英国文学英文论文
英国文学史期末论文
The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingHenry Fielding is a famous novelist and dramatist in the 18th century. His master piece The History of Tom Jones, a foundling set a good example to later writers in the thematic presentation, character portrayal, plot construction and writing style and is considered by many critics to be the model of modern realistic novels, and Henry Fielding has been therefore called the father of realistic novels.The novel has eighteen books. The first six books give the cause of the action: Tom's open, sensual nature; the conflict with Blifil; the misunderstanding with Squire Allworthy; Tom's love for Sophia and their separation. The next six contain both the consequences of the first six and the incidents and details which will bring about a resolution. The last six books plunge Tom into disastrous circumstances through his actions and get him out of them again. When he is in prison about to be hanged, he hears that Sophia has refused to speak to or see him again as a result of his affair with Lady Bellaston. As if this were not enough, he even has to face the possibility that he might have committed incest. But it is this last misfortune which also brings about his change of fortune: it is through Jenny Jones, Tom's purported mother who is now known as Mrs. Waters, that the truth of Tom's birth emerges. This brings about a reconciliation with Squire Allworthy and Sophia, and the downfall of Blifil.The neatly constructed plot reflects a basic eighteenth century faith in the order of the world, which Fielding, despite skeptical overtones, displayed in this huge but far from sprawling novel. As one of the pioneers of English realistic literature, Fielding portrayed without disguising anything the real lives of men at that time. This novel differs from almost all other novels both in the range and the precision of its scale and scheme. Its personages are extremely numerous; its scenes are extremely varied, and each has its local colour adjusted with perfect propriety. It is not an exaggeration to say that this novel is the very panorama of the true reflection of the eighteenth century England social life. He exposed the hypocrisy and depravity of the upper class, and pictured he poverty and innocence of the lower people.As the founder of English realistic literature, Henry Fielding not only gives us a panoramic view of English life in the 18th century, but also pictures a series of characters in his masterpiece “Tom Jones”. He mainly portrays many characters such as Mr.Allworthy,Tom, Miss Sophia with the employment of the realistic theory and the art of imperfection. And he especially succeeds in revealing the humanity of the protagonist. Meanwhile, Fielding further strengthens the human writing principle through sharp contrast. Undoubtedly, such a writing principle has a certain significance in the history of British novels.Henry Fielding set up a multi-level and multi-angle contrast structure, by using which he not only created a series of vivid characters, but also clarified the theme of this great work powerfully. He not only uses the contras to of one character with another each representing a different type of human nature, but also the contrast of the same character in his different aspects such as his words and his actions, usually in contradiction with each other, in order to depict the true human nature through a kind of ironic effect. In depicting Tom and Blifil, Fielding’s purpose was obviously to emphasize the contrast between agood-hearted young man and a false-hearted blackguard. Although the former has also made some mistakes, he is sound at the core. Whereas the latter, though always with pious talk and outward exemplary manners, his inner nature is wholly corrupt.Feilding showed us his thorough and systematic male chauvinism in terms of this novel, namely, male was the main stay in that society. The history of“Tom Jones”was the one that male played a leading role. Fielding’s male Chauvinism embodied in this novel will be explored by analyzing male’s expanding of self-consciousness, and other women characters.For example, Sophia is aremarkable character representing the young women of the day who had sufficient courage and independence to defy the corrupted values of that time. She is a rare creation of a young woman of a good family, with sufficient courage and independence to struggle for her heart’s desire. Sophia is a real courageous and anti-traditional woman character. But she is not a very successful woman character since she fails to be an autonomous individual and has to make compromises with the patriarchal world created by Fielding. She has to make compromises with such a society since she has no power to counter against it. It is impossible for her, a dependent to the male authority, to be an autonomous individual and assert her own rights. So the ideal image of Sophia is only a sham, she is just one of the many“ideal” products of the patriarchal ideology.Underlying Sophia’s compromises were Fielding’s male Chauvinism. In Tom Jones, Fielding created a totally patriarchal and hierarchical world. Although Fielding successfully exposed the hypocrisy andextolled“good nature”in this novel, his treatment of the gender role and male Chauvinism need to be challenged especially in the modern society.From the digression in“Tom Jones”,in the form of jocular conversation with the reader, we can know Fielding’s philosophy of art.“Nature herself”, that is, the exact observation and study of real life, was thebasis of Fielding’s work. He would not, like the romance-writers’,re ly simply on his imagination for the creation of his characters. Nor would he content himself merely with imitating the figures depicted in the works of earlier authors. “Imitation here”,he once wrote,“will not do the business. The picture must be after “N ature herself”.By“Nature”he meant the close and constant study of men and women in life. The centre of Fielding’s writing philosophy was Man,common earthly Man with his earthly interests, needs and passions, which would be studied and portrayed in action,in clashes, and in development.According to Fielding, the appropriate subject of the novel is human nature .Human nature is what Fielding claims to reproduce in the characters of his novels. It is his endeavor to picture this human nature faithfully and accurately as he sees it He will not embellish or idealize. But in the delineation of his characters Fielding does not simply produce a series of literally exact portraits of the people he observes around him. Fielding holds the view that a truthful art ist’s duty was to reproduce human nature faithfully and accurately as he saw it.Thus,he drew his characters,not from his imagination,nor from models in literature,but from the living human nature which he observed in the people around him.The result was an assemblage of living characters in his novels. Based on a deep understanding of human psychology and sound criticism of social evils,“Tom Jones”gives us a truthful and comprehensive description of human nature. In the struggle between kindness and evil, honesty and hypocrisy, the former always triumphs over the latter, which has proved the educational function of Fielding’s novelHenry Fielding's Tom Jones is both one of the great comic masterpieces of English literature and a major force in the development of the novel form. Tom Jones gives a comprehensive ,all-embracing picture of the life of 18th century England, combined with understanding of human psychology and criticism of social evils, together with full-blooded characters, realistically depicted in brilliant, witty and highly artistic language. Let’s remember the words engraved on his tombstone.“No one is better than him at revealing the human secret; he lives for others, not for himself.” This is the best appraisal of Fielding’s writing and life.。
英国文学 英语作文
英国文学英语作文British Literature。
British literature is one of the most celebratedliterary traditions in the world. It has given us some of the most iconic works of literature, such as Shakespeare's plays, Dickens' novels, and Austen's novels. The literature of Britain has had a profound impact on the world, and continues to influence contemporary writers to this day.The earliest works of British literature date back to the Anglo-Saxon period, with the epic poem Beowulf being one of the most famous examples. This was followed by the Middle English period, which saw the emergence of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The Renaissance period saw the emergence of Shakespeare, who is widely considered to be the greatest playwright in the English language. His plays, such as Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, are still performed around the world today.The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw the emergence of the novel as a popular form of literature,with writers such as Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and the Bronte sisters producing some of the most enduring works of British literature. Austen's novels, such as Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, are celebrated fortheir wit, social commentary, and memorable characters. Dickens' novels, such as Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, are known for their vivid depictions of Victorian London and their social criticism.The twentieth century saw the emergence of modernist writers such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot. Woolf's novels, such as Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, are celebrated for their innovative narrative techniquesand their exploration of the inner lives of their characters. Joyce's novel Ulysses is considered to be oneof the most important works of modernist literature, while Eliot's poem The Waste Land is a landmark of modernist poetry.Contemporary British literature continues to be vibrantand diverse, with writers such as Zadie Smith, Kazuo Ishiguro, and Salman Rushdie producing works that reflect the changing face of Britain and the world. Smith's novels, such as White Teeth and On Beauty, explore issues of race, identity, and multiculturalism in contemporary Britain. Ishiguro's novels, such as The Remains of the Day and Never Let Me Go, are known for their subtle explorations of memory, identity, and the human condition. Rushdie's novels, such as Midnight's Children and The Satanic Verses, are celebrated for their imaginative storytelling and their exploration of themes such as identity, religion, and politics.In conclusion, British literature is a rich and diverse tradition that has had a profound impact on the world. From the epic poems of the Anglo-Saxon period to the contemporary novels of Zadie Smith and Salman Rushdie, British literature continues to inspire and challenge readers around the world.。
英国文学的意义英文作文
英国文学的意义英文作文英文：The significance of British literature is immense, asit has played a crucial role in shaping the cultural and historical identity of the United Kingdom. From the worksof William Shakespeare to the contemporary writings of authors like J.K. Rowling, British literature has had a profound impact on the world.One of the key aspects of British literature is its ability to reflect the social, political, and economic conditions of the time in which it was written. For example, the works of Charles Dickens, such as "Oliver Twist" and "Great Expectations," provide a vivid portrayal of the hardships faced by the lower classes during the Industrial Revolution. These novels not only entertained readers but also shed light on the injustices prevalent in society, sparking discussions and calls for reform.Furthermore, British literature has contributed significantly to the development of the English language. Many commonly used phrases and idioms have originated from British literary works. For instance, phrases like "break the ice" and "beyond the shadow of a doubt" can be traced back to British literature. These expressions have become an integral part of the English language, used by peopleall over the world in their everyday conversations.Moreover, British literature has had a lasting impact on popular culture. The characters and stories from British novels and plays have been adapted into films, television shows, and even video games. For example, the "Harry Potter" series by J.K. Rowling has not only captivated readers but has also spawned a successful film franchise and theme park attractions. The influence of British literature on popular culture is undeniable, as it continues to inspire and entertain audiences globally.In conclusion, British literature holds great significance in the world of literature and beyond. Its ability to reflect societal issues, shape the Englishlanguage, and influence popular culture makes it an invaluable part of human history.中文：英国文学的意义是巨大的，因为它在塑造英国的文化和历史身份方面起着至关重要的作用。
英国小说英文作文范文
英国小说英文作文范文I’ve always been a huge fan of British novels. The way those writers capture the essence of everyday life is just so captivating. From the bustling streets of London to the serene countryside, there’s always something so enchanting about the settings of these novels.The characters in British novels are always so well-developed. They have their flaws and quirks, just like real people. It’s easy to relate to them and become emotionally invested in their stories. Whether it’s a loveable protagonist or a despicable villain, these characters always leave a lasting impression.One thing I love about British novels is the dry, witty humor that’s often woven into the dialogue. It’s so quintessentially British, and it never fails to bring a smile to my face. The banter between characters is always so entertaining, and it adds another layer of depth to the storytelling.Of course, I can’t talk about British novels without mentioning the rich, descriptive language that’s often used. The way these writers paint a picture with words is truly remarkable. It’s like being transported to another time and place, and I find myself completely immersed inthe world they’ve created.The themes explored in British novels are oftenthought-provoking and relev ant. Whether it’s social issues, family dynamics, or the human condition, these novels never shy away from tackling complex subjects. It’s refreshingto read stories that make me reflect on the world around me.The endings of British novels always leave me feeling a mix of emotions. Sometimes they’re bittersweet, sometimes they’re hopeful, but they always leave me with a sense of fulfillment. It’s like saying goodbye to old friends, andI can’t help but feel a little nostalgic as I turn thefinal page.In conclusion, British novels have a special place inmy heart. The vivid settings, well-rounded characters,witty humor, descriptive language, thought-provoking themes, and emotional endings all come together to create stories that stay with me long after I’ve finished reading.。
Samuel Richardson 英国文学小论文
A Brief Analysis of Samuel RichardsonI. His Life and Literary AchievementSamuel Richardson(1659-1761), was well-behaved boy when young,his school nickname being “Seriousness and Gravity”. Alought his parents hoped he would be a priest, financial problems forced him to be an appentice to a printer and he did very well, then he married tmaster’s daughter, gradually rose to be one of the most prestigues printers in London. Unfortunately, ten years later,his wift dead following the death of five children.In1733, he remarried and had four surviving children.Richardson had received only a limited education, but it was not blocked hid writing career. As a printer, Richardson published some political writing, such as the Tory periodial, The True Britain, the newspaper Daily Journal, and Daily Gazeleevc(1738), and six volumes of the Journal of the House of Commons. Therefore, he had early developed a passion for letter writing. At age of 13, he used to be called on to write live letters for young women. This exprience gave him some insight into the secrets of the femalehood and considerable fluency in writing letters. By accident, he wrote his first novel in fifty ,invited by two booseller to compile for them “a litte volume of letter, in a common style, on such s ubjects as might be use to those country readers who were unable to indite for themselves.” Some of these letters were for young girls in order to instruct them how to avoid the snares that might be laid against their virtue. As result, he wirte a long tale——Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded which was a huge success. Consequently, he wrote Pamela II, which was not as warmly received as Part One by the reading public. After the failures of the Pamela sequels, Richardson began to compose a new novel. By 1747-8 his masterpiece Clarissa was published in installment, and at that time he was in poor health. This novel was regarded as the first tragic novel in English literary history, and gave Richardson the position of the greatest epistolary novelist in the world. He died in 1761 in his early seventies, and was burie d in St. Bride’s Church, London near his first wife MarthaII. His WorksA. PamelaThe story is told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews, a young girl from poor family. However, she was treated well by her mistress, unfortunately the prelude of this story was the kind lady’s death. The lady’s son, Mr.B., taking a dishonourable advantage of her position, pursues her with obstinacy, but sheindignantly refused him. When her parents knew thei r daughter’s dangerous situation, they urged her go home soon, finanlly those letters intercepted by Mr.B. Then Mr.B. resorted to all kinds of tricks to get what he wanted of the girl, including taking her off from his country house to his still more lonely estate. But in the end, Mr.B. was moved and educated by her letters, an admiration gradually deep-rooted in his heart. Finally B. is compelled to come to terms and proposed to Pamela. Then they get married.Pamela became a “best-seller”of the day. It was a new thing in three ways: First, it discarded the “improbable and mavellous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. Secondly, its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the character but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.B. Clarissa, the History of a Young LadyThis novel contains altoghter more than 590 letters of two correspondencelines, one between Clarissa and her bosom friend Anne Howe, and the other between Lovelace and his rake friend Belford. It is a tragic story about a youngest daughter of a wealth family, struggle with her father ang brother to avoid marriage to the vilian Mr.Soames. Then she run away from home under the help of her debauchery lover Lovelace. No sooner is she upon the road with him than he makes her suffer suffer every abuse in his power from which she is unable to free herself. She resists all his advances, though abandoned by her family and housed by Lovelace in a brothel. Despairing of winning her love, Lovelace drugs and rapes her. After that, she steadily refused the marriage he offers when Lovelace found his true heart to Clarissa. She wastes away until she dies when her family realised the misery they have caused ,but it was too late. Lovelace is killed in a duel by her cousin.In art, the work developed a model in epistolary novels with complex psychological characters. It won an immediate popularity in Europe as well as in England. Samuel Johnson also speak highly of this novel, he said “If you were to read Richardson for the story, your impatience would be so much fretted that you would hang yourself. But you must read him for the sentiment, and consider the story as only giving occasion to the senti oment.” It is also the one of the longest novels in the English language.III. Some CommentsRichardson’s novels were very popular in his time. His last novel, The History of Sir Charles Grandison, appeared in 1753-4. His works, along with those of Defoe and Fielding, are widely considered to be the best works in English literature. Although he has been accused of being sentimental in novel wirting, his emphasis on detail, his psychological insights into women, and his dramatic technique have earned him a prominent place among English novelists. Richardson received great fame for his novel wirting and had many admirers and followers. Richarson fell out of favour of thr readers in 19th century and it was not untill mid-20th century when the psychological novel became fashionable that Richardson was re-evaluated and recognised as one of the two fountain heads of the modern English novel. He heralded the later psychological novelists such as Goerge Eliot, Herny James, Virginia Woolf and James Joyce.Works Cited:1. 刘炳善. A Short History of English Literature(New Revised & Enlarged Edition) . Zhengzhou: The Peoples Press of Hunnan, 2006.2. 刘意青，刘炅. A Brief History of English Literature. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2008.3. 李正栓. A Course of British and American Literarure(British Literature). Peking: Science Press，2009.4. 李小鹿. 克拉丽莎的狂欢化特点研究.北京大学出版社, 2007.5. /wiki/Samuel_Richardson6. /wiki/Clarissa。
英国文学英语作文
英国文学英语作文British literature is a rich and diverse field, with a long history of producing some of the world's most celebrated works. From the timeless classics of William Shakespeare to the modern masterpieces of authors like J.K. Rowling, British literature has something to offer forevery reader.One of the most famous periods in British literature is the Romantic era, which produced iconic works such as Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and William Wordsworth's poetry. This period was characterized by a focus on emotion, nature, and the individual, and its influence can still be seen in literature today.In addition to the Romantic era, British literature has also seen the rise of important movements such as Modernism and Postmodernism. These movements brought about new waysof thinking about literature and art, and their impact can be felt in the work of authors like Virginia Woolf andSalman Rushdie.Of course, it's impossible to talk about British literature without mentioning the impact of the British Empire. The literature of this period often reflects the experiences of colonialism and its effects on both the colonizers and the colonized. Authors like Joseph Conrad and Rudyard Kipling grappled with these themes in their work, creating powerful and thought-provoking literature.In more recent years, British literature has continued to evolve and change, with authors from diverse backgrounds bringing new perspectives and voices to the literary scene. Writers like Zadie Smith and Kazuo Ishiguro have received international acclaim for their work, and their contributions have helped to shape the future of British literature.Overall, British literature is a vibrant and dynamic field that has had a profound impact on the world of literature. From its classic works to its contemporaryvoices, British literature continues to inspire and captivate readers around the globe.。
了解英国文学的英语作文
了解英国文学的英语作文British literature is a treasure trove of literary masterpieces that have captivated readers for centuries. From the works of William Shakespeare to the modern-day novels of J.K. Rowling, British literature encompasses a wide range of genres and styles. The richness and diversity of British literature are evident in the various themes and characters portrayed in these literary works.One of the most prominent features of Britishliterature is its exploration of human emotions and the complexities of human nature. Characters in British literature often grapple with inner conflicts and struggle to find their place in the world. This exploration of the human psyche adds depth and realism to the stories, making them relatable to readers from all walks of life.Another characteristic of British literature is its keen observation of society and its critique of social norms and conventions. Many British authors have used theirworks as a platform to comment on the political and social issues of their time. From George Orwell's dystopian novel "1984" to Charles Dickens' portrayal of the harsh realities of Victorian society in "Oliver Twist," British literature has served as a mirror to society, reflecting its flaws and inspiring change.British literature is also known for its wit and humor. From the witty banter of Shakespeare's comedies to the satirical novels of Jane Austen, British authors have a knack for using humor to entertain and engage readers. This light-heartedness provides a welcome respite from the sometimes heavy themes explored in these works.In addition to its exploration of human nature,critique of society, and use of humor, British literatureis also characterized by its rich language and poetic imagery. British authors have a way with words, using vivid descriptions and powerful metaphors to create a sensory experience for readers. Whether it's the haunting beauty of the moors in Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights" or the enchanting world of Narnia in C.S. Lewis' "The Chroniclesof Narnia," British literature transports readers todifferent worlds through its evocative language.In conclusion, British literature is a vibrant and diverse body of work that continues to captivate readers around the world. Its exploration of human emotions,critique of society, use of humor, and rich language makeit a treasure trove of literary gems. Whether you're a fanof classic literature or contemporary novels, British literature offers something for everyone. So pick up a book, immerse yourself in the world of British literature, andlet your imagination soar.。
关于《简爱》全英文论文
On Analysis of Jane’s Love View（简析简的爱情观）摘要《简爱》是英国文学史上的一部经典传世之作，它成功地塑造了英国文学史中第一个对爱情、生活、社会以及宗教都采取了独立自主的积极进取态度和敢于斗争、敢于争取自由平等地位的女性形象。
简是一个意志坚强，追求独立，敢于反对封建礼教，敢于抵制封建宗教的压迫与束缚的女孩。
正是因为简的独特而高尚的性格特点深深的吸引了罗切斯特，而简爱上罗切斯特并不是因为他的财富，身份地位，而是他的才华。
简追求的是纯洁而特别的爱情，在简的眼里，爱情就是爱情，与金钱，身份，地位毫无关系。
即使自己是一个地位低下的家庭教师，而罗切斯特却是一个有身份，地位的贵族，但是简并没有因为这些因素放弃对罗切斯特的爱，爱了就爱了，后来一场大火毁了罗切斯特的一切，他不再是那个拥有一切的完美的人，而是一个落魄的残疾人，但是让我们钦佩的是简却选择了与罗切斯特同甘共苦。
就这样简谱写了一段美好的爱情，她向我们诠释了什么是真爱，她让我们明白了爱情的真谛。
关键词:简.爱，坚强，独立，反抗的精神，纯洁的爱ABSTRACTJane Eyre is a classic literature masterpieces in the history of English, as it shaped the history of English literature, as it the first taken on love, life, social and religious independent proactive attitude.It dare to struggle, fight for freedom and pursue the equality of status of the female .Jane is a girl who has strong will and pursue independence, she is a woman who against feudal ethics and resist the feudal oppression bravely. It is because of Jane’s special and noble character that attract s Robert’s deeply, while Jane falls in love with Robert not because of his wealth, and social status, but his talent. Jane pursues pure and special love, in Jane’s eyes, love is love, and it has nothing to do with wealth, social status which he has. Though she is a tutor with low status, while Robert is a man with noble status, Jane does not give up her love because of all of these elements. Later, a fire ruin everything of Robert, he lose most of his glamour which many girls are longing for, he is a disabled man with nothing, however, what makes our admire is that Jane choose to share ups and downs with Robert. In her life, Jane composes a beautiful love, which shows to us what true love is, and makes us know the true meaning of love.Keywords: Jane Eyre,Strong, independent, Rebellious spirit, pure love1.IntroductionJane Eyre is a classic literature masterpieces of Charlotte Bronte’s of the British in the 19th century. Jane Eyre is widely acknowledged that it is a biography of poetic portrayal of Charlotte Bronte “poetic portrayal”, which is an autobiographical work.It is a story which an orphaned of British woman who suffer from all kinds of hardships, constantly pursuit of freedom and dignity, adhere to herself, and ultimately get happiness.As we know, Jane pursues a noble love. In her eyes ,love itself is love, it has nothing with money, power and status. She is humble, but she can attract all thepeople with her own unique qualities. In the today's world, people are crazy about money and status seems rather drown love. In their most people would choose the rich rather than the poor Few people would choose true love and give up everything without any hesitation. Jane makes us believe, as a women who has an independent personality and self-esteem, self-love, self-reliance, even if she is a wild lily, she also have their own pride. Jane simple love set us an example to inspire modern people pursue the true love. So in Jane Eyre, love is pure and great.2. A brief introduction of the author and background.2.1 A brief introduction of the authorCharlotte Bronte(1816-1854) was born on April 21 1816, third of the six children of Patrick Bronte. The major event of her young life was the death of her mother in 1821, which created a lot of chaos. In 1824, Charlotte and her two older sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, were sent to the newly-opened Cowan Bridge Clergy Daughters' School. Conditions there were bad even by the standards of the time, and it was not long before both Maria and Elizabeth became ill enough to be sent home, where they both died of consumption in the spring of1825. Patrick brought Charlotte and her younger sister Emily, who had recently joined them at the school, back home as soon as the other girls became ill, but Charlotte in particular never forgot what the school had been like.Charlotte's next adventure was going to school in Brussels with Emily in 1842. Charlotte's time there was brief, less than two years, but it led to her eventual writing of Villette beginning in 1852.Back home, Charlotte lapsed into chronic unemployment and severe hypochondria, actually thinking she was going blind, just like her father was. In 1846 the three sisters published a book of Poems, and though sales were very slow, the reviews weregood and spurred on further literary endeavors. Charlotte's novel of this time, The Professor, was actually rather bad, suffering from a less-than believable main character. In August of 1846 Charlotte began work on Jane Eyre. Though it was published in 1847, Charlotte didn't tell her father about it until the next year, when the novel's success was plain. Jane Eyre is a classic literature masterpieces of Charlotte Bronte’s of the British in the 19th century.2.2 Background“Jane Eyre is a classical work produced in Victorian time by Charlotte Bronte. This novel has attracted widely attention and discussions for over 150 years after its publishment”. 张伯香.英美文学选读.[M] 外语教学与研究出版社1999年版. On the surface, Jane Eyre is a love story about a poor young woman Jane Eyre and a rich man Mr. Rochester. But when we read it carefully, we can find out much deeper connotation, and we can understand that this work is not only a simple love story, but also reflects some social situations. Especially was the problem of the relationship between women and the traditional morality in Victorian time. In this novel, Bronte expresses strong dissatisfaction for females’ unequal social status, and Jane Eyre was her own embodiment to resist the oppression of the social traditional morality and to break the ag e’s fetter. And this novel also reflects that at that time, women have been already realized they should struggle for their independence of spirit and equal rights on many aspects in the social life. This thesis according to expounding the females’ situati ons under the traditional morality in Victorian age and the analysis of heroine’s behavior and thinking which broke the traditional morality at that time in Jane Eyre, to find the appearance of feminine consciousness and the demands of women for having equal social status like men in society and getting independence of life and spirit. Jane Eyre is a famous work written by Charlotte Bronte, and this novel was published in 1847 and became an immediate success. This thesis will research the “unwomanly” character of the heroine under the Victorian traditional morality. ”胡珊珊Analysis of Jane Eyre Purpose and Significance of study[J]2010 第四期All ofJane’s behaviors showed her difference from traditional morality. In such a period, a little girl struggled for h er equal rights in her guardian’s family, a student made efforts to improve the living condition of school, a young governess pursued her real love and refused the proposal of the man she did not love. All of these behaviors disobeyed the traditional moral ity in Victorian age. She broke the model of “angel in the house” throughout her life. Her “unwomanly” character was also showed obviously.3. The love view of Jane from following perspectives3.1 The analysis of Jane’s Love View from Jane’s independent charactersWhen Jane was a litter girl, she was so unlucky and depended on others. she had no friend, whatever she did, she just do it by herself. So she built up independent character on everything from her young age. Mrs.Reed did not allow her children to associate with Jane, so, she had ever said：“They are not fit to associate with me” These words is the best illustrated fact that she is an independent girl in her inner world, including love. Jane pursues happiness, looking forward to get happiness and achieve the true love. In her inner world, she wishes that she can communicate with others’ sincerity, not rather than rely on others to love or belong to others. She has her own soul. She wants to control the master of her spirit, stick to her own personality dignity.When Mrs Fairfax knew that Jane and Rochester had fallen in love and prepared to get married, Mrs Fairfax thinks its unbelievable, she just says some words：“he has Do you belive him? Have you accept him? Mrs Fairfax looked at me bewildered I could have thought it He is a proud man all Rochesters were proud : and his father at least, liked money. After a later Mrs Fairfax repeated :‘Equality of position and fortune is often advisable in such cases, and there are twenty years of difference in yourages .He might almost be your father’”. 《简爱》p388-389 From Mrs Fairfax’s words, it is easy to know that Jane and Rochester is not match. Their love would not have a good result because of the difference of the position and status. But Jane give me a sur prise with her answer,she said: “No, indeed , he is nothing like my father! No one, who saw us together, would suppose it for an instant.” 《简爱》p390. From m Mrs Jane’s words, it is easy to know that Jane never care their positions, ages and status. In his eyes, she and Rochester, they are equal, they love each other so deeply. She believe that their love will be last forever.So, no matter what happened, Jane always live independently. Later, she met her cousin, St. John. St. John hopes that Jane should marry him, and help him to finish the religious career and god’s mission. Because there is no love between them. So Jane refuses St. John.She needs truly love,not mission. In England, religion always plays a very important role.But Jane was able to break the shackles of religion, and pursue the independent love and independent world. So we have to say, Jane was an independent girl. Unfortunately, everything is not always smooth sail. When Jane knew that Rochester had got married, At that moment, she said:“Mr Roc hester I must leave you, I must leave you. I must part with you for my whole life. I must begin a new existence among strange faces and strange scenes”.《简爱》p449 From Jane’s these words, we know that true love just belong to two people, it not contain the third person to share their love. Even though Jane loves Rochester so much.But at last, she would rather choose to give up. Because Jane pursue love which is a kind of independent love, not become someone else’s shadow. we can easily know from Jane’s leavin g that Jane advocates independence of love, pursue the independent personality dignity. “However, I could not help ask that only this step can prove that does Jane is a independent girl. I don’t think so, after all, female independence needs a great courag e, it is a long and complex course.” 张颖刘妍胡珊珊浅析《简爱》中的女性主义精神[J] 2011 第十期It needs more courage to give up loves. I think it is the most important step to gain free and independence. Jane’s independent love had become theclassical example of independent female. So I hope this world would appear many Janes. No matter she is rich or poor, I hope they can live strongly and independently.3.2 The analysis of Jane’s Love View form her Strong-willedJane was a weak and short girl, but she has a strong heart and soul. she has no mony, position, and status. But sha has extremely personal temperament and very rich emotional world. After the temper of life, she abandoned the natural weak of female and cowardice which belongs to many females. Then Jane developed the strong and independent personal characters gradually. When she was a young girl, she lived with her aunt. They treated Jane badly, they often brings force on her. But Jane never willing to accept any insult, instead struggling to them try her best. Even though the result are not satisfactory, but she never give up sticking to her own opinion. When Jane leaves her aunt’s home and comes into school, Mr. Brocklehursts said:“this girl, this child, the native of a Christian land, worse than many a little heathen who says its prayers to Brahma and kneels before Juggernaut -- this girl is --a big lairs!” 简爱P92 Facing the cold and cruel of Mr. Brocklehursts, Jane has no feeling of fear, instead Jane calmly accepted it. She developed the strong, self-esteem, and independent personal characters through a series of unlucky things. Which arouse her infinite courages and indomitable spirits. She did not lose hope. Instead, she becomes strong and independent to face the irregularly scheduled unlucky things. Even though she never lose personal pure characters.“ Jane clearly knew that she had no beautiful appearance and noble position and status, so she must study hard. She try her best to study all courses, including music,French and art. She clearly knew, as a person, you can have no beautiful appearance, many many money, noble position and status, but you can not have no personal ideas and personal dignity.李佳欣杨柳论<简爱>所诠释的独特女性人格魅力[J] 2012 第三期In her aunt’s home, in order to maintain her dignity, even she resisted aunt’s opinions or fight with her cousin. All of her actions are the best illustrated fact that she is an independent and strong girl in herinner world.After reading Jane Eyre, she choose to be resolute when suffering from maltreat and insult.I appreciated J ane’s strong and independent personal characters and self-esteem which shows in facing the noble and elegant person and upper class. All people loved the spirits of self-esteem and strong of Jane when she fell into love. All people admired her courage of leaving Mr Rochester because she was unwilling to be a love puppet. All people appreciated her brave personal character, in order to find truly love, she climbed the hills and went across the rivers to find Mr Rochester. Which find in who dare to could put themself in danger in order to find truly love. At Thornfield, she was not feel Self-abasement because of she profession on the contrary, she thinks they are equal. Mr Rochester was infatuated with her and love her deeply from his inner heart. Mr Rochester rather likes Jane’s elf-esteem, independent and strong personal characters.“Her character attracts so many reader, so many women regard her as an example ” 张颖刘妍胡珊珊自卑：简爱鲜明的人格特征.[J] 2011 第十期In other words, there is no Jane’s elf-esteem, independent and strong personal characters, there is no the pure and special love between Jane and Rochester.3.3 The analysis of Jane’s Love View from Rebellious spirit of Jane The Rebellious spirit of Jane is natural. When Jane was a litter girl, she lives with her aunt who was very hate her, so they treat badly to her, even screw and beat her. So rebellion came naturally to her heart, when facing unfair treatment which comes from her cousin and her aunt.“After so many unfair treatment She never feel scare and intend to retreat. Instead, she chooses to resist”.谭蒙革.简爱女性独立形象分析.[J] 2011年. 第5期Jane had ever said：“I was conscious that a moment’s mutiny had already rendered me liable to strange penalties, and , like any other rebel slave, I felt resolved, in my desperation, to go all lengths.” 刘丽一个时代的女性呐喊与追求[J] 2009 第十期From these words, we know that the revolt has become mainstream in her character, a person want to get freedom, firstly, he must have awareness ofresistance. “After the end of each resistance, my mind had a sense of satisfaction before never appear, a sense of victory began to expand, rising, as if an invisible shackles broke free, finally struggling to slightly have always dreamed of freedom hall.” 刘丽一个时代的女性呐喊与追求[J] 2009 第十期This time I remembered, the real world is a vast field, where people are encouraged to break the resistance. And Jane is such a person. Jane’s consciousness of resistance grow with increasing age when she was a child. She resist injustice and oppression of her aunt and cousins, in schools, in order to prove that she was not a lair,she debated openly with schoolmaster. When she knows Rochester had married, she refused to Rochester’s request without any hesitation. W hen St John wants to possess Jane through the guise of religion, she openly refused St. John’s on behalf of the British religious faction. Jane did these simply searching freedom, for pursuing true love, she oppose religious bondage and control without hesitation.Jane is not a gentlewomen from the aesthetic standards of social lady, but the readers and Mr Rochester love her because of her spirit revolt and the constant pursuit of freedom and equality.“The charm is a very rich vocabulary, a woman was praised the charm, it is apparently much more abundant than simply admire her beauty.”《浅析<简爱>主人公的性格魅力》However，the indomitable character of Jane, the goodness, the pursuit of freedom, the pursuit of true love character of Jane made her become an attractive and charm woman.4. The analysis of Jane’s special and pure love view4.1Love itself is love, it is not relate to religionIn Victorian period of England, critical realism had been on the stage of history, but religion still played a very important role. However, Jane was able to break the traditional ideas of feudalism. She thinks that religion is faith, and it is elusive. As shethought the psalm in the Bible is very boring. She once had such a conversation with headmaster Mr. Brocklehurst before she went to school. From her words, we can draw a conclusion that Jane was against to religion, which can be proved that Jane was not under the influence of England religion. It also can say she dares to struggle change with religion and the word. Later, Jane met her cousin that she never met before, St. John who is a typical representative of traditional literati, with religion as his life career, and live to accomplish the mission of god to live. When he need assistant, Jane appears. So an idea strikes to his mind, namely, he wants Jane to stay with his as a helper, and help him to complete the mission of god. When St.John told this idea to Jane, Jane hesitates because of her kindness. Jane is respect St. John, so she did not want to hurt him. But she also cannot marry to him, she did not want such a result because she did not love John. So Jane was determined to be his helper instead of his wife, but St. John said, ：“A part of me you must become”P605.《简爱》Actually St John just wants to possess Jane through the guise of religion so that he has ignoring other’s feeling, and ignored Jane’s idea about love. Jane once said to John.“ I scorn your idea of love, I scorn the counterfeit sentiment you offer：yes St John, and I scorn you when you offer it ”. Finally, Jane refuses John’s request without hesitation and starts to look for her true lo ve. “Because the different opinion of Love I think Jane has refused not only the John's request, but also refused the repression of the feudal moral. Jane, with a thin body and lower identity, in order to seek her own love, she is willing to struggle with feudalism.”于秋谭.简论女性意识在简爱中的体现.[J] 文学评论.2002年第4期. No matter how many difficulties and obstacles she must face, it can not stop her confidence and courage to pursue true love. It's enough to see that how noble and pure the Jane’s love view is, nothing can sto p her to find the pace of love in her heart.4.2 Love itself is love, it is not related to money, power and status. In Jane Eyre, the authors suggests that the basis of marriage is love, not material,money and so on. The failure of the first marriage of Rochester had proved that marriage was not base on material,money and status. And a true love is not depend on any external factors, which are not subject.It just say that Jane get married for love, not because of the material and other factors betray her love. As we all known, Jane is in pursuit of a noble love. In her eyes, love itself is love, it have nothing to do with money, power, and status. In her eyes, love is in each other's heart and it is soul communication. Even though Jane just was a ordinary tutor, but she never give up her love. She thought everyone is equal, everyone has rights to get the true love. When Jane and Rochester decided to get married, Rochester brings Jane to the town, to bought gold and silver jewelry, but it is not make Jane happy, on the contrary, Jane hate these. “Oh sir1—never mind jewels !I don’t like to hear them spoken of. Jewels for Jane Eyre sounds unnatural and strange: I would rather not have them”.From her words , We knows that Jane was not like other woman, who likes to wear jewelry.P381《简爱》Since I had read Jane Eyre,I also dumped for Jane. Like her in high position than her in front of the so-called high society people show the kind of supercilious attitude . Like her in the face of love showed that self-esteem self-improvement of the spirit, I can not help but sigh in the distance she progressed fort he age two hundreds, How many girls have the courage to say not to a beloved and rich man? Jane can be! In her eyes constantly with a kind of independent personality grandeur and noble!Do you think, I am a poor obscure, plain and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! I have as much as you and full as much heat! Each time reading Jane Eyre, I will shock by these words. This is a strong sense of self-release, a sad overarching overcome all overriding intertwined with love force. Form her behaviors and words can show everyone has right to pursue one of their own love. She was not beautiful, humble, but attracting all the people with their own unique qualities. Female and male is equal, only an independent and self-release that did she could get respect, love,and happiness. Rochester would not love Jane if she had not noblepersonality. Jane Eyre is the idol of women generation in that period, her shadow is released into the atmosphere around us, so many people regarded her as a criterion, we all can live the confident and magnanimous, we all can find our true happiness along the fate are given clues.In the today's world, people are crazy about money and status. Choosing rich between the poor and the rich, choosing not love between love and not love. Few people would choose true love and give up everything without any hesitation. Maybe when people have nothing but money, they will go to the pursuit of “true love”. Maybe simplify getting back to basics. Perfusing some truth and warmth in the pursuing true love.It should be regarded as a beautiful life. Please spun off from the hustle and bustle of the glitz of the secular, stop and carefully read of Jane Eyre, and communicating with the soul of Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre is a fairy tale, she makes us believe, as a women who has an independent personality and self-esteem, self-love, self-reliance, even if she is a wild lily, she also have their own pride. Jane slightly love set us an example to inspire modern people pursue the true love.5. ConclusionThe appears of Jane Eyre was a sensation the literary world of the 19th century, with its irresistible beauty it has attracted thousands of readers, it has an irrepressible urge to drive people to pick up this book, along with deeply moved,and soul thrilled. Jane Eyre shows to us a simple love which is a return to nature, without taking into account the feelings of the pros and cons .It is like as a glass of ice water which can clean the mind of every reader.Through research and analysis of Jane Eyre, I learned that she is a strong, independent, girls and she dare to pursue the true love. Her special and noble concept of love set an example for us, in her eyes, love is the exchange of two hearts and souls, love is not controlled by external factors. Her love encourage us to pursue freedom, equality, rue love bravely. And at the same time she was able to help us to understand the true meaning of love.AcknowledgementMy greatest debt, both intellectual and personal, is to my supervisor Song fengli and Lu yuna With their inspiration and encouragement, they has led me into this amazing scientific field. Without they instruction, my career would have been radically different; and this work would obviously have not appeared. Mrs. Song has supported with sage advice, heartfelt encouragement and has recommended me some papers and dissertations which has saved me considerable amount of time and effort in doing such a job. I am deeply indebted to Mrs. Song for her enlightening instructions, critical comments, and especially his kindness and patience in examination my work in detail.I am also grateful to all the teachers in English department. Thanks to my dear classmates and roommates for their sincere help and friendship during my stay at Xing Yi Normal University for Nationalities.My heartfelt thanks go to my families for their persistent support and encouragement through the years.References1、夏洛蒂.勃朗特.简爱. [M] 世界图书出版公司 2008 年版.2、张伯香.英美文学选读.[M] 外语教学与研究出版社1999年版.3、谭蒙革.简爱女性独立形象分析.[J] 2011年. 第5期4、刘丽一个时代的女性呐喊与追求 [J] 2009 第十期5、张颖刘妍胡珊珊自卑：简爱鲜明的人格特征.[J] 2011 第十期6、于秋谭.简论女性意识在简爱中的体现.[J] 文学评论.2002年第4期7、胡珊珊Analysis of Jane Eyre Purpose and Significance of study [J]2010 第四期8、李佳欣杨柳论<简爱>所诠释的独特女性人格魅力 [J] 2012 第三期9、张颖刘妍胡珊珊浅析《简爱》中的女性主义精神 [J] 2011 第十期。
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Term PaperBritish Literature Thesis： A Brief Analysis of Bacon’s Of Study College：The College of the Foreign Languages Major：EnglishName：Bao Junxiao Class Number:0611 Lecturer：Jiang YujiaoTime：2015-01Scores:ContentsAbstract (3)1. Introduction (4)2. Background (4)3. Current situation of study in the UK (5)4. Structure of Of Studies (6)4.1 The functions of study (6)4.2 The methods of study (7)4.2.1 Experience (7)4.2.2 Application/obersavation (7)4.2.3 Attitudes towards different books (8)4.2.4 Studies without reading (8)4.2.5 Selaction of books (8)4.3 The benefits of reading (9)5. Conclusion (10)Work Cited (11)Brief Analysis of Bacon’s Of StudyBao JunxiaoAbstract: Of studies is a prose written by Francis Bacon 400 years ago to explore studies bacon wrote 400 years. It is also a well-known masterpiece which is famous for its directness, terseness and forcefulness. Its focus rests on the importance of studying knowledge in terms of its practical application towards the individual. This paper aims to make an analysis of this masterpiece from structure and topic.Key words: study, knowledge1. IntroductionOne can not extend the length of his life, no matter how rich he is, no matter how strong he is. However, the width and thickness of life can be unlimitedly expanded and extended. The best way to realize it is to study. So how to gain eternal life in learning has been a hot topic which we must face."Knowledge is power" comes from Francis Bacon. It is universally acknowledged that Francis Bacon(1561-1626) is a celebrated politician, philosopher and master of language in Great Britain. He devoted his latter half life to creative writing. Marx called him "the true ancestor of British materialism and modern experimental science". He put forward some advanced ideas in many areas such as logic, aesthetics, pedagogy and so on.Bacon’s Essays is an epoch-making masterpiece in the world which affected a gReat number of people. It is equipped with all kinds of literary features of that time, such as tropes of rhetoric, sagacious thoughts, meaningful fun, particularly famous for its brevity, compactness and powerfulness.Of studies is one important part of Bacon’s Essays. It is an ever-lasting monument in English literature history, beginning with the functions of study and analysing its u nusual significance for human’s life. In addition, it tells the truth that defferent methods of reading lead to different consequence and at the same time different attitudes people hold towards reading have a great influence on the effect of learning.2. BackgroundBacon is one of the founders of modern materialism philosophy who established British philosophy of experience. He started the modern experimental philosophy and is regarded as the true ancestor of modern experimental science. His theory “knowledge is power”not only influenced the society at that time but also has realistic and important meaning in the social development after four hundred years.The enlightenment occurred in the middle of the 17th century and the 18th century in Europe and the United States. It was an ideological and cultural movement which mainly fought against the feudal and the church. Because of the unique political tradition, rational religious reform, the Puritan movement, advanced science and earlybourgeois revolution, the UK become the birthplace of the Enlightenment in Europe.Deeply influenced by the scientific revolution, the British Enlightenment was equipped with not only the reason and faith in progress existing in the enlightenment thoughts of the whole Europe and the United States, but also characteristics of its own ideas. The enlightenment changed people’s way of thinking and attached great importance to the scientific researches on observation and experiment methods. It formed the unique way of thinking: empirical rationalism. Francis Bacon was the embracer of this kind of principle. Knowledge was the core of enlightenment and revolution. It produced new ideas, advanced science, furthered social progress and speeded up all-round development. Bacon wrote of studies to announce the most significant way to gain knowledge----Study.3. Current situation of study in the UKBritish people are known as "first reader in Europe". According to UNESCO statistics about publications, Britain's newly published books in 2005 were more than 200 thousand, while America's 170 thousand and China's over 130 thousand. This also confirms that the British people love reading and have good reading habits from another side.So how good habits are formed? Some people think that it relates to their aristocratic features and the humanistic feelings, but more importantly, it results from people’s identification with the view of Bacon: studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Reading culture is fostered from childhood. Generally, British children begin to read from preschool. Parents will take their children to bookstores and encourage them to pick books they like. Even when a family goes out by train or by plane, parents and children can be seen holding books. British primary and secondary schools also advocate their students to cultivate good habit of reading at a young age. On “world reading day" every year, there will be a variety of promotional activities at schools. These activities are not only to improve the skills of reading, but also to provide children with a place of communication.Finally it is worth mentioning that the maintenance and policy of society support the strong reading atmosphere. There are strict rules to protect the copyright of publications in Britain. And several libraries are setting up for people to learn. Of therespect for and protection for study, libraries become the idealistic source of many revolutionists, thinkers, poets and writers like Marx, Lenin and George Bernard Shaw. “To provide the best environment for readers equally" is the intention pursued by the many British libraries.4. Structure of Of Studies4.1 The functions of study“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. The delight lies in privations and retiring. The beauty lies in discourse; and the ability lies in the judgment and disposition of business”Studies have three functions: delight people; beautify people; and strengthen people’s ability. Nowadays, with the development of technology, many kinds of intelligentized and modernized things appear, and we have less and less time to read books. In most of their free time, people play or chat with telephone. What’s more, the young are facing heavy pressure, so it is a way to surf the internet, chat, play games. In the short term, it is good method to release pressure; in the long term, it does harm to one’s growth.Actually, reading for two hours every night can greatly influence one’s growth. Reading is a preserving process which changed from quantity to quality. When your accumulation of knowledge reaches a certain degree, they will be internalized to your own things, and then you realize the functions of study.we will not be unfamiliar with the idiom “厚积薄发". It comes from the old saying "君子厚积而薄发", meaning that one will be promising after a long time of accumulation. There is no doubt that the process of study is the process of accumulation. Some knowledge may be seldom used or even never be used, but as soon as they are used, we are handy with facility, like a duck into water. Otherwise, we can only be stretched, struggle with panic, and plaint alone "It is when you are using what you have learned from books that you wish you had re ad more books than you have".4.2 The methods of study4.2.1 Experience“To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, which need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.”But study shouldn’t be judged only by experience; also, knowledge can not be divorced from reality and exists alone. Experience and knowledge should supplement and complement each other. In Bacon's view, these two aspects are indispensable knowledge accumulation to life.4.2.2 Application/ Obersavation“Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.”Attitudes towards studies decide how much to gain. It has become a common phenomenon that studies are not for progress but supposed to nitpick the authors to show their talents. That’s undoubtedly a kind of philistines. With such a kind of attitude towards study, how can you benefit from it? So Bacon warned us: “Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.”Here Bacon mentioned the application of knowledge. People should study for applying knowledge, rather than study for study, or it would be a waste of time. A nerd regards study as a task while a wise man studies to improve his ability. For examples, "stereotyped writing" in ancient, fixed template of English compositions and graduation thesis nowadays are all phenomena which show the failed Internalization of new knowledge. The situation that English compositions need templates is owing to the unsuccessful grasp of English-oriented thinking. In such a situation, students can neither make up an article with learned words and grammar, nor express their thoughts, beliefs and emotions in English. A wise man shall be good at drawing inferences about other cases from one instance and solving the same problems in different ways. That is the highest level of study. But how to realize the application of knowledge? Through observation.4.2.3 Attitudes towards different books“Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discour se; but to weigh and consider.”Francis Bacon thinks that when people are reading, do not disagree hostilely and do not accept wholly without questioning. People should not focus on the words and sentences only, but consider wise thoughts back and forth as well.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.Then Bacon raises three methods of reading. First, read some books in the way that people test the taste of food—read bits here and there. Second, read some books with little attention or without thorough understanding. Third, read some books carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or the important points of them.4.2.4 Studies without readingThe methods of studies, of course, cover the selection and appreciation of books these two aspects. However, to some extent, there is another method--- “studies without reading”. That means, due to various reasons, the readers do not directly read the content of the book, but understand the basic idea and content by reading articles or notes of others. That’s method the modern usually take. There are a variety of reasons for “studies without reading”. First,the original works cannot be obtained. Readers read others’ notes or comments to cater to the wishes. Second, readers have too limited time to finish the whole books. So they have to seek a shortcut to understand the main idea.4.2.5 Selection of booksHowever, for numerous students in pursuit of knowledge, it is necessary to make overall plans and take all factors into consideration,or you will get into the mire of the conformity. About this, Bacon said: “Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.”There was such a scenario in the film "Lenin in 1918 ' of Former Soviet Union: in order to avoid the chase of agents, Lenin hid in his friend's house. In the evening, his friend Vassili brought some books to him. Lenin divided those book into two categories and then told Vassili what kind of books can be a pillow and what kind of books should be support. Books that can be pillows are worth reading carefully and thinking deeply while books that should be support are mediocre ones with pompous style and superficial thoughts. It is coincident with Bacon’s opinions on studies: “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. ”Nowadays, there are a lot of sham passed away as the genuine on book market. Some are not worth tasting. So it is very necessary to choose the suitable books to read.4.3 The benefits of reading“Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had needed have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.”Gorky said: "books are the ladder of human’s progress". Books can improve cultural quality, extend ideological level and develop potential wisdom. Reading can enrich your mental activities; can improve the state of spirit; can help to debate with scholars.Lu Xun once said, books of reading must be mixed. Therefore he advocated "looking though the books" to supervise and urge scholars to expand their horizons, deepen their knowledge structure. Following the predecessors’ saying "读万卷书行万里路", we should pay more attention to considerable thoughts. Just like Bacon said: “History make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.”People's cognition is a coordination process of thinking, memory, perception, emotion, analysis ability. If a person is given priority to image memory, then image thinking dominates his mind; if one is given priority to symbols memory, then hismind is dominated by logical thinking. Learning maths can help us to enhance our logical ability; reading a large number of legal cases can help us to improve our reasoning ability; reading books on ethics can help us to enhance our moral accomplishment; reading books on psychology can help us to develop and coordinate psychological functions. So, we say knowledge can rebuild the characters.“Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymene sectors. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. ”People would not only suffer on the body, but on spirit as well. For mental defects, we should also suit the remedy to the case to improve the ability of self-cognition.5. ConclusionOf studies is just a short article of Bacon’s Essays, in which every sentence was given profound significance and his wisdom. There is no extraggeration that Francis Bacon came up with a totally new idea that has enlightened the whole human beings. Hegel once commented on him: "although his works are full of the most beautiful and clever speeches, it takes little rational efforts to understand the wisdom. So his words are often taken as the mottos."Reading can be one of the nicet ies in human’s life. Whether it can be managed depends on the grasp of study. Modern society should be a learning-oriented society; modern enterprises should be learning-oriented enterprises; modern people should be learning-oriented people. Study as the most effective way to realize them, should be widely spread and advocated. It is indispensable for us to learn from the sages such as Bacon, master ways of study, develop good learning habits, enrich ourselves with new knowledge, reform and perfect our own subjective world, and finally achieve all-round development.Brief Analysis of Bacon ’s Of Study11Work Cited徐文洋，“An Analysis of the Means of Cohesion in Of Studies by Francis Bacon ”，《海外英语》2014年第9期，第253-254页。