研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)
(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1
Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版期复习资料汇总.doc
Lesson 3A.1、It was like a parent trying to coax a lying child into admitting an obvious truth.A punishB persuadeC criticizeD release2、Zofi tended to write long and detailed e-mails,bur her boss always zapped back.terse single-word responses .A briefB forcefulC difficultD complex3、Benny Anvi scolded the dog,which become fiercer and looked nearly ready topounce.A back offB lie downC bite onD spring forward4、Working with the wrong company could potentially distort my image andultimately chip away at the faith of my fans •A strengthenB weakenC keepD lose5、The photographs takan at Belsen and other camps led to widespread and intenserevulsion towards Nazi Germany.A criticismB disgustC punishmentD attack6、It is only the paintaking people who can live a brilliant life .A optimisticB confidentC patientD diligent7、When one considers our world from such a perspective.the need for accptanceand understanding becomes glaringly apprent.A obviouslyB increasinglyC possiblyD reliably8、That is one reason why this conflict grinds remorselessly from decade to decade •A dramaticallyB silentlyC endlesslyD regretfully9> Overzealous and effective theft detection and prevention creates an atmoshere that islikely to intimidate innocent customers.A encourageB reassureC frightenD surprise10、He called the success a vindication of his party^s free-market economic policy. Ajustification B support C stimulus D projectB.In the know pay off wend one's way deliberately telling Incremental rip (sth) up dead in the water every so often in place1、Every so often Mother takes an opportunity to remind us that eating animals eventually bite us back.2> Spain and Greeece^s bears are unlikely to survive unless stict protection programs are put in place.3、we talked to agents?managers?publishers,lawyers and others in the know to come up with our estimates.4、We are seeking continuous.incremental improvements,not great breakthroughs.5、Sandra was determined to become a doctor and her persistence paid off6、The government has been involved in a disinformation campaign, deliberately misleading its citizens.7、She took every photograph of me that was in our house and angrily ripped it up<8、The inability to sell these very popular models doesn^t leave Toyota dealers deadin the water but it comes very .very close.9、The most telling condemnation of the system was that it failed to fulfill its function.10> Today's investors lack the patients to hang on for years as ideas wend their way from the lab to the market.Lesson 4A.1、During the lecture all the audience listened to china's first astronaut with raptadmiration.A obscureB obviousC obligedD obsessed2、Most of her colleagues didn't like her because she was adept at the fine art ofirritating people・A ambitiousB annoyingC skillfulD scornful3、In the schools today we need, more than ever, the training of deft hands.quickeyes and ears ,and above all thebroader,deeper,higher culture of gifted mind and pure hearts.A skillfulB cleverC delicateD elegant4、At last the judge decided to give the custody of the child to his fathe匚A supervisionB cateringC raisingD fostering5、Denver residents continued to dig out from what was called the worst blizzard innearly a century・A catastropheB disasterC snowstonnD landslide6、After all ,the candidate was endorsed by the governor's board and many of thelocal party members.A ignoredB rejectedC sponsoredD suDDortcd7、His expression gave temporary meaning to a set of features but it wasnondescript.A unclearB distinctiveC impliedD ambiguous8、She came home spouting off about the subjects she was taught at school andbasked in her teacher's praise.A pridedB enjoyed C. criticized D narrated9、It was evident that the administrative officials did not believe the excuse that he■ held forth for the delayed delivery.A liedB toldC emphasizedD compiled10> When frank heard that the war had started ,it didrft sink in for a long time until hisfather was drafted into the army.A be understoodB be acceptedC be takenD be illustratedB.1、Plants will lose their _____ when they are heavily trimmed.A voyageB vitalityC vogueD virgin2、It was generally conceded that the nst result of the incident was calculated to make Eisenhower mad enough to force him to ____ re-electionA run forB compete inC apply toD line up with3、Mick entered the Vocational High School,and in order to get to know her newclassmates,she ___ a party. A cast B launched C flung D threw4、Alice Moore refused to learn what they required.She couldn't see the necessity of for those that would appear in the examinations. A clapping B cramming C clashing D creeping5、The listeners were ____ by his magic eloquence and ready to stand by him in his boldest flights- A agonized B thrilled C disturbed D interfered6^ We remained until our ship was repaired,and after that,we set sail for England^our port being Londom. A doomed B denoted C despaired D destined7、 Seeds of various typles —wheat grains,beans,and nuts —form the bulk of humanfood.But not all seeds are ___ to either humans or insects 5many contain toxins. C peculiar D permanent 9、 A bill passed ___ by both houses in August requires states to set up systems forwithholding child support payments from the wages and states tax refunds of those persons. A anonymously B autonomously C unanimously D enormously10、After about an hour all the participants ____ with the regulations and each other. A wanned up B made up C mixed up D wound upLessson 6A.1、 another common use of the tag question is in small talk when the speaker istrying to ____ conversation:^sure is hot here,isn't it?'， A Illicit B elicit C solicit D explicit2、 napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription service yetagain,after running into serious problems in its talks with other firms .so here is napster ________ : still not ready. A refrain B renown C restraint D retention3、 The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of the drug by thefood &drug administration is a long and _____ process. A hilarious B notorious C industrious D laborious4、 When I was a childj always refused to write thank-you notes for birthdaypresents from a faraway relative.my mother would ____ me andsayjpaul ,you must learn to be polite ； A glide B slide C abide D chide5、 A(a) ___ memory may be a good thing,but the ability to forget is the truetoken of greatness.food.But not all seeds are ___ A palatable B primitive8、Continuing violence could A hold on B hold upthe progress towards reform. Chold down D hold offA attentiveB inattentiveC retentiveD irretentive6、There's still a great deal of _____ on the weapons of mass destruction ,whichdespite what president bush and prime minister blair say,have not yet beenfound.A evidenceB skepticismC knowledgeD consensus7、Even though exercise has many positive benefits,too much can beharmful.teens who exercise ____ are at risk for both physical andpsychological problems.A comparativelyB competitivelyC comDulsivelyD comprehensively8> Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate.but others were ______ ,drivingthe young women crazy by complaining to them all the time.A auerulousB fabulousC pretentiousD conscientious9、There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizens of many differentnationalities _____ a nd exchanging greetings in an international airport.A singlingB dinglingC jinglingD mingling10> When dallas police notifed the hospital that president kennedy had been shot,atfirst,the young neurosurgeon thought it was a_________ .A blankB flankC DrankD frankB.Thumb nose at obsess with single out brust onto on the lookout forMore often than not superior to obscure disregard get along1、He picked up things that he thought people were throwing away and still had life.He was very upset that people were very quick to clisregarcl things of value. 2^ Looking for life elsewhere is a tough task.The good news is that the scientists are on the lookout for extraterrestrials signs and scientific tools to search for extraterrestrial life are advancing rapidly.3、They are not so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports.On the contrary^they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams.4、People remember only what is interesting and useful to them,what helps them make sense of the world,or helps them get along in it.5、My husband reacted with irritation because he felt the comments implied: Youre is not a real marriage, I am superior to you because my wife and I have avoided your misfortune.6、Airlines are thumbing nose at the plan to modernize Los Angeles Internstional Airport because their financial problems would make it difficult for them to pay for the renovation.7> The Green Party of Pennsylvania has the burst onto politicalvsense in 2001 with unprecedented energy and vigor and Green voter registration has more than quadrupled.8、Before he went to university,Peince William had gone off to the jungles of South America and worked on rather obscure farms in England.9> More often than not ° we tend to get stressed and disturbed by lifet endless ups and downs- You have the choice to remain the same or change it to your advantage.10、Following the terrrorist attacks,there have been reports of beating and killings ofArabs.As an African AmericanJ am outraged by the single'ing out of Arab Americans and Muslims.Lesson 7A.1、Upon hearing these critical remarks ,he was in a complete state of bewildennentand did not know what to do next.A astonishmentB frustrationC depressionD Demlexity2、For many women .the hairowing prospect of giving evidence in a rape case canbe too much to bear.A promisingB embarrassingC hauntingD upsetting3、The companydisappointing sales figures are an ominous sign of worse thing tocome.A disgracefulB disgustingC scandalousD threatening4、He said that people are too obsessed with utopian visions that nevercome.instead of thinking of the quality of life now.A promisingB unrealisticC unbelievableD unprecedented5、We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident because it wasso well timed.A elicitedB despisedC removedD elevated6、Things would never change if people weren't prepared to experiment with newteaching methods.A endeavorB campaignC swerveD try7、The national interest is most important than the sectional and personal interestsof individual politicians.A segregatedB factionalC inviolableD dismantled8> Despite differences in background and outlook,their partnership was based onmutual respect.trust and understanding.A unilateralB reciDrocalC obligatoryD optional9、Desirous of knowing something about the operations J stood and watched thespectacle.A desDerate forB desirable ofC detached fromD deprived of10> He spoke eloauently with the self-effacing humor that endeared him to theAmerican press.A elegantlyB persuasivelyC arrogantlyD expressivelyB.Go all out believe in boil down to trample in pursuit ofContend in the final analysis transcend justify be born of1、His arrogance is born of a conviction that he is a superior being with better education and family backgrounds.2、The investigation term promised to go all out to find out about the cause of the accident in the shortest possible time.3^ The results of the study have certainly justified the huge amout the money that was spent on this long-term project.4、Having read these touching stories,you will certainly believe in (he fundamental goodness of human nuture.5、Fortunately the acting and photography are so good that they somehow manage to transcend the limitations of the film^e plot.6、For Malcolm what matters most in his life could always be boil down to one idea:being good in business.7、What distinguishes all the species of plants and animals is, in the finalanalysis ,differences in the way carbon atoms choose to bond・8> Several people were tranwled to death when the stadium collapsed and the crowd rushed out onto the football pitch.9、The lawyer contented in court that her client had never been near the sence of the crime.10N The company has been in Dursuit of Holton for some timeout so far he has rejected all their offers.Lesson 9A.1、When she arose to speak in their assemblies ,her commanding figure anddignified manners ____ e very trifler into silence.A rushedB hushedC cashedD pushed2、In many of his paintings of towns,harbors,and rivers ,marquet showed aparticular gift for simplification that seized _____ upon the essentials in thescene before him.A unexpectedlyB unavoidablyC unerringlyD unbelievably3、The old gentleman was so much immersed in business ,that he was unable to___ much attention upon me>A bestowB bewilderC bewareD betray4、The most famous _____ w hiteface clown is felix adler,who performed in theearly and mid-20lh century・A picturesqueB uniqueC techniqueD grotesaue5、By the 1st century B.C,roman power was growing and greek influence hadbegun to _____ .A waneB waverC weaveD warp6、To starboard ,at hurghada,behind _____ r anks of coral reefs Jay the importantmarine biological station of the university of Egypt.A severeB serriedC seducedD sentimental7、At first,the downturn was confined to industries most sensitive to highinterest rates.but ______ ,the loss of income in these areas had a ripple effectthroughout the economy.A inexorablyB intensivelyC inevitablyD infinitely8、The puppet theater combines three elements:the puppets;the chanters whosing and ___ for the puppets;and the players of the three-stringedinstrument.A declineB reclaimC declaimD proclaim9、This is your daily life; to me it is like a scene from a play,over which onesighs to see the curtain fall-all _____ ,all light ,all happiness.A cnchantmcntB engagementC enlargementD endurance2、The male cricket produce his courtship song by rubbing a grooved ridge on the enderside of one of his front wings against the sharp edge of the other front wing.3、Early ballpoint pens did not write well.they tended to ship,and the slow ・drying oil-based ink smudge easily.4、 In August.the enemy's drive against the city,which had been stalled by floods in late June and July, was renewed. 5^ In an ionic substance ,the positive ion often tugs at the electrons on the negative ion.6^ The risk of a heart attack for patients with a history of heart problems goes up by 35-50 percent during the winter months ,so doctors warm heart patients stay clear of the cold.7、 Last month, protected CDs with technology designed to discourage customers form making copies on their PCs quietly slipped into stores.8、On January 21,2001,thousands of people cowded into the National Mall to be witness to the inauguration of the 43rd President George W.Bush.9、 In low visibility ,the diver never knows what he will find on any dive and may suddenly see a huge ship loom up out of the underwater fog. 10> Insidde the airport hundreds of passengers are still stranding by thesnowstorm.Lesson 12A.1、The explosion sent pieces of metal and glass ____ through the air.A walkingB flashingC huillingD struggling2^ I could make out a dark figure in the _____ . A btighness B clearance C faintness D twilight3、 Put the fish in the _____ a nd itHl only take 5 minutes. A microphone B microwave C silicon D chip4、 As you get older your bones become increasingly ____ . A brittle B brilliant C brightened D bleachable5^ It's often cheaper if you buy wallpaper _____ ，rather than having to order it. A off the shelf B out of date C custom-fitted D off-cuts 6^ A close inspection revesled minute cracks in the aircraft's _ and wings.A faceB interfaceC fuselageD fuse7^ He was interested in ____ when he was only a child,beacuse he wantedd to be an 10、 “it was really rural when we moved here,^says Stanley.^but these newcomersthe rural atmosphere/' C ratifying are A justifying B citifying D simplifyingB.Strand swoop loom up Smudge stall tug atcrowd intostay clear of cricket slipped into Sudden gestures would drive sharks away for a moment ,but they came back almost at once.If we turned our backs to them,they would swoop at our legs.1、A outskirtB circumstanceC aerospaceD suburb8、I heard a massive explosion and ground __ beneath me .A hoppedB shudderedC enduredD paralyzed9、In his twenty years working for the company Joe Pearson made a(n) / impression on it.A inexcusableB indelibleC consumableD conclusive10、_____ is a row of black lines on something you buy,that a computer reads to find the price.A BarcodeB JetlagC PostcodeD PricelistB.Keep track seek to live with back and forth come close toIn a sense be up in the air despite consolidate into worry about1、After years and years of hard work.he was finally come colse to achieving his goals.2> He consilidated his business into one large company.3^ She had understood nothing,nor had she sought to understand.4、In a sense _______ , he's right by sauing that everybody is a studen匸5^ Our plans for the summer are up in the air .Noboby is sure what is going to happen.6> He changes jobs so often—I find it hard to keep track of what is going to happen.7、She's always worrying about her son,who isn't on good terms with his playmates. 8^ Fm still pleased with the house despite all the problems we've had.9^ They discussed it back and for it hout getting very far.10、It\ a problem she's going to have to live with ,Lesson 41 、Bill Clinton was hard to miss in the autumn of 1970. He arrived at Yale Law School looking more like a Viking than a Rhodes Scholar returning from two years at Oxford.. He was tall and handsome somewhere beneath that reddish brown beard and curly mane of hai匚He also had a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores.1970年秋天，你想不注意比尔■克林顿也不容易。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)Lesson 7
5
Background Information
The march influenced the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and King was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. King joined the growing number of antiwar activists in 1965 and began to criticize publicly American foreign policy in Vietnam. King’s outspoken opposition to the Vietnam War (1959—1975) also angered President
of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and King was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. In 1968 he went to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by sanitation workers; there on April 4, he was assassinated.
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Warm-up Questions
1. Listen to the speech “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King Jr. What impressed you most?
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Warm-up Questions
2. In his speech, President Obama said that the USA now “is more fair and more free and more just than the one Dr. King addressed that day”. Do you agree with him?
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课后词汇及翻译答案
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课后词汇及翻译答案贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版词汇及翻译答案Lesson 21、the story about the brothers grimm may evoke warm memoriesof story time in the comforting arms of a parent.A recallB createC releaseD collect2、one of the secrets of successful travel lies in always turningadversity to your advantage.A unfamiliarityB explorationC pleasureD difficulties3、The claws of bears may be used to climb trees, rip opennests and beehives ,or catch prey.A clearB tearC throwD dig4、The analysts are dissecting intrusions and other attacks that havebreached their computer systems.A interceptingB fightingC analyzingD discussing5、He spent whole days in his room, headphones on lest he disturbanyone.A unlessB whenC so thatD in case6、As the unemployment lines lengthened and factories closed,therewas talk of apocalypse.A emergencyB uncertaintyC disasterD reduction7、The odor of the hospital was so unforgiving that every so often shewould bring the cloud of white flowers to her nose.A unexpectedB uniqueC impressiveD terrible8、Critics argue that the lavish park itself is incongruous in a countrywhere around half the population lives below the poverty line.A inappropriateB creativeC unnecessaryD enjoyable9、Many believed optimistically the new would soothe markets ,but itseems to have had the opposite effect.A pushB misleadC calmD discourage10、 A stoical person tends to show admirable patience and endurancein the face of adversity without getting upset.A confidentB uncomplainingC unconventionalD reliable Lesson 41、During the lecture all the audience listened to china’s firstastronaut with rapt admiration.A obscureB obviousC obligedD obsessed2、Most of her c olleagues didn’t like her because she was adept atthe fine art of irritating people.A ambitiousB annoyingC skillfulD scornful3、In the schools today we need, more than ever, the trainingof defthands,quick eyes and ears ,and above all thebroader,deeper,higher culture of gifted mind and pure hearts.A skillfulB cleverC delicateD elegant4、At last the judge decided to give the custody of the child to hisfather.A supervisionB cateringC raisingD fostering5、Denver residents continued to dig out from what was called theworst blizzard in nearly a century.A catastropheB disasterC snowstormD landslide6、After all ,the candidate was endorsed by the governor’s board andmany of the local party members.A ignoredB rejectedC sponsoredD supported7、His expression gave temporary meaning to a set of features but itwas nondescript.A unclearB distinctiveC impliedD ambiguous8、She came home spouting off about the subjects she was taught atschool and basked in her teacher’s praise.A pridedB enjoyed C. criticized D narrated9、It was evident that the administrative officials did not believe theexcuse that he held forth for the delayed delivery.A liedB toldC emphasizedD compiled10、When frank heard that the war had started ,it didn’t sink in for along time until his father was drafted into the army.A be understoodB be acceptedC be takenD beillustratedLessson 61、another common use of the tag question is in small talk when thespeaker is trying to _____ conversation:”sure is hot here,isn’t it?”A IllicitB elicitC solicitD explicit2、napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription serviceyet again,after running into serious problems in its talks with other firms .so here is napster’s _____ ：still not ready.A refrainB renownC restraintD retention3、The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of thedrug by the food &drug administration is a long and _____ process.A hilariousB notoriousC industriousD laborious4、When I was a child,I always refused to write thank-you notes forbirthday presents from a faraway relative.my mother would _____ me and say,”paul ,you must learn to be polite.”A glideB slideC abideD chide5、A(a) ____ memory may be a good thing,but the ability to forget isthe true token of greatness.A attentiveB inattentiveC retentiveD irretentive6、There’s still a great deal of _____ on the weapons of massdestruction ,which despite what president bush and prime minister blair say,have not yet been found.A evidenceB skepticismC knowledgeD consensus7、Even though exercise has many positive benefits,too much can beharmful.teens who exercise_____ are at risk for both physical and psychological problems.A comparativelyB competitivelyC compulsively Dcomprehensively8、Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate.but others were____,driving the young women crazy by complaining to them allthe time.A querulousB fabulousC pretentiousD conscientious9、There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizensof manydifferent nationalities _____ and exchanging greetings in an international airport.A singlingB dinglingC jinglingD mingling10、When dallas police notifed the hospital that president kennedyhad been shot,at first,the young neurosurgeon thought it was a____.A blankB flankC prankD frankLesson 71、Upon hearing these critical remarks ,he was in a complete stateof bewilderment and did not know what to do next.A astonishmentB frustrationC depressionD perplexity2、For many women ,the harrowing prospect of giving evidence in arape case can be too much to bear.A promisingB embarrassingC hauntingD upsetting3、The company’s disappointing sales figures are an ominous sign ofworse thing to come.A disgracefulB disgustingC scandalousD threatening4、He said that people are too obsessed with utopian visions thatnever come,instead of thinking of the quality of life now.A promisingB unrealisticC unbelievableD unprecedented5、We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accidentbecause it was so well timed.A elicitedB despisedC removedD elevated6、Things would never change if people weren’t prepared toexperiment with new teaching methods.A endeavorB campaignC swerveD try7、The national interest is most important than the sectionalandpersonal interests of individual politicians.A segregatedB factionalC inviolableD dismantled8、Despite differences in background and outlook,their partnershipwas based on mutual respect,trust and understanding.A unilateralB reciprocalC obligatoryD optional9、Desirous of knowing something about the operations ,I stood andwatched the spectacle.A desperate forB desirable ofC detached fromD deprived of10、He spoke eloquently with the self-effacing humor that endearedhim to the American press.A elegantlyB persuasivelyC arrogantlyD expressively Lesson 91、When she arose to speak in their assemblies ,her commandingfigure and dignified manners _____ every trifler into silence.A rushedB hushedC cashedD pushed2、In many of his paintings of towns,harbors,and rivers ,marquetshowed a particular gift for simplification thatseized_____upon the essentials in the scene before him.A unexpectedlyB unavoidablyC unerringlyD unbelievably3、The old gentleman was so much immersed in business ,that hewas unable to ____ much attention upon me.A bestowB bewilderC bewareD betray4、The most famous _____ whiteface clown is felix adler,whoperformed in the early and mid-20th century.A picturesqueB uniqueC techniqueD grotesque5、By the 1st century B.C,roman power was growing and greekinfluence had begun to _____.A waneB waverC weaveD warp6、To starboard ,at hurghada,behind _____ ranks of coral reefs,laythe important marine biological station of the university of Egypt.A severeB serriedC seducedD sentimental7、At first,the downturn was confined to industries most sensitive tohigh interest rates.but ______,the loss of income in these areas had a ripple effect throughout the economy.A inexorablyB intensivelyC inevitablyD infinitely8、The puppet theater combines three elements:the puppets;thechanters who sing and ____ for the puppets;and the players ofthe three-stringed instrument.A declineB reclaimC declaimD proclaim9、This is your daily life; to me it is like a scene from a play,overwhich one sighs to see the curtain fall-all _____,all light ,allhappiness.A enchantmentB engagementC enlargementD endurance10、“it was really rural when we moved here,”says Stanley.”but thesenewcomers are _____ the rural atmosphere.”A justifyingB citifyingC ratifyingD simplifying Lesson 111、The supporters of GM foods say that it should be possible tomake foods that are less likely to trigger allergies.A preventB reduceC causeD transfer2、The relationship between men and their cars would terminate inthe event of irreparable mechanical breakdown(equivalent to thedeath of a spouse).A endB declineC failD proceed3、The combination of miscommunication ,ignored warnings andgeneral hubris virtually guaranteed disaster.A misunderstandingB misconductC angerD arrogance4、Despite an occasional glimmer of hope ,this campaign has notproduced any results.A proofB indicationC releaseD consequence5、These kids had been further insulated by their wealthy familiesfrom reality with the privilege that money could buy.A protectedB awokenC coveredD isolated6、I found myself constantly pondering the question:”how couldanyone do these things?”A arguingB answeringC coveredD isolated7、Interactive technology augments traditional methods with newand yet-to-be invented collaboration tools ranging from e-mail toweb logs to digital video to peer-to-peer systems.A communicationB entertainmentC cooperation Dimprovement8、For people who feel too intimidated or shy to ask questionsduring class,the internet creates a “safe environment”to speaktheir mind.online ,nobody knows who you are.A frightenedB frustratedC depressedD disappointed9、On this day after September 11 ,most planes were stillgrounded ;the skies were eerily quiet.A particularlyB unusuallyC mysteriouslyD pleasantly10、Considered by many archaeologists to be the first humancivilization ,sumer has yielded many huge stonecarvings .deciphered, they described”gods”who came anotherplanet in flying machines.A inspiredB interpretedC improvedD implanted Lesson 21 It is a cliché, as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare, but when something is beyond our experience, we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版期复习资料汇总.doc
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版期复习资料汇总.docLesson 3A.1、It was like a parent trying to coax a lying child into admitting an obvious truth.A punishB persuadeC criticizeD release2、Zofi tended to write long and detailed e-mails,bur her boss always zapped back.terse single-word responses .A briefB forcefulC difficultD complex3、Benny Anvi scolded the dog,which become fiercer and looked nearly ready topounce.A back offB lie downC bite onD spring forward4、Working with the wrong company could potentially distort my image andultimately chip away at the faith of my fans ?A strengthenB weakenC keepD lose5、The photographs takan at Belsen and other camps led to widespread and intenserevulsion towards Nazi Germany.A criticismB disgustC punishmentD attack6、It is only the paintaking people who can live a brilliant life .A optimisticB confidentC patientD diligent7、When one considers our world from such a perspective.the need for accptanceand understanding becomes glaringly apprent.A obviouslyB increasinglyC possiblyD reliably8、That is one reason why this conflict grinds remorselessly from decade to decade ?A dramaticallyB silentlyC endlesslyD regretfully9> Overzealous and effective theft detection and prevention creates an atmoshere that islikely to intimidate innocent customers.A encourageB reassureC frightenD surprise10、He called the success a vindication of his party^s free-market economic policy. Ajustification B support C stimulus D projectB.In the know pay off wend one's way deliberately telling Incremental rip (sth) up dead in the water every so often in place1、Every so often Mother takes an opportunity to remind us that eating animals eventually bite us back.2> Spain and Greeece^s bears are unlikely to survive unless stict protection programs are put in place.3、we talked to agents?managers?publishers,lawyers and others in the know to come up with our estimates.4、We are seeking continuous.incremental improvements,not great breakthroughs.5、Sandra was determined to become a doctor and her persistence paid off6、The government has been involved in a disinformation campaign, deliberately misleading its citizens.7、She took every photograph of me that was in our house and angrily ripped it up<8、The inability to sell these very popular models doesn^t leave Toyota dealers deadin the water but it comes very .very close.9、The most telling condemnation of the system was that it failed to fulfill its function.10> Today's investors lack the patients to hang on for yearsas ideas wend their way from the lab to the market.Lesson 4A.1、During the lecture all the audience listened to china's first astronaut with raptadmiration.A obscureB obviousC obligedD obsessed2、Most of her colleagues didn't like her because she was adept at the fine art ofirritating people?A ambitiousB annoyingC skillfulD scornful3、In the schools today we need, more than ever, the training of deft hands.quickeyes and ears ,and above all thebroader,deeper,higher culture of gifted mind and pure hearts.A skillfulB cleverC delicateD elegant4、At last the judge decided to give the custody of the child to his fathe匚A supervisionB cateringC raisingD fostering5、Denver residents continued to dig out from what was called the worst blizzard innearly a century?A catastropheB disasterC snowstonnD landslide6、After all ,the candidate was endorsed by the governor's board and many of thelocal party members.A ignoredB rejectedC sponsoredD suDDortcd7、His expression gave temporary meaning to a set of features but it wasnondescript.A unclearB distinctiveC impliedD ambiguous8、She came home spouting off about the subjects she was taught at school andbasked in her teacher's praise.A pridedB enjoyed C. criticized D narrated9、It was evident that the administrative officials did not believe the excuse that he■ held forth for the delayed delivery.A liedB toldC emphasizedD compiled10> When frank heard that the war had started ,it didrft sink in for a long time until hisfather was drafted into the army.A be understoodB be acceptedC be takenD be illustratedB.1、Plants will lose their _____ when they are heavily trimmed.A voyageB vitalityC vogueD virgin2、It was generally conceded that the nst result of the incident was calculated to make Eisenhower mad enough to force him to ____ re-electionA run forB compete inC apply toD line up with3、Mick entered the Vocational High School,and in order to get to know her newclassmates,she ___ a party. A cast B launched C flung D threw4、Alice Moore refused to learn what they required.She couldn't see the necessity of for those that would appear in the examinations. A clapping B cramming C clashing D creeping5、The listeners were ____ by his magic eloquence and ready to stand by him in his boldest flights- A agonized B thrilled C disturbed D interfered6^ We remained until our ship was repaired,and after that,we set sail for England^our port being Londom. A doomed B denoted C despaired D destined7、 Seeds of various typles —wheat grains,beans,and nuts —form the bulk of humanfood.But not all seeds are ___ to either humans or insects 5many contain toxins. C peculiar D permanent 9、 A bill passed ___ by both houses in August requires states to set up systems forwithholding child support payments from the wages and states tax refunds of those persons. A anonymously B autonomously C unanimously D enormously10、After about an hour all the participants ____ with the regulations and each other. A wanned up B made up C mixed up D wound upLessson 6A.1、 another common use of the tag question is in small talk when the speaker istrying to ____ conversation:^sure is hot here,isn't it?'， A IllicitB elicitC solicitD explicit2、 napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription service yetagain,after running into serious problems in its talks with other firms .so here is napster ________ : still not ready. A refrain B renown C restraint D retention3、 The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approvalof the drug by thefood &drug administration is a long and _____ process. A hilarious B notorious C industrious D laborious4、 When I was a childj always refused to write thank-you notes for birthdaypresents from a faraway relative.my mother would ____ me andsayjpaul ,you must learn to be polite ； A glide B slide C abideD chide5、 A(a) ___ memory may be a good thing,but the ability to forget is the truetoken of greatness.food.But not all seeds are ___ A palatable B primitive8、Continuing violence could A hold on B hold upthe progress towards reform. Chold down D hold offA attentiveB inattentiveC retentiveD irretentive6、There's still a great deal of _____ on the weapons of mass destruction ,whichdespite what president bush and prime minister blair say,have not yet beenfound.A evidenceB skepticismC knowledgeD consensus7、Even though exercise has many positive benefits,toomuch can beharmful.teens who exercise ____ are at risk for both physical andpsychological problems.A comparativelyB competitivelyC comDulsivelyD comprehensively8> Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate.but others were ______ ,drivingthe young women crazy by complaining to them all the time.A auerulousB fabulousC pretentiousD conscientious9、There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizens of many differentnationalities _____ a nd exchanging greetings in an international airport.A singlingB dinglingC jinglingD mingling10> When dallas police notifed the hospital that president kennedy had been shot,atfirst,the young neurosurgeon thought it was a_________ .A blankB flankC DrankD frankB.Thumb nose at obsess with single out brust onto on the lookout forMore often than not superior to obscure disregard get along1、He picked up things that he thought people were throwing away and still had life.He was very upset that people were very quick to clisregarcl things of value. 2^ Looking for life elsewhere is a tough task.The good news is that the scientists are on the lookout for extraterrestrials signs and scientific tools to search for extraterrestrial life are advancing rapidly.3、They are not so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports.On the contrary^they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams.4、People remember only what is interesting and useful to them,what helps them make sense of the world,or helps them get along in it.5、My husband reacted with irritation because he felt the comments implied: Youre is not a real marriage, I am superior to you because my wife and I have avoided your misfortune.6、Airlines are thumbing nose at the plan to modernize Los Angeles Internstional Airport because their financial problems would make it difficult for them to pay for the renovation.7> The Green Party of Pennsylvania has the burst onto politicalvsense in 2001 with unprecedented energy and vigor and Green voter registration has more than quadrupled.8、Before he went to university,Peince William had gone off to the jungles of South America and worked on rather obscure farms in England.9> More often than not ° we tend to get stressed and disturbed by lifet endless ups and downs- You have the choice toremain the same or change it to your advantage.10、Following the terrrorist attacks,there have been reports of beating and killings ofArabs.As an African AmericanJ am outraged by the single'ing out of Arab Americans and Muslims.Lesson 7A.1、Upon hearing these critical remarks ,he was in a complete state of bewildennentand did not know what to do next.A astonishmentB frustrationC depressionD Demlexity2、For many women .the hairowing prospect of giving evidence in a rape case canbe too much to bear.A promisingB embarrassingC hauntingD upsetting3、The companydisappointing sales figures are an ominous sign of worse thing tocome.A disgracefulB disgustingC scandalousD threatening4、He said that people are too obsessed with utopian visions that nevercome.instead of thinking of the quality of life now.A promisingB unrealisticC unbelievableD unprecedented5、We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident because it wasso well timed.A elicitedB despisedC removedD elevated6、Things would never change if people weren't prepared to experiment with newteaching methods.A endeavorB campaignC swerveD try7、The national interest is most important than the sectional and personal interestsof individual politicians.A segregatedB factionalC inviolableD dismantled8> Despite differences in background and outlook,their partnership was based onmutual respect.trust and understanding.A unilateralB reciDrocalC obligatoryD optional9、Desirous of knowing something about the operations J stood and watched thespectacle.A desDerate forB desirable ofC detached fromD deprived of10> He spoke eloauently with the self-effacing humor that endeared him to theAmerican press.A elegantlyB persuasivelyC arrogantlyD expressivelyB.Go all out believe in boil down to trample in pursuit ofContend in the final analysis transcend justify be born of1、His arrogance is born of a conviction that he is a superior being with better education and family backgrounds.2、The investigation term promised to go all out to find out about the cause of the accident in the shortest possible time.3^ The results of the study have certainly justified the huge amout the money that was spent on this long-term project.4、Having read these touching stories,you will certainly believe in (he fundamental goodness of human nuture.5、Fortunately the acting and photography are so good that they somehow manage to transcend the limitations of the film^eplot.6、For Malcolm what matters most in his life could always be boil down to one idea:being good in business.7、What distinguishes all the species of plants and animals is, in the finalanalysis ,differences in the way carbon atoms choose to bond?8> Several people were tranwled to death when the stadium collapsed and the crowd rushed out onto the football pitch.9、The lawyer contented in court that her client had never been near the sence of the crime.10N The company has been in Dursuit of Holton for some timeout so far he has rejected all their offers.Lesson 9A.1、When she arose to speak in their assemblies ,her commanding figure anddignified manners ____ e very trifler into silence.A rushedB hushedC cashedD pushed2、In many of his paintings of towns,harbors,and rivers ,marquet showed aparticular gift for simplification that seized _____ upon the essentials in thescene before him.A unexpectedlyB unavoidablyC unerringlyD unbelievably3、The old gentleman was so much immersed in business ,that he was unable to___ much attention upon me>A bestowB bewilderC bewareD betray4、The most famous _____ w hiteface clown is felix adler,who performed in theearly and mid-20lh century?A picturesqueB uniqueC techniqueD grotesaue5、By the 1st century B.C,roman power was growing and greek influence hadbegun to _____ .A waneB waverC weaveD warp6、To starboard ,at hurghada,behind _____ r anks of coral reefs Jay the importantmarine biological station of the university of Egypt.A severeB serriedC seducedD sentimental7、At first,the downturn was confined to industries most sensitive to highinterest rates.but ______ ,the loss of income in these areas had a ripple effectthroughout the economy.A inexorablyB intensivelyC inevitablyD infinitely8、The puppet theater combines three elements:the puppets;the chanters whosing and ___ for the puppets;and the players of the three-stringedinstrument.A declineB reclaimC declaimD proclaim9、This is your daily life; to me it is like a scene from a play,over which onesighs to see the curtain fall-all _____ ,all light ,all happiness.A cnchantmcntB engagementC enlargementD endurance2、The male cricket produce his courtship song by rubbinga grooved ridge on the enderside of one of his front wings against the sharp edge of the other front wing.3、Early ballpoint pens did not write well.they tended to ship,and the slow ?drying oil-based ink smudge easily.4、 In August.the enemy's drive against the city,which had been stalled by floods in late June and July, was renewed. 5^ Inan ionic substance ,the positive ion often tugs at the electrons on the negative ion.6^ The risk of a heart attack for patients with a history of heart problems goes up by 35-50 percent during the winter months ,so doctors warm heart patients stay clear of the cold.7、 Last month, protected CDs with technology designed to discourage customers form making copies on their PCs quietly slipped into stores.8、On January 21,2001,thousands of people cowded into the National Mall to be witness to the inauguration of the 43rd President George W.Bush.9、 In low visibility ,the diver never knows what he will find on any dive and may suddenly see a huge ship loom up out of the underwater fog. 10> Insidde the airport hundreds of passengers are still stranding by thesnowstorm.Lesson 12A.1、The explosion sent pieces of metal and glass ____ through the air.A walkingB flashingC huillingD struggling2^ I could make out a dark figure in the _____ . A btighness B clearance C faintness D twilight3、 Put the fish in the _____ a nd itHl only take 5 minutes. A microphone B microwave C silicon D chip4、 As you get older your bones become increasingly ____ .A brittleB brilliantC brightenedD bleachable5^ It's often cheaper if you buy wallpaper _____ ，rather than having to order it. A off the shelf B out of date C custom-fitted D off-cuts 6^ A close inspection revesled minute cracks in the aircraft's _ and wings.A faceB interfaceC fuselageD fuse7^ He was interested in ____ when he was only a child,beacuse he wantedd to be an 10、“it was really rural when we moved here,^says Stanley.^but these newcomers the rural atmosphere/' C ratifying are A justifying B citifying D simplifyingB.Strand swoop loom up Smudge stall tug atcrowd intostay clear of cricket slipped into Sudden gestures would drive sharks away for a moment ,but they came back almost at once.If we turned our backs to them,they would swoop at our legs.1、A outskirtB circumstanceC aerospaceD suburb8、I heard a massive explosion and ground __ beneath me .A hoppedB shudderedC enduredD paralyzed9、In his twenty years working for the company Joe Pearsonmade a(n) / impression on it.A inexcusableB indelibleC consumableD conclusive10、_____ is a row of black lines on something you buy,that a computer reads to find the price.A BarcodeB JetlagC PostcodeD PricelistB.Keep track seek to live with back and forth come close toIn a sense be up in the air despite consolidate into worry about1、After years and years of hard work.he was finally come colse to achieving his goals.2> He consilidated his business into one large company.3^ She had understood nothing,nor had she sought to understand.4、In a sense _______ , he's right by sauing that everybody isa studen匸5^ Our plans for the summer are up in the air .Noboby is sure what is going to happen.6> He changes jobs so often—I find it hard to keep track of what is going to happen.7、She's always worrying about her son,who isn't on good terms with his playmates. 8^ Fm still pleased with the house despite all the problems we've had.9^ They discussed it back and for it hout getting very far.10、It\ a problem she's going to have to live with ,Lesson 41 、Bill Clinton was hard to miss in the autumn of 1970. He arrived at Yale Law School looking more like a Viking than a Rhodes Scholar returning from two years at Oxford.. He was tall and handsome somewhere beneath that reddish brown beard and curly mane of hai匚He also had a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores.1970年秋天，你想不注意比尔■克林顿也不容易。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级-第三版)-教学课件Lesson-10
Background Information
and used logic and reasoning to support his points. By the Way, BTW: “St.” in this context means “Saint”, a holy and virtuous person. It sometimes is used in lower case, saint, to a Christian believer. – Not to be confused in other contexts with “Street,” as in Broadway St., Broadway Street.
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Background Information
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all time. He formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion— laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the heavens.
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Empedocles (490 BC?-430 BC) Greek philosopher, statesman, and poet.
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Karl Popper ( 1902-1994 ) Austrian-born British philosopher of science, known for his theory of scientific method and criticism of historical determinism.
(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1
Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。
研究生英语阅读教程（提高级-第三版）教师用书.
研究生英语阅读教程（提高级-第三版）教师用书.新编研究生英语系列教程研究生英语阅读教程（提高级/第三版）Lesson 1Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk (1)Lesson 2Humbled by Nature, Humble by Culture (9) Lesson 3How We Broke the Murdoch Scandal (14)Unit Two Reading Biographies and Personal Recollections Lesson 4 BillClinton (21)Lesson 5Steve Jobs (39)Lesson 6 A Beautiful Mind (42)Unit Three Reading EssaysLesson 7 A Christmas Sermon on Peace (57)Lesson 8Left for Dead (64)Lesson 9Spell of the Rising Moon (68)Unit Four Reading Scientific andTechnical ArticlesLesson 10OurPicture of the Universe (74)Lesson 11Mind over Machine (87)Lesson 12 2 Inches Between Life, Death (95)Unit Five Reading Short Stories andNovelsLesson 13Cat in the Rain (101)Lesson 14The Stolen Party (106)Lesson 15 A Summer’s Reading (109)课文全文参考译文 (113)Unit One Reading News ReportsLesson 1Spillonomics: Underestimating RiskKEYS TO EXERCISES. Reading ComprehensionA.1. B (Paragraph 1: Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money.)2. C (Paragraph 1: None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warmi ng skeptic… none other than: used to emphasize the surprising identity of a person or thing 正是，恰是)3. D (Paragraph 4: For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does.)4. B (Paragraph 4: When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan.)5. C (Paragraph 6: After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet the additional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.)6. B (Paragraph 7: When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so.)7. D (Paragraph 8: Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.)8. A (Paragraph 10: The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lenders will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington.)9. A (Paragraph 12: Nothing like that has ever happenedbefore. Even imagining it isdifficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.)10. D (The whole text.)B.Reasons BehindWrong Actions Consequences Suggested SolutionsDeepwater HorizonObsession with profits Cost cutting BP should be fully aware ofSafety could not be the potential risks and spendguaranteed more money to make theirHuman weakness Underestimating the risksfacilities safer.Congress and the Obamaadministration should takeA 1990 Congress law put a Federal law helped BPsensible steps, like liftingGovernment policy cap on spiller’s liability for executives underestimatethe liability cap and freeingcleanup cost at $75 million. the costs of damages.regulators from the sway ofindustry.. V ocabularyⅡA.1. C2. B3. C4. B5. A6. D7. D8. D9. C10. AB.1. cap2. In the wake of3. proverbial4. stem from5. odds6. given7. come what may8. Far from9. sway 10. In retrospectⅢ. Cloze1. wisdom2. tend3. shrink4. unexpected5. puzzle6. came up with7. severe 8. altered 9. Regardless of 10. necessarilyⅣ. Translation1. 就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
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课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险戴维伦哈特·[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
[2] 这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
[3] 也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
[4] 尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件，”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）现象。
大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
[5] 同样，不久以前，本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
许多购房者签订了负担不起的抵押贷款，相信一旦其价格上涨，他们可以再融资或卖掉房子。
看起来房价好像是在上涨。
[6] 另一方面，当一个不太可能发生的事件是很容易想象的，我们经常会走向另一个方向，高估它的可能性。
“9 ·11”恐怖袭击后，美国人取消了飞机旅行，转而驾车上113----------------------- Page 122-----------------------研究生英语阅读教程（提高级第三版）教师用书路。
2002 年在这个国家没有发生恐怖袭击，但更多的驾车出行显然导致了交通死亡人数的增加。
[7] 当风险非常高时，应该由政府负责以帮助避免这些完全人为的错误。
如果让市场自行其是，往往做不到这一点。
然而，在“深水地平线”这件事情上，政府的政策实际上起到了相反的作用。
它助长BP 低估了灾难的可能性。
[8] 埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990 年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7 500 万美元。
即使对旅游业、渔业等造成的经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅需要支付7 500 万美元。
（在这种情况下，BP 已同意对它认为合法的索赔，放弃这一上限。
）在华盛顿负责汉密尔顿项目的麻省理工学院经济学家迈克尔·格林斯通说这一法律从根本上扭曲了公司的决策。
如果赔偿没有上限，管理人员就会权衡油井可能的收益以及钻井的成本和损害赔偿的风险。
而有了这个上限，他们就可以在很大程度上忽略清理费用之外的潜在损害赔偿。
所以在损害可能非常可怕的地方，如靠近海岸线的地方，他们也会钻井。
换句话说，人类的弱点使得BP 公司高管低估了低概率、高成本事件的可能性。
而联邦法律则使得他们低估了成本。
[9] 在“深水地平线”之后，美国国会和奥巴马政府毫无疑问希望通过相关法律以减少再次出现“深水地平线”这样的风险。
当然他们可以采取一些明智的做法，如解除责任上限，摆脱石油业对监管人员的影响。
不过，如果认为我们目前仍然低估的只是那些突然间引人注目的风险，那是非常愚蠢的。
[10] 大的金融风险已不再是房地产泡沫。
相反，它可能是医疗保险、医疗救助和社会保障的增长在未来将会导致的巨额赤字，以及贷款人可能最终不愿再向华盛顿扩大信贷。
诚然，一些经济学家和决策者坚持认为国家还不应该考虑如何应对这种可能性，因为贷款人与美国政府的关系从来没有恶化过，也没有迹象显示现在就是这样。
但这是不是让人联想到伯南克和格林斯潘对住房市场的老调呢？[11] 当然，即使油井正常运转时，油井（与其他事物一起）也会向大气中排放温室气体。
科学家们说，这些气体的积累已经可能在下个世纪将地球温度提高至少3 度，并导致干旱、风暴和更多的冰层融化。
最近，研究人员的预测又提高了，地球温度有可能上涨约12 度。
这样的气候变暖可能会在各大城市引起洪灾，并导致南极部分坍塌。
[12] 这样的事情还没有发生过。
即使想象它都是困难的。
更容易做的是希望出现这样结果的可能性微乎其微。
事实上，抱有这样的希望是自然的反应。
但是，这并不代表它是明智的。
第二课俯首于自然，造谦逊的文化苏珊娜琼斯·[1] 3 月11 日日本地震和海啸的巨大规模在深刻地提醒我们，人类是多么渺小。
但它也为日本与自然界的长期斗争传递了希望的消息。
[2] 新闻报道中描述的日本北部地区就像是恐怖片的场景。
看着这些事件的电视画面，114----------------------- Page 123-----------------------课文全文参考译文与朋友讨论时，头脑中总是出现相同的词语。
说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
在英国从未发生过这种巨大规模的自然灾害，因此当我们看到整个社区被海啸吞没、直升机在绵延数英里的大火上盘旋时，世界末日就是我们唯一能想到的与此相关的事件。
华纳兄弟公司已经从电影院撤下克林特·伊斯特伍德执导的电影《来世》，因为其“不合适”的海啸场景。
恐怖已成为现实，而且它的规模已经超出了我们的理解。
[3] 没有人可以为这种规模的地震做好准备，但没有人比日本更有准备。
此次地震和海啸对于了解日本与自然的关系至关重要。
纵观历史，日本一直在努力开垦陆地和海洋以保证生存，并使社会蓬勃发展。
[4] 日本条件恶劣，国内多山。
大自然带来了频繁的地震和台风。
而且唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性的富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。
[5] 日本与自然的关系并非都是有关困难和恐惧。
20 世纪80 年代和90 年代我在这个国家住了很长时间，发现这里也有对自然的庆祝，伴随着对它的崇敬。
我的日语老师在每个不同的季节会拿出一套不同的盘子，盘子的颜色与季节匹配：秋季使用带有红色和金色线条的盘子，春季则使用带有粉红色花朵的盘子。
一顿饭中不仅包含了当季的风味，还包含了这个季节特有的氛围和记忆。
在城市中，人们等待和庆祝从土地中长出的盛开的樱花和秋天的红叶，仿佛在提醒我们，混凝土和霓虹灯只不过是表面的装饰物。
[6] 日本人一直接受这样的认识，即自然灾害可能会发生在任何时刻，过去几十年也一直认为地震——“大地震”——总会发生。
小的震动，大部分是无害的，总在不断地提醒人们。
上课的时候，在银行付账的时候，在床上熟睡的时候，脚下的地面开始震动，就会立刻引起你的注意，令你短暂地凝滞不动。
这是一种不确定的状态，使你时刻保持谦恭。
即使你从未经历过能把周围建筑物摧毁这样的大地震，地震都会成为你的想象、你的意识的一部分。
[7]1995 年阪神大地震时我住在日本。
在地震和随后的火灾中有6 000 多人丧生。
仅仅两个月后，麻原彰晃领导的一个奇怪的邪教奥姆真理教，在东京地铁放置了一个内装沙林毒气的背包。
12 人死于毒气，更多的人因此受伤。
在随后的几个月里，让我吃惊的是毒气攻击似乎占据了国家媒体报道的主要内容，而阪神大地震经过了最初几周骇人听闻的电视报道后，已经退居次位了。
日本在逆境中坚忍，也许“什么也做不了”这种态度能够解释这一点。
然而，沙林毒气攻击是一种新的、意料之外的恐怖事件，但它也是可以调查和分析的，也有人会得到谴责。
可以查到姓名和照片。
而阪神大地震中即使有人批评神户的急救服务准备不足、反应迟缓，地震本身却是无法避免的。
[8] 阪神大地震是一个恐怖的事件，没有人会愿意再经历一次。
在英国，我们能够享受这样的奢侈，例如，通过在影院和剧院观看未来世界末日的景象，思考全球变暖的后果，知道我们在现在和不久的将来都会安好无恙。
而在日本，灾难发生在过去、现在，还会发生在将来。
所有与地震有关的注意事项——抗震建筑、应急演练——都会以一种切合实际的效率得到处理，但当灾难发生时，人们却不愿更多提及它。
115----------------------- Page 124-----------------------研究生英语阅读教程（提高级第三版）教师用书[9] 东北地区的恢复需要几代人的时间。
这对日本整体会有什么影响呢？我们不能沉浸在恐怖片和世界末日的语言中；在合适的时间，如果想要了解这一新的领域，我们可以看看日本最流行的现代小说家的一本书。
2002 年村上春树以英文出版的短篇小说集《地震后》，虽然不是直接与地震有关，写的就是对阪神大地震的反应。
从痛苦到超现实到自然感人，小说集描绘了一系列的心理余震。
[10] 在“蜂蜜饼”中，一个小女孩看了电视上的灾难镜头后不断做噩梦，她从母亲朋友的故事中得到安慰，反过来，母亲的朋友也从他自己的故事中获得了安慰。
在“熨斗景观”中，一个人花时间收集浮木用于在沙滩上点燃篝火。
这会与烧毁神户的火灾有关吗？我们无从得知，但我们感到，所有事情里面都有地震的影子。
[11] 恐惧多是通过梦境探索的，仿佛现实难以承受或无法提供帮助。
故事结尾留下了希望。
村上作为一个作家本性是乐观的，但这种乐观是有道理的。
[12] 现在有人在谈论东京的恐慌局面，但我从朋友们那里——通过电话、电子邮件、Facebook——得到的消息描述了一个阴郁但更为平静的画面。
他们会担心，但不会歇斯底里。
在全市各地的学校，课程还在继续，按照校历本学期即将结束，最后一学年的学生们即将举行毕业典礼。
他们知道福岛核电厂爆炸后的辐射水平，也知道到目前为止还没有健康风险。
他们各自忙着自己的事情，继续生活。
[13] 也许不是每个人都那么平静，他们为什么就应该平静呢？但是，我们不应该总想着成群结队恐慌的人们抢空所有食物、逃离首都，把这些当成是恐怖故事的下一个情节。
3 月11 日星期五，地震袭击东京时，一个朋友正在她的公寓组织一些日本女性参加阅读会。
当时正值下午时分，得知列车不能运行后，她向那些远路而来的人提供晚上的住宿。