英语修辞学 期末小论文
Where Do We Go From Here (Original Text, Abridged)Martin Luther KingSo, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divi ne dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blo od pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic wa lls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissati sfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of da ily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, an d every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem b ut as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied unti l men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the cont ent of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfi ed. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly , who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a m ighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. And every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God ma de all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day whe n nobody will shout "White Power!" - When nobody will shout "Black Power!" - But everybody will talk about God's power and human power.Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertain ties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward st ride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clo uds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us r emember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigan tic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is l ong but it bends toward justice.Appreciation of the Rhetorical Devices Using in Where Do We Go From HereAs we all known that the speeches of Martin Luther King are studied by English-learners all over the world, because the using of rhetorical devices makes his speeches vivid, attractive and with the power of encouraging people’s spirit. I choose two typical paragraphs of his famous speech where do we go from here to analysis and appreciate the skillful using of his rhetorical devices and the effect they made.In this speech, the author writes that let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. This sentence is the typical use of metaphor. Metaphor is a linguistic process used to make comparisons between the attributes of one thing and something else, and the more complex form of metaphor, embedded metaphor is used in this sentence. The tenor is creeds and deeds, while blood pressure and anemia are used to describe the behaviors of white people. The authorities of America are good at making promise to black people, but fail to realize their commitment, and the black people still can’t get the equity and civil power which are guaranteed by the American charter. We can find that the ironical effect is very significant. He uses blood pressure to describe white people’s emotional and enthusiastic in making commitments to black people, which is more attractive and vivid. Blood pressure and anemia are easily understood by ordinary people, which arouse listeners’ sympathy to his idea.The using of transferred epithet is also a bright spot in this speech. The author writes that let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty. Transferred epithet means that an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. We all know that there are two special kinds of transferred epithet, synaesthesia and empathy. Empathy is employed here, because the word tragic is used to describe the suffering that separation brought to black people, but in here it used to describe the wall. Transferred epithet is a charming rhetorical device, for it seems that the adjective is wrongly used, but it actually constitutes a special and active context. For instance, in this sentence, we can feel the strong rage and disappointment of Martin Luther King and mass black people. The gap between the poverty of black people and the comfort of white people is dramatic. Tragic thing is not the wall but the unfair situation toward black people, and the situation can’t be improved in a short time. Transferred epithet can make our language delicate, which may not common used as metaphor and simile, but it can strengthen the profundity of our passage and we should learn to use it freely.Another special rhetorical device synecdoche is employed by author: let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall…. Synecdoche may not be familiar to many learners. It uses a part of one thing to represent the whole, or uses the whole to represent a part. Here a part for the whole is used. We know that city hall is a building where municipal government lies: it’s the best symbol of municipal government. By using this method the language of this speech is become charming and lively. It’s more close to our everyday life, which is the demand of a high-value speech. Synecdoche is widely used in passages. For example, in the New Testament there is asentence, Silver and gold have I none. Here silver and gold are used to represent fortune, which is very vivid. In speech and oral language this rhetorical device is especially highly valued.Simile may be the most often used rhetorical device in our writings. We can find plenty of similes in King’s speech, which directly enhance the liveliness of his language. Just set this sentence as example; let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another by showing how it is similar to another thing. It explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. In this sentence, the tenor is justice and righteousness; the vehicle is water and stream; the corresponding is like, and the ground tremendous figure of both. The author expresses his hope to let real equity and civil right come to mass black people. This kind of equity is constrainted so long and just let it blast like water and mighty stream. The advantage and effect of the using of simile are apparent; for it makes a picture in listeners’ mind and makes them have the interest to concentrate their attention.Allusion is also a rhetorical device appreciated by King, and he used this device in many places in his speech. For example, let us be dissatisfied until that day when lion and the lamb shall lie down together, and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Allusion is references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assure are familiar to their readers. The phrase, lion and lamb lie down together, and vine and fig tree are all come from the Bible. By this way, King describes an ideal world for the struggling black people. Bible is familiar and authoritative to Western people, which increases the convincing of his language at the same time. The stories in allusion usually have some deep meaning or historical origin. It needs college students to understand the related knowledge and then master the use of allusion.In addition, the rhetorical device, antithesis is also easily found in King’s speech. Let us look at this sentence, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. The phrase dark yesterdays and bright tomorrows form the antithesis. By this way the structure is well-organized and the rhythm is formed. Bright and dark, yesterday and tomorrow are totally antonyms, which form a bright picture in listeners’ mind and let them believe that tomorrow is not far away. It also reminds black people they are still in the severe situation and their distance to their dreams. They need to fight bravely for their final ambition. King’s convincing idea is become prominent through antithesis. Antithesis is a comparatively easy device to master by college students, and it’s common used in Chinese language as well.In all the paragraphs above I choose the rhetorical devices metaphor, transferred epithet, synecdoche, simile, allusion and antithesis as example to appreciate and analysis the language using in where do we go from here. In fact, King used a number of rhetorical devices in his speech in addition to these six ones. All these rhetorical devices, along with his delicate language, make his speech attractive and convincing, which has inspired American black people from generation to generation, and worthwhile our English-learners to learn from him.。
大学英语修辞教学论文.docx
摘要大学英语修辞教学主要是常用的、对文章有重要影响的和反复出现的修辞格的教学，出现的不在少数，部分修辞格出现的频率还很高。
这一教学不仅能够加强学生对文章的理解，更能提高学生的写作水平。
然而，大学英语教学中的修辞教学没有得到应有的重视，教材上也极少附有对各类修辞格的讲解与练习。
既要结合英汉修辞的相似性促进学生的概念正迁移，又要结合英汉修辞的差异性讲解英语修辞格的特点，防止学生概念负迁移，还要讲解英语中独有的修辞格。
关键词大学英语；修辞格；教学修辞在西方语言中一直备受重视，从古希腊哲学家亚里士多德在《修辞学》一书中对古典修辞理论的介绍到现当代学者提出的各类修辞理论，无一不说明了修辞在西方语言中的重要性。
在现实生活中，无论在口语中还是在书面语中，也无论是英语中还是汉语中，人们运用语言时也都在自觉或不自觉地借助修辞手段以提高表达效果。
然而，长期以来，修辞在大学英语教学中没有引起足够的重视，更多大学英语教师将注意力集中在了阅读、词汇、听力、口语、翻译、写作等方面，极少有人关注修辞教学。
在中国期刊网上以大学英语阅读教学或大学英语听力教学为标题关键词进行搜索，可以查到数以千计的期刊论文。
但以大学英语修辞教学为标题关键词，只能搜索到53 篇文章，其中只有2篇发表在外语类核心期刊上，时间已有十几年，而且这两篇文章分别讲的是修辞结构理论和句式转换修辞法在大学英语教学中的运用，并没有涉及修辞教学。
可见，在大学英语教学中，修辞教学没有引起足够的重视。
一、概念界定这里大学英语教学指的是作为非英语专业本科生的必修课程《大学英语》的教学。
这一课程一般持续两年，即大一和大二两个学年。
使用的教材一般是大学英语系列教材，目前高校用的较多的是上海外语教育出版社出版、秦秀白主编的新世纪大学英语系列教程，包括《综合教程》《视听说教程》《阅读教程》《写作教程》《快速阅读》等，重心在《综合教程》，共四册，每册八个单元，供四个学期使用。
修辞有两种，一种是消极修辞，一种是积极修辞，陈望道2012 将之称为修辞的两大分野。
修辞学论文——公文中修辞学(英语)
Rhetoric in Official Document公文中的修辞学The significance of choosing the topic:选择这个论点的重要性：Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations。
Because it can help the speaker express better, even obtain some unexpected effects, rhetoric is used so broadly that we can see it everywhere in our daily life. Similarly, rhetoric is indispensable in work, especially in official document in that rhetoric can help the speaker use lexical chunks more smoothly and present their views more accurately. Comparing to the usual writing, rhetoric is applied in practice and act upon practice, so that rhetoric in office document has its outstanding features and aesthetic effect. If somebody want conduct it proficiently, he should make strenuous effort to learn a great of knowledge and all kinds of abilities. In a word, rhetoric in official document is so practical and important that I think it's very necessary to talk about it.修辞，就是适应特定的交际需要与情境，增强那些想告知、说服或者鼓动特定人群的说话者或写作者的言辞或文句效果的一种说话艺术。
英语修辞论文
浅谈英语的修辞摘要：任何语言都有修辞，英语当然不能例外。
在中学英语教学中，修辞显然不是教学重点，但把它束之高阁，甚至在教学中遇到一些常用修辞现象不向学生讲一讲也是欠妥的。
我认为，在教学中，如果遇到一些英语修辞现象，可适当向学生介绍，不仅可以使课文讲解生动，加深学生印象，也可启发学生学习英语的兴趣。
现将散见在中学英语课本中的修辞现象分类别列出来。
一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,asif,as though等，例如：１、this elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
２、he looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
３、it has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingersreaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
１、german guns and german planes rained down bombs,shells andbullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
２、the diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
英语修辞与文体 论文
Not marble, nor the gilded monumentsOf princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;But you shall shine more bright in these contentsThan unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time.When wasteful war shall statues overturn,And broils root out the work of masonry,Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burnThe living record of your memory.'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth; your praise shall still find roomEven in the eyes of all posterityThat wear this world out to the ending doom.So, till the judgment that yourself arise,You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes.Sonnet 55 is one of Shakespeare's most famous works and a noticeable deviation from other sonnets in which he appears insecure about his relationships and his own self-worth. Here we canfind an impassioned burst of confidence as the poet claims to have the power to keep his friend's memory alive evermore.We should focus on the translation of this poem at first. Not marble, nor the gold-plated shrines. Of princes shall outlive the power of poetry. You shall shine more bright in these verses than on dust-covered gravestones, ravaged by time.When devastating war shall overturn statues and conflicts destroy the mason's handiwork, the cause of war (Mars) nor the effects of war (fire) shall destroy the living record of your memory (this poem). Against death and destruction, which render people forgotten,shall you push onward; praise of you will always find a place even in the eyes of future generations. That survives until the end of humanity.So, until you arise on Judgment Day,you are immortalized in this poetry, and continue to live in lovers' eyes.Then we will discuss its stylistics.First, we focus on this poem ’s rhyme. Sonnet 55 is a fourteen-line sonnet, metered in iambic pentameter:x / x / x / x / x /No marble, nor the gilded monumentsx / x / x / x / x /Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhymeIt consists of three quartrains followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABABCDCDEFEFGG.Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme But you shall shine more bright in these contents Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time When wasteful war shall statues overturnAnd broils root out the work of masonry Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn The living record of your memoryGainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth, your praise shall still find roomEven in the eye of all posterity That wear this world out to the ending doom So, till the judgment that yourself arise You live in this, and dwell in lover ’s eyesSecond, we focus on this poem ’s metaphor. The poet uses metaphors like marble, monuments, and stone in the first four lines to say that none of them will be as everlasting as this poem. Then he says that war and broil may destroy many tough things like statues and masonry, but not people ’s memory of you ——the hero in this poem. It will survive your death and all the powers which work against you.You shall still move on, people will always honor you even their offsprings will praise you forA B A B C D C D E F E F G Gwhat you have done now. We will always remember you and your behaviors until you are judged reasonably.Third, we focus on this poem’s comparisons. Comparisons are frequently used in this sonnet as a foregrounding to the ideas that the poet wants to convey. At the beginning he compares the marble and monument with the rhyme, and tells us that the rhyme will outlive all these things as time goes by.He uses comparison again in the third and fourth lines to say it again that this rhyme will be everlasting. Again in the fifth and sixth lines he uses comparison to highlight his idea that this poem, this rhyme will survive time, the fire of war.The ninth line begins to say something different from the first eight lines. He begins to talk about some abstract subjects like enmity, judgment, praise, and memory. But in the last couplet he concludes with so to say that you will always be remembered by your offspring till you are fairly judged by history. He uses the Christian concept in the last two lines about the arising of the hero.Fourth, we focus on this poem’s alliteration. He uses alliteration in the first line with not and nor to connect the two objects. Then h e uses “shall shine” for alliteration to make the internal rhyme. Alliteration is also used with “wasteful war shall statues” in the fifth line to make the internal rhyme.Fifth, Repetition is also used with the sentence pattern like you shall or shall you. It makes readers to feel the strong feelings of the must of immortalization.Finally, Inversion is used in several lines. The fifth line should be: when wasteful war shall overturn statues , and the eighth and ninth lineshould be:you shall pace forth against death and all-oblivious enmity.Sonnet 55 is a poem about time and immortalization. The speaker claims that his beloved will wear out this world to the ending doom. The speaker's poem won't last much compared to his beloved, even though his beloved is immortalised in the poem, adhering to a larger theme of giving and possessing that runs through many of Shakespeare's sonnets.This poem, however, emphasizes the concept of time slightly differently. He argues that the sonnet traces the progression of time, from the physicalendeavours built by man (monuments, statues, masonry), as well as theprimeval notion of warfare depicted through the image of "Mars his sword" and "war's quick fire", to the concept of the Last Judgment. The young man will survive all of these things through the verses of the speaker.Although the poet's previous pride in writing verse is missing in this sonnet, he still manages to demonstrate a superbly confident spirit: "Not marble, nor the gilded monuments. Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rime." He clearly abandons, at least for the time being, his earlier depressing opinion of his verse as "barren rime," for next he contrasts his verses' immortality to "unsweptstone, besmeared with sluttish time," meaning that the young man will be remembered longer because of the poet's having written about him than if descriptions of his beauty had been chiseled in stone.The next four lines address the same theme of immortality, but now the poet boasts that not only natural forces but human wars and battles cannot blot out his sonnets, which are a "living record" of the youth. Monuments and statues may be desecrated during war, but not so these rhymes.In the first seventeen sonnets, the poet worried about death's effect on the youth's beauty and questioned the nature of his sonnets' reputation after both he and the young man died. Now, however, in lines 9 through 12, he boldly asserts that death is impotent in the face of his sonnets' immortality: To the youth he says, "Against death and all-oblivious enmity, shall you pace forth." In fact, he asserts that the young man's name will be remembered until the last survivor on earth perishes: "your praise shall still find room. Even in the eyes of all posterity. That wears this world out to the ending doom." Only then, when no one remains alive, will the youth's beauty fade, but through no fault of the youth or the poet.This notion of "the ending doom" is the main point in the concluding couplet. The syntax of line 13"So, till the judgment that yourself arise" is confusing, restated, the line says, "Until the Judgment Day when you arise." The poet assures the youth that his beauty will remain immortal as long as one single person still lives to read these sonnets, which themselves will be immortal.Sonnet 55 symbolizes nothing but the rhyme and the poem will be everlasting as time goes on. The rhyme and the poem which can be a metaphor for justice were conducted by all kinds of heroes. Inthis way he is not only talking about the poem but also writing as an important matter of art and literation. Shakespeare shows that thepower of words and languages is much greater than wars, statues, and monuments which is the toughest thing in nature. It is significant that all Shakespeare’s work remains as masterpieces for us till now after almost five hundred years. He and his work elaborate the power and beauty of words and languages.。
修辞手法的英语作文
修辞手法的英语作文The Power of Metaphor in Literature。
Metaphor is a powerful and evocative literary devicethat has been used by writers and poets for centuries to convey complex ideas and emotions. It allows readers to see the world in a new light and understand abstract conceptsin a more tangible way. In this essay, we will explore the power of metaphor in literature and how it enhances the reader's experience.Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by stating that one thing is another. It is a formof analogy that creates a vivid image in the reader's mind and helps them to understand the deeper meaning of the text. For example, in William Shakespeare's famous line "All the world's a stage," he compares the world to a stage, suggesting that life is like a play with different acts and characters.One of the key benefits of using metaphor in literature is that it allows writers to convey complex ideas and emotions in a more accessible way. By comparing abstract concepts to concrete objects or actions, writers can make their writing more relatable and engaging for readers. For example, in George Orwell's novel "1984," he uses the metaphor of Big Brother to represent the oppressive power of the government, making it easier for readers to understand the dangers of totalitarianism.Furthermore, metaphor can also create a deeper emotional impact on the reader. By using vivid and evocative imagery, writers can evoke strong emotions and create a more immersive reading experience. For example, in Emily Dickinson's poem "Hope is the thing with feathers," she compares hope to a bird, suggesting that it is fragile yet resilient, which creates a powerful and poignant image for the reader.In addition, metaphor can also be used to create layers of meaning in a text, allowing readers to interpret the writing in different ways. By comparing one thing toanother, writers can imbue their writing with symbolic and allegorical meanings that add depth and richness to the text. For example, in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel "The Scarlet Letter," the scarlet letter "A" is a metaphor for the protagonist's sin, but it also represents her strength and resilience in the face of adversity.In conclusion, metaphor is a powerful literary device that enhances the reader's experience by making abstract ideas more tangible, creating a deeper emotional impact, and adding layers of meaning to the text. It allows writers to convey complex ideas and emotions in a more accessible way, making their writing more relatable and engaging for readers. As readers, we can appreciate the beauty and power of metaphor in literature and the way it enriches our understanding of the world.。
谈谈英语的修辞格的论文
运用修辞的英文作文
运用修辞的英文作文英文：When it comes to using rhetoric in writing, I believe it is an essential tool for effectively conveying ideas and engaging readers. Rhetoric involves the use of language in a persuasive and impactful way, and can be achieved through various techniques such as metaphors, similes, and rhetorical questions.One example of using rhetoric in writing is through the use of metaphors. Metaphors can help to paint a vivid picture in the reader's mind and make abstract concepts more relatable. For instance, instead of saying "the economy is struggling," a writer could use the metaphor "the economy is a wounded animal, limping along." This creates a more powerful image and engages the reader's emotions.Another technique is the use of rhetorical questions.Rhetorical questions are questions that are not meant to be answered, but rather to provoke thought and engage the reader. For example, a writer discussing the importance of education could ask, "Is there anything more valuable than knowledge?" This prompts the reader to consider the value of education and can lead to a more impactful message.In addition to these techniques, tone and voice are also important aspects of rhetoric in writing. The tone and voice can convey the writer's attitude towards the subject and can also engage the reader on a personal level. For example, a writer discussing a serious topic such as climate change could use a passionate and urgent tone to convey the importance of the issue and engage the reader's emotions.Overall, using rhetoric in writing can greatly enhance the impact of the message and engage the reader on a deeper level. Through the use of metaphors, rhetorical questions, tone, and voice, a writer can effectively convey ideas and leave a lasting impression.中文：在写作中运用修辞，我认为这是一种有效传达思想和吸引读者的重要工具。
运用修辞的英语作文高中生
运用修辞的英语作文高中生As a high school student, I believe that using rhetoric in English writing can greatly enhance the expressiveness and persuasiveness of the text. Rhetoric refers to the art of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form. It involves the use of figures of speech, literary devices, and persuasive language to convey a message and influence the audience.One of the most commonly used rhetorical devices is the use of metaphors and similes. Metaphors and similes help to create vivid and imaginative descriptions that can engage the reader's imagination and emotions. For example, instead of saying "the sky is blue," a writer can use a metaphor like "the sky is a vast, cerulean canvas stretching as far as the eye can see." This not only paints a moredescriptive picture but also evokes a sense of wonder and awe.Another important rhetorical device is the use of repetition. Repetition can be used to emphasize a point, create rhythm, and make the text more memorable. For example, in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream"speech, the phrase "I have a dream" is repeated multiple times to emphasize the speaker's vision of equality and justice.Additionally, rhetorical questions can be used to engage the reader and prompt them to think more deeply about a topic. By posing a question without expecting an answer,the writer can draw attention to a particular issue and encourage the reader to consider different perspectives.Moreover, the use of anecdotes and personal stories can make the writing more relatable and engaging. By sharing personal experiences or stories, the writer can create a connection with the audience and evoke empathy or understanding.In Chinese, 作为一名高中生，我认为在英语写作中运用修辞可以极大地增强文本的表现力和说服力。
英语修辞学期末小论文
英语修辞学期末小论文Where Do We Go From Here (Original Text, Abridged)Martin Luther KingSo, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divi ne dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blo od pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic wa lls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissati sfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of da ily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, an d every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem b ut as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied unti l men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the cont ent of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfi ed. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly , who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a m ighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. And every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God ma de all men to dwellupon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day whe n nobody will shout "White Power!" - When nobody will shout "Black Power!" - But everybody will talk about God's power and human power.Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertain ties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward st ride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clo uds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us r emember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigan tic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is l ong but it bends toward justice.Appreciation of the Rhetorical Devices Using in Where Do We Go From HereAs we all known that the speeches of Martin Luther King are studied by English-learners all over the world, because the using of rhetorical devices makes his speeches vivid, attractive and with the power of encouraging people’s spirit. I choose two typical paragraphs of his famous speech where do we go from here to analysis and appreciate the skillful using of his rhetorical devices and the effect they made.In this speech, the author writes that let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. This sentence is the typical use of metaphor. Metaphor is a linguistic process used to make comparisons between the attributes of one thing and something else, and the more complex form of metaphor, embedded metaphor is used inthis sentence. The tenor is creeds and deeds, while blood pressure and anemia are used to describe the behaviors of white people. The authorities of America are good at making promise to black people, but fail to realize their commitment, and the black people still can’t get the equity and civil power which are guaranteed by the American charter. We can find that the ironical effect is very significant. He uses blood pressure to describe white people’s emotional and enthusiastic in making commitments to black people, which is more attractive and vivid. Blood pressure and anemia are easily understood by ordinary people, which arouse listeners’ sympathy to his idea.The using of transferred epithet is also a bright spot in this speech. The author writes that let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty. Transferred epithet means that an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. We all know that there are two special kinds of transferred epithet, synaesthesia and empathy. Empathy is employed here, because the word tragic is used to describe the suffering that separation brought to black people, but in here it used to describe the wall. Transferred epithet is a charming rhetorical device, for it seems that the adjective is wrongly used, but it actually constitutes a special and active context. For instance, in this sentence, we can feel the strong rage and disappointment of Martin Luther King and mass black people. The gap between the poverty of black people and the comfort of white people is dramatic. Tragic thing is not the wall but the unfair situation toward black people, and the situation can’t be improved in a short time. Transferred epithet can make ourlanguage delicate, which may not common used as metaphor and simile, but it can strengthen the profundity of our passage and we should learn to use it freely.Another special rhetorical device synecdoche is employed by author: let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall…. Synecdoche may not be familiar to many learners. It uses a part of one thing to represent the whole, or uses the whole to represent a part. Here a part for the whole is used. We know that city hall is a building where municipal government lies: it’s the best symbol of municipal government. By using this method the la nguage of this speech is become charming and lively. It’s more close to our everyday life, which is the demand of a high-value speech. Synecdoche is widely used in passages. For example, in the New Testament there is asentence, Silver and gold have I none. Here silver and gold are used to represent fortune, which is very vivid. In speech and oral language this rhetorical device is especially highly valued.Simile may be the most often used rhetorical device in our writings. We can find plenty of similes in King’s speech, which directly enhance the liveliness of his language. Just set this sentence as example; let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another by showing how it is similar to another thing. It explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. In this sentence, the tenor is justice and righteousness; the vehicle is water and stream; the corresponding is like, and the ground tremendous figure of both. The author expresses his hope to let real equity and civil right come to mass black people. This kind of equity is constrainted so long and just let it blast like water and mightystream. The advantage and effect of the using of simile are apparent; for it makes a picture in listeners’ mind and makes them have the interest to concentrate their attention.Allusion is also a rhetorical device appreciated by King, and he used this device in many places in his speech. For example, let us be dissatisfied until that day when lion and the lamb shall lie down together, and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Allusion is references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assure are familiar to their readers. The phrase, lion and lamb lie down together, and vine and fig tree are all come from the Bible. By this way, King describes an ideal world for the struggling black people. Bible is familiar and authoritative to Western people, which increases the convincing of his language at the same time. The stories in allusion usually have some deep meaning or historical origin. It needs college students to understand the related knowledge and then master the use of allusion.In addition, the rhetorical device, antithesis is also easily found in King’s speech. Let us look at this sentence, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. The phrase dark yesterdays and bright tomorrows form the antithesis. By this way the structure is well-organized and the rhythm is formed. Bright and dark, yesterday and tomorrow are totally antonyms, which form a bright picture in listeners’ mind and let them believe that tomorrow is not far away. It also reminds black people they are still in the severe situation and their distance to their dreams. They need to fight bravely for their final ambition. King’s convincing idea is become prominent through antithesis. Antithesis is a comparatively easy device to master by collegestudents, and it’s common used in Chinese language as well.In all the paragraphs above I choose the rhetorical devices metaphor, transferred epithet, synecdoche, simile, allusion and antithesis as example to appreciate and analysis the language using in where do we go from here. In fact, King used a number of rhetorical devices in his speech in addition to these six ones. All these rhetorical devices, along with his delicate language, make his speech attractive and convincing, which has inspired American black people from generation to generation, and worthwhile our English-learners to learn from him.。
英语修辞学论文.doc
Rhetoric in English advertisementNowadays, advertisement is very ubiquitous in our daily life and affects our intention and behaviors in buying goods in different levels. Rhetoric now has been frequently used in English advertisements which add to the taste of art and influence on people. The successful use of rhetoric can dramatically draw listeners’ or audiences’ attention and persuade them to buy the products. There are various rhetorics in English advertisements.Suspense is a good way of advertising and is said to have the effect of generating loyalty. Soap operas have been very popular among women, especially those who do housework at home. Advertisers make the use of the time between two programs of soap opera to advertise their products. Wanting to continue watching soap operas, house women usually choose to stay before their television and watch the advertisements, which make the ads function properly. Suspense can always engineer high loyalty, for in the absence of finality; each subplot stops at cliff-hanging moment.As a good way of persuasion, setting and scenario is also often used in advertisements. Advertisers use a set and some role players to simulate the normal situation of people. In this way, viewers will be more likely to accept the meaning of ads and be affected by ads. They will observe the role players who are in the life set by the advertisers and the viewers will also see the result of using the product. Audiences will automatically place themselves in that position and imitate the players’behavior. This kind of ads demands that role players should have positive image and satisfactory life. If the role players do not have good images or are living very poor and failed life, people will not be convinced at all.Good advertisers often look back to famous ancient rhetors. They try to use logos, pathos and ethos to influence their potential buyers. They are also called rational appeal, emotional appeal and ethical appeal. In advertisements, advertisers try to explain the advantages of their products and use empirical proof to prove that they are right or try to raise audiences’ emotion like sympathy, excitement, fear, happiness or jealousy to persuade them to buy.In a medicine advertisement, it is set in a bus where a passenger called his mother:” My throat itches and I feel sick when brushing teeth in the morning.”His mother told him that it’s the symptom of chronic pharyngitis and one medicine could cure. All passengers around him listened and nodded their heads. In this advertisement, the advertiser successfully used emotional appeals to draw audiences’attention. Viewers who also have this symptom will fear whether they have got pharyngitis and buy some medicine to try. As to those with pharyngitis, they will have the same feeling of the role player in the ad and have sympathy to him and themselves. Another technique it uses is setting and scenario or role play. This ad simulates a situation that a man has pharyngitis and need medicine. He got the answer from hismother and the most important thing is that people around him all agreed with his mother and will try that medicine. The viewers will be persuaded to do the same thing as those passengers in the bus unconsciously as he saw the reaction of other passengers.V arious kinds of rhetoric in sounds are used to give rhyme and rhythm to ads and to impress people. Alliteration and rhyme are often used in ads to make ads more attractive. “Health, humors and happiness----- Gifts we’d like to give!”This is an advertisement of a newspaper. The three “h”at the beginning of the ad makes it relaxing and happy and gives people good impression. “My goddess! My Guinness!”is another perfect example of alliteration. A taxi ad is “Big thrills, small bills!”It not only poses contrast, but also uses rhyme to promote itself.Rhetoric in words is another kind used in ads. Simile, metaphor, pun, personification, parody, hyperbole, etc. are frequently used in ads. “Where there is a way, there is a Toyota.”Is a good example of parody, coming from the famous proverb “Where there is a will, there is a way.”It effectively tells people that Toyota is famous throughout the world which indicates the car’s good quality and acceptance. “F rom sharp minds come sharp products.”is the ad of Sharp. It uses the pun of sharp here to suggest that their products have high tech. Toshiba is a famous Japanese computer firm which has a famous ad:” Take Toshiba, take the world.”It uses hyperbole shows the confidence of Toshiba and the high quality of Toshiba, very impressive. MacDonald uses repetition in his ad:”Every time A good time!”This slogan is frequently called to tell people that MacDonald shop is filled with happiness and relaxing and you will savor every second in the shop. The famous mobile phone producer Nokia uses personification in its ad:” Hold me, touch me and talk to me. It speaks your language!”This ad makes the cold and lifeless mobile phone close to the audiences and audiences will naturally have an image that they are talking happily to their mobile phone evoked by this nice ad.Let us look at some world renowned ads here. Maxwell is famous for its coffee and also its ad:”Good to the last drop. ” This ad apparently shows the confidence of Maxwell in its coffee’s taste and quality. It uses hyperbole to emphasize the confidence and it is short and frequently repeated to draw people’s attention and give them good impression. Emotional appeal or pathos is successfully used with the witty and skillful language to persuade people to try a cup of Maxwell and enjoy every drop of it. This ad makes people form an image in their mind that they are sampling every drop of the coffee. Another is “Obey your thirst.”It is also urging you to buy one bottle of beverage.To sum up, advertisement is a kind of art. Rhetoric makes ad both informative and artistic. A good use of rhetoric in ad makes advertisement impressive and attractive which will easily persuade people to buy their products.。