建环毕业设计外文译文
建筑环境与设备工程专业英语段落翻译
2. Conduction（导热）The best heat-insulating solids own their insulating properties to the air or to other gases contained in cells within the material.（最好的隔热材料在空气和材料细胞中拥有自己的绝热性能。
）These cells cause the heat to flow through the solid material through a long tortuous passage. （这些细胞使热量需要通过一个漫长曲折的通道才能流过这个坚实的固体。
）In addition, the available cross-sectional area of the solid material is much less than the projected area. （另外，见识的固体材料可用的横截面面积比投影面你少得多。
）Experimental evidence shows that many small unicellular pockets of gas are much more effective than a series of connected cells having the same total volume in giving insulating value to a substance. （试验表明，一个物体在给定的总量上具有相同的绝热值上，许多小口袋气体单细胞比的一系列连通细胞更加有效）There may be considerable variation in the thermal conductivity of any given insulating material because the conductivity depends on its density, the size and number of its air cells, and its absorbed moisture.（在任何给定的绝热材料的导热系数方面有很大的差异，这是因为导热系数取决于它的密度，空气细胞的大小和数量，和它吸收的水蒸气。
3.建环毕业外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）译文题目名称：太阳能空调的近期动态学院名称：能源与环境学院班级：学号：学生姓名：指导教师：2011年03 月18日太阳能空调的近期动态摘要本文介绍了一些最近欧洲和国际项目的有关太阳能空调的概述（A / C）。
该文第一部分显示的结果来自于最近欧洲完成的一项有关10千瓦（约3吨）小的带有地板采暖和制冷系统的原型太阳能辅助吸收热泵的研究和生产。
第二部分回顾了一项有关节能潜力和成本绩效的欧洲项目目前的动向来执行欧洲的比较研究和国家的R＆D以及证实了太阳能空调的成效，来促进其未来的增长和市场一体化和确定未来的需要。
第三部分回顾了由国际能源机构（国际能源署）支持的建筑物太阳能辅助空调项目目前的动向。
引言能源消耗在商业和民用建筑中约占欧洲40％的能源预算（欧共体2000年）。
这是为了满足建筑物的供暖，空调，灯光，以及其他电器用具和设备的能源需求。
总的来说，在南欧的大型空调建筑物当中供冷占主要地位。
常规使用的制冷设备带来了加重电力负荷和增加电能消耗的一些缺点，并且由于制冷剂的使用和发电导致了环境问题。
南欧国家的夏季是炎热和潮湿的天气。
在过去的几十年当中，由于生活条件，室内居住环境和工作条件的改善，常规空调的销售飞速增加。
据市希腊商务部市场调查的结果显示，在希腊每年的5月至8月期间约占空调销售额的95％，并且约达20万台（主要是小型分体式热泵）每年。
在夏季空调的使用导致了用电高峰，并且定期导致了维持整个国家电力系统稳定的如雅典等大城市大面积的电力短缺。
例如，最近发生的事件是在2000年7月初14:00时的热浪，其负荷高峰达到8250兆瓦（28.109英热单位/小时）。
在西班牙（佩雷拉等人，1995年），空调对电能的需求超过10万千瓦（34.109英热单位/小时）。
其实，在南欧国家的中小型市场，在夏季电力需求峰值的增长和空调销售的增长之间有一个完善的连接。
事实上，在夏季冷量需求的高峰和太阳能能源的高可用性相关联，并且为能够与冷却技（即吸收和干燥剂冷却）相匹配的太阳能热技术的开发提供了一个机会。
毕业设计外文参考资料及译文
Fundamental information, including the effects of porosity, water-to-cement ratio, cement paste characteristic, volume fraction of coarse aggregates, size of coarse aggregates on pervious concrete strength, had been studied [3, 9−12]. However, for the reason that the porosity played a key role in the functional and structural performances of pervious concretes [13 − 14], there was still a need to understand more about the mechanical responses of pervious concretes proportioned for desired levels of porosities. Although it was possible to have widely different pore structure features for a given porosity, or similar pore structure features for varied porosities in pervious concrete, it was imperative to focus on the mechanical responses of pervious concrete at different designed porosities. However, compared with the related research on conventional concrete, very limited study had been conducted on the fracture and fatigue behaviors of pervious concrete, which were especially important for pavement concrete subjected to heavy traffic and to severe seasonal temperature change. The presented work outlined the raw materials and mixing proportions to produce high-strength supplementary cementitious material (SCM) modified pervious concrete (SPC) and polymer-intensified pervious concrete (PPC) at different porosities within the range of 15%−25%. Then, the mechanical properties of pervious concrete, including the compressive and flexural strengths, fracture energy, as well as fatigue property, were investigated in details.
毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献篇一：建筑环境与设备工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Ground Source Heat PumpAt present,energy is the most important element for the development of states’economy.Because of the good energy-saving effect,using regenerate resource of energy,and no pollution,the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION is used more and more popular now.In the system of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,the terminal devices what include the fan,the deep well pump,the circulate pump are the biggest energy-consumed part except the inner device as well as the compressor motor, etc.So it is very important and significant to make the terminal devices running in the mostenergy-saving condition.In this paper,the author founded on the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION in Guangxi University,based on the actual project condition, made the redesign through the way of frequency conversiontechnology for the old system of GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION.At first, the equipments’ running control system were improved following the energy-saving principle of fan and pump,choused Mitsubishi FR series frequency transducer with vector-controlfunction,Mitsubishi FX2N series PLC and other auxiliary parts to make up of the auto-control system for the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,and then did the emulating analysis for the vector-control mode in the frequency conversion process.In the next based the auto-control system,made the PLC control system designing.This system monitor the temperature and flux in accurate and real time,then input feedback to the plc,finally the terminal device running status will correspond to the customer’s demanded-load,it can wellmeet the goal for saving energy and prolong the life of the motor and other device.At the same time,designed the PLC control process,according to this transformation of the specific programme,programmed for the PLC by using the FX-GP/WIN-C programme software.Researched and analyses the PIDalgorithm and its improved algorithm for the PID Operational module in the PLC.At last,through detailed analysis and accounted for energy-saving effect and the cost of thesystem-reforming,validated the profitability of this redesigned-project,and showed its feasibility and worthBe using renewable geothermal energy in shallow ground layer, a ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology is known as one of air conditioning techniques which have the greatest developmental. The GSHP has great potentials in energy reduction and in reducing CO2emissions to conventional HVAC systems. In China, energy shortage and environmental issues pose a seriouschallenge accompanied by rapid economic growth. GSHP has been spotlighted as both energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Generally, the initial investment for a GCHP system is higher than that of a conventional system. GCHP energy savings will offset the higher installing cost in future. However, there are many aspects affecting the actual amount of energy saved, such as climate, building load, ground heat exchanger, heat pump, control, etc. Recently, a lot of research on the energy performance of GCHP has been carried out. However, most of these previous research projects evaluated the performance of GCHP system based on a laboratory scale or a small capacity system. There is little data documenting the long-term performance of a large-sized GCHP. Evalution and research on real world installed GCHP will provide a more accurate understanding of the current technology’s performance.The paper presented that the energy performance evaluation of two types of GSHPs based on actual operational data. The two types of GSHPs were ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) and groundwater heat pump system (GWHPs) which were,respectively, installed in two apartment buildings of Wuhan, China. In one year, we monitored various operating parameters, including the outdoor temperature, the flow rate, electrical consumption, and the water temperature. The coefficient of performance (COP) values of system and chiller were determined based on a series of measurements. During residential GCHP system operation, the heat injection rate into soil is larger than the heatextraction rate out of soil. The COP of chillers of the GCHPs decreased significantly during the heating season due to the lowering of ground soil temperature. The system power consumption exhibited a strong linear relationship with outdoor temperature in both seasons and this suggests that normalizing power consumption against degree-days is a highly practical index in energy analysis in resident buildings, especially in winter.Some research topics were studied on the two actual cases. An exergy analysis of a ground water heat pump system on the actual operation was conduced. The energy efficiency and exergy loss and efficiency in each of the components of the system are detemined forthe average measured parameters obtained from the monitored results of the hottest month and the coldest month. Inefficient facts are found out and increased energy efficiencies of two proposed improvement measures were estimated. Lower approachtemperature is effective energy saving. In addition to the energy analysis, a full exergy analysis helps to identify the components where inefficiencies occur. An economic analysis model forGWHP was established to calculate energy consumption and operating cost based on a baseline condition. Plate heat exchanger flow rate and groundwater flow rate were optimization parameters according to different water price of the groundwater:GWHP survey data shows the impact of water price on groundwater flow rate in design. The long-term energy performances of theGWHPs and the GCHPs were investigated and compared with conventional HVAC systems and other GSHPs on literature data. A performances model was established base on the two cases to constrast the predictedperformance with the actual performance.Based on superposition theorem of geothermal heat exchangers (GHE), a inverse model for GHE, G-functions interpolationapproach was proposed. Linear interpolation method was adopted to fit G-functions. The method presented here uses the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm as part of a parameter estimation algorithm to estimate G-function. For verification of G-functions interpolation approach, anumerical experimentation had been conducted where synthetic load on GHE was established. The simulation results with error and no error, were inversely modeled by G-functions interpolation approach and DST calibrated approach. The actual dataset of a small sized and a large sized GSHPs were also used in inverse modeling to verify the results from the G-functions interpolation approach. The small sized GSHPs was from literature. The large sized vertical GSHPs was the monitored case in the paper. A detailed DST model of a GHE has been calibrated to monitored data. The secondyear predicted temperatures calculated by the two models were compared with the measured. The results show the two approaches are reliable and have good performance of error tolerance. The error of GHE water temperature calculated by G-functions interpolation approach was less than DST calibrated approaches. The data error inversely modeled was mainly from recorded day data. As a extension study of the G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions approach was proposed. The model was based on degree-day prediction load and can be applied on the residential buildings. The standard deviation of GHE water temperature by degree-day G-functions approach was larger than DST calibrated approaches. The result shows the appropriateness of degree-day G-functions interpolation approach for the quantitative modeling of GHE.This paper shows that the research on actual performance according measured data and presents two inverse models:G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions model approach, which provides new methods for GHE inverse modelingWith the sustainable development theory being put forward in recent years, people pay more and more attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment. This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHPAir-conditioning System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger, which provide helpful suggestion to engineers.First, this paper gives an overview of the history of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system, thecharacteristics of three circulations have been proposed, which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly, etc. hi terms of technology economy, the GSHPair-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system, the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioningsystem. Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of the GSHP air-conditioning system.A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent from other traditional air-conditioning systems. This paper gave detailed designing method of Ground-loop heat exchanger, including load calculation, pipe layout, choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop, etc. Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering as an example, its design was analyzed and the optimization design of ground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.The people attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection,which decide thesustainable development of the country.The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment.This paper gives an overview of technologyeconomy analysis on GSHP Air-condition System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger,which provide helpful suggestion toengineersFirst,this paper gives an overview of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system,the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed,which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly,etc.In teams of technology ,the GSHP air-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system,the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system.Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of GSHP air-conditoning篇二：建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete is formed by a sand and gravel aggregate,cement,water and other materials but mixed heterogeneous brittle materials.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, impermeable and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete besubjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Component all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. materialcreation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and impermeable ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.Thereinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Shrinkage crack and preventionShrinkage crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation Shrinkage, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Shrinkage crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface Shrinkage transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relativehumidity is more low, cement syrup body Shrinkage more big, Shrinkage crack be more easy creation.Shrinkage crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Shrinkage crackusually the impermeability of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete Shrinkage be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of Shrinkage be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, Shrinkage more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use waterquantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and brushing protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.Plastic shrinkage cracking and preventionPlastic shrinkage is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Plastic shrinkage crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends of the thin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almosthaving no strength or strength before the final setting very small, perhaps concrete just eventually final setting but strength very hour, be subjected toheat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Plastic shrinkage of the main factors of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use dry compression value smaller higher silicate of the earlier period strength or common the portland cement.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually beforethe final setting surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink tosink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack widthunder the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in bigsurface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge or cooling dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under constructionperiod.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind篇三：建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译毕业论文（设计）题系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学指导教师：教师职称：外文翻译目：浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗号：XX11014233 讲师 1浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
(完整版)环境工程_毕业设计外文翻译_
毕业设计外文资料翻译外文出处：Ana Kleibe Pessoa Borges,Sâmia Maria Tauk-Tornisieloe,Performance of theConstructed Wetland System for the Treatment of Water from the CorumbataíRiver.BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY. Vol. 51, n.附件：1.外文资料翻译译文2.外文原文题目2000m3d温泉旅游度假区污水处理工程的初步设计院（系）化工与环境工程学院专业环境工程班级环境08-1学号学生陈灿辉指导教师陈梅芹（讲师）2012 年 6 月15 日附件1：外文资料翻译译文人工湿地系统处理科伦巴塔伊河水的效果Ana Kleiber Pessoa Borges1, Sâmia Maria Tauk-Tornisielo1*,Roberto Naves Domingos1 and Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis2摘要这次实验目的是通过科伦巴塔伊河水处理的模拟实验研究人工湿地系统对水的处理。
分析系统在不同点的氨氮，生化需氧量（BDO）化学需氧量（CDO）的，氯化物，色度，电导率，溶解氧，镁（Mg），钠（Na），钾（K）硅（Si），总磷，总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌，总溶解固体（TDS），混浊度，植物生物量等的参数。
结果表明，这种水处理系统能有效消除微生物（总大肠杆菌和大肠杆菌），通过其他参数之间的分析，在不同的处理阶段，理科伦巴塔伊河的水质得到明显的改善。
关键词：水生植物，土壤过滤，微滤，膜生物反应器，微生物引言由于城市规划不足，污染不断的快速增长，水资源浪费，水的再生利用不足和缺乏有效的环保教育，水资源已日益变得稀缺。
在开始讨论水质目标时，根据分类系统水资源的调控利用作为一个有用的工具在环境理事会的决议（Souza和Tundisi，2003年）被提出。
建环专业英语课后翻译（汉译英）
10.翻译：翻译：1. V apor compression compression refrigeration refrigeration refrigeration system system system is is is composed composed composed by by by compressor compressor ，condenser ，expansion expansion valve valve valve and and evaporator ，connected with pipe line to form an enclosed system. Refrigerant changes heat with substance to be be cooled cooled cooled in in in evaporator. evaporator. Refrigerator Refrigerator absorbs absorbs absorbs heat heat heat from from from substance substance substance to to to be be be cooled cooled cooled and and and evaporated. evaporated. evaporated. The The compressor draws the low pressure vapor in its suction side and then compressed it to high pressure before discharge. 2. During During the the the cycle, cycle, cycle, compressor, compressor, compressor, which which which is is is heart heart heart of of of the the the system, system, system, plays plays plays a a a part part part in in in compressing compressing compressing and and and transporting transporting refrigerant vapor and causing low pressure in evaporator and high pressure in condenser. Flow control valve throttles throttles refrigerant refrigerant refrigerant flow flow flow to to to reduce reduce reduce its its its pressure pressure pressure and and and regulates regulates regulates refrigerant refrigerant refrigerant flow flow flow rate rate rate of of of entering entering entering evaporator. evaporator. Evaporator, which is an equipment of refrigerating effect output, refrigerant absorbs heat form substance to be cooled to realize refrigerating. Condenser, which is an equipment of heat output, coolant in it takes away heat from refrigerant and heat from the work consumed by compressor. 3. In liquid evaporating refrigerating systems, refrigerant is required to evaporate at low temperature. It absorbs heat heat from from from objects objects objects to to to be be be cooled. cooled. cooled. Then Then Then condenses condenses condenses at at at higher higher higher temperature temperature temperature and and and discharges discharges discharges heat heat heat to to to environment environment meanwhile. Therefore, only those evaporate and condense within range of working temperature can be used as refrigerants. Most refrigerants are in gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure. 4. Mixed Mixed refrigerant refrigerant refrigerant is is is composed composed composed by by by two two two kinds kinds kinds or or or more more more pure pure pure refrigerants. refrigerants. refrigerants. Due Due Due to to to limitation limitation limitation to to to type type type and and performance of pure refrigerants, mixture of refrigerant offers more freedom to modulate performance and amplify choice of refrigerant. 9翻译翻译1. 1. Boiler Boiler Boiler is is is a a a kind kind kind of of of heat heat heat exchange exchange exchange device device device which which which turns turns turns chemical chemical chemical energy energy energy and and and excess excess excess heat heat heat from from from industrial industrial production process or other heat source into steam or hot water with certain temperature and pressure. 2. 2. According According According to to to heat heat heat transfer transfer transfer features features features of of of boiler, boiler, boiler, industrial industrial industrial boiler boiler boiler heat heat heat surface surface surface can can can be be be divided divided divided into into into radiant radiant radiant heat heat surface and convection heat surface. Radiant heat surface is that portion of surface of being located in combustion chamber and receive radiant heat. Manly means water cooled wall. Convection heat surface, located in boiler flue, is that portion of surface swashed directly by high temperature flue gas to transfer heat by convection. 3. 3. Boiler Boiler Boiler heat heat heat efficiency efficiency efficiency is is is an an an important important important technique technique technique index index index of of of boiler. boiler. boiler. Boiler Boiler Boiler heat heat heat efficiency efficiency efficiency means means means when when when boiler boiler operating with rating load, how many percent of the heat from fully burning of fuel sent into boiler per hour to produce steam or hot water. 4. Boiler has broad applications and various types. Some common criteria used in classifying them are: structure of boiler, application of boiler, fuel or energy used by boiler, type of combusting, ventilation mode, circulation mode and arrangement of boiler drum 8 翻译翻译1. 1. HV HV AC AC means means means to to to realize realize realize regulating regulating regulating and and and controlling controlling controlling of of of temperature, temperature, temperature, humidity, humidity, humidity, cleanliness cleanliness cleanliness and and and air air air velocity velocity velocity for for certain certain room room room or or or space, space, space, providing providing providing adequate adequate adequate fresh fresh fresh air air air meantime. meantime. meantime. HV HV AC AC is is is called called called Air Air Air conditioning conditioning conditioning for for for short. short. short. Air Air conditioning can realize overall controlling to heat and humidity environment and air quality in buildings, or to say it contains partial function of heating and ventilation. 2. 2. All All All -air -air -air system system system is is a a system system system that that that cooling cooling cooling or or or heating heating heating load load load in in in room room room is is is undertaken completely undertaken completely by by air. air. air. An An all-air system supplies sensible heat cooling capacity and latent heat cooling capacity by delivering cold air into room. Processes Processes of of of cooling cooling cooling down down down and and and dehumidification dehumidification dehumidification of of of air air air are are are accomplished accomplished accomplished by by by air air air handling handling handling unit unit unit which which which locates locates completely completely in in in air air air conditioning conditioning conditioning machine machine machine room. room. room. Supplemental Supplemental Supplemental cooling cooling cooling in in in room room room is is is no no no more more more required, required, required, yet yet yet heat heat heat of of supply air can be achieved either in air conditioning machine room or in individual room. Air treatment for all-air system is mainly centralized in air conditioning machine room, so it is commonly called central air conditioning system. 3. Air -water system is a system that cooling or heating load in room is undertaken by both air and water. Besides supplying treated fresh air to room, terminal unit with circulation media of water installed in room heats and cools indoor air. 7 翻译翻译1. Ventilation is main approach to ensure indoor air quality. That is, displacing indoor air of higher contaminant concentration concentration with with with outdoor outdoor outdoor air air air of of of much much much lower lower lower contaminant contaminant contaminant concentration. concentration. concentration. V V entilation rate rate needed needed needed should should should be be determined determined by by by principle principle principle of of of diluting diluting diluting indoor indoor indoor contaminant contaminant contaminant to to to reach reach reach concentration concentration concentration specified specified specified by by by standard. standard. standard. Main Main contaminant contaminant source source source is is is people people people in in in people people people occupied occupied occupied buildings. buildings. buildings. So So So the the the requisite requisite requisite ventilation ventilation ventilation rate rate rate ––fresh fresh air air air rate rate rate is is ascertained by people. That is, fresh air rate is ascertained by diluting carbon dioxide released by people. In order to to take take take into into into account account account diluting diluting diluting other other other contaminant contaminant contaminant and and and odor odor odor aroused aroused aroused by by by people people people’’s s activity activity activity at at at the the the same same same time, time, time, many many countries control carbon dioxide at 0.1%, while suggestion value of WHO is 0.25%. 2. Air condition buildings are commonly well airtight. If no reasonable exists, indoor air quality in it is not better than than common common common building building building with with with well well well ventilating. ventilating. ventilating. V entilation V entilation issues issues issues are are are accomplished accomplished accomplished by by by air air air conditioning conditioning conditioning system system except special treatment for hazardous gases released by technique process in air conditioning buildings. Special fresh air system is installed in air-water system to supply fresh air to individual room to fulfill task of ventilation and improve air quality. Outdoor fresh air should be introduced into all-air system and mixed with return air, and then the mixture is delivered to room to dilute indoor contaminant after been treated. 3. Local air exhaust is a kind of local ventilation which removes contaminant directly from contaminant source. When When contaminant contaminant contaminant occurs occurs occurs centrally centrally centrally in in in somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, local local local air air air exhaust exhaust exhaust is is the the most most most effective effective effective way way way to to to treat treat treat harm harm harm of of contaminant to environment. If overall ventilation is adopted in such situation, contaminant may spread in rooms. When contaminant occurs in large amount, ventilation volume needed to dilute it can be too much to realize in practice. Local air exhaust system consists of exhaust hood 、fan 、air cleaner 、air ducts 、exhaust outlet. 4. 4. Nature Nature Nature ventilation ventilation ventilation caused caused caused by by by heat heat heat pressure pressure pressure or or or wind wind wind pressure pressure pressure is is is widely widely widely used used used ventilation. ventilation. ventilation. Common Common Common residential residential building, office building, industrial workshop depend on nature ventilation to ensure indoor air quality. Otherwise, natural ventilation is a kind of ventilation which is difficult to be controlled effectively. Only by understanding its basic principle and taking certain measure can we get nature ventilation going on according to out preset mode. 5. Ventilation rate is always self-balanced practically when a room is ventilated. Air balance we referred to here means designing balance in the light of willing of designer or occupier. If balance designed has not performed, ventilation requirements may not be satisfied when system practically operates in balanced state. For example, a set of local exhaust system is installed to eliminate contaminant emitted by contaminant source in room. But the system doesn ’t work well when operating and ventilation rate does n’n’t reach the need. The problem lies in that the t reach the need. The problem lies in that the room is in basement and has good air permeability performance. Meanwhile, absence of air intake system and passage gives rise to higher negative pressure and reduces ventilation rate of air exhaust system. 6 翻译翻译1. nature gas is generally divided into four kinds: gas exploited from gas well of gas field is called pure natural gas or gas of gas well; gas exploited accompanying with petroleum is called petroleum gas or petroleum accompanied gas; gas which has light fraction of petroleum is called condensate gas of gas field; gas drawn from coal bed of coal well is called coal mine well gas. 2. Density variation should be taken into account when computing gas flow in pipes. Density of gas reduces with declining of pressure along the pipe line. Only in low pressure pipes the change in density of gas can be omitted. 3. 3. For For For the the the sake sake sake of of of making making making distribution distribution distribution system system system with with with very very very high high high economical economical economical index, index, index, optimal optimal optimal gas gas gas pipeline pipeline pipeline route route route is is selected and number of gas pressure regulating room and distribution center is determined besides correct choice of of pipe pipe pipe diameter. diameter. diameter. There There There are are are generally generally generally many many many kinds kinds kinds of of of design design design schemes schemes schemes to to to be be be encountered encountered encountered during during during the the the process process process of of designing, therefore an optimal scheme should be picked out from them. 5 翻译翻译1. 1. Heating Heating Heating by by by convection convection convection which which which is is is major major major type type type of of of heat heat heat transfer transfer transfer is is is called called called convection convection convection heating. heating. Heat Heat emitting emitting equipment in the system is radiator, so this kind of system is also called radiator heating system. It supplies heat to room room by by by heat heat heat convection. convection. convection. Radiant Radiant Radiant heating heating heating is is a a kind kind kind of heating of heating type type mainly mainly mainly by by by radiant radiant heat heat transfer. transfer. transfer. Main Main Main heat heat emitting equipment of radiant heating system is metal radiant panel or part of ceiling 、floor 、wall of building as radiant surface. 2. C irculating system can be divided into gravity circulating system and forced circulating system according to circulating power. System System circulating by water density difference is called gravity circulating system. circulating by water density difference is called gravity circulating system. System circulating by mechanical force is called gravity circulating system. The force of gravity heating system depends on change of water temperature of the loop 3. 3. There There There are are are many many many factors factors factors influence influence influence heat heat heat transfer transfer transfer coefficient coefficient coefficient of of of radiator: radiator: radiator: manufacture manufacture manufacture condition condition condition of of of radiator radiator (material, geometric dimension, structure form, spray coating of surface etc.) and application condition of radiator (media, temperature, flow rate, indoor air temperature and velocity, fitting type and combined piece etc.). They all synthetically influence heat emitting performance of radiator. 4 翻译翻译1．Main issue of fluid dynamics is space distribution of velocity and pressure, velocity is more important between the two, inertia force and viscous force have close relationship with velocity. In the two forces, inertia force occurs with with velocity velocity velocity variation variation variation of of of mass mass mass point point point itself itself itself while while while viscous viscous viscous force force force is is is caused caused caused by by by velocity velocity velocity difference difference difference between between between flow flow layers and mass points. 2. Law of variation of viscosity coefficient with temperature is different between water and air. Viscosity of water reduces with increasing of temperature while increases for air. This is because viscosity is result of attractive force between articles and irregular thermal motion to arouse momentum exchange of articles. When temperature rises, attractive attractive force force force between between between articles articles articles decreases decreases decreases and and and momentum momentum momentum increases. increases. increases. Conversely, Conversely, Conversely, when when when temperature temperature temperature decreases, decreases, attractive force between articles increases and momentum decreases. 3. Heat transfer caused by density difference and gravity is called natural convection. Heat transfer coefficient of natural convection is generally lower than that of forced convection, therefore, when computing total heat gain or heat loss, the main point is radiant heat should not be ignored. Radiant heat transfer and natural convection may have have the the the same same same order order order of of of magnitude magnitude magnitude even even even under under under indoor indoor indoor temperature temperature temperature conditions, conditions, conditions, because because because indoor indoor indoor wall wall wall temperature temperature affects comfortable sensation of human body. 3 翻译翻译1. Heat conduction is thought as heat transfers from high temperature zone to low temperature zone in object by gradually energy exchange with particles of substance. During the conduction, there is no specific displacement of articles. But for mental, motion of free electrons is greatly helpful to heat conduction. 2. Fluid directly connected with the surface is heated and becomes less-dense by heat conduction and moves upwards due to density difference with adjacent fluid. This motion is hindered by viscosity of fluid. The heat transmission is affected by the following factors ：（1）gravity caused by heat expansion ；（2）viscosity （3）heat diffusion This heat transmission is regard as depending on acceleration of gravity 、coefficient of thermal expansion 、coefficient of motion viscosity and coefficient of thermal conductivity. 3. As for surface with different geometric shape, radiant characteristic and direction, when heat transfer rate is evaluated, assumptions are: (1) all surfaces are gray or black; (2) radiation or reflective diffuse reflection; (3) the whole surface parameters are homogeneous . (4) emissivity is equal to absorptivity and has no relationship with temperature of project source. (5) objects between two radiant surfaces neither emit nor absorb radiation. These assumptions assumptions are are are used used used due due due to to to providing providing providing simplification simplification simplification to to large large content, content, content, although although although the the the results results results are are are only only only thought thought thought as as approximate. 2 翻译翻译1. Energy transfers between system and environment under temperature difference is called heat. Heat transfer of system and environment stops when system and environment are in thermal equilibrium. Once heat enters system through boundary, it turns into a part of system storage energy, that is, internal energy. It is obvious that heat is process factor relevant to process, while internal energy is state factor depending on thermodynamic state. 2. T he Carnot cycle and Carnot theorem have important theoretical and impractical meaning in the research of thermodynamics. It provides upper limits on efficiency of heat engine and theoretically proposes the approach to increase efficiency. The efficiency of other impractical cycle is always less than the efficiency of the Carnot cycle operating between the same two reservoirs. 3. The meaning of the increase of entropy principle：(1) estimate the direction of a process by the increase of entropy principle of an isolated system；（2）the increase of entropy principle can serve as judgment of system equilibrium-when entropy of an isolated system reaches maximum value，system is under equilibrium state. （3）the increase of entropy principle has close relationship with the irreversibility of a process. The more irreversible，the more increase of entropy. So it is used to evaluate perfect of thermodynamical performance of a process 。
2016年建环专业英语文献翻译
英语文献翻译专业：12级建环1班学号：221 姓名：董化栋指导老师：李建强CHAPTER 24MECHANICAL DEHUMIDIFIERS AND RELATED COMPONENTSMechanical Dehumidifiers..................................................................................... 24.1 Installation and Service Considerations ................................................................ 24.7Wraparound Heat Exchangers ............................................................................... 24.7 第24章机械除湿机和相关组件机械除湿机安装和服务注意事项环绕式热交换器Licensed for single user. © 2008 ASHRAE, Inc.THE correct moisture level in the air is important for health and comfort. Controlling humidity and condensation is important to prevent moisture damage and mold or mildew development, thus protecting buildings and occupants, and preserving building con-tents. This chapter covers mechanical dehumidification using a cooling process only, including basic dehumidifier models (with moisture removal capacity of less than 1.4 kg/h) used for home basements and small storage areas, as well as larger sizes required for commercial applications. Other methods of dehumidification are covered in Chapter 23.Commercial applications for mechanical dehumidifiers include the following:Indoor swimming poolsMakeup air treatmentIce rinksDry storageSchoolsHospitalsOffice buildingsMuseums, libraries, and archivesRestaurantsHotels and motelsAssisted living facilitiesSupermarketsManufacturing plants and processesIn addition, an air-to-air heat exchanger (such as a heat pipe, coil runaround loop, fixed-plate heat exchanger, or rotary heat exchanger) may be used to enhance moisture removal by a mechan-ical dehumidifier or air conditioner. The section on Wraparound Heat Exchangers discusses how dehumidification processes can be improved by using such a device. Other uses of air-to-air heat exchangers are covered in Chapter 25.空气中正确的湿度对健康和舒适度而言是很重要的。
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毕业设计（论文）译文题目名称：关于先进的低能耗的超市制冷系统的分析学院名称：能源与环境学院班级：XXX学号：XXX学生姓名：XXX指导教师：XXXX年X月X日关于先进的低能耗的超市制冷系统的分析大卫·沃克博士ASHRAE成员范D·巴克斯特博士ASHRAE成员摘要目前，超市制冷系统的运行需要花费非常大的制冷剂费用，每年可以消耗掉高达1至1.5万千瓦时。
几项新的措施，如分布式、二次循环、及先进的独立式制冷系统的使用，可以显著地减少制冷剂使用量，同时相应降低制冷剂的泄漏损失。
新的冷凝器控制多重制冷系统也得到了发展，使制冷剂充注接近于临界操作水平，且允许在非常低的水头压力下运行。
通过适当的设计和实施，这些先进的系统，每年可以减少高达11.9％的能源消耗。
可以通过水源热泵机组，通过设在该散热循环热泵可利用的存储空间来实现制冷、散热，以不增加冷凝温度制冷来整合暖通空调制冷和存储操作。
这种集成方法表明，可以减少12.6％的制冷和空调系统综合经营成本。
关键词制冷系统分布式二次循环独立式引言在商业部门中，超市是最大的能源用户。
一个销售面积约40000英尺的典型的超市，每年总储存能量消耗约2万千瓦时。
许多大型超市和超级购物中心还存在消耗高达3至5万千瓦时/年的情况。
超级市场所出售的大多是易腐烂产品，在展示和存储期间必须冷藏，其能量消耗最大的用途之一是制冷。
典型超市制冷系统的能源消耗是对应超市能耗总数的一半。
超市的能源消耗总量中，压缩机和冷凝器占30％至35％，其余是消耗在：展示和存储冷却器风扇，显示器外壳照明，防汗加热器和用于防止冷凝水形成的门和外表面的展示柜。
图1显示了一家超市展示柜典型的冷藏布局。
超市的空调制冷系统在所有的冷藏装置中直接采用膨胀线圈。
为了降低噪声和控制散热，压缩机和冷凝器保存在远程机房背面或在超市的屋顶，由管道提供制冷剂，并返回设备。
图1，一个典型的超市冷藏布局图2，多重制冷系统图2显示了多重制冷系统的主要成分，这是在超市最常用的组态。
在多个压缩机运行时，饱和吸气温度都安装在同一线，并由共同管道吸入和排出制冷剂。
多个压缩机并联使用提供了一种控制手段的能力，因为压缩机可根据需要选择循环，以满足制冷负载。
制冷系统经常采用空气冷却冷凝器用以散热。
由于使用此布局，造成超市制冷系统需要大量制冷剂。
一个典型的超市将需要3000到5000磅的制冷剂。
超市制冷系统大量使用配管及管接头也会导致制冷剂泄漏的增加，其中每年总费用损失可达30％至50％（【Walker】2001年）。
随着人们对制冷剂的泄漏对全球变暖的影响的不断关注，新的超市制冷系统配置正在考虑要求大大减少制冷剂。
例如低能耗制冷剂系统包括分布式，二次循环和高性能独立的配置。
复合式制冷系统也取得了改进，以减少其运作所需的电荷量。
关于这些低能耗能源消耗系统的运营几乎没有人了解。
如果没有适当的设计和操作，通过降低制冷剂充注和泄漏减缓全球变暖很可能会由于电能源消耗的增加造成二次全球变暖而被否定（如由TEWI概念测量[Sandetal.1997]）。
基于这些原因，美国能源部启动一项关于低能耗超市制冷系统的调查工程。
这个制冷调查，包括分析分布式和二次循环制冷系统和多了一项能源的TEWI复合式系统。
分析得到的结果刊登在【Walker】（2000年）。
关于这项调查的工作仍在继续，其中包括一个涉及两家超市的现场试验：一家配备分布式系统，另一家配备复合式的系统。
分析内容扩大到包括低能耗复合式和高性能的独立系统。
本文提出了关于这一点的所有分析结果，以前的结果可列入完整。
1.分布式制冷系统图3是一个显示了分布式制冷系统主要部件的图表。
图3，分布式制冷系统多级压缩机位于柜子上或放置在附近的销售层。
橱柜接近耦合到展示柜，从橱柜散热，是通过在位于上方的橱柜屋顶使用空气冷却冷凝器或乙二醇循环连接液体冷却到一个柜子来完成的。
制冷系统采用的分布式滚动压缩机是由于这种类型的压缩机具有低噪音和振动水平。
如果压缩机柜位于销售区或在销售区域附近，那么这些特征是必要的。
涡旋式压缩机没有阀，而且，在一般情况下，没有像往复式那么高的效率。
滚动式压缩机的无阀功能允许它们在明显低的冷凝温度下运行。
最低的冷凝温度可能发生在吸力对放电压力比为2的情况下，其中，对于超市系统，是指凝结的最低温度真实可能是在55℉到60℉，对于中型制冷系统温度为40℉。
这里不认为由于有两个乙二醇循环存在而有必要在40℉的最低冷凝温度下使用，它可能会或可能不切合实际安装。
因此，冷凝温度最低为60华氏度，仅限于本评估。
涡旋压缩机也有可能通过制冷剂蒸气中期滚动注入提供过冷。
这种特殊的方法尚未得到最优化，压缩机制造商并没有为这部分提供分析。
对于能源消费，具有紧密耦合的分布式冷藏柜显示有其他后果。
较短的吸力线表示，压力落案之间的蒸发器和压缩机吸气流形比多重系统看到的少，意味着饱和吸力温度（SST）的内阁将接近陈列柜蒸发器的温度。
较短的吸力线也意味着更少的热量增益到返回气中是可行的。
较冷的回气有高密度，结果导致更高的压缩机质量流量利率，这意味着为满足制冷负荷在时间上需要较少的压缩机。
当分别在900或1500英镑的指令下时，无论水或空气冷却的冷凝被应用，制冷剂负载要求是一个分布式制冷系统。
当水冷式冷凝器被应用时，从水冷式冷凝器散热，经由乙二醇循环和流体冷却器完成，水冷式冷凝器通常位于超市的屋顶。
该乙二醇循环使用的能源消耗增加在制冷过程中，根源于泵的能源需要和由于流体循环上升导致温度升高带来了较高的冷凝温度。
这种能量罚款的一大部分可以消除，如果一个蒸发闭式冷却塔是应用在一个区域，在接近该区域周围环境的湿球温度条件下热排斥反应可以发生。
2.二次循环制冷系统图4显示了一所中学的制冷系统循环管路图。
图4，二次循环制冷系统盐水在陈列柜和中央制冷系统之间循环运行。
在冷水机组中，盐水是被冷却介质，然后通过陈列柜中的散发线圈，它应用于寒冷的空气中。
陈列柜蒸发器专门为盐水的使用而设计，使得盐水和空气之间的温度差异降至最低，此时二次回路系统获得最低能源消耗。
盐水选择也很重要，因为泵的能源消耗对于综合能耗而言是一个大的组成部分。
盐水的使用，比如那些钾酸盐，高的热容量和低的粘度在低温下是可取的。
盐水循环的数量也会影响能源消耗。
通常情况下，应使用两个循环温度，例如-20℉和+20℉。
如果制冷负荷重要的部分可以由较高的循环温度解决，就可以得到节约能源。
例如，在10℉或15℉下的制冷负荷可以在0℉的环境下取得，而不是在-20℉下取得包括这个部分的负荷。
对于这里给出的分析，被认为是四个回路，分别在-20℉，10℉，20℉和30℉的环境温度下运行。
中央供冷系统的构造相似于多重平行架，使用多个并行压缩机来控制能力。
高效率压缩机的应用，如往复式或滚动式对于帮助抵销有关盐水抽水而增加的能源消费是非常必要的。
由于蒸发器位于冷水机组上，为二次回路系统的压缩机被认为是紧耦合的蒸发器。
压力下降和回气热量增加在这个组态上达到最小化。
这两个因素有助于减少压缩机的能量消耗。
这些机组系统也配备热盐水除霜，其中盐水是由过冷冷水机组制冷剂加热。
通过空气冷却，水冷，或风冷冷凝器可以完成散热。
通过蒸发冷凝器实现最低冷凝温度，这有助于降低能源消耗，特别是当冷凝温度被设置得越低时越好。
该系统制冷剂的耗费将会是500至700磅（空气冷却或蒸发冷凝），或200镑（当应用水冷却冷凝器和流体循环时）。
一般推荐分布式制冷，蒸发使用热流体循环，以减少能源消耗。
3.低能耗多重制冷系统几种制冷系统制造商现在提供冷凝器控制系统，限制多重制冷机的运行所需制冷剂额定量。
图5显示了这种控制方法的一个例子。
控制阀是用于操作冷凝器的旁路，使液体线之间保持恒定，用以鉴别该系统的高低压力。
制冷剂液体负载仅限于所需要提供的所有显示蒸发器。
接收器不需要添加额外的液体，这些已经包含在系统中，主要用于抽空运行。
所有的制冷剂液体，通过多种放电形式的热交换扩大和冷凝。
由此产生的蒸汽通过管道输送到吸气支管加压并返回到冷凝器。
这种控制方法的应用减少了约占系统制冷机所需的三分之一的电荷。
图5，低能耗系统的管路图液体的电荷控制可以用这种方法提供一些节能潜力，因为已经发现当应用这种控制方法时，压缩机可在非常低的水头压力下运行。
这种低能耗系统的最低冷凝温度值建议为40℉和60℉，分别应用于低温和中温制冷。
结果表明，风扇控制策略对于以实现能源储蓄为这个特定系统的目的是非常关键的，因为消耗所有压缩机的能量储存以维持低水头压力，这对于冷凝器风机是可能的。
有一项控制策略，例如变速冷凝器风机往往导致最低的风机能源消耗，同时达到预期的低水头压力值。
有这样的例子，为进行空气冷却和蒸发冷凝而运行低能耗复合式制冷系统。
这需要大大减少蒸发冷凝风机功率达到预期的低水头压力值（【Walker】1997年）。
4.高性能独立制冷系统高性能的独立系统是一种低能耗制冷剂配置，其中制冷压缩机和水冷式冷凝器位于展示柜。
乙二醇循环用来抑制来自超市陈列柜外部的热量。
先前有几个问题阻碍了这种配置的实施。
滚动压缩机在一个足够低的噪音水平下运行，这要求它们安置在销售区域。
然而直到最近，涡旋压缩机只能够在一个垂直的配置中，这不适合于展示柜的位置。
现在，可应用于上述目的的水平滚动压缩机已经出台。
对于一种独立系统的能源效率操作，压缩机容量控制是必要的。
有了一个固定的压缩能力，独立系统的冷凝温度必须维持一个有限的范围内以确保其能力不会大大超过所需制冷负荷。
否则，会产生过多的压缩机循环，将导致外壳温度很难控制。
该压缩机允许使用的卸载冷凝温度实际上要随环境温度变化，这是由于卸载会降低压缩机的能力，并有助于同制冷负荷相匹配。
图6，容量控制和压缩机电力需求之间的关系典型的涡旋压缩机包括卸载容量控制以保持吸气压力的设定值。
卸载是以一个持续的过程为蓝本，压缩机功率是以与电能功率改变和压缩机卸载相关的使用标准为蓝本的。
图6显示了容量控制和压缩机电力需求之间的关系。
分析表明，冷凝温度最低定于40℉和60℉，分别应用于低温和中温制冷。
这可能切合实际也可能不切合实际，因为为了获得两个不同的最低冷凝温度值，采用两个乙二醇循环是有必要的。
在蒸发情况下出现在自我封闭系统的压缩机紧密耦合的情况，降低了压缩机吸入口处的压降，也最大限度地减少了吸入气体的热量增益。
这些影响都将导致更多的有效运作，并纳入分析。
结论这项分析的结果表明，一家超市最大的制冷节能是通过一个采用风冷冷凝蒸发器的分布式制冷系统、一个蒸发式冷凝的低能耗复合式系统和一个同样应用蒸发式冷凝的辅助循环三者组合而获得的。
相比于复合式基线系统，一个高性能的自闭系统具有较高的能量消耗。
伴随着乙二醇循环泵的能源需求，促成了与压缩机卸载相关的罚款权利的增长。