Chapter 8 参考答案[9页][001]

EncounterTask 11.(F) In China, you had better take a gift with you while attending a business meeting and it would be not eagerly accepted.2.(T)3.(T)4.(F) Tapping the nose in Britain suggests that the conversation is confidential and private.Culture FocusCase Study 1TaskChina belongs to high power distance culture that believes that each person has a rightful and protected place in the social order. In the Chinese business world, every single member in Chinese companies is willing to follow office regulation and work guidelines made by the owner. Employees do not want to challenge their senior workers or supervisors. That is, the order of rank is anchored firmly and Chinese workers do not want to insubordinate occupational hierarchy. In Chinese culture, rank is extremely important in business relationship and you must keep rank differences while communicating. For example, when you go to a place where Chinese business partners are gathering, you have to find someone of higher rank and greet to them first. Plus, when meal is ready, you cannot start eating before the highest person start.Case Study 2TaskIf I were studying in the United States, I might have butterflies in my stomach. I may meet new places with new people and new customs. And I even couldn’t understand the English in class and in daily life. For solving the difficulty, I would focus on my studies, and embrace my new culture so I can have an educational and fulfillingexperience. And joining a study group for my difficult classes can help me learn better, collaborate with other students, and give me an opportunity to receive a little extra help clarifying assignments and coursework. Besides, I can talk to the professor, a teacher’s assistant, or another student from my class to help me on the course study. ExploreCritical Reading 1Task 1Task 21.T2.F What is common and accepted for people from one country may be not acceptable for other colleagues and clients from abroad.3.F Language communication is equally important with non-verbal communication in international business contexts.4.F When doing international business, it is considered to be punctual for an Italian or Mexican to arrive several minutes after the scheduled start-time at a meeting.5.TTask 3Diversity is typical in most multicultural workplaces. Potential issues may hinder relationships in the workplace; therefore, if you plan to do business on a global level, you need to find solutions to break down any barriers. For example, taking the time to research or inquire about another culture can make them feel comfortable. Learn about the things your coworkers and customers like and value, e.g. their food, their customs and protocol, business practices and what they do for fun. Since there is a host of information available online, you can easily discover the basic tenets of their culture. Because of your extra effort, the people with whom you work will feel appreciated and will be more apt to collaborate with you.Critical Reading 2Task 1Task 21.(T)2.(T)3.(F)4.(F) If students cannot succeed in academics, they can still succeed in other field of their choice.5.(T)Task 3For example, the pros may claim that the reason “I” choose to study abroad is that “I” strongly believe that overseas education will enhance my job prospects and career development. The cons may argue that “I” prefer to study at home because the cost of education is cheaper here than the Wstern countries, and the infrastructure and facilities in China are wonderful.ExpandFurther ReadingTaskFrom the point of view of the goals of medicines, they are as different as the cultures they come from. Based on a culture that focuses on the physical world, Western medicine’s approach to the mind/body is to “fix” the physical body. (Here, the mind is seen as an organ.) If the body is missing a substance, the Western approach is to supply it. Medical science has evolved to further refine the fixing with better drugs and surgical technology. Westerners think a supplement of vitamins can do a lot good to health, so eating apples is a good way to keep healthy.The Eastern approach is to engage the mind/body’s self-healing mechanisms. This is largely done by balancing the body’s energy fields and ridding it of energetic blockages. If the mind/body is missing a substance, the Eastern approach is to stimulate the body to heal and be able to make it. Drinking hot water and applying Ba Guan and Gua Sha manifests the philosophy of Chinese medicine. ExpressTask 1ExampleA: Hi, Tammy? I’m Tom. Nice to meet you. Welcome to Australia.B: Nice to meet you too.A: How was your trip?B: It was very early, but no problems.A: Would you like something to drink?B: Please give me a cup of coffee, thank you.A: Is this your first time here?B: Yes, it looks like a very vibrant country.A: How long are you staying?B: Three days.A: Will you have time for any sightseeing?B: Yes, I’m going to look around today.A: Right, so maybe we had better make our way to the office.Task 2For example, Chinese companies should make direct communication with Americans and clearly propose the suggestions and questions when negotiating with American companies. While doing business with Japanese companies, Chinese need to pay attention to the vague opinions, gestures or other cues that may indicate suggestions during the meeting because Japanese tend to have an indirect communication and thus you will not receive a clear promise or rejection at the first negotiation meeting. Task 3Identification:The name “Australia” was formally adopted and popularized in 1817 by the British governor of the colony of New South Wales. The title was suggested in 1814 and derives from the Latin terra Australis incognita (“the unknown south land”) which had been used by mapmakers for centuries before European colonization.Since its days as a British colony Australia has developed a complex national culture with immigrants from many parts of the world as well as an indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. The strong sense of societal and historical distinctiveness among the different states and territories has not developed into major subcultural diversity based on geographic regions.For much of the nation's history, there has been a focus on assimilating different cultural groups into the dominant British Australian traditions; however, in the early 1970s a more pluralist policy of multiculturalism came to prominence. In 1988, bicentennial events were promoted officially as the “celebration of a nation.” A commitment was made to the idea that Australia is a collectivity of diverse peoples living in a relatively young society. However, the divisions within the nation continue to find expression in public life, arising from social differences in race, ethnicity, social class, and gender.Location and Geography:Australia is an island continent in the Southern Hemisphere, lying between Antarctica and Asia. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean to the west; the Timor, Arafura, and Coral Seas to the north; the Pacific Ocean to the east; and the Tasman Sea and Southern Ocean to the south. Much of the continent is low, flat, and dry. The area of the continent is 2.97 million square miles (7.69 million square kilometers).Although the impact of environmental variation is highly evident in the traditional cultures of indigenous Australians, it has not been as strong a factor in immigrant cultures. The most significant lifestyle differences are affected primarily byvariations in climate.Australia has six states (Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and Queensland) and two territories (the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory), whose capital cities are, respectively, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Hobart, Sydney, Brisbane, Darwin, and Canberra. The majority of the population lives in urban areas around the coast.The capital city, Canberra, is located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The ACT was created in 1909, and the city of Canberra was designed by an American landscape architect in 1912. The Commonwealth Parliament relocated there from Melbourne in 1927. Canberra has a population of over 300,000 and is the largest inland city.Symbolism:The flag is dark blue with the British Union Jack in the upper left corner, the seven-pointed white Commonwealth star below the Union Jack, and to the right five white stars representing the Southern Cross constellation. The national animal emblem is the kangaroo, the floral emblem is the golden wattle tree, and the national colors are green and gold. The national coat of arms is a shield supported by a kangaroo and an emu amid branches of wattle. Until 1984 the national anthem was the British "God Save the Queen," but it was changed to "Advance Australia Fair" as part of a movement toward asserting greater separation from the legacy of the colonial power.These formal symbols have assisted in the establishment of a national consciousness. A highly symbolic national event held annually is Anzac Day which marks the landing and subsequent gallant defeat of Australian troops at Gallipoli during World War I. Throughout the country war memorials and monuments acknowledge the achievements and sacrifices made by Australians in that and other wars.Flora and fauna native to the continent, such as the kangaroo, koala, emu, and wattle, are symbols of the national ethos, especially in international and national contexts, although this is also the case for unique buildings such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. The beach is recognized as a symbol of the national culture.Emergence of the Nation:Australian began as a British penal colony in the eighteenth century, and its national character has formed predominantly through the mechanisms of immigration and race relations. Other factors that have shaped the national culture include the early small female population relative to that of men, which is said to have laid the foundations for a widespread ideology of mateship. The involvement of Australian and New Zealand (Anzac) troops in World War I has been characterized as the symbolic birth of the nation.A further impetus for the formation of a national culture was the myth of the rural bushman, which developed around early phases of the historical establishment of pastoral and agricultural industries. The "bush" mythology has continued to influence conceptions of the national character despite the fact that the population has alwaysbeen concentrated in urban coastal centers. The relatively sunny climate has facilitated an image of a sporting, outdoor, beach-loving culture represented by images such as the bronzed Aussie surfer.Food in Daily Life:Before colonization, Aboriginal peoples were sustained by a diverse range of flora and fauna. The early settlers primarily consumed meat (at first native animals, later beef and mutton), bread, and vegetables, particularly potatoes.Nearly all regularly eaten foods-except seafood-were introduced after European settlement. However, there have been considerable changes in food preference patterns. In the 1940s meat consumption began to decline, poultry consumption increased dramatically after the 1960s, and there has been a doubling of seafood consumption since the 1930s, in addition to a steady increase in fruit and vegetable consumption since the 1950s.Since World War II the diet has become highly diversified. Each wave of immigrants has had an impact, including German, Italian, Greek, Lebanese, Jewish, and Southeast Asian foods and cooking styles. Olive and vegetable oils have replaced dripping and lard, and items such as garlic and Asian condiments are used more commonly.Australian chefs are known worldwide for their “fusion cuisine,” a blending of European cooking traditions with Asian flavors and products. Nevertheless, certain foods are recognized as national emblems, including Vegemite (a yeast extract spread), Milo (a powdered base for chocolate milk drinks), Anzac biscuits (oat biscuits sent to soldiers in World War I), and damper (a wheat flour-based loaf traditionally cooked in the ashes of a fire by settlers).Australians are among the world leaders in fast-food consumption. Burger and chicken chain stores are prominent in the suburbs, having displaced the traditional meat pies and fish and chips. While Australians were long known as tea drinkers, coffee and wine have become increasingly popular.Before World War II Australians drank about twenty times more beer than wine; beer consumption remains high, but wine drinking has increased at a much greater rate, and the country has become a significant exporter of wine.Major Industries:In 1996 and 1997, manufacturing was the most significant sector. Wholesale trade was the only other industry to contribute over 10 percent of GDP, manufacturing accounted for 12 percent of total employment, behind retail at 15 percent. Another major contributor was the property and business services industry. Primary industries in mining and agriculture are of key economic importance. The development of large mines in some remote regions has been associated with the establishment of towns and increased employment.Trade:In order of economic significance, Australia’s current major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, United Kingdom, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand. Australia is one of the world's largest exporters of wool, meat, and wheat and a major supplier of sugar, dairy products, fruits, cotton, and rice.Major imports include passenger motor vehicles, telecommunications equipment, and crude petroleum oils.Etiquette:A predominant image among Australians is that they are very casual, easygoing, and familiar. First names are used commonly as terms of address. An ideology of egalitarianism pervades, with men, women, and children treated similarly. Attempts at appearing superior to others in terms of dress, manners, knowledge, and the work ethic are discouraged. A handshake is the most common way to greet a new acquaintance, and a hug, a kiss on the cheek, or a verbal greeting the most common way to greet a friend. The colloquialism, “g’day” (good day), is considered the quintessential greeting.There is an easy friendliness in public places. Personal privacy is respected and staring is discouraged, although eye contact is not avoided. Eye contact during conversation is considered polite among the general population; averting the eyes during conversation is considered a sign of respect among Aboriginal people. When a line is forming, new arrivals must go to the end. In museums and exhibitions voices are hushed. In performance contexts the audience is expected to be silent and attentive. Service attendants consider themselves equal to their guests, and usually are not subservient. Australians also resist being “served.” Food may be eaten in the street, but meals usually are eaten at a table, with each person having his or her own plate and eating utensils. Bodily functions are considered inevitable but are not discussed or performed in public.Cultural tips for doing business in Australia:To help business travelers avoid cultural problems when traveling to Australia, there are several cultural tips for successful cross-cultural communication.Australians take punctuality seriously. If possible, arrive ten to fifteen minutes early for a business meeting.Australians try not to draw too much attention to their academic qualifications, at least in public. People who make a lot of references to their education and other professional qualifications in conversation may be subject to teasing.Don’t boast about yourself or your company's accomplishments. Instead, Australians will judge your competence and abilities through your actions.Australians find strong discussions and opinionated conversation entertaining, so don’t hesitate to express your views if they are sincere and informed.Australians generally dislike aggressive sales techniques. Since they value directness, presentations of any kind should be straightforward, with an emphasis on both the positive and negative outcomes.The work environment in Australian business culture tends to be collaborative. Before a decision is made, top management will consult subordinates and their input will be given careful consideration. Consequently, decision-making will be slower so don’t rush this process.Point with your entire hand because pointing at someone with your index finger may be considered impolite.Examine1.D2.C3.B4.A5.B。