传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
红外传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
中英文资料对照外文翻译外文资料Moving Object Counting with an Infrared Sensor NetworkBy KI, Chi KeungAbstractWireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.Keywords:Infrared radiation，Wireless Sensor Node1.1 Introduction to InfraredInfrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying between visible light and radio waves. Infrared have be widely used nowadays including data communications, night vision, object tracking and so on. People commonly use infrared in data communication, since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference. Take the TV remote control as an example, which can be found in everyone's home. The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed. A different pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the control of multiple appliances such as a TV, VCR, and cable box, without interference, systems generally have a preamble and an address to synchronize the receiver and identify the source and location of the infrared signal. To encode the data, systems generally vary the width of the pulses (pulse-width modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses (pulse space modulation). Another popular system, bi-phase encoding, uses signal transitions to convey information. Each pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency. A 'high' means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency and a 'low' represents an absence of IR energy. There is no encoding standard. However, while a great many home entertainment devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, somequasi-standards do exist. These include RC-5, RC-6, and REC-80. In addition, many manufacturers, such as NEC, have also established their own standards.Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.1.2 Wireless sensor networkWireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, acoustics, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, one or more sensors, and an energy source, usually a battery. The size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be as small as the size of a grain of dust, depending on different applications. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity requirement of the individual sensor nodes. The size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes, therefore, have result in corresponding limitations on available inputs such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth. The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Due to the advancement in micro-electronic mechanical system technology (MEMS), embedded microprocessors, and wireless networking, the WSN can be benefited in many civilian application areas, including habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, and home automation.1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network applications and the resource constraints in sensor network hardware platforms. The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore, the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement. TinyOS [TinyOS] is possibly the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. Unlike most other operating systems, TinyOS is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to completion-semantics. When an external event occurs, such as an incomingdata packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the event. The TinyOS system and programs are both written in a special programming language called nesC [nesC] which is an extension to the C programming language. NesC is designed to detect race conditions between tasks and event handlers. There are also operating systems that allow programming in C. Examples of such operating systems include Contiki [Contiki], and MANTIS. Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and supports run-time loading of standard ELF files. The Contiki kernel is event-driven, like TinyOS, but the system supports multithreading on a per-application basis. Unlike the event-driven Contiki kernel, the MANTIS kernel is based on preemptive multithreading. With preemptive multithreading, applications do not need to explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes.1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor NodeA sensor node, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor node should be in small size, consuming extremely low energy, autonomous and operate unattended, and adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited power source. The main components of a sensor node include sensors, microcontroller, transceiver, and power source. Sensors are hardware devices that can produce measurable response to a change in a physical condition such as light density and sound density. The continuous analog signal collected by the sensors is digitized by Analog-to-Digital converter. The digitized signal is then passed to controllers for further processing. Most of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passive and Omni directional sensors. Passive and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environmen t with active probing, while no notion of “direction” involved in these measurements. Commonly people deploy sensor for detecting heat (e.g. thermal sensor), light (e.g. infrared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g. magnetic sensor). In practice, a sensor node can equip with more than one sensor. Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls the operations of other components in the sensor node. The sensor node is responsible for the signal processing upon the detection of the physical events as needed or on demand. It handles the interruption from the transceiver. In addition, it deals with the internal behavior, such as application-specific computation.The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device know as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes. Transceivers allow a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver). The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. Power is stored either in the batteries or the capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for the sensor nodes. Two types of batteries used are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd(nickel-cadmium), NiZn(nickel-zinc), Nimh(nickel metal hydride), and Lithium-Ion. Current sensors are developed which are able to renewtheir energy from solar to vibration energy. Two major power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic V oltage Scaling (DVS). DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are not currently used or active. DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.1.5 ChallengesThe major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network are mainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote and hostile regions, with ad-hoc communications as key. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization, robustness and fault tolerance and self-configuration. The challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to these objectives, current sensor nodes usually have limited computational capability and memory space. Consequently, the application software and algorithms in WSN should be well-optimized and condensed. In order to maximize the coverage area with a high stability and robustness of each signal node, multi-hop communication with low power consumption is preferred. Furthermore, to deal with the large network size, the designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed.1.6 Research IssuesResearchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include the design, implementation, and operation. These include hardware, software and middleware, which means primitives between the software and the hardware. As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated node, the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage areas improvement, errors reduction, sensor network application, data security, sensor node mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the sensors. In literature, a large group of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the WSN. They focused in various areas, including physical property, sensor training, security through intelligent node cooperation, medium access, sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating and tracking, sensor location determination, addressing, energy efficient broadcasting and active scheduling, energy conserved routing, connectivity, data dissemination and gathering, sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc.中文译文移动目标点数与红外传感器网络作者KI, Chi Keung摘要无线传感器网络(WSN)已成为最近的一个研究热点。
无线传感器网络测距技术外文翻译文献
无线传感器网络测距技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：RANGING TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSThe RF location sensors operating in different environments can measure the RSS, AOA, phase of arrival (POA), TOA, and signature of the delay - power profile as location metrics to estimate the ranging distance [4,7] . The deployment environment (i.e., wireless RF channel) will constrain the accuracy and the performance of each technique. In outdoor open areas, these ranging techniques perform very well. However, as the wireless medium becomes more complex, for example, dense urban or indoor environments, the channel suffers from severe multipath propagation and heavy shadow fading conditions. This finding in turn impacts the accuracy and performance in estimating the range between a pair of nodes. For this reason, this chapter will focus its ranging and localization discussion on indoor environments. This is important because many of the WSN applications are envisioned for deployment in rough terrain and cluttered environments and understanding of the impact of the channel on the performance of ranging and localization is important. In addition, range measurements using POA and AOA in indoor and urban areas are unreliable. Therefore, we will focus our discussion on two practical techniques,TOA and RSS.These two ranging techniques, which have been used traditionally in wirelessnetworks, have a great potential for use in WSN localization.The TOA based ranging is suitable for accurate indoor localization because it only needs a few references and no prior training. By using this technique, however, the hardware is complex and the accuracy is sensitive to the multipath condition and the system bandwidth. This technique has been implemented in GPS, PinPoint, WearNet, IEEE 802.15.3, and IEEE 802.15.4 systems. The RSS based ranging, on the other hand, is simple to implement and is insensitive to the multipath condition and the bandwidth of the system. In addition, it does not need any synchronization and can work with any existing wireless system that can measure the RSS. For accurate ranging, however, a high density of anchors or reference points is needed and extensive training and computationally expensive algorithms are required.The RSS ranging has been used for WiFi positioning in systems, for example, Ekahau, Newbury Networks, PanGo, and Skyhook.This section first introduces TOA based ranging and the limitations imposed by the wireless channel. Then it will be compared with the RSS counterpart focusing on the performance as a function of the channel behavior. What is introduced here is important to the understanding of the underlying issues in distance estimation, which is an important fundamental building block in WSN localization.TOA Based RangingIn TOA based ranging, a sensor node measures the distance to another node by estimating the signal propagation delay in free space, where radio signals travel at the constant speed of light. Figure 8.3 shows an example of TOA based ranging between two sensors. The performance of TOA based ranging depends on the availability of the direct path (DP) signal [4,14] . In its presence, for example, short distance line - of - sight (LOS) conditions, accurate estimates are feasible [14] . The challenge, however, is ranging in non - LOS (NLOS) conditions, which can be characterized as site - specific and dense multipath environments [14,22] . These environments introduce several challenges. The first corrupts the TOA estimatesdue to the multipath components (MPCs), which are delayed and attenuated replicas of the original signal, arriving and combining at the receiver shifting the estimate. The second is the propagation delay caused by the signal traveling through obstacles, which adds a positive bias to the TOA estimates. The third is the absence of the DP due to blockage, also known as undetected direct path (UDP) [14] . The bias imposed by this type of error is usually much larger than the first two and has a significant probability of occurrence due to cabinets, elevator shafts, or doors that are usually cluttering the indoor environment.In order to analyze the behavior of the TOA based ranging, it is best to resort to a popular model used to describe the wireless channel. In a typical indoor environment, the transmitted signal will be scattered and the receiver node will receive replicas of the original signal with different amplitudes, phases, and delays. At the receiver, the signals from all these paths combine and this phenomenon is known as multipath. In order to understand the impact of the channel on the TOA accuracy, we resort to a model typically used to characterize multipath arrivals. For multipath channels, the impulse respons 错误！未找到引用源。
光学传感器毕业论文中英文文献及翻译
英文文献及中文翻译一种精确测量倾斜角度的光学传感器摘要本文主要介绍了一种新型光学传感器，它可以同时准确地测量倾斜角或两轴倾斜角度。
这种传感器是基于激光干涉原理，因此具有很高的精度。
设计制作了一个传感器的模型来论证这个新的方法，这是一个光电传感器,传感器中没有移动的部分。
由正交于铅垂面的流动水平面提供参考面。
传感器和绝对水平面之间的角度随着被测量的物体倾斜而改变，这些变化反映在条纹图案的中心位置的转移方式。
不同的干涉条纹的中心位置随倾斜角的变化而改变。
干涉条纹图案进行记录和处理，转化为两轴、水平和垂直倾斜角度。
当使用1024*1024像素的传感器时，测量范围为700弧秒，其精度可高达+/ - 1弧秒。
关键词：倾斜角度传感器，倾斜仪，激光干涉I 介绍市场上目前有几种类型的商业倾斜角度测量传感器。
有些是角度传感器，有些是倾斜仪，它们的工作原理不同。
电解液体、电容和钟摆是现在大多数倾斜角度传感器和倾斜仪的三个主要工作原理。
在这里，我们提出了一种新的光学方法，建立了一个用激光、光学元件和图像传感器的光电传感器，它可以同时做精确的倾斜角度测量，不需要进行机械的移动，其工作原理是基于光学干涉，相干激光作为光源。
光线通过一个装满液态油的玻璃油盒。
由正交于铅垂面的流动水平面提供参考面。
当激光束穿过油箱有两束光线反射回来，一束是液体的表面产生的，另一束是容器玻璃产生的，干涉条纹就是由这两条光线形成的，条纹图案将随着倾斜角度的变化产生相应的变化，条纹图案采集和处理后将反映倾斜角度信息，光学工作原理使它不受磁场的影响。
该传感器可以同时测量两轴倾角。
流动的水平面确保了参考面是一个绝对的水平面。
高灵敏度光学干涉测量原理，保证了较高的精度。
II 原理图1说明了工作原理示意图，O点是光线扩大镜头的焦点，O点可以看作是点光源，它发出球面波。
由于地球重力的影响，液体油面始终保持水平，因此用油面作为参考平面。
该容器是玻璃材料的。
当传感器被放在目标表面时，其底部表面将连同目标对象一起倾斜。
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of New Sensor TechnologiesSensors are devices that can convert physical。
chemical。
logical quantities。
etc。
into electrical signals。
The output signals can take different forms。
such as voltage。
current。
frequency。
pulse。
etc。
and can meet the requirements of n n。
processing。
recording。
display。
and control。
They are indispensable components in automatic n systems and automatic control systems。
If computers are compared to brains。
then sensors are like the five senses。
Sensors can correctly sense the measured quantity and convert it into a corresponding output。
playing a decisive role in the quality of the system。
The higher the degree of n。
the higher the requirements for sensors。
In today's n age。
the n industry includes three parts: sensing technology。
n technology。
and computer technology。
08湿度传感器系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
湿度传感器系统中英文资料外文翻译文献英文:The right design for a relative humidity sensor systemOptimizing the response characteristics and accuracy of a humidity sensor system1 OverviewTo make the right choice when selecting a relative humidity sensor for an application, it is important to know and to be able to judge the deciding factors. In addition to long-term stability, which is a measure on how much a sensor changes its properties over time, these factors also include the measurement accuracy and the response characteristics of the sensor. Capacitive humidity sensors are based on the principle that a humidity-sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture as a function of the relative ambient humidity. Because this method is only a spot measurement at the sensor location, and usually the humidity of the surroundings is the desired quantity, the sensor must be brought into moisture equilibrium with the surroundings to obtain a precise measurement value. This process is realized by various transport phenomena (cf. the section titled "The housing effect on the response time"), which exhibit a time constant. Accuracy and response time are thus closely dependent on each other, and the design of a humidity measurement system becomes a challenge.2Measurement accuracyThe term measurement accuracy of a humidity sensor is understood primarily to refer to the deviation of the value measured by the sensor from the actual humidity. To determine the measurement accuracy, references, such as chilled mirror hygrometers, whose own tolerance must be taken into account, are used. In addition to this trivial component, humidity sensors require a given time for reaching stable humidity and temperature equilibrium (the humidity is a function of temperature and decreases with increasing temperature; a difference between sensor and ambient temperature leads to measurement errors). This response time thus has a significant effect on the value measured by the sensor and thus on the determined accuracy.This time-dependent characteristic is explained in more detail in the following.3Response characteristics and response timeThe response characteristics are defined by various parameters. These are:●The actual response characteristics of the humidity sensor at constant temperature.(1) How quickly the sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture until equilibrium is reached (intrinsic response time)(2) How fast the entire system reaches humidity equilibrium (housing effect)●The thermal response characteristics of the humidity sensor at a non-constant temperature(3) The thermal mass of the sensor(4) The system's thermal mass, which is thermally coupled to the sensor (e.g. printed circuit board)(5) Heat sources in the direct surroundings of the sensor (electronic components)(1) and (3) are determined entirely by the sensor itself, (1) primarily by the characteristics of the sensitive polymer.(2) and (4) are primarily determined by the construction of the entire system (shape and size of housing andreadout circuitry).(5) is determined by heat-emitting electronic components.These points will be discussed in more detail in the following.The intrinsic response time (1)Qualitatively, the response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors look like the following (Fig. 1).Fig. 1: Typical and idealized response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors (schematic)Because these response characteristics are especially pronounced at high humidity values,an isothermal humidity jump from 40% to 100% was selected here for illustration. The desired ideal behavior of the sensor is indicated in blue. In practice, however, the sensor behaves according to the red line, approximately according to:=(E-S)*(1-e)+SRH-t（t）Here, the time span 1 is usually very short (typ. 1 – 30 min.), in contrast, the time span 2 is very long (typ. Many hours to days). Here the connection of measurement accuracy and response characteristics becomes clear (t until RH=100% is reached). The value at t4 (Fig. 1) is considered to be an exact measured value. However, this assumes that both the humidity and also the temperature remain stable during this entire time, and that the testing waits until this very long measurement time is completed. These conditions are both very hard to achieve and unusual in practice. For the calibration, there are the following two approaches, which both find use in practice (cf. Fig. 2):1.The measured value at t2 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:●The required measurement time for reaching the end value (in the example 100%) isclearly shortened,corresponds to practice, and achieves an apparent short responsetime of the sensor (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●If the conditions are similar for a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),the sensors exceed the correct end value (in the example 100%) undesirably by upto 10% (cf. Fig. 2).2. The measured value at t4 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:●Even for similar conditions over a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),an exact measurement result is obtained (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●For a humidity jump like in Fig. 1, the sensors very quickly deliver the measuredvalue at t2, but reaching a stable end value (about 3-6% higher) takes a long time(apparent longer response time)(cf. Fig. 2).In order to take into account both approaches optimally, the measured values at t3 (cf. Fig. 1) are used as the calibration reference by Sensirion AG.Fig. 2: Response characteristics of different humidity measurement systemsThe housing effect on the response time (2)Here, two types of transport phenomena play a deciding role:●Convection: For this very fast process, the air, whose humidity is to be determined,is transported to the sensor by means of ventilation.●Diffusion: This very slow process is determined by the thermal, molecularself-motion of the water molecules. It occurs even in "stationary" air (e.g., within ahousing), but leads to a long response time.In order to achieve favorable response characteristics in the humidity measurement system, the very fast convection process must be supported by large housing openings and the slow diffusion process must be supported by a small housing around the sensor (small "deadvolume") with "stationary" air reduced to a minimum. The following applies:Thermal effects (3), (4), and (5)Because the total thermal mass of the humidity measurement system (sensor + housing)has a significant effect on its response time, the total thermal mass must be kept as low aspossible. The greater the total thermal mass, the more inert the measurement system becomesthermally and its response time, which is temperature-dependent, increases. In order toprevent measurement errors, the sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heatgenerating components.4Summary –what should be taken into account when designing a humidity measurement systemIn order to achieve error-free operation of a humidity-measurement system with response times as short as possible, the following points should be taken into account especially for the selection of the sensor and for the design of the system.●The selection of the humidity sensor element. It should●be as small as possible,●have a thermal mass that is as low as possible,●work with a polymer, which exhibits minimal fluctuations in measured values duringthe time span 2(cf. Fig. 1); testing gives simple information on this condition,●provide calibration, which corresponds to the requirements (see above), e. g.,SHT11/SHT15 from Sensirion.●The housing design (cf. Formula 1). It should●have air openings that are as large as possible in the vicinity of the sensor or thesensor should be operated outside of the housing à good convection!●enclose a "dead volume" that is as small as possible around the sensor àlittlediffusion!●The sensor should be decoupled thermally as much as possible from other components,so that the response characteristics of the sensor are not negatively affected by the thermal inertia of the entire system.(e.g., its own printed circuit board for the humidity sensor, structurally partitioning the housing to create a small volume for the humidity sensor, see Fig. 3)Fig. 3: Mounting example for Sensirion sensors SHT11 and SHT15 with slits for thermal decoupling●The sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heat sources. If it was, measuredtemperature would increase and measured humidity decrease.5Design proposalThe challenge is to realize a system that operates cleanly by optimally taking into account all of the points in section 4. The already calibrated SMD humidity sensors SHT11 and SHT15 from Sensirion are the ideal solution. For optimum integration of the sensors in a measurement system, Sensirion AG has also developed a filter cap as an adapter aid, which takes into account as much as possible the points in section 4 and also protects the sensor against contaminants with a filter membrane. Fig. 4 shows schematically how the sensors can be ideally integrated into a housing wall by means of the filter cap SF1.Fig. 4: Filter cap for SHT11 and SHT15In addition to the advantages mentioned above, there is also the option of building an IP67-compatible humidity measurement device (with O-ring, cf. Fig. 4) with optimal performance. Detailed information is available on the Sensirion Web site.译文：相对湿度传感器系统的正确设计湿度传感器系统精度及响应特性的优化1.综述为了在相对湿度的应用方面对传感器做出正确的选择，了解和评估那些起决定作用的因素是非常重要的。
Sensor-technology传感器技术大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：传感器技术文献、资料英文题目：Sensor-technology文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14Sensor technologyA sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems .Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers .Classifications of SensorsSensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows:Machanical sensors measure such as quantities aspositions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass .Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity .Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity .Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat .Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic .Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ).This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country theexhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces , commonly by an array of sensors . Such a system is capable of performing within an arbitrarythree-dimensional space .has gradually shifted from manufacturing tonon-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristicsIn visual sensing (machine vision , computer vision ) , cameral optically sense the presence and shape of the object . A microprocessor then processes the image ( usually in less than one second ) , the image is measured , and the measurements are digitized ( image recognition ) .Machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible parts , in hostile manufacturing environments , for measuring a large number of small features , and in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage .Small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function , to conducttwo-way communication , and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . The necessary input and the knowledge required to make a decision can be built into a smart sensor . For example , a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails . Likewise , a smart sensor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or people by using quantities such as distance , heat , and noise .Sensor fusion . Sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as force , vibration , temperature , and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher level of information and reliability . A common application of sensor fusion occurs when someone drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidian event for granted ,it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the person's eyes , lips , tongue , and hands .Through our basic senses of sight , hearing , smell , taste , and touch , there is real-time monitoring of relative movements , positions , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand movement of the cup toward the lip is controlled and adjusted accordingly .The earliest applications of sensor fusion were in robot movement control , missile flight tracking , and similar military applications . Primarily because these activities involve movements that mimic human behavior . Another example of sensor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors monitors (a) the dimensions and surface finish of workpiece , (b) tool forces , vibrations ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regions of the tool-workpiece system , and (d) the spindle power .An important aspect in sensor fusion is sensor validation : the failure of one particular sensor is detected so that the control system maintains high reliability . For this application ,the receiving of redundant data from different sensors is essential . It can be seen that the receiving , integrating of all data from various sensors can be a complex problem .With advances in sensor size , quality , and technology and continued developments in computer-control systems , artificial neural networks , sensor fusion has become practical and available at low cost .Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedomFiber-optic sensors are being developed for gas-turbine engines . These sensors will be installed in critical locations and will monitor the conditions inside the engine , such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas . Continuous monitoring of the signals from thes sensors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the necessary data for improving the efficiency of the engines .传感器技术传感器一种通过检测某一参数而产生信号的装置。
热电偶温度传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文翻译：Thermocouple Temperatur sensorIntroduction to ThermocouplesThe thermocouple is one of the simplest of all sensors. It consists of two wires of dissimilar metals joined near the measurement point. The output is a small voltage measured between the two wires.While appealingly simple in concept, the theory behind the thermocouple is subtle, the basics of which need to be understood for the most effective use of the sensor.Thermocouple theoryA thermocouple circuit has at least two junctions: the measurement junction and a reference junction. Typically, the reference junction is created where the two wires connect to the measuring device. This second junction it is really two junctions: one for each of the two wires, but because they are assumed to be at the same temperature (isothermal) they are considered as one (thermal) junction. It is the point where the metals change - from the thermocouple metals to what ever metals are used in the measuring device - typically copper.The output voltage is related to the temperature difference between the measurement and the reference junctions. This is phenomena is known as the Seebeck effect. (See the Thermocouple Calculator to get a feel for the magnitude of the Seebeck voltage). The Seebeck effect generates a small voltage along the length of a wire, and is greatest where the temperature gradient is greatest. If the circuit is of wire of identical material, then they will generate identical but opposite Seebeck voltages which will cancel. However, if the wire metals are different the Seebeck voltages will be different and will not cancel.In practice the Seebeck voltage is made up of two components: the Peltiervoltage generated at the junctions, plus the Thomson voltage generated in the wires by the temperature gradient.The Peltier voltage is proportional to the temperature of each junction while the Thomson voltage is proportional to the square of the temperature difference between the two junctions. It is the Thomson voltage that accounts for most of the observed voltage and non-linearity in thermocouple response.Each thermocouple type has its characteristic Seebeck voltage curve. The curve is dependent on the metals, their purity, their homogeneity and their crystal structure. In the case of alloys, the ratio of constituents and their distribution in the wire is also important. These potential inhomogeneous characteristics of metal are why thick wire thermocouples can be more accurate in high temperature applications, when the thermocouple metals and their impurities become more mobile by diffusion.The practical considerations of thermocouplesThe above theory of thermocouple operation has important practical implications that are well worth understanding:1. A third metal may be introduced into a thermocouple circuit and have no impact, provided that both ends are at the same temperature. This means that the thermocouple measurement junction may be soldered, brazed or welded without affecting the thermocouple's calibration, as long as there is no net temperature gradient along the third metal.Further, if the measuring circuit metal (usually copper) is different to that of the thermocouple, then provided the temperature of the two connecting terminals is the same and known, the reading will not be affected by the presence of copper.2. The thermocouple's output is generated by the temperature gradient along the wires and not at the junctions as is commonly believed. Therefore it is important that the quality of the wire be maintained where temperature gradients exists. Wire quality can be compromised by contamination from its operating environment and the insulating material. For temperatures below 400°C, contamination of insulated wires is generally not a problem. At temperatures above 1000°C, the choice of insulationand sheath materials, as well as the wire thickness, become critical to the calibration stability of the thermocouple.The fact that a thermocouple's output is not generated at the junction should redirect attention to other potential problem areas.3. The voltage generated by a thermocouple is a function of the temperature difference between the measurement and reference junctions. Traditionally the reference junction was held at 0°C by an ice bath:The ice bath is now considered impractical and is replace by a reference junction compensation arrangement. This can be accomplished by measuring the reference junction temperature with an alternate temperature sensor (typically an RTD or thermistor) and applying a correcting voltage to the measured thermocouple voltage before scaling to temperature.The correction can be done electrically in hardware or mathematically in software. The software method is preferred as it is universal to all thermocouple types (provided the characteristics are known) and it allows for the correction of the small non-linearity over the reference temperature range.4. The low-level output from thermocouples (typically 50mV full scale) requires that care be taken to avoid electrical interference from motors, power cable, transformers and radio signal pickup. Twisting the thermocouple wire pair (say 1 twist per 10 cm) can greatly reduce magnetic field pickup. Using shielded cable or running wires in metal conduit can reduce electric field pickup. The measuring device should provide signal filtering, either in hardware or by software, with strong rejection of the line frequency (50/60 Hz) and its harmonics.5. The operating environment of the thermocouple needs to be considered. Exposure to oxidizing or reducing atmospheres at high temperature can significantly degrade some thermocouples. Thermocouples containing rhodium (B,R and S types) are not suitable under neutron radiation.The advantages and disadvantages of thermocouplesBecause of their physical characteristics, thermocouples are the preferred methodof temperature measurement in many applications. They can be very rugged, are immune to shock and vibration, are useful over a wide temperature range, are simple to manufactured, require no excitation power, there is no self heating and they can be made very small. No other temperature sensor provides this degree of versatility.Thermocouples are wonderful sensors to experiment with because of their robustness, wide temperature range and unique properties.On the down side, the thermocouple produces a relative low output signal that is non-linear. These characteristics require a sensitive and stable measuring device that is able provide reference junction compensation and linearization.Also the low signal level demands that a higher level of care be taken when installing to minimise potential noise sources.The measuring hardware requires good noise rejection capability. Ground loops can be a problem with non-isolated systems, unless the common mode range and rejection is adequate.Types of thermocoupleAbout 13 'standard' thermocouple types are commonly used. Eight have been given an internationally recognised letter type designators. The letter type designator refers to the emf table, not the composition of the metals - so any thermocouple that matches the emf table within the defined tolerances may receive that table's letter designator.Some of the non-recognised thermocouples may excel in particular niche applications and have gained a degree of acceptance for this reason, as well as due to effective marketing by the alloy manufacturer. Some of these have been given letter type designators by their manufacturers that have been partially accepted by industry.Each thermocouple type has characteristics that can be matched to applications. Industry generally prefers K and N types because of their suitability to high temperatures, while others often prefer the T type due to its sensitivity, low cost and ease of use.A table of standard thermocouple types is presented below. The table also showsthe temperature range for extension grade wire in brackets.Accuracy of thermocouplesThermocouples will function over a wide temperature range - from near absolute zero to their melting point, however they are normally only characterized over their stable range. Thermocouple accuracy is a difficult subject due to a range of factors. In principal and in practice a thermocouple can achieve excellent results (that is, significantly better than the above table indicates) if calibrated, used well below its nominal upper temperature limit and if protected from harsh atmospheres. At higher temperatures it is often better to use a heavier gauge of wire in order to maintain stability (Wire Gauge below).As mentioned previously, the temperature and voltage scales were redefined in 1990. The eight main thermocouple types - B, E, J, K, N, R, S and T - were re-characterised in 1993 to reflect the scale changes. (See: NIST Monograph 175 for details). The remaining types: C, D, G, L, M, P and U appear to have been informally re-characterised.Try the thermocouple calculator. It allows you the determine the temperature by knowing the measured voltage and the reference junction temperature.Thermocouple wire gradesThere are different grades of thermocouple wire. The principal divisions are between measurement grades and extension grades. The measurement grade has the highest purity and should be used where the temperature gradient is significant. The standard measurement grade (Class 2) is most commonly used. Special measurement grades (Class 1) are available with accuracy about twice the standard measurement grades.The extension thermocouple wire grades are designed for connecting the thermocouple to the measuring device. The extension wire may be of different metals to the measurement grade, but are chosen to have a matching response over a much reduced temperature range - typically -40°C to 120°C. The reason for using extension wire is reduced cost - they can be 20% to 30% of the cost of equivalent measurementgrades. Further cost savings are possible by using thinnergauge extension wire and a lower temperature rated insulation.Note: When temperatures within the extension wire's rating are being measured, it is OK to use the extension wire for the entire circuit. This is frequently done with T type extension wire, which is accurate over the -60 to 100°C range.Thermocouple wire gaugeAt high temperatures, thermocouple wire can under go irreversible changes in the form of modified crystal structure, selective migration of alloy components and chemical changes originating from the surface metal reacting to the surrounding environment. With some types, mechanical stress and cycling can also induce changes.Increasing the diameter of the wire where it is exposed to the high temperatures can reduce the impact of these effects.The following table can be used as a very approximate guide to wire gauge:At these higher temperatures, the thermocouple wire should be protected as much as possible from hostile gases. Reducing or oxidizing gases can corrode some thermocouple wire very quickly. Remember, the purity of the thermocouple wire is most important where the temperature gradients are greatest. It is with this part of the thermocouple wiring where the most care must be taken.Other sources of wire contamination include the mineral packing material and the protective metal sheath. Metallic vapour diffusion can be significant problem at high temperatures. Platinum wires should only be used inside a nonmetallic sheath, such as high-purity alumna.Neutron radiation (as in a nuclear reactor) can have significant permanent impact on the thermocouple calibration. This is due to the transformation of metals to different elements.High temperature measurement is very difficult in some situations. In preference, use non-contact methods. However this is not always possible, as the site of temperature measurement is not always visible to these types of sensors.Colour coding of thermocouple wireThe colour coding of thermocouple wire is something of a nightmare! There are at least seven different standards. There are some inconsistencies between standards, which seem to have been designed to confuse. For example the colour red in the USA standard is always used for the negative lead, while in German and Japanese standards it is always the positive lead. The British, French and International standards avoid the use of red entirely!Thermocouple mountingThere are four common ways in which thermocouples are mounted with in a stainless steel or Inconel sheath and electrically insulated with mineral oxides. Each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages.Sealed and Isolated from Sheath: Good relatively trouble-free arrangement. The principal reason for not using this arrangement for all applications is its sluggish response time - the typical time constant is 75 secondsSealed and Grounded to Sheath: Can cause ground loops and other noise injection, but provides a reasonable time constant (40 seconds) and a sealed enclosure.Exposed Bead: Faster response time constant (typically 15 seconds), but lacks mechanical and chemical protection, and electrical isolation from material being measured. The porous insulating mineral oxides must be sealedExposed Fast Response: Fastest response time constant, typically 2 seconds but with fine gauge of junction wire the time constant can be 10-100 ms. In addition to problems of the exposed bead type, the protruding and light construction makes the thermocouple more prone to physical damage.Thermocouple compensation and linearizationAs mentioned above, it is possible to provide reference junction compensation in hardware or in software. The principal is the same in both cases: adding a correction voltage to the thermocouple output voltage, proportional to the reference junction temperature. To this end, the connection point of the thermocouple wires to the measuring device (i.e. where the thermocouple materials change to the copper of thecircuit electronics) must be monitored by a sensor. This area must be design to be isothermal, so that the sensor accurately tracks both reference junction temperatures.The hardware solution is simple but not always as easy to implement as one might expect.The circuit needs to be designed for a specific thermocouple type and hence lacks the flexibility of the software approach.The software compensation technique simplifies the hardware requirement, by eliminating the reference sensor amplifier and summing circuit (although a multiplexer may be required).The software algorithm to process the signals needs to be carefully written. A sample algorithm details the process.A good resource for thermocouple emf tables and coefficients is at the US Commerce Dept's NIST web site. It covers the B, E, J, K, N, R, S and T types.The thermocouple as a heat pumpThe thermocouple can function in reverse. If a current is passed through a thermocouple circuit, one junction will cool and the other warm. This is known as the Peltier Effect and is used in small cooling systems. The effect can be demonstrated by alternately passing a current through a thermocouple circuit and then quickly measuring the circuit's Seebeck voltage. This process has been used, with very fine thermocouple wire (0.025 mm with about a 10 mA current), to measure humidity by ensuring the cooled junction drops below the air's dew point. This causes condensation to form on the cooled junction. The junction is allowed to return to ambient, with the temperature curve showing an inflection at the dew point caused by the latent heat of vaporization.Measuring temperature differencesThermocouples are excellent for measuring temperatures differences, such as the wet bulb depression in measuring humidity. Sensitivity can be enhanced by constructing a thermopile - a number of thermocouple circuits in series.In the above example, the thermopile output is proportional to the temperaturedifference T1 - T2, with a sensitivity three times that of a single junction pair. In practice, thermopiles with two to hundreds of junctions are used in radiometers, heat flux sensors, flow sensors and humidity sensors. The thermocouple materials can be in wire form, but also printed or etched as foils and even electroplated.An excellent example of the thermopile is in the heat flux sensors manufactured by Hukseflux Thermal Sensors. Also see RdF Corp. and Exergen Corp.The thermocouple is unique in its ability to directly measure a temperature difference. Other sensor types require a pair of closely matched sensors to ensure tracking over the entire operational temperature range.The thermoelectric generatorWhile the Seebeck voltage is very small (in the order of 10-70μV/°C), if the circuit's electrical resistance is low (thick, short wires), then large currents are possible (e.g. many amperes). An efficiency trade-off of electrical resistance (as small as possible) and thermal resistance (as large as possible) between the junctions is the major issue. Generally, electrical and thermal resistances trend together with different materials. The output voltage can be increased by wiring as a thermopile.The thermoelectric generator has found its best-known application as the power source in some spacecraft. A radioactive material, such as plutonium, generates heat and cooling is provided by heat radiation into space. Such an atomic power source can reliably provide many tens of watts of power for years. The fact that atomic generators are highly radioactive prevents their wider application.译文：热电偶温度传感器热电偶的定义热电偶是最简单的传感器之一。
无线传感中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照翻译译文:无线传感器网络的实现及在农业上的应用1引言无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network ,WSN）就是由部署在监测区域内大量的廉价微型传感器节点组成，通过无线通信方式形成的一个多跳的自组织的网络系统。
其目的是协作地感知、采集和处理网络覆盖区域中感知对象的信息，并发送给观察者。
“传感器、感知对象和观察者”构成了网络的三个要素。
这里说的传感器，并不是传统意义上的单纯的对物理信号进行感知并转化为数字信号的传感器，它是将传感器模块、数据处理模块和无线通信模块集成在一块很小的物理单元，即传感器节点上，功能比传统的传感器增强了许多，不仅能够对环境信息进行感知，而且具有数据处理及无线通信的功能。
借助传感器节点中内置的形式多样的传感器件，可以测量所在环境中的热、红外、声纳、雷达和地震波信号等信号，从而探测包括温度、湿度、噪声、光强度、压力、土壤成分、移动物体的大小、速度和方向等等众多我们感兴趣的物质现象。
无线传感器网络是一种全新的信息获取和信息处理模式。
由于我国水资源已处于相当紧缺的程度,加上全国90%的废、污水未经处理或处理未达标就直接排放的水污染,11%的河流水质低于农田供水标准。
水是农业的命脉,是生态环境的控制性要素,同时又是战略性的经济资源,因此采用水泵抽取地下水灌溉农田,实现水资源合理利用,发展节水供水,改善生态环境,是我国目前精确农业的关键，因此采用节水和节能的灌水方法是当今世界供水技术发展的总趋势。
2无线传感器网络概述2.1无线传感器网络的系统架构无线传感器网络的系统架构如图1所示，通常包括传感器节点、汇聚节点和管理节点。
传感器节点密布于观测区域，以自组织的方式构成网络。
传感器节点对所采集信息进行处理后，以多跳中继方式将信息传输到汇聚节点。
然后经由互联网或移动通信网络等途径到达管理节点。
终端用户可以通过管理节点对无线传感器网络进行管理和配置、发布监测任务或收集回传数据。
无线微传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
无线微传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)A Simple Energy Model for Wireless Microsensor TransceiversAbstract—This paper describes the modelling of shortrange transceivers for microsensor applications. A simple energy model is derived and used to analyze the transceiver battery life. This model takes into account energy dissipation during the start-up, receive, and transmit modes. It shows that there is a significant fixed cost in the transceiver energy consumption and this fixed cost can be driven down by increasing the data rate of the transceiver.I. IntroductionWireless microsensor networks can provide short-range connectivity with significant fault tolerances. These systems find usage in diverse areas such as environmental monitoring, industrial process automation, and field surveillance. As an example, Table I shows a detailed specification for a sensor system used in a factory machine monitoring environment.The major characteristics of a microsensor system are high sensor density, short range transmissions, and low data rate. Depending on the application, there can also be stringent BER and latency requirements. Due to the large density and the random distributed nature of these networks, battery replacement is a difficult task. In fact,a primary issue that prevents these networks to be used in many application areas is the short battery life. Therefore, maximizing the battery life time of the sensor nodes is important. Figure 1 shows the peak current consumption limit when a 950mAh battery is used as the energy source. As seen in the figure, battery life can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the duty cycle of each operation. To allow for higher maximum peak current, it is desirable to have the sensor remain in the off-state for as long as possible.However, the latency requirement of the system dictates how often the sensor needs to be active. For the industrial sensor application described above, the sensor needs to operate every 5ms to satisfy the latency requirement.Assuming that the sensor operates for 100µs every 5ms, the duty cycle is 2%. To achieve a one-year battery life, the peak current consumption must be kept under 5.4mA, which translates to approximately 10mW at 2V supply.This is a difficult target to achieve for sensors that communicate at giga-Hertz carrier frequencies.There has been active research in microsensor networks over the past years. Gupta [1] and Grossglauser [2] established information theoretic bounds on the capacity of ad-hoc networks. Chang [3] and Heinzelman [4] suggested algorithms to increase overall network life-time by spreading work loads evenly among all sensors. Much of the work in this area, especially those that deal with energy consumption of sensor networks, require an energy model [5]. This paper develops a realistic energy model based on the power consumption of a state of the art Bluetoothtransceiver [6]. This model provides insights into how to minimize the power consumption of sensor networks and can be easily incorporated into work that studies energy limited wireless sensor networks. The outline of this paper is as follows. Section II derives the transceiver model. Section III applies this model to analyzing the battery life time of the Bluetooth transceiver.Section IV investigates the dependencies in the model and shows how to modify the design of the Bluetooth transceiver to improve the battery life. Section V shows the battery life improvement realized by applying the results in Section IV. Section VI summarizes the paper.II. Microsensor Transceiver ModellingThis section derives a simple energy model for low power microsensors. Figure 2 shows the model of the sensor node.It includes a sensor/DSP unit for data processing, D/A and A/D for digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion, and a wireless transceiver for data communication. The sensor/DSP, D/A, and A/D operate at low frequency and consume less than 1mW. This is over an order of magnitude less than the power consumption of the transceiver. Therefore, the energy model ignores the contributions from these components. The transceiver has three modes of operation: start-up, receive, and transmit. Each mode will be described and modelled.A. Start-up ModeWhen the transceiver is first turned on, it takes some time for the frequency synthesizer and the VCO to lock to the carrier frequency. The start-up energy can be modelled as follows:where P LO is the power consumption of the synthesizer and the VCO. The term t start is the required settling time. RF building blocks including PA, LNA, and mixer have negligible start-up time and therefore can remain in the off-state during the start-up mode.B. Receive ModeThe active components of the receiver includes the low noise amplifier (LNA), mixer, frequency synthesizer, VCO, intermediate-frequency (IF) amplifier (amp), and demodulator (Demod). The receiver energy consumption can be modelled as follows:where P RX includes the power consumption of the LNA,mixer, IF amplifier, and demodulator. The receiver power consumption is dictated by the carrier frequency and the noise and linearity requirements. Once these parameters are determined, to the first order the power consumption can be approximated as a constant, for data rates up to 10’s of Mb/s. In other words, the power consumption is dominated by the RF building blocks that operate at the carrier frequency. The IF demodulator power varies with data rate, but it can be made small by choosing a low IF.C. Transmit ModeThe transmitter includes the modulator (Mod), frequency synthesizer and VCO (shared with the receiver), and power amplifier (PA). The data modulates the VCO and produces a FSK signal at the desired data rate and carrier frequency. A simple transmitter energy model is shown in Equation (3). The modulator consumes very little energy and therefore can be neglected.P LO can be approximated as a constant. P PA depends on additional factors and needs to be modelled more carefully as follows:where η is the PA efficiency, r is the data rate, d is the transmission distance, and n is the path loss exponent. γPA is a factor that depends on E b /N O , noise factor F of the receiver, link margin L mar , wavelength of the carrier frequency λ, and th e transmit/receive antenna gains G T ,G R :From Equations (3) and (4), the transmitter power consumption can be written as a constant term plus a variable term. The energy model thus becomesIII. Bluetooth TransceiverHere we demonstrate how the above model can be used to calculate the battery life time of a Bluetooth transceiver [6]. This is one of the lowest power Bluetooth transceivers reported in literature. The energy consumption of the transceiver depends on how it operates. Assuming a 100-bit packet is received and a 100-bit packet is transmitted every 5ms, Figure 3 showsthe transceiver activity within one cycle of operation.The transceiver takes 120µs to start up. Operating at 1Mb/s, the receiver takes 100µs to receive the packet. The transceiver then switches to the transmit mode and transmits a same-length packet at the same rate. A 10µs interval, t switch , between the receive and the transmit mode is allowed to switch channel or to absorb any transient behavior. Therefore, the energy dissipated in one cycle of operation is simplyBoth the average power consumption and the duty cycle can be found From Figure 3. Knowing that the transceiver operates at 2V, the life time for a 950mAh battery is calculated to be approximately 2-months.IV. Energy OptimizationThe microsensor system described in Section I requires a battery life of one year or better. Although the Bluetooth transceiver described in the last section falls short of this requirement, it serves as a starting point for making improvements. This section examines E op in detail and suggests ways to increase the battery life by considering both circuit and system improvements. A.Start-up EnergyThe start-up energy can be a significant part of the total energy consumption, especially when the transceiver is used to send short packets in burst mode. For the Bluetooth transceiver, E start accounts for 20% of E op .The start-up energy becomes negligible if the following condition is held true:For the receive/transmit scheme shown in Figure 3, the right hand-side of Equation (8)is evaluated to be approximately 450µs. To keep E start an order of magnitude below E op , it is desirable to have a start-up time of less than 45µs. Cho has demonstrated a 5.8GHz frequency synthesizer im- plementation with a start-up time under 20µs [7].B. Power AmplifierThe PA power consumption is given bywhere η is the power efficiency and P out is the RF output power. P out can be determined by link-budget analysis. For a Bluetooth transceiver, the required P out is 1mW [8].This enables a maximum transmission distance of 10 meters, which is adequate for microsensor applications. Note that P out is small as compared to P LO . The Bluetooth transceiver discussed in Section II has a maximum RF output power of 1.6mW and a PA power consumption of 10mW, sothe efficiency is at 16%. At frequencies around 2GHz, the PA efficiency can vary from 10% [9] to 70% [10] depending on linearity, circuit topology, and technology. Since FSK signal has a constant envelope, nonlinea r PA’s can be used so that better efficiency can be achieved. As will be shown in the next section, PA efficiency has a significant impact on the battery life.C. Data RateAssuming a packet of length L pkt is transmitted at dat rate r, then the transmit time isThe transmitter energy consumption can be re-written asEquation (12) shows that the contribution of the fixed cost P LO can be reduced by increasing the data rate. The energy per bit, E bit , is defined as E op divided by the total number of bits received and sent during one cycle of operation. Assuming a packet of length L pkt is received and a packet of the same length is transmitted, E bit can be found by dividing Equation (7) by 2L pkt . Substituting the appropriate expressions for E start , E rx , and E tx and re-arranging the terms, we getThe first term in Equation (13) is the start-up energy cost. The second term is the PA energy cost. The third term is the cost of the rest of the transceiver electronics during the transmit and receive modes. Note that this term is divided by the data rate r. Figure 4 shows E bit as a function of data rate. The two solid curves have start-up time 120µs and PA efficiencies 10% and 70%, respectively. The two dotted curves have start-up time 20µs and efficiencies 10% and 70%, respectively. At low data rate, E bit is dominated by the fixed cost (the 3rd term in Equation (13)). At high data rate, the start-up energy and the PA energy dominates, so in order to increase battery life, good circuit design techniques need to be applied to minimize the start-up time and to maximize the PA efficiency.Figure 5 shows the impact of PA efficiency on the battery life at a data rate of 10Mb/s. At t start = 120µs, the startup energy is so large that the battery life is limited to 7month even if the PA reaches 100% efficiency. At t start =20µs, the battery life is much improved. The PA efficiency needs to be higher than about 30% to have a 1-year or better battery life. This is certainly achievable as discussed previously in the PA section.V. Performance ImprovementThere are three apparent results from the previous section. First, the data rate should be increased to reduce the fixed cost. Second, the start-up time should be minimized. Third, PA efficiency should be maximized. Figure 6 shows the transceiver activity for a transceiver that has 20µs start-up time and 10Mb/s data rate. The power consumption of the electronics are kept the same as in the Bluetooth transceiver except for the PA. The maximum RF output power is set at 10mW to accommodate the higher data rate, and the PA efficiency is assumed to be 50%. The switching time is kept at 10µs, although this is a conservative since the switching time is likely to be shorter for a faster frequency synthesizer. The E op of this transceiver is 8x lower than that of theBluetooth transceiver. The battery life-time extends from 2-months to approximately1.3 years.VI. ConclusionThis paper describes the modelling of short-range transceivers for wireless sensor applications. This model takes into account energy dissipation during the start-up, transmit, and receive modes. This model is first used to analyze the battery life of a state of the art Bluetooth transceiver, and then it is used to optimize E op . This paper shows that the battery life can be improved significantly by increasing the data rate, reducing the start-up time, and improving the PA efficiency. Increasing the data rate drives down the fixed energy cost of the transceiver. Reducing the start-up time decreases the start-up energy overhead. Improving the PA efficiency lowers the energy per bit cost of the PA.一个简单的能量无线微传感器的接收机模型摘要—本文描述了微传感器的近程的收发器的造型的应用程序。
传感器的基础知识中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外翻译Basic knowledge of transducersA transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an optical, mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process that takes place is referred to as transduction.Transducers are classified according to the transduction principle involved and the form of the measured. Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement is classified as a resistance displacement transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure flapper-nozzle, and so on.1、Transducer ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical transducers respectively.2、Transducer SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3、Characteristics of an Ideal TransducerThe high transducer should exhibit the following characteristicsa) high fidelity-the transducer output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.b) There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the transducer should not alter the measured in any way.c) Size. The transducer must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.d) There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the transducer signal.e) The transducer should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure transducers,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.f) The natural frequency of the transducer should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.4、Electrical TransducersElectrical transducers exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement. Electrical transducers can be divided into two distinct groups:a) variable-control-parameter types,which include:i)resistanceii) capacitanceiii) inductanceiv) mutual-inductance typesThese transducers all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.b) self-generating types,which includei) electromagneticii)thermoelectriciii)photoemissiveiv)piezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric transducer normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the transducer exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.5、Resistance TransducersResistance transducers may be divided into two groups, as follows:i) Those which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.ii)Those which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.5.1 PotentiometersA linear wire-wound potentiometer consists of a number of turns resistance wire wound around a non-conducting former, together with a wiping contact which travels over the barwires. The construction principles are shown in figure which indicate that the wiperdisplacement can be rotary, translational, or a combination of both to give a helical-type motion. The excitation voltage may be either a.c. or d.c. and the output voltage is proportional to the input motion, provided the measuring device has a resistance which is much greater than the potentiometer resistance.Such potentiometers suffer from the linked problem of resolution and electrical noise. Resolution is defined as the smallest detectable change in input and is dependent on thecross-sectional area of the windings and the area of the sliding contact. The output voltage is thus a serials of steps as the contact moves from one wire to next.Electrical noise may be generated by variation in contact resistance, by mechanical wear due to contact friction, and by contact vibration transmitted from the sensing element. In addition, the motion being measured may experience significant mechanical loading by the inertia and friction of the moving parts of the potentiometer. The wear on the contacting surface limits the life of a potentiometer to a finite number of full strokes or rotations usually referred to in the manufacture’s specification as the ‘number of cycles of life expectancy’, a typical value being 20*1000000 cycles.The output voltage V0 of the unload potentiometer circuit is determined as follows. Let resistance R1= xi/xt *Rt where xi = input displacement, xt= maximum possible displacement, Rt total resistance of the potentiometer. Then output voltage V0= V*R1/(R1+( Rt-R1))=V*R1/Rt=V*xi/xt*Rt/Rt=V*xi/xt. This shows that there is a straight-line relationship between output voltage and input displacement for the unloaded potentiometer.It would seen that high sensitivity could be achieved simply by increasing the excitation voltage V. however, the maximum value of V is determined by the maximum power dissipation P of the fine wires of the potentiometer winding and is given by V=(PRt)1/2 .5.2 Resistance Strain GaugesResistance strain gauges are transducers which exhibit a change in electrical resistance in response to mechanical strain. They may be of the bonded or unbonded variety .a) bonded strain gaugesUsing an adhesive, these gauges are bonded, or cemented, directly on to the surface of the body or structure which is being examined.Examples of bonded gauges arei) fine wire gauges cemented to paper backingii) photo-etched grids of conducting foil on an epoxy-resin backingiii)a single semiconductor filament mounted on an epoxy-resin backing with copper or nickel leads.Resistance gauges can be made up as single elements to measuring strain in one direction only,or a combination of elements such as rosettes will permit simultaneous measurements in more than one direction.b) unbonded strain gaugesA typical unbonded-strain-gauge arrangement shows fine resistance wires stretched around supports in such a way that the deflection of the cantilever spring system changes the tension in the wires and thus alters the resistance of wire. Such an arrangement may be found in commercially available force, load, or pressure transducers.5.3 Resistance Temperature TransducersThe materials for these can be divided into two main groups:a) metals such as platinum, copper, tungsten, and nickel which exhibit and increase in resistance as the temperature rises; they have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance.b) semiconductors, such as thermistors which use oxides of manganese, cobalt, chromium, or nickel. These exhibit large non-linear resistance changes with temperature variation and normally have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance.a) metal resistance temperature transducersThese depend, for many practical purpose and within a narrow temperature range, upon the relationship R1=R0*[1+a*(b1-b2)] where a coefficient of resistance in ℃-1,and R0 resistance in ohms at the reference temperature b0=0℃ at the reference temperature range ℃.The international practical temperature scale is based on the platinum resistance thermometer, which covers the temperature range -259.35℃ to 630.5℃.b) thermistor resistance temperature transducersThermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors which exhibit large non-liner resistance changes with temperature variation. In general, they have a negative temperature coefficient. For small temperature increments the variation in resistance is reasonably linear; but, if large temperature changes are experienced, special linearizing techniques are used in the measuring circuits to produce a linear relationship of resistance against temperature.Thermistors are normally made in the form of semiconductor discs enclosed in glass vitreous enamel. Since they can be made as small as 1mm,quite rapid response times are possible.5.4 Photoconductive CellsThe photoconductive cell , uses a light-sensitive semiconductor material. The resistance between the metal electrodes decrease as the intensity of the light striking the semiconductor increases. Common semiconductor materials used for photo-conductive cells are cadmium sulphide, lead sulphide, and copper-doped germanium.The useful range of frequencies is determined by material used. Cadmium sulphide is mainly suitable for visible light, whereas lead sulphide has its peak response in the infra-red regionand is, therefore , most suitable for flame-failure detection and temperature measurement. 5.5 Photoemissive CellsWhen light strikes the cathode of the photoemissive cell are given sufficient energy to arrive the cathode. The positive anode attracts these electrons, producing a current which flows through resistor R and resulting in an output voltage V.Photoelectrically generated voltage V=Ip.RlWhere Ip=photoelectric current(A),and photoelectric current Ip=Kt.BWhere Kt=sensitivity (A/im),and B=illumination input (lumen)Although the output voltage does give a good indication of the magnitude of illumination, the cells are more often used for counting or control purpose, where the light striking the cathode can be interrupted.6、Capacitive TransducersThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate that variations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d. Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive transducer has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be changed to produce a displacement.7、Inductive TransducersThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit. Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive transducers:a)A.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors.b)A.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.c) D.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor.d) Frequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive transducers are as follows:i)resolution infiniteii) accuracy+- 0.1% of full scale is quotediii)displacement ranges 25*10-6 m to 10-3miv) rise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level.8、Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer9、Piezo-electric Transducers10、Electromagnetic Transducers11、Thermoelectric Transducers12、Photoelectric Cells13、Mechanical Transducers and Sensing Elements传感器的基础知识传感器是一种把被测量转换为光的、机械的或者更平常的电信号的装置。
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传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附件1:外文资料翻译译文传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。
输出信号有不同形式，如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等，能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求，是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。
如果把计算机比作大脑，那么传感器则相当于五官，传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量，对系统的质量起决定性作用。
自动化程度越高，系统对传感器要求越高。
在今天的信息时代里，信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分，即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术。
现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展，而已经充分发达后，不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高，还要求其成本低廉且使用方便。
显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰。
世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发，并且都已取得极大的突破。
如今传感器新技术的发展，主要有以下几个方面:利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理，所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作，是研究开发新型传感器的基础。
日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器，是传感器技术的重大突破，其灵敏度高，仅次于超导量子干涉器件。
它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单。
可用于磁成像技术，有广泛推广价值。
利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时，会引起电极电位的变化，利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器。
用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查。
如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎，起到快速、准确作用。
美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器。
传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础，由于材料科学进步，人们可制造出各种新型传感器。
例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器;光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器;用陶瓷制成压力传感器。
高分子聚合物能随周围环境的相对湿度大小成比例地吸附和释放水分子。
高分子电介常数小，水分子能提高聚合物的介电常数。
将高分子电介质做成电容器，测定电容容量的变化，即可得出相对湿度。
利用这个原理制成等离子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜温度传感器，其有以下特点:测湿范围宽;温度范围宽，可达-400?,+1500?;响应速度快，小于1S;尺寸小，可用于小空间测湿;温度系数小。
陶瓷电容式压力传感器是一种无中介液的干式压力传感器。
采用先进的陶瓷技术和厚膜电子技术，其技术性能稳定，年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,温漂小于?0.15%/10K,抗过载强,可达量程的数百倍。
测量范围可从0到60mpa。
德国E+H 公司和美国Kahlo公司产品处于领先地位。
光导纤维的应用是传感材料的重大突破，其最早用于光通信技术。
在光通信利用中发现当温度、压力、电场、磁场等环境条件变化时，引起光纤传输的光波强度、相位、频率、偏振态等变化，测量光波量的变化，就可知道导致这些光波量变化的温度、压力、电场、磁场等物理量的大小，利用这些原理可研制出光导纤维传感器。
光纤传感器与传统传感器相比有许多特点:灵敏度高，结构简单、体积小、耐腐蚀、电绝缘性好、光路可弯曲、便于实现遥测等。
光纤传感器日本处于先进水平。
如Idec Izumi公司和Suns公司。
光纤传感受器与集成光路技术相结合，加速光纤传感器技术的发展。
将集成光路器件代替原有光学元件和无源光器件，使光纤传感器有高的带宽、低的信号处理电压，可靠性高，成本低。
半导体技术中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、扩散、沉积、平面电子工艺，各向导性腐蚀及蒸镀，溅射薄膜等，这些都已引进到传感器制造。
因而产生了各种新型传感器，如利用半导体技术制造出硅微传感器，利用薄膜工艺制造出快速响应的气敏、湿敏传感器，利用溅射薄膜工艺制压力传感器等。
日本横河公司利用各向导性腐蚀技术进行高精度三维加工，制成全硅谐振式压力传感器。
核心部分由感压硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的两个谐振梁结成，两个谐振梁的频差对应不同的压力，用频率差的方法测压力，可消除环境温度等因素带来的误差。
当环境温度变化时，两个谐振梁频率和幅度变化相同，将两个频率差后，其相同变化量就能够相互抵消。
其测量最高精度可达0.01%FS。
美国Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI)公司开发一系列低价位,线性度在0.1%到0.65%范围内的硅微压力传感器,最低满量程为0.15psi(1KPa),其以硅为材料制成,具有独特的三维结构,轻细微机械加工,和多次蚀刻制成惠斯登电桥于硅膜片上,当硅片上方受力时,其产生变形,电阻产生压阻效应而失去电桥平衡,输出与压力成比例的电信号.象这样的硅微传感器是当今传感器发展的前沿技术,其基本特点是敏感元件体积为微米量级,是传统传感器的几十、几百分之一。
在工业控制、航空航天领域、生物医学等方面有重要的作用，如飞机上利用可减轻飞机重量，减少能源。
另一特点是能敏感微小被测量，可制成血压压力传感器。
中国航空总公司北京测控技术研究所，研制的CYJ系列溅谢膜压力传感器是采用离子溅射工艺加工成金属应变计，它克服了非金属式应变计易受温度影响的不足，具有高稳定性，适用于各种场合，被测介质范围宽，还克服了传统粘贴式带来的精度低、迟滞大、蠕变等缺点，具有精度高、可靠性高、体积小的特点，广泛用于航空、石油、化工、医疗等领域。
集成传感器的优势是传统传感器无法达到的，它不仅仅是一个简单的传感器，其将辅助电路中的元件与传感元件同时集成在一块芯片上，使之具有校准、补偿、自诊断和网络通信的功能，它可降低成本、增加产量，美国LUCAS、NOVASENSOR公司开发的这种血压传感器，每星期能生产1万只。
智能化传感器是一种带微处理器的传感器，是微型计算机和传感器相结合的成果，它兼有检测、判断和信息处理功能，与传统传感器相比有很多特点: 具有判断和信息处理功能，能对测量值进行修正、误差补偿，因而提高测量精度;可实现多传感器多参数测量;有自诊断和自校准功能，提高可靠性;测量数据可存取，使用方便;有数据通信接口，能与微型计算机直接通信。
把传感器、信号调节电路、单片机集成在一芯片上形成超大规模集成化的高级智能传感器。
美国HONY WELL公司ST-3000型智能传感器，芯片尺寸才有3×4×2mm3，采用半导体工艺，在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、静压、压差、温度等三种敏感元件。
智能化传感器的研究与开发，美国处于领先地位。
美国宇航局在开发宇宙飞船时称这种传感器为灵巧传感器(Smart Sensor)，在宇宙飞船上这种传感器是非常重要的。
我国在这方面的研究与开发还很落后，主要是因为我国半导体集成电路工艺水平有限。
传感器的发展日新月异，特别是80年代人类由高度工业化进入信息时代以来，传感器技术向更新、更高的技术发展。
美国、日本等发达国家的传感器技术发展最快，我国由于基础薄弱，传感器技术与这些发达国家相比有较大的差距。
因此，我们应该加大对传感器技术研究、开发的投入，使我国传感器技术与外国差距缩短，促进我国仪器仪表工业和自化化技术的发展。
附件2:外文原文Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform thephysical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass intoelectricalsignal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important. In information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and allhas obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are thesensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making thetemperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The opticalfiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ? ~ +1,500 ?; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smallerthan ?0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmissionlight wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensortechnology development. W ill integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component;enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’corrosion technology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by thefeeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambienttemperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quanti ty can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slightmachine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitiveis small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation andcontrol technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowlyto glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOVASENSORCorporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of sensor isextremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.T he sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our countryinstrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.。