jeopardizes her independence. When they prepare things for marriage, Rochester says he will put the diamond chain “round Jane’s neck, and circlet on her forehead, clasped the bracelets on these fine wrists, and load her fingers with rings” (Luo III:270). He uses visible jewelry to limit Jane invisibly. Jane feels that she is oppressed. She feelsRochester’s smile has”su ch a sultan might, bestow on a slave his gold and gems had enriched”(Luo III:272), and she, herself, just like the east allusion, is without freedom . Jane knows, facing Rochester, she is no longer as independent as before. Jane’s heart is always in a stat e of intense struggle. She willingly devotes herself to Rochester, but she still tries to grasp her own soul. When the secret is discovered, Rochester hopes that Jane can go with her in the name of love. Jane is nearly shaken. After all, she keeps her individual soul.In Jane’s life, she never stops struggling against miserable life and misfortune. She hasn’t a noble position, an illustrious background, wealth or a beautiful appearance. The only proud thing for her is her self-respect which is supported by her self-confidence and her staunch independence. She never expects that Rochester can love her because she thinks there is a big gap between them forever. When they fall in love, Jane has to keep her self-respect and independence in case of losing herself. What she can give to Rochester is only her love, her infatuation, her spiritual support and nothing else. However, what Rochester gives her is more than hers. He can also improve Jane Eyre’s social status and increase her wealth. This unequal exchange makes Jane Eyre uneasy. The situation makes her feel that they are not quite equal and her independence is also threatened.The fourth oppressor Jane comes across is the clergyman, St . John Rivers. He is idealistic, very good-looking, religious and zealous. He turns egotism and ambition to the service of religion. He uses the name of obligation to oppress Jane and gives Jane spiritual suffering. He does not treat Jane as a woman or as his future wife, but a slave,a slave of God as well as his. St. John says to Jane, “Simplify your complicated interests, feelings , thoughts , wishes , aims; merge all consideration in one purpose that of fulfilling with effect -- with power-- the mission of your great Master .” (Luo III:411) Here, “Master” is capitalized. It seems that “Master” is the God. In fact, St. John uses the word “Master”to refer to his own mission. He regards himself as Jane’s “Master”. He deprives Jane of all her rights, especially the rights of a woman. Jane is no longer an independent woman, but a doll, a machine in his eyes. The word “Master”also delicately discovers the most important element of man’s attitude towards woman. St. John’s proposal is even more outrageous than Rochester’s, for it involves a spiritual prostitution instead of a physical one. Only when St. John involves God’s name in support of a false idea of marriage does Jane resist,“If I were to marry you, you would kill me. You are killing me now”(Luo III:417). Jane’s first “kill me” indicates that the miserable life in India would destroy her health and kill her. Jane’s second“kill me”refers to St John’s oppression to her spirit.Jane Eyre bravely shows her feelings, but St. John denounces Jane as violent, untrue and unfeminine. But what is feminine? Should women always regard man and their husbands as “Master”? Shouldn’t women show their true feelings and be rude pendent?2.2 Jane’s quest for equalityJane was not beautiful, and she had no fortune, but she had dignity, she thought that love should be established on the basis of equality. Marriage should base on the love of each other, and the contemporary marriage which is based on money, statusand beauty had not true love. Jane loved Rochester not for his fortune, but his amity, and equality to others. She loved Rochester, but she did not please him and flatter him, she treated him equally.So when Rochester expressed his love to Jane in his special way, Jane misunderstood him, and said "Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!--I have as much soul as you,--and full as much heart!” and “I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, not even of mortal flesh;--it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,--as we are!" (Bronte, 325)This is a proclamation of equality from Jane, it displayed her quest for equality with others--especially her beloved, and that all people are equal in the world.When Rochester intended to equip her with jewels and silk, Jane decided to write to uncle John to inherit his fortune, “if I had but a prospect of one day bringing Mr. Rochester an accession of fortune, I could better endure to be kept by him now.”(Bronte, 346)After Rochester came across the accident, became blind and handicapped, Jane returned to him, and married him, though she was wealthy then. She disregarded the difference between them, because she loved him, and they were equal. Through her effort, Rochester got better by and by, and so they lived together happily.2.3 Independent characteristicWomen in Jane's time wanted to seek a rich husband to support them, but Janedid her utmost to obtain independence in economy. From her experience in Gateshead, she knew that one would have no freedom and dignity if depending on others. So she worked to support herself at every place, she did not want others to support her.She studied hard at Lowood, and gained the opportunity to be a teacher there, which offered her fifteen pounds a year, she could support herself.She got the job as a governess in Thornfield through advertisement by herself. There she got thirty pounds a year by teaching Adele. Her independence in economy endowed her dignity in personality, so she could face others confidently, and so she could proclaim to Rochester that they were equal.Her dream was "to save money enough out of my earnings, to set up a school some day in a little house rented by myself." (Bronte, 254) This makes us see the rare independence consciousness of females of that time.3. ConclusionMan forces woman to live and behave as man wants, which really gives women a great oppression. For thousand of years, women suffer from man’s oppression and discrimination. John Reed, Brockcehurst, Rochester and St John oppress Jane in different ways. They are only some typical examples. By them, Charlotte exposes and denounces man’s oppression sharply. The agony women actually suffer may be much more than Jane’s. Should they always be silent or stand to fight? Jane Eyre gives a definitely answer. Her stories awaken women’s female consciousness. What is a woman like if she wants to fight for her proper rights? Here, Charlotte answers the question with the portrayal of Jane Eyre’s character.All in all, Jane is such a self-respecting, independent and decisive woman. Her female consciousness and her struggling experience set a brilliant example for the female worldwide. Her spirit encourages women to fight for liberation. Jane Eyre tells not only what an independent woman is like but also what a successful woman should do. In fact, Charlotte is presenting through the character of Jane some of her own most deeply felt convictions of permanent importance in human life such as the right of the humblest person to affection, self-realization, honesty and integrity, the right to speak out frankly and the claims of morality and religion. Jane’s long struggle to attain these values to become a person who is admired, respected and cared for without compromising any of her other principles leaves an indelible impression on us. As a great book, Jane Eyre not only awakens its early readers of the Victorian Age, but also stimulates and encourages modern women’s movement.Jane Eyre has said in Chapter Ⅻ, “It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with tranquility; they must have action; and they will make it if they can not find it…women are supposed to be very calm generally; but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts are much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.”(Luo III:110-111) This is Jane’s female consciousness. It is Charlotte’s as well as world wide female’s feminist declaration, indicating a new era of feminism for women was to come.Works CitedBronte, Charlotte, Jane Eyre. New York: Bantam Classic & Loveswept, 1994.Luo, Jingguo. A New Anthology of English Literature (volume I, II, III). Beijing: Peking University Press, 1997.Vincent, Andrew. Modern Political Ideology. Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005.Wang, Jiu, “The Change of Female Education In Victorian Age.”Journal of ZheJiang Normal University 27.1 (2002): 72-76。

对女性文学传统问题的再思考_西方女性主义理论的批评姿态

肖瓦尔特认为，女性作为一个不停地被男性谈论和塑造的群体，会表现出一种共同的心理和生理体验：如青春期、行经、性心理的萌动、分娩和更年期闭经等女性特有的生理过程体验及作为女儿、妻子和母亲的社会角色的独特心理体验等。这种不同于男性的共同体验使她们紧紧地结合在一起，形成一
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种非自觉的文化上的联系，体现在创作中，容易在女性作家与女性读者之间形成认同。例如，当陷入青春期苦恼的读者发现小说中的女主人公身上也发生了奇异的变化，她的恐惧和焦虑也许就会祛除。因为，作者把那一切描写为走向成熟的过程，她使读者在她的人物身上证实了个人的经验，从而打消了疑虑。虽然这只是女性认同在经验方面的反映，但说明了女性文学确实有其独特的内容和表现形式，这种独特性是不同的女作家在各自的社会生活中对男性中心文化不断作出反应的结果。针对于此，肖瓦尔特提出“女性亚文化群”的观点，试图从文化的层面上对女性文学进行研究，从而突出女性传统的独特性。这是基于女性创作实践的一次理论上的独创，从文化的高度上证明女性传统的标新立异，使女性文学可以完全树立起自己的旗帜，而不必再去要求平分男性的那片不属于过她们的天空，使得妇女文学传统的研究有了更广泛的领域和更强的批判性。但是，文学作品毕竟不是纯粹经验的记录，当作者能够把真实的“人的”经验写入本文时，她并没有超出经验主义方法的桎梏，这又使作者自己堕入了她所反对的父权制价值体系中。而且，肖瓦尔特提出这种假设的目的实际上是创造了一种女性文学的独立准则，并非是要消灭一切准则。女性主义批评家托里·莫依认为：“新准则未必就比旧的更少压迫性质。女权主义批评家的角色不过是静静坐下，默默聆听其女主人的声音而已，因为这声音传达了真实的女性经验。女权主义读者也不应站起来向这个女性的声音挑战：女性本文依然像旧的男性本文那样专横地支配着读者。”10 从这个意义上说，肖瓦尔特只是强调了反父权制的政治，却没有与父权制的文学理论划清界限。

试从女权主义的角度解读《TheChaser》-最新年精选文档

试从女权主义的角度解读《TheChaser》-最新年精选文档试从女权主义的角度解读《The Chaser》戴安娜的形象一样，这个时代所期待的女性形象是美好的，善良的，富有牺牲精神的房子里的天使形象，女性应该为丈夫，为家庭而生。

小说中关于女权主义的思想引起了国内外研究者的关注，研究者们从不同的角度对这篇小说进行了解读。

本文使用女性主义文学批评理论，详细分析了应该如何处理男性与女性之间的关系。

约翰?哥利埃（1901-1980），英国短篇小说家，电影剧作者。

最受欢迎的是他的短篇小说。

本文研究的《The Chaser》作为其中的一篇，也引起了很多研究者的关注。

本文主要讨论他的一篇小说《The Chaser》，这篇小说的情节十分简单。

主要有三个人物：艾伦?奥斯丁，一位不知名的老人，还有一个叫戴安娜的姑娘（没有在小说中出场）。

一个叫艾伦的年轻人，非常的天真孩子气，他想要留住戴安娜的爱，就想买一种具有神秘力量的药。

有了这种药，戴爱娜就会着了魔一样的爱上他。

小说中的老人是智慧与财富的象征，他的店里面出售的药包括：爱情魔药和生命清洁剂。

曾经有无数的年轻人前来向他请求这两种药，老人对这些药的功效都很清楚。

在艾伦眼里可以拯救他爱情的魔药，在老人眼里只不过是葬送婚姻的坟墓而已。

老人在小说中就是一种客观的存在，他没有发言，他既不劝说艾伦买这种药，当艾伦决定买的时候，他也不加以阻止。

只是静静的看着，就像种置身事外的智慧。

爱情魔药能使够帮助艾伦达成心愿，使戴安娜全身心的爱上他。

无论戴安娜爱不爱艾伦，即使艾伦对戴安娜不好，艾伦有了另外喜欢的人，或者经常彻夜不归，这些都不重要，重要的是戴爱娜会依然在家等着艾伦，依旧只爱他一个人。

生命清洁剂是种毒药，万一有一天艾伦不爱戴安娜了，他可以用这种药抹去戴安娜的记忆甚至将她杀死。

读到这里，深深的感受到作者的讽刺和对艾伦的嘲弄。

艾伦宁愿花钱去买爱情魔药，从而达到完全控制戴安娜的目的。

也不愿意好好花心思花时间，让戴安娜爱上自己。

女性主义文学批评学习课件

从女性主义到女性主义批评

“女性主义” 于1870年最先在法国产生，后传入欧洲其他国家和包括美国在内的一些美洲国家。女性主义批评兴起于20世纪60年代，是从当时欧美风起云涌的妇女解放运动中发展起来的一种极富活力、具有较强政治性的批评理论。

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1.1.女性主义批评的定义

女性主义批评兴起于20世纪60年代，是从当时欧美风起云涌的妇女解放运动中发展起来的一种极富活力、具有较强政治性的批评理论。
另外还有分支，诸如：文化女性主义、存在女性主义、精神分析女性主义、黑人女性主义、第三世界女性主义或后殖民女性主义、生态女性主义、女同性恋女性主义等等。

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2.1.女性主义文学批评理论的发展

与形式主义、结构主义文学批评不同，女性主义文学批评是一个凸现文学外部研究的批评流派。它与20世纪以来的各种理论思潮有着千丝万缕的联系，因而体系丰繁复杂。

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女性主义ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้评发展概况

乔纳森·卡勒：“女性主义批评这个名称应该来运用批判所有关于性别压抑的批评流派。” 阿里逊·莱特：“女性主义批评家的任务是披露‘性别歧视’，在每一个文学文本里以不同的力量予以展示。” 女性主义文学批评是20世纪西方文学研究发生文化转向的标志之一。

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从女权到女性的变化
女性主义批评的基本观点：西方文明是以男性为中心的，是由男性控制的，妇女属于从属的地位。在家庭、宗教、政治、经济、教育、法律、文艺等社会的所有领域，妇女都受到男性的压制和排斥。男女的性别差异不仅是由生理决定的，也是由父权制社会决定的。

女性主义批评的主张：对男性为中心的西方文明和社会进行批判，在社会各领域争取与男性平等的地位和权利，发掘并建立长期被父权制文化淹没的妇女自己的文学经典和文化传统。

简述埃莱娜西苏的女性主义批评

简述埃莱娜·西苏的女性主义批评（1）她认为在男*权中心社会中，男女二元对立意味着男性代表正面价值而女性只是被排除在中心之外的“他者”，只能充当证明男性存在及其价值的工具和符号，男人为维护这种二元对立始终要压制与排斥女性。

为了消解这种顽固的二元对立，西苏提出了以实现“双性*同体”为目标的女性写作理论。

（2）西苏认为女人在父*权制社会的二元对立关系中始终处于被压制的地位，她的一切应有权利都被压抑或剥夺了，她的一切正常的心理能力也都被压抑和剥夺了。

女人在被迫保持沉默的状况下只能靠写作行为来改变这一被奴*役的关系，写作解除了对女性特征和存在的压制关系，还原了女性的快乐与资格，使之挣脱自我结构，因此女性写作有女性解放的特殊功能。

（3）西苏用“描写躯体”这一写作口号和要求表达了两层意思：①表达了一种男女性别的隐喻，男性追求世俗功名，隐喻着父*权制象征秩序的要求，而女性的“身体”本身摆脱了象征秩序，更多地投入“写作”，写作就有了女性的隐喻。

②认为女性写作的特点是“描写躯体”，揭示出通过描写躯体而在肉T快*感与美感之间建立起密切的关系，其内涵是女性描写的全是渴求和她自身的亲身体验，是一种不再遭受禁锢的美，这是西苏为女性写作和“描写躯体”所做的旗帜鲜明的美学辩护。

（4）她认为女性写作有其独特的、区别于男*权文化的语言，这是一种能摧毁隔阂、等级和清规戒律的语言，是一种反理性、无规范、具有颠覆性和破坏性的语言，但它又不完全排斥男性话语，因为它一直都在男性话语之内活动。

女性话语是一种无尽包容男性语言在内的双性*同体式女性语言，是一种颠覆了父*权制中心话语的“新语言”。

（5）评价：①西苏希望通过写作活动引导妇女觉醒走向妇女真正的解放，这种理论有颠覆批判当今男*权主流文化和语言，发展女性自己的文化，深化妇女解放运动的现实意义，是值得肯定的。

②把妇女解放运动建立在女性写作活动的基础上，局限在语言颠覆的范围内只能是一种写作乌托邦，特别是女性双性*同体论更是一种软弱无力的妥协，并没有与父*权制社会的主流观念真正划清界限。

[资料]《摩尔·弗兰德斯》中展现的女性主义

摘要:《摩尔·弗兰德斯》是笛福第一次把低层女性搬到主人公地位的文学作品。

摩尔成为笛福笔下广为人知的女性形象，也成为那些道德批评家们关注的重点。

由于摩尔多次的婚姻和不幸的生活经历，历来被许多批评家冠之以“荡妇”的形象。

笔者想通过女性主义视角来阐述在父权制思想的影响下，摩尔是一个具有鲜明反抗意识，敢于追求的女性形象。

关键词:,,,,,摩尔·弗兰德斯;,,,,,父权制;,,,,,女权主义;,,,,,反抗意识摩尔．,,,,,弗兰德斯是一个美貌的女子，出生于新门监狱。

在她未出生的时候，她的母亲便利用她逃脱了绞刑的罪罚。

她在一个大户人家的帮助下逐渐成长，却被这家的大少爷诱骗玷污。

后来她和这家的二少爷结婚，第一次走上乱伦之路。

再后来她逐渐摸清当时“婚姻卖淫”的实情，利用自己的美貌得到一次次生存的机会。

当青春年华逝去，她沦落为窃贼。

她被捕后，再次回到自己出生的地方—新门监狱，后来被流放到弗吉尼亚，凭借其勤劳的双手和智慧，最终实现了自己的梦想。

正是由于摩尔多次的婚姻和不幸的生活经历，历来被许多批评家冠之以“荡妇”的形象。

若我们从女性视角来审视这个文学形象，就不难发现“荡妇”是批评家们站在男性视角的立场，把男性的价值观置于女性的价值观之上而得出的结论。

自古以来，男性要求女性要具有谦卑、柔顺、牺牲、忘我、贞洁等良好的品质。

摩尔因其不幸的婚姻和为人情妇的生活经历不符合父权制社会所规定的“理想的女性形象”，所以被冠之以“荡妇”的形象。

而女权主义理论则要求读者“从一个赞同型读者变成一个抗拒型读者”，要求“女性读者颠覆菲勒斯批评权威，以自身的经验来对这些作品进行创造性的女性阅读”。

因此本文试着从女性主义角度论述摩尔具有反抗意识，敢于追求自己幸福和男女平等的女性形象，给她以恰当的评价。

一引言基督教的性别观被吸纳入西方文化，女性对男性的从属地位也随之在西方各国确立。

根据17,,,,,世纪的英国习惯法，女性完全处于对男性的依附状态，在婚前受父亲支配，结婚后则成为丈夫的附庸，她的一切法律权利都归丈夫所有。

西方文论主要观点和术语

* 女性主义批评的术语和观点1、肖瓦尔特（1）女性特征阶段（女人气阶段）(feminine)：她对19世纪以来妇女文学史发展的第一个阶段的划分。

在这一阶段，女性作家大多模仿占主导地位的男性作家，为了赶上男性作家的文学成就而吸取了男性文化中关于女性的观点和假说，并采用男性的艺术标准甚至是男性笔名进行创作。

“可以从1840年出现男性笔名开始，到1880年乔治·艾略特去世为止”，作为文学史上的亚文化群，它“首先在一个较长的时期是模仿统治传统的流行模式，使其艺术标准及其关于社会作用的观点内在化。

”（《她们自己的文学》）（2）女性主义阶段（feminist）：时间上指“从1880年到1920年或到获得选举权的那一年”（即1928年英国妇女获得完全的选举权），这是反对男性的“价值和标准，倡导少数派的权利和价值，要求自主权的时期”（《她们自己的文学》）。

特点是，妇女的政治意识逐渐觉醒，具有反抗精神的女性作家用文学艺术形式，来表现社会上“新女性”和在男性控制下的旧女性的生活经历。

（3）妇女阶段（female）：时间上指“从1920年到现在。

1960年进入了一个新的自我意识的时期，这是一个自我反省，从反对派的依赖中挣脱出来走向自身、取得身份的时期。

”特点是，“妇女拒绝采用模仿和反抗两种依赖性的形式，而转向把妇女的经历作为自治艺术的源泉。

她们把女性对文化的分析扩大到文学形式和文学技巧上。

”这使女性文化开始同男性文化分割开，孕育出女性美学。

（肖瓦尔特《论女性主义诗学》）2、女性阅读与写作（1）女子说话方式（parier feminine）：［法］依利格瑞根根据女性生理来描述女性心理特征，进而对女性特有的说话方式的界定。

她认为女人的性感官是多元的，性欲远比男人丰富，女人的心理也不存在什么固定不变和专有的东西，由此影响了她们说话的方式。

具体表现为“‘她’是她自己，又是另外一个。

正因为此，人们说她是神经质的、不可理解的、惶惑不安的和满脑子奇思怪想的…没有中心，难以分辨出连贯的意思，缺乏理性的逻辑，所以必须变换着角度来听，只有这样才能听出‘另外的意思’…所以，要让女人明确地说出她们想要说的话，几乎是徒劳的，她们体验的内心世界与你不同，你也许会错误估计那一边。

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简述艾伦·莫尔斯的女性主义批评
（1）莫尔斯的《文学妇女》首次描述了女性文学写作的历史，分析了奥斯汀、勃朗特等人的著作，把她们视为富有生命活力的女性写作先驱，认为她们的作品汇聚成一股与男性主流文学传统不沾边却同样不断前行的强大潜流，形成了一种女性自我写作的传统，使得女作家们可以从中汲取力量和信心。

（2）莫尔斯考察了女作家之间的相互友谊和共同兴趣，认为正是男性社会的拒斥促使女性作家相互关注、交互阅读作品，这有利于女性创作的进步，进入20世纪以来女性写作的传统正日趋扩大，影响也日益深远。

（3）莫尔斯的批评方法也突破了新批评把文本看做封闭系统的形式主义框架，而对女作家的生平传记和个人情况十分重视，虽然莫尔斯的理论并不系统而稍显混乱，但她作为率先寻找探讨女性写作传统的开拓性研究却对女性主义的文学史研究起到了奠基作用。