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一. Shopping Around the Web网上购物

1. A Saturday afternoon in mid-December: not a good time to be hanging around San Francisco's Union Square, the city's premier shopping district. Hundreds of people laden with purchases battle along the pavements, search despairingly for scarce taxis or struggle to get through Macy's doors. It is enough to put anybody off shopping for life. 1. 在十二月中旬的周六下午，去旧金山的主要商业区联合广场逛街可不是件轻松的事。成百上千的人带着大大小小的购物袋拥挤在人行道上，有的在拼命地寻找着出租车，有的在尽力地挤出莫西商场的门口。这种经历足以让所有人从此对购物望而却步。

2. But wait: surely Christmas shopping in l999 was different? After all, this is close to Silicon Valley, the center of the Internet revolution and the new economy, the land of the tieless billionaires who bought all their presents online at midnight the day after Thanksgiving. Yet the crowds in Union Square last December were as bad as ever. They seemed oblivious of a large billboard advertisement above their heads for one of the Bay Area's many https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,s, which flashed the message: "Say Goodbye to the Mall." And they paid no attention to the advertisement on many of their shopping bags that pointed a way out of their predicament: "Online Shopping. No Experience Needed." 2．但是且慢，1999年的圣诞购物应该有所不同吧？毕竟靠近网络革命和新经济的中心棗硅谷。在这里那些不戴领带的百万富翁们早在感恩节第二天的午夜就把礼物买好了。然而去年的联合广场依旧是人潮如涌。他们似乎根本就看不见头顶上一家海湾地区的网络公司所做的大幅广告，上面闪烁着“对商场说再见吧”的字样。许多购物袋上印着的“在线购物，勿须经验”的广告给人们指明了摆脱购物困扰的途径，但他们也熟视无睹。

3. Electronic commerce, it seems, still has its limited, even in California. For all the feverish excitement about the tripling of electronic shopping last holiday season, the total spent by American consumers online still amounted to only about l% of all retail sales-- barely a tenth of the revenues from another method of distance selling that has been in use for a century: the catalogue. And the electronic shopping was concentrated on quite a narrow range of goods: mainly books, toys and music. Worse, the holiday season threw up as many stories of failed and late deliveries as of explosive growth. And, more recently, a string of hackers' attacks have temperedly disabled some of the best-known e-commerce websites. Perhaps retailers in the physical world need not lose much sleep over the Internet, or at least not yet? 3．看来即使在加州，电子商务也存在着局限。虽然上一个假日人们为电子购物营业额增长了两倍而欣喜若狂，但所有美国人在线购物额也不过是总零售额的1％，仅是目录购物棗已有一百多年历史的另一种远程购物方式棗的十分之一。另外，电子购物仅仅局限于某些商品，主要是书籍、玩具。音乐等。更为糟糕的是，假日期间伴随着业务增长的喜讯的是一起又一起的投递失败和晚点的事件。近来一系列的黑客攻击事件导致一些著名电子商务网站暂时关闭。或许现实世界中的零售商还用不着为因特网失眠，或者至少现在不用？

4. Yet they are losing sleep, and are right to be doing so, for three reasons. The first is that mighty oaks from tiny acorns do grow. Electronic commerce may not amount to much at the moment, but it is growing very fast. In business-to-business transactions, in particular, the advantages and cost savings to be had from dealing on the Internet have caused e-commerce to mushroom. At present, such transactions account for as much as 80% of all e-commerce, which, according to Forrester Research, an Internet consulting firm, added up to over $150 billion last year. Forrester predicts that by 2003 that figure could reach over $3 trillion. But even in the business-to-consumer field, the main subject of this survey the growth of online commerce has been extremely fasl--despite consumers' undoubted attachment to their traditional methods of shopping. 4．然而，他们失眠了。有三条理由使得他们的担心不是妃人忧天。首先，橡果虽小，足以长成参天大树。电子商务目前看来虽不足为虑，但其增长速度很快。尤其在商家对商家的交易模式中，由于因特网交易的优势和成本的降低，使得此类电子商务迅速增长。现在商家对商家的交易模式的交易量占电子商务总交易量的80％。根据一家因特网咨询公司，弗里斯特调查公司的调查，去年电子商务交易总额达1，500多亿美元。弗里斯特调查公司预言到2003年这一数字将达到3万亿美元。即使在这次调查的主要项目，商家对消费者的交易模式中，其增长速度也极为迅速，尽管消费者仍旧对传统的购物方式难以割舍。

5. The second reason concerns critical mass. In many areas of retailing and commerce, the Internet is unlikely to capture more than a few percentage points of the market for several years to come. But even a small share can quickly start to have a big effect. In the travel business, for instance, margins are so thin that a loss of only 3-5% of the market to the Internet threatens to drive large numbers of traditional travel agents out of business. According to https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,, an online retailers' group, in l999 online penetration of the American travel market had already reached almost 2%. 5．第二个原因跟临界点有关。在商业和零售业的许多领域，因特网在几年中不会占据太多的市场份额，但是这一部分份额可能会产生巨大的影响。例如在旅游业中，由于利润空间狭小，即使失去3－5％的份额也会使大量的传统旅游代理失去饭碗。根据一家在线零售集团，shop．org的统计，1999年在线旅游业务已占据了美国旅游市场总额的将近2％。

6. The third reason is more worrying still: traditional retailers, for all the strengths of their brand names and their existing relationships with suppliers and customers, have found it extraordinarily hard to compete online. There are formidable obstacles that stand in the off

line intermediaries' way. It may turn out that the biggest effect of online business-to-consumer commerce is not its size, but the way it changes the rules of the retailing game-to the evident perplexity of those who have hitherto played it best. 6．第三个原因更加使传统的零售业头疼。尽管有强大的品牌号召力，与供货商及消费者有着良好的关系，他们仍然发现同电子商务进行竞争非常困难。传统零售业所面临着难以逾越的障碍。商家面向消费者的在钱购物所产生的最大的影响或许并不在于其规模，而是它改变零售业游戏规则的方式一一而到现在为止，传统零售业一直是这套游戏规则的最大赢家，他们显然感到困惑。

7. Even so, the place to start is still with the size of the business and how fast it is likely to grow. According to Forrester, online business to-consumer transactions in America were worth some $20 billion last year. Forrester expects that figure to grow to some $184 billion by 2004. Other analysts, such as Jupiter Communications and the Yankee Group, have come up with similar predictions. A survey by Ernst & Young, another consulting firm, suggests that 39m Americans shopped online in l999, and that nearly half of them spent $500 or more. Within just a few years, the Internet could capture 5% of America's retail market, with other rich countries likely to follow in its wake. By 20l0, forecasts Goldman Sachs, an investment bank, electronic shopping could account for 15-20% of retail sales. Jeff Mallett, president of Yahoo!, the biggest Internet portal, predicts that online retailing will grow "as fast as e--mail". 7．虽然如此，我们仍然可以从在线购物的业务规模及其增长速度来判断它的发展趋势。根据弗里斯特调查公司的调查，去年美国商家面向消费者的在线购物交易额大约为200亿美元，预计到2004年将达到1，840亿美元。其他一些公司例如朱波特通信公司和美国集团公司通过分析也得出类似的结论。另一家咨询公司厄尼斯特＆扬公司的调查表明1999年有三千九百万美国人通过网络购物，其中大约一半花费了500美元以上。几年之后，美国5％的零售市场将被网络占据、，其他一些富裕的国家也会紧随其后。到2010年，一家投资银行古得曼·塞奇预测，电子购物将占据零售市场的15－20％。因特网最大的门户网站Yahoo！的总裁杰夫·马莱预言在线零售业将像e－mail一样快速发展。

二. Disputes over Domain Names域名之争

1. Unsuspecting fans of Madonna would until recently have got a shock if they had linked to https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,. Instead of photos of the American singer with her new baby, they would have found a pornography site. Madonna Louise Ciccone has filed a complaint with the Geneva-based World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) against Dan Parisi, owner of the site. WIPO has appointed an arbitrator and a decision is expected on September 16th. 1．美国歌星麦当娜的忠实追随者们如果最近上过https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,这个网站的话，肯定大吃一惊。他们会发现这是一个黄色站点，上面并没有她与幼子的照片。麦当娜已向日内瓦的国际知识产权组织对该网站的所有者丹·帕里斯进行投诉。国际知识产权组织已经委派一名仲裁官员处理此事，预计九月十六日将会作出裁定。

2. This is the latest in a string of high-profile domain-name disputes between famous people and lesser mortals, who are accused of registering Internet domain names with the express purpose of extorting hefty sums from the domain's "rightful" owner. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the technical body responsible for overseeing the allocation of domain names, set up a procedure in December last year to resolve cases outside the legal system. But identifying and deciding such cases is harder than it sounds. And ICANN's decision to create new domains, which it is in the process of doing, may even make the problem worse. 2．这是最近发生的又一起域名之争。域名注册者被指控使用名人名字抢注域名，借以向域名的正当拥有者索取巨额金钱。由于现行法律中并没有相关的条款，负责因特网域名分配的技术组织（ICANN）在去年十二月建立了一套程序处理此类问题。然而，认定并处理此类问题并非易事。ICANN创建新域名的决定也正在实施中，但这或许使问题更糟。

3. Domain names are handed out on a first-come, first-served basis. Trademarks, by contrast, are harder to get. So one man's trademark often turns out to be somebody else's domain name. In the first seven months of the new disputes procedure, WIPO, one of the four organizations which appoints arbitrators in disputes, has been swamped with a steadily rising number of cases. An actress, Julia Roberts, an auth of, Jeanette Wnterson, and an Irish prime minister, Bertie Ahem, have already successfully pursued "stolen" domain names through ICANN's procedure. 3．域名不象商标那样难以获得，因为它的分配遵循先注册，先拥有的原则。所以一家公司的商标成为另一家公司的域名的事常有发生。新的争议处理程序出台之后的七个月中，作为有权委派仲裁官员的四家组织之一的国际知识产权组织受理的案件持续增长。一位女演员，朱丽叶·罗伯特，一位作家，珍奈特·温特逊，以及爱尔兰总理，伯蒂·艾亨都以通过ICANN的新的裁定程序成功地得到了被偷走的域名。

4. ICANN's policy determines whether or not the dispute concerns a genuine case of cyber squatting on the basis of three tests. It asks whether the name is "identical or confusingly similar" to the trademark of the aggrieved, whether the domain holder has a legitimate interest in the name and whether it was registered in bad faith. A British rock musician, Sting, Lost his case because his adversary established that he had been using "Sting" as an alias in online games for years. 4．ICANN使用三条标准来测定此类争议是否真正具有侵占他

人域名的性质。首先要看被注域名是否与侵权者的名字相同或相似，以至于引起混淆。其次，域名持有者是否对该域名有合理的兴趣。最后，域名持有者是否有恶意注册的嫌疑。斯丁是英国的一位摇滚歌手，他在同其对手的争议中败下阵来，因为后者几年中一直使用斯丁作为在线游戏中的别名。

5. Sting's defeat was unusual: 83% of the cases brought to WIPO have gone in favor of the trademark holder. Andrew McLaughlin of ICANN argues that these figures are not alarming, but rather evidence that the policy is being used for the purpose for which it was intended. 5．斯丁的失利只是个别情况。在WIPO所受理的案件中有83％的案件作出了有利于商标持有人的判决。ICANN的安得鲁·迈克劳林声称这一数字不足为奇，它只是证明了ICANN所制定的政策正如同人们预期的那样发挥作用。

6. MichaeI Froomkin, professor of law at the University of Miami, is not so sure. He believes that arbitrators have not got the message that the policy was meant to apply only to the clearest cases of abuse. The result is a procedure biased in favor of the trademark holder, which, Mr. Froomkn argues, damages the consumer's right to use the Internet for purposes other than capitalism such as free speech, posting pictures of your children, or parody. 6．迈阿密大学的法学教授迈克·弗路姆肯对此则不以为然。他认为仲裁者忽视了一个问题，即只有明确认定侵权事实的案件才可以适用该政策，否则裁定结果会有利于名称所有人，有违公平原则。而消费者不以获利为目的的使用互联网的权利，如自由言论，张贴孩子的照片或模仿等也会受到侵害。

7. He cites the example of https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,, which lost its name to Barcelona's city council even though its site was used to post information about the city. Dan Parisi crops up again f he got into trouble earlier this year when he registered names of large corporations followed by "sucks"--as in "https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html," and "https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,". Arbitrators were not amused, ruling that unwary consumers might confuse these sites with the trademark holders' own. 7．他举出的例证包括https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,。后者是一个用于发布巴塞罗那市新闻的网站，但还是输给了该市的市议会。还有丹·帕里斯的另一个例子。今年初他注册了一些在大公司后面加上“sucks”的域名，例如https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,和https://www.360docs.net/doc/5613869125.html,。仲裁者们并不欣赏他的幽默，因为他们认为消费者或许会把他们误认为这些大公司自己的网站。

8. Mr. Froomkin believes that these are examples of ICANN's policy being poorly applied. Mr. McLaughlin points out that complainants can still take their case to court if they lose. 8．弗路姆肯认为上述例证说明ICANN的政策没有得到很好的实施。迈克劳林则指出如果败诉当事人可以向法庭提起诉讼。

9. How the problem will be affected by ICANN's decision to introduce an extra set of top level domains (TLDs) in addition to .com, .net and .org remains to be seen. Francis Gurry, director of WIPO, says that the extra TLDs may lessen the pressure on the most precious domain of all--com. He admits, though, that companies may feel compelled to register as many of the new domains as possible. to protect their brand. 9．ICANN已决定在．com，net和org之外起用另外一套一级域名，但其对解决域名争议的作用如何，我们只能拭目以待。国际知识产权组织的主任弗朗西斯·加利指出增加一套一级域名或许可以减轻最为稀缺的．com域名的压力，但他也承认，公司为了保护他们的品牌也会不得不注册尽量多的新域名。

10. Which leads Mr. Froomkin to argue that the introduction of a limited number of extra TLDs will simPly exacerbate the problem of shortage, economics that provides the incentive to cybersquat in the first place. The assumption will be that the extra TLDs will be the only new ones, and the consequent rush to register will drive prices up and make cybersquatting an even more profitable pastime. If, on the other hand, there were an unlimited supply of TLDs--new ones every year, perhaps--it would be virtually impossible to corner the market. This means that the price of TLDs would also drop, sending the cybersquatters in search of a more lucrative profession. 10．弗路姆肯却由此得出不同的结论。他认为域名抢注的根源在于短缺经济使抢注者有利可图，而有限的域名资源会使域名抢夺更加激烈。假使这是最后一批新增域名，则激烈的域名抢注浪潮会使域名价格更为高涨，从而也使域名抢注更加有利可图。但是，如果没有一级域名的限制，比如，每一年都有新的推出，就不会再出现垄断市场的情况。域名价格随之下降，而抢注者也会去寻找利润更为丰厚的职业。

三. Does Travel Broaden the Mind? 旅游开阔思路吗？

1. One often hears it said that travel broadens the head: if you stay in your own country the whole time, your ideas remain narrow; whereas if you travel abroad you see new customs, eat new foods, do new things, and come back home with a broader mind. 1．人们经常听说旅游开阔思路：如果你一生总是呆在自己的国家，你的想法很狭隘，如果你旅行到国外，你会看见新的风俗，吃到新的食物，做新的事情，然后回到家中便会有更加开阔的思路。

2. But does this always -- or even usually -- happen? An acquaintance of mine who lives in England and had never been outside it unti1 last summer decided to go over to France for a trip. When he returned, I asked him how he liked it. "Terrible," was his answer. "I couldn't get a nice cup of tea anywhere. Thank goodness I'm back." I asked him whether he hadn't had any good food while he was there. "Oh,

the dinners were all right," he said. "I found a little place where they made quite good fish and chips. Not as good as ours, mind you, but they were passable. But the breakfasts were terrible: no bacon or kippers. I had fried eggs and chips, but it was quiet a business getting them to make them. They expected me to eat rolls. And when I asked for marmalade, they brought strawberry jam. And do you know they insisted that it was marmalade? The trouble is they don't know English." 2．但是，这种情况是否总是（或者说经常）发生呢？我有一位熟人常住英国，从未出过国，去年夏天决定到法国去旅行。当他回来后，我问他喜欢那儿吗？“糟糕透了”，这就是他的回答。“我在那里怎么也喝不到一杯好茶。谢天谢地，我现在回来了。”我问他在那边吃过什么好东西没有。他说：“哦，饮食还好，我发现有个地方做的炸鱼和炸土豆也不错。不过可不象我们做的那么好，马马虎虎吧。可是早餐就差了。没有咸肉片，也没有熏鲑。我吃过煎鸡蛋和炸土豆条，但是要他们做出这些东西来可费事了。他们以为我会吃法式面包卷。当我要他们上橘子酱时，他们却给我拿来草莓酱。你知道吗，他们硬说是那就是橘子酱，麻烦出在他们根本不懂英语。”

3. I thought it use less to explain that we borrowed the word 'marmalade' from French, and that it means, in that language, any kind of jam. So I said, "But didn't you eat any of the famous French food?" "What? Me?" he said. "Of course not! Give me good old English food every time! None of these fancy bits for me!" obviously travel had not broadened his mind. He had gone to France determined to live there exactly as if he was in England, and had judged it entirely from his own Eng1ish viewpoints. 3．我想不需要解释我们是从法语借了marmalade 这个词，而在法语中名表示各种果酱。因此我说：“但你吃过著名的法国食物没有？”“什么？我？”他说：“当然没有！还是每天都给我上吃惯了的英国美食吗！可别给我来那些花花哨哨的玩意儿！”显然，旅行并没有开阔他的思路！他去了法国，但他却硬要在那里过在英国过惯了的生活，判断任何事情完全根据他自己的英国的观点。

4. This does not, of course, happen only to Englishmen in France: all nationalities, in all foreign countries, can be found judging what they see, hear, taste and smell according to their own habits and customs. People who are better educated and who have read a lot about foreign countries tend to be more adaptable and tolerant, but this is because their minds have already been broadened before they start traveling. In fact, it is easier to be broad-minded about foreign habits and customs, if one's acquaintance with these things is 1imited to books and films. The American smiles tolerantly over the absence of central heating in most English homes when he is himself comfortably seated in his armchair in his centrally heated house in Chicago; the English man reads abut the sanitary arrangements in a certain tropical country, and the inhabitants of the latter read about London fogs, and each side manages to be detached and broad-headed. But actual physica1 contact with things one is unaccustomed to is much more difficult to bear philosophically. 4．这种情况当然不仅仅发生在在法国的英国人身上。所有民族的人到了．外国往往按照他们的风俗习惯判断他们所看到、听到、品味到和嗅到的东西。受过良好教育、阅读过许多有关外国情况的书的人往往更能适应，更能忍受。但这是因为他们的思路在他们开始旅行以前已经变得开阔了。事实上，如果谁只是局限在书籍和电影上了解外国的风俗习惯，那么他对这些风俗就比较容易做到宽容大度了。在芝加哥，当美国人舒服地坐在安乐椅上时，他对在多数英国人家庭里没有中央供暖设备便会露出宽容的微笑。当英国人读到有关某些热带国家的卫生设施情况时，同样，当那些热带国家的居民读到有关伦敦大雾的情况时，他们各自都会比较超脱，比较宽容的。但是真正接触到那些并不习惯的事物在观念上就难以忍受了。

5. Physical differences are not so difficult to adapt oneself to as religious, ethical and irrational ones. Indonesians are trained from earliest childhood to give and receive things with the right hand only; the left hand is considered unclean. When a foreigner offers an Indonesian something with his left hand, or holds out his left hand to take something he is being offered, the Indonesian may explain this action rationally as arising from a difference in custom, but the deep prejudice against the use of the left hand which was instilled in him during his most impressionable years will not be so easily done away with. 5．比起宗教的、伦理的和不合乎常理的差异来说，物质的差异适应起来不那么困难。印度尼西亚人，从幼年时候起被训练只用右手给予或接受东西，左手被认为是不干净的。当外国人用左手向印度尼西亚人给予东西，或伸出左手接受别人给予的东西时，印度尼西亚人可能会合理地解释这一动作是由于习惯上的差异，但是在他记性最好的年岁里就植根于他脑海中的，反对使用左手的深深的偏见，却并不是轻而易举可以摆脱的。

6. There are some travelers who adapt themselves so successfully to foreign customs and habits that they incur the severe criticisms of their more stubborn fellow-countrymen. If they are Asians, they are accused of havings become "Westernized", and if they are Europeans, people say they have "gone native". Which is better: rigid, self satisfied prejudice against things foreign (the idea "Thank God I am not as others are!"), or loss of your certainty that your own country's habits and customs are the only right ones, and hence the inability to be one of a herd any longer? 6．有的旅游者非常成功地使自己适应了国外的风俗习惯，他们甚至遭受到本国更为顽固的同胞们的严厉批评。如果他们是亚洲人，他们常常被指责为完全变得“西方化了”。如果他们是欧洲人，人们说他们“变成了土著居民”。哪一种态度好些：顽固地自满地反对外国事物的偏见（“感谢上帝我和别的人不一样”）的想法人或者不再相信你自己国家的风俗习惯是唯一正确的，从而再也不能成为这一群体的一员？

7. Perhaps the ideal would be if travel could succeed in making people tolerant of the habits and customs of others without abandoning their own. The criterion for judging a foreigner could be: Does he try to be polite and considerate to others? Instead of: Is he like me? 7．看

来，理想的情况是，旅游能够成功的使人宽容地对待别国的风俗习惯，而又不放弃自己的那一套。判断外国人的准绳最好是：他是否努力作到客气而又关心旁人。而不应该是：他的行为举止是否和我一样？

四. Wind Power风力

1. This is a true story. Rex white knows too many seamen's stories to want to add to them. Besides, this happened on land. It happened in Lytham, a town on the River Ribble, near to the place where the river flows into the Irish Sea. The shape of the trees along the Lytham beach road is proof of the great strength of the wind which comes in off the sea. It blows hard across the grass, the car-parks and the open road beside the river, and there is nothing to stop it. 1．这是个真实的故事。雷克斯·怀特附(Rex White)知道水手的故事太多，不想把这个故事加到这些故事中。另外，这个故事发生在陆地上。故事发生在利瑟姆（Lithium），里布河（River Ribble)边的一个小镇，他离这条河入爱尔兰诲的地方很近。利瑟姆河滨路旁树木的形状就可证明，海上刮来的风很大，猛烈地刮过草地、停车场和河边空旷的路面，没有什么东西能阻止它。

2. Rex White was a ship's pilot. It was his job to guide ships up the river, between banks of sand, into the port of Preston. Mr. White lived in a village some kilometers from the coast, so he had to drive to Lytham and leave his car in one of the car-parks beside the river. Then he used to row out to the pilot boat, and await the particular ship that it was his duty to guide. 2．雷克斯·怀特是个引水员。他的工作是引航船只沿两边，沙岸的河流向上进入普雷斯顿（Preston）港。怀特先生住在离海岸几公里的一个小村子里，所以他必须开车到利瑟姆，把车停在河边的一个停车场里，然后划小船到引航船上，等待他要执行引航任务的船只的到来。

3. Early one morning, Mr. White returned to Lytham from a night on duty, to find that he could not start his car. He had driven from his village the evening before, and had left his car in the car park as usual. He had rowed out to the pilot boat, and gone on board the S.S. Kilkenny, which was on her way from Ireland. Then, in the early hours of the following morning, he had returned to Lytham in the pilot boat, expecting to drive home to a cup of hot chocolate and a warm bed. But no matter what he did, he could not get the engine to start. 3．有一天凌晨，怀特先生值夜班回利瑟姆，发现发动不了他的汽车。头天晚上他开车离开村子，象往常一样把车子停到停车场里，然后他划小船到引水船上，后来又登上S·S·基尔肯尼（S·S·killkenny）号船，这条船是从爱尔兰岛开来路过此港的。到第二天凌晨他乘引水船回利瑟姆，想开车回家，喝杯热巧克力，然后热乎乎的睡上一觉。但是，不论他怎么办，都启动不了发动机。

4. It was a cold and windy night; there was no one about, and there was no garage open to which he could turn for help. He was just about to give up, and spend the rest of the night on the back seat of the car, when he had a bright idea. He pushed the car round so that it was, facing in the direction of the wind, opened all four door, pushed it along a short way, and then jumped in. The doors acted like sails, and in no time the wind had taken him right out of the car park, and away down the beach road. When he tried the starter-switch once more, the engine roared to life immediately' All he had to do then was to stop the car and shut the doors. 4．这是一个寒冷刮风的夜晚，周围空无一人，也没有可求助的修车铺开门。怀特先生刚要放弃回家希望，在车内后排坐上打发过后半夜时，他突然有了新的想法。他把车推到顺风的方向上，敞开四扇车门，向前推了一小段路，然后跳进车内。车门起到了风帆的作用，风很快把他送出了停车场，离开了停车场顺着海滨路而下，当他再一次试着启动发动机时，发动机轰的一声立刻发动起来了。然后他要做的只是把车停下来，关上四扇车门。

5. He went to bed later than usual, but he did not go without his cup of hot chocolate. Mr. White was not a seaman for nothing. 5．那天，他比平时睡的晚，但他还是喝了热巧克力才去睡觉，怀特先生确是一个有能力的海员。

五. An Introduction to Distillation蒸馏概述

1. Petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions to make them into petroleum products. Most petroleum products, including kerosenes, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and waxes, are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable components. Other products, for example, gasolines, aromatic solvents, and even some asphalts, are totally or partly synthetic in that they have compositions that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from crude petroleum. They result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products. 1．石油炼制即将石油分离成各种馏分，然后将这些馏分经过处理，制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品，包括煤油、燃料油、润滑油和石蜡，都是原油经过处理去掉不需要的成分而得到的石油馏分。其他石油产品，如汽油。芳烃溶剂、甚至包括有些沥青，则是通过完全或者部分合成而制造的。因为组成这些产品的物质成分无法通过直接分离原油获得，而是通过化学反应过程，从原油中选定某些成分并改变其分子属性而获得的。换言之，它们是通过炼制得到的，或称为炼制产品。

2. Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and, perhaps more important, in the amounts dictated by the market. 2．石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品在质量上符合人类需要，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场要求。

3. In fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced; refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. For example, the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components. If the latter cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation, the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. This usually means more processes--a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphallerto accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market. 3．实际上，炼油厂从根本上说是一组生产装置，其数量根据生产产品的不同而不同。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每一产品的销售速度而进行。比如，从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定数量的高沸点产品。如果高沸点产品，如重燃料油，无法销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应采取灵活措施，并能够根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求：运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦碳成为残余品；或者运用真空蒸馏工艺将重油分解成润滑油和沥青。

4. In addition, a complete refining installation must include the following: all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude oil, intermediate, and finished products; a dependable source of electrical power, material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day 7 day/Week operation; waste disposal and water-treating equipment; and product-blending facilities. 4．此外，一套完整的炼油装置须包括以下设备：所有必须的非工艺设施；足够的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品；可靠的电力和物质处理设备来源；用于维持一天24小时，一周七天连续运转所需的车间和物资；废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调合设施。

5. In the early stages of refinery development, when illuminating and lubricating oils were the main products, distillation was the major and often only refinery process. At that time, gasoline was a minor, but more often unwanted, product. As the demand for gasoline increased, conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities. 5．在早期炼油工业发展过程中，照明用油和润滑油是主要的产品，蒸馏则成了主要的甚至经常是唯一的炼油工艺。当时，汽油本身尽管不是重要产品，但也常讨人嫌。随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。

6. Nevertheless, distillation has remained a major refinery process ed a process to which just about every crude that enters the refinery is subjected. A multitude of separations are accomplished by distillation, but its most important and primary function in the refinery is its use for the separation of crude oil into component fractions. 6．但是，蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺，而且所有原油进入炼厂都必须经过蒸馏。许多分离过程是通过蒸馏进行的，但蒸馏在炼油厂中的最重要和主要的功能则是它在将原油分离成不同馏分过程中的作用。

7. Thus it is possible to obtain products ranging from gaseous materials taken off the top of the distillation column to a heavy residue or "bottom", which is usually nonvolatile, with correspondingly lighter materials taken off at intermediate points. However, the majority of crude oils, and this applies to the heavier, more viscous petroleums, which are processed by distillation, are usually separated into the lighter fractions (gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil) and the bottom Of as it is more generally called, the reduced crude. 7．由此，我们有可能获得石油产品，这些产品包括从蒸馏塔顶部得到的气态物质，包括比重较大的渣油或称“残渣”（一般而言挥发性较差），以及从蒸馏塔中部得到的比重较小的其他相应物质。但是，经过蒸馏处理的大多数原油，包括比重较大、粘度更大的原油，一般都分离为较轻组分（气、汽油、粗汽油、煤油和粗柴油）和残渣，或者更多称作常压重油。

8. The reduced crude may then be processed by vacuum or steam distillation to separate the high-boiling lubricating oil fractions without the danger of decomposition, which occurs at high (>350'C, 660 'F) temperatures. Indeed, atmospheric distillation may be tetwnated with a lower boiling fraction ("cut") if it is thought that vacuum or steam distillation will yield a better quality product or if the process appears to be economically more favorable. 8．然后，通过真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏，常压重油可以分离成高沸点润滑油组分而没有分解的危险。这种分离在高温状态下进行（＞350“C 660”F）。如果认为真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏生产的产品质量更好，或者从经济角度看更为有利，则低沸点组分分离出来后，常压蒸馏即可结束。

六. Permeability渗透率

1. Permeability is the ability of the formation to conduct fluids. From usage the name for fluid conductance capacity of a formation is permeability. It is a property of the porous medium and is measure of capacity of the medium to transmit fluids. The measurement of permeability, then, is a measure of the fluid conductivity of the particular material. It can be determined from samples extracted from the formation or by in-place testing. Two methods are used to evaluate the permeability of cores. The method most used on clean, fairly uniform formations utilizes small cylindrical samples, perm plugs. The second method uses full-diameter core samples in length of l-l.5 ft. The fluid used with either method may be gas or any noncreative liquid. 1．渗透率是岩层传导流体的能力。从用法上讲，渗透率就是流体传导能力的术语。它是多孔介质的性质之一，是对介质传导流体能力的量废。因此渗透率的测量是对特定物质流体传递能力的测量。它可通过采集的岩层样品或现场测量来确定。有两种方法可用来测量岩芯的渗透率。对合循很少、相当均质的岩层最常用的方法是利用小圆柱体泼姆塞样品。第二种方法是利用外径为l－1．5英尺岩芯样品。两种方法中的流体为气体或任意不发生化学反应的流体。

2. So far permeability is referred to rock conditions where a single-phase fluid saturation was considered. In petroleum reservoirs, however, the rocks are usually satllrated with two or more fluids, such as interstitial water, oil, and gas. Effective permeability is introduced here to describe the simultaneous flow of more than one fluid. In the definition of effective permeability each fluid phase is considered to be completely independent of the other fluids in the flow network. 2．目前讲到的渗透率只涉及只考虑单相流体的饱和的岩石的条件。然而在储油层中，岩石通常被两种或更多的流体饱和，如间隙水、油和气。有效渗透率描述多种流体同时流动的情况。在有效渗透率的定义中，每一个流体“相被认为与流体网络的其它流体相互独立。

3. The effective permeability is a relative measure of the conductance of the porous medium for one fluid phase when the medium is saturated with more than one fluid. This definition of effective permeability implies that the medium can have a distinct and measurable conductance to each phase present in the medium. 3．有效渗透率是在多孔介质被多种流体饱和时，对单一流体相孔隙介质传导性的相对量废。这一有效渗透率定义意味着介质对存在于其中的每一种流体有明显的和可测量的传导性。

4. Experiments have established that effective permeability is a function of the prevailing fluid saturation, the rock-wetting characteristics, and the geometry of the pores of the rock. It becomes necessary therefore, to specify the fluid saturation when stating the effective permeability of any particular fluid in a given medium. The effective permeability is stated as some numerical value at some given saturate conditions. Just as k is the accepted symbol for permeability, ko, kw, and ks are the respected symbols for the effective permeability to oil, water, and gas respectively. The saturations, if known, should be specified to define completely the conditions at which a given effective permeability exists. Unlike the previously defined permeability, many values of effective permeability now exist, one for each particular condition of t1uid saturation. 4．实验证实有效渗透率是岩石中占主导地位的流体的饱和度、湿润岩石性质和岩石孔隙几何形状的函数。当陈述特定介质中任何一种流体的有效渗透率时，有必要具体说明流体的饱和度。有效渗透率用在一定饱和条件下的数值表示。如果k被用来表示渗透率，则ho、kw和k广别代表油、水和气的有效渗透率。如果已知饱和度，就应将其详细说明来定义特定有效渗透率的存在条件。与上文所定义的渗透率不同，渗透率有许多数值，每一个数值都表示流体饱和的特定条件。

5. Effective permeabilities are normally measured directly in the laboratory on small core samples. However, owing to the many possible combinations of saturation for a single medium, Laboratory data are usually summarized and reported as relative permeability. Relative permeability is defined as the effective ratio of the effective permeability of a fluid at a given value of saturation to the effective permeability of that fluid at l00 percent saturation. It is normally assumed that the effective permeability is the same for all fluids at 100 per cent saturation, this permeability being denoted as the permeability of this porous medium. 5．有效渗透率一般是在实验室中对小体积岩芯样品直接测量得出的。然而由于对于单一介质中流体饱和度有许多可能的组合，因此实验室所获得的数据常常被归纳和陈述为相对渗透率的数据。相对渗透率被定义为在一定的饱和度时流体的有效渗透率与流体在百分之百饱和时的有效渗透率的有效比值。通常假设所有流体在百分之百饱和时的有效渗透率是相等的，某一渗透率特指某一多孔介质的渗透率。

6. In addition, there are many instances when, not two fluids, but three fluids exist in the rock simultaneously. Thus two-phase relative permeability data had to be amplified and extended for three-phase systems. 6．此外，在许多情况下不是两种而是三种流体同时存在于岩石中。因此，两相相对渗透率必须拓展为三相相对渗透率，以适应三相流体体系。

七. Becoming Wealthy: It's Up to You致富取决于你自己

1. Critics often speak of "the rich" with none-too-subtle disdain, as if those at the very top of the income ladder are all dishonest people or as if becoming rich is difficult and means others must become poorer While we would be the first to adndt that some rich people are dishonest, we must add that achieving the status of "the rich" (defined, say, by having a net worth of $1,000,000) is not particularly

difficult, contrary to popular wisdom. The rules for acquiring substantial wealth are few, simple. This fact suggests that becoming rich for most Americans is a matter of choice. 1．评论家们一说起富人往往带有明显的蔑视。就好象收入高的层次的人们都是狡诈之人，或者意味着成为富有阶层不容易而且其他人（诚实之人）一定不如他们富有。首先我们承认有些富人不诚实，但我们必须补充一点：与普遍的认识相反，达到富人阶层（它的概念应该是净收入一百万美元）并不是特别难。获取可现财富的规则只有几条，而且简单。这就意味着对于大多数美国人来说想不想变富是一个选择的问题。

2. One of the rules for being rich is to avoid frivolous temptations. That is easier said than done, and we do not necessarily recommend that all people should lead a pure and joyless life. We mean on1y to point out that the great majority of those four percent of Americans who have $1,000,000 in net worth get to where they are because they control their pleasures. For example, rich Americans buy cars that are on average only slightly more expensive than those less wealthy Americans buy. 2．变为富有的第一个规则是避免无重要意义的诱惑。说起来容易做起来难，而且我们也无意建议所有人都该过着平淡无味的生活。我们只是想指出那些占美国人口百分之四的净收入达一百万美元的大多数人之所以达到今天的富有就是因为他们克制了自己的享乐。例如，富有的美国人买的汽车平均来讲只是略好于那些不太富有的人的汽车。

3. Being able to save and accumulate considerable wealth is not automatic. People must have a reasonable income in order to save amounts that will make for wealth, which requires several auxiliary rules for achieving an income level that will allow for a minimum saving level. For most-hose without the requisite luck, inheritance, special talents, or good ideas--becoming rich means getting an education. Few people who drop out of high school wil1 be rich. The income of high school dropouts is about two-thirds that of Americans with a high school diploma. 3．能够节省和积累可观的财富不是自动的。要想省一定量的钱来足以积累成为财富，人们必须有适当的收入。为达到能够允许最低节省线的收入水平还需要几个辅助规则。对大多数没有必要的运气、继承的财产、特殊的大才或好想法的人们成为富有就意味着受教育。高中就辍学的人很少变为富有的。高中辍学人的收入是拥有高中毕业文凭的人收入的三分之二。

4. To have a good chance at being rich, though, most individuals (aside for the lucky ones) will need at least a college education, which just about will double their incomes over what they would have earned with only a high school diploma. A professional degree wi1l result in an average annual income of about twice that of college graduates (or six times the income of a high school dropout). This means that those who invest in education do not have to save as high a percentage of income to become rich at retirement. However, in all probability, educated Americans Will be richer at retirement simply because they will be able to save more along the way and because they are likely to be smarter and can achieve a higher rate of return on their savings. 4．但是要想有好机会变富有大多数（除了幸运的）至少需要受到大学教育，与只有高中文凭的相比，大学的教育可使他们的收入翻一翻。大学以上的学历会导致比大学毕业的年平均收入增加一倍（或是高中辍学人的六倍）。这就意味着在教育上投资的人要想在退休时致富不必节省同样高比例的收入。但是极为可能的是受过良好教育的美国人之所以在退休时更富有是因为他们在过去的岁月里积攒得更多，而且他们可能更明智，获取更高的存款的投资回报率。

5. The first auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to stay in school or, if out of school, go back to it. Of course, to stay in school is not enough and they will learn something worth the time and effort. It never has been easier to get an education. Public schools are free for the taking. College costs have been rising steadily relative to family income level for more than a decade. However, the rate of return on a college education has been rising as well, making the investment a good deal. Meanwhile, the cost of self-education has fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information available on CD-ROMs and the Internet. 5．致富的第一条辅助规则是坚持修完学业，即使走出了校门也要回去。当然留在学校还不够，还要学习一些值得学习的知识。历来受教育都不是容易的事情。上公立中学免学费。十几年来，相对于家庭收入水平，上大学的费用一直在稳步上升。然而，高等教育的回报率也在上升，这使得投资划算，成为很好的交易。同时，由于从CD－ROM和互联网上可获取大量的知识和信息，自学的费用已经降低。

6. The second auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to pick your education carefully. Teachers will find getting rich tougher than engineers, given that the former can expect to earn half as much over their careers. History and music professors can expect to earn less than accounting professors. For that matter, history and music professors can expect to earn a lot less than their students who major in business. 6．致富的第二条辅助规则是要精。心地选好所受的教育。考虑到在工作期间教师的工薪预期是工程师的二分之一，前者致富要更难。教历史和音乐的教授预期要比会计学教授薪水少。正因为如此，历史和音乐教授预期要比他们的专业为商业的学生薪水少得多。

7. The third auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to marry someone with an equal or higher education, and then stay married, By itself, marriage seems to provide a stable institutional setting that promotes greater earnings, which affords greater savings. Married couples not only earn more than non-married people, they tend to economize on the costs of running their households, allowing them to save and invest at higher rate. Moreover, the binding legal contracts at the foundation of marriages, which reflect their personal commitments to each other, give the couple an added economic incentive to invest in the joint assets of the union. 7．第三条致富的辅助规则是与受教育水平

和你相等或高于你的人结婚，然后保持婚姻状态。婚姻本身似乎提供一个稳定的处所，稳定的处所又能促进挣更多的钱，从更多的钱中抽得出更多的存款。结婚的夫妻不仅比不结婚的挣得多，而且在家庭运转的支出中，他们往往节省，使得他们省下钱来并以更高的回报投资。而且建立婚姻时有约柬力的合法契约表现了他们对彼此的承诺，在经济上给双方增加了向联盟共同财产投资的动力。

8. The fourth auxiliary rule is to be able to work and save for a long time. Alcoholics and drug addicts who are not yet rich are unlikely candidates for becoming so. They will be unable to work long and hard enough to earn the requisite incomes, and their careers will be full of instability if they can even have careers. Most will drink, inject, or smoke up whatever incomes they earn; their suppliers undoubtedly will get rich at the expense of their customers--the addicts. 8．第四条辅助规则是有能力工作而且长时间积累。还未致富的嗜酒者和吸毒者不太可能变为富有。他们不能长久地工作而且难以挣回基本的收入，而且即使有职业他们的工作会不稳定。大多数人会酗酒、注射毒品、或把他们挣来的收入吸毒用尽。提供给他们毒品的人将以顾客棗吸毒成隐者为代价而发财。

9. From our perspective, becoming rich is really a matter of choice. Opportunity to do so abound. Of course, recognizing that you can choose to become rich does not mean that you should. As we have noted, choosing to become rich requires sacrifices that many people quite rationally have chosen not to make. One can lead a life rich in satisfaction and accomplishment without becoming rich financially, and nothing we have written here is meant to suggest otherwise. 9．在我们看来，致富的确是选择的问题。机会到处存在。当然意识到可以选择致富并不意味着应该致富。正象我们所见，选择致富需要牺牲，很多人很理智地不选择发财。一个人虽然金钱上不富有，但可以生活得满意而有成就。本篇所写的内容无意提相反建议。

八. A New Definition of Marketing关于营销的新定义

1. A new definition adopted by the AMA in 1985 is used as a basis for the definition of international marketing given here: international marketing is the multinationa1 process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Only the word multinational has been added to the definition adopted by the AMA. That word implies that marketing activities are undertaken in several countries and that such activities should somehow be coordinated across nations. 1．美国营销协会1985年采用的新定义是本文关于国际营销的定义的基础：国际营销是一种多国参与的过程，这一过程对于一些创意、产品、和服务的观念、定价、推销和分配加以规划并执行，目的在于推动交换，以实现个人和组织的目标。同美国营销协会的定义相比，此处只多了“多国”一词。该词表明，营销活动在几个国家展开。而且这些活动应该协调统一。

2. This is not completely free of limitations. By placing individual objectives at one end of the definition and organizational objectives at the other, the definition stresses a relationship between a consumer and an organization. In effect, it excludes industrial marketing, which involves a transaction between two organizations. In the world of international marketing, governments, quasi- government agencies, and profit-seeking and nonprofit entities are frequently buyers. The definition also false to do justice to the significance of industrial purchases. 2．这一定义不是没有缺陷，它一方面考虑个人目标，另一方面考虑组织目标，因而强调了消费者个人同组织之间的关系。这样，就排斥了实体营销行为，即两个组织之间的交易行为。在国际营销领域，政府、半官方机构。以及赢利与非赢利实体都经常充当买家的角色。同时，这一定义也否认了实体购买的重要性。

3. Nonetheless, the definition does offer several advantages. It closely resembles the AMA's widely and easily understood definition. In several ways, it carefully describes the essential characteristics of international marketing. First, it makes it clear what is to be exchanged is not restricted to tangible products (goods) but can include concepts and services as well. When the United Nations promotes such concepts as birth control and breast-feeding, this should be viewed as international marketing. Tablesl-1 and 1-2 show how two organizations promote the concept of preservation of tropical forests. Likewise, services or intangible products are just as relevant to the definition, because airline flights, financial services, advertising services, management consulting, marketing research, and so on all play a very significant role in improving the trade balance of the United States. 3．然而，这一定义确实有自己的优点。它继承了美国营销协会的定义，深入人心，容易理解。在以下几个方面，它精到地描述了国际营销的本质特点。首先，该定义明确了用来交换的不局限于有形产品（货物），而且可以也包括观念和服务。当美国宣传象生育控制和母乳喂养等观念时，即应看成是国际营销。表1－1和l－2表明了两个组织如何推销关于保护热带森林的观念。与此相似，这一定义同样涵概了各种服务或者无形产品，因为航班服务、财务服务、广告服务、管理咨询、营销研究等等，在美国的贸易平衡中都起到非常重要的作用。

4. Second, the definition removes the implication that international marketing. Applies only to market or business transactions. International nonprofit marketing, which has received only scant attention, should not be overlooked. The marketing of state governments and of religion underscores this point. State governments are very active in marketing in order to attract foreign investment.

Religion is also a big business, though most people prefer not to view it that way. Religion has been marked internationally for centuries. Well-known exporters of religion have included Billy Graham and Jimmy Swag art. Their television programs have been shown in many countries. Overseas trips by such figures can generate a great deal of publicity at home and abroad. 4．其次，该定义消除了这样一种概念，即国际营销只适用于市场和商业交换。叫卜赢利性国际营销，一直没有得到重视，但不应忽视。各国政府和宗教组织的营销行为强调了这一点。为了引进外资，各国政府往往十分热衷于营销。此外，尽管人们不愿承认，但实际上，宗教是一个很大的产业。著名的宗教传播活动家象Billy Graham和Jimmy Swaggart，他们的电视节目在许多国家播出。这些人物的海外之行能在国内外产生大量的宣传效应。

5. Third, the definition recognizes that it is improper for a firm to create a product first and then look for a place to sell it. Rather than seeking consumers for a firm's existing product, it is often more logical to determine consumer needs before creating a product to satisfy those needs. For overseas markets, the process may call for a modified product. In some cases, following this approach may result in foreign needs being satisfied in a new way (i.e., a brand new product is created specifically for overseas markets). 5．第三，该定义意识到，对于一家公司来说，先生产一种产品，然后再找地方去销售，这样做是不合适的。更附合逻辑的做法是先确定消费者的需求，再生产相应产品以满足这些需求，而不能为公司的已有产品去寻找消费者。在诲外市场，这一过程有时要求对产品进行改进。在有些情况下对运用这一逻辑有助于找到新的途径来满足国外市场的需求什C如，专门为国外市场生产新品牌）。

6. Fourth, the definition acknowledges that place or distribution is just part of the marketing mix and that the distance between markets makes it neither more nor less important than other parts of the ndx. Place, product, promotion, and price- the 4 Ps of marketing--must be integrated and coordinated in order to bring about the most effective marketing mix. 6．第四，该定义认为地点或分配只是综合营销的～部分，市场之间的距离既不会增加，也不会减少这种综合营销中其他部分的重要性。地点、产品、推销和价格棗营销中的4个P－－－必须是一个有机的整体，并且互相协调，以使综合营销取得最大效益。

九. Clocks through Time钟的历史

1. It was probably around 3,000 years ago that people first began making things to help them measure the passage of time. Having observed that shadows move around trees as the sun moves across the sky someone drew a circle and put a stick in the center. As the sun passed overhead, he marked even divisions on the circle as the shadow of the stick crossed it. Then people could tell which part of the day it was by noticing which mark on the circle the shadow fell across. These circles were called "sundials". Later, they were made of stone and metal to last longer. 1．可能在3000年前左右，人们开始制造一种东西来帮助人们度量所度过的时间。人们观察到当太阳在天空移动时，树的阴影也在树的周围移动之后，有人划了一个圈，在其中央树了一根棍。当太阳在天上走过时，棍子的影子与圆圈相交，他便在圆圈上划出许多分割圆圈的记号。人们看到影子落在圆圈上的位置就可以说出现在是这一天的什么时候。这些圆圈被叫做“日星”。后来，为了长久使用，人们用石头和金属做成了日曼。

2. Of course, a sundial did not work at night or on cloudy days, so men kept inventing other ways to keep track of time. One invention was

a striped candle. Each stripe took the same amount of time to melt. If each stripe melted in about an hour, about three hours would have passed when three stripes melted. 2．当然，日曼在夜间或阴天不能使用，所以人们还发明了其他方法来度量时间。其一就是划上条纹的蜡烛。每一条都花相同的时间才熔化。如果每一条熔化的时间大约为一小时，那么熔化三条，就过了大约三小时。

3. A water clock was another way to tell time. A container had a line with a number beside it for every hour. It also had a tiny hole in the bottom. The container was filled with water that dripped through the hole. When the water level reached the first line, people knew that an hour had passed. Each time the water level feel to another line, one more hour had passed. 3．水钟又是一种计时的方法。一个划上线的容器，线的旁边标上数字，一个数字代表一小时。容器底有个小孔容器内装满水，水通过孔滴下。当水面降到第一条线时，人们便知道一个小时过去了。每当水面触到另一条线时，又一个小时过去了。

4. Candles and water clocks helped people know how much time had gone by. But candles had to be remade, and water clocks had to be refilled. So, after glass blowing was invented, the hourglass came into use. Glass bulbs were joined by a narrow tunnel of glass, and fine, dry sand was placed in the top bulb. The hourglass was easy to use, but it had to be turned over every hour so the sand could flow again. 4．蜡烛和水钟帮助人们知道过去了多少时间。但蜡烛总得一根根选，水钟需要重新装满水。所以玻璃吹制技术发明以后，沙漏开始使用。用狭长的玻璃通道把玻璃泡连接起来，把干燥的细沙放在上面的玻璃泡内。沙漏的用法很简单，每小时倒置一次，沙子才能重新流下。

5. It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. One of the first such clocks was built for a king of France and placed in a tower of the royal palace. The clock did not show minutes or seconds. Usually it did not even show the correct hour! Since there were no planes or trains to catch, however, people were not concerned about knowing the exact time. 5．大约在600

年前制造出了第一个带钟盘和时针的钟。第一批造的钟里面有一个是专为法国国王造的，放在皇宫的塔上。这种钟不能显示分和秒，通常也显示不出准确的时数。然而，因不赶飞机和火车，人们对知道准确时间也不太在乎。

6. Gradually, clocks began to be popular. They still did not keep correct time, but they were unusual, and they could be beautifully decorated. One clock was in the shape of a cart with a horse and driver. One of the wheels was the face of the clock. 6．渐渐的开始广泛地使用钟了。它们还是走时不准。但它们是稀有的东西，而且还可以把它们装饰的更漂亮。有一种钟的形状是一辆马车和一个骑着马的马车夫，其中一个轮子是钟的面盘。

7. Watches came into use as soon as clocks were made small enough to be carried. These did not always tell the correct time, either. They were often put into beautiful watchcases, which were made to look like anything the owner wanted. 7．钟被做成小到可以携带时便出现了表，表也不总是难点。他们常常被放在精制的表壳里，人们根据自己的喜爱把表壳作成自己喜欢的东西那样。

8. The pendulum clock was invented in l657. This was the beginning of the style of clocks we call "grandfather clocks", which were enclosed in tall wooden boxes. Pendulum clocks showed the hours more exactly than earlier clocks, since the weight on the pendulum could be moved up or down to make the clock go faster or slower. About forty years later, minute and second hands were put on some clocks. Grandfather clocks are very much in demand again today. They are usually very expensive, however, and require more space than other styles of clocks. 8．钟摆是1657年发明的，起初这种类型钟是被装在高大的木盒子里被叫做“落地式大摆钟”。摆钟比早期的钟记时准，因为摆上的重锤可以上下移动调整钟的快慢。大约40年以后，某些钟装上了分针和秒针。落地或大摆钟今无的需要量仍很大。但，它们一般很贵，比其他类型的钟占地也大。

9. As people began to go to more places and do more things, they were more interested in knowing the correct time. By 1900, almost every house had a clock, and nearly every well-dressed gentleman wore a watch on a chain tucked in his vest pocket. 9．因为人们要到很多地方，做很多事情，人们对知道准确时间感兴趣了。到1900年，几乎每家都有一个钟，几乎每位穿着讲究的绅士都带一块表，并用表链连着放在马甲口袋里。

10. Today, of course, we have electric clocks that keep giving the right time until the electricity goes off Scientists have invented clocks that look like 1arge machines and tell the correct time to a split second. 10．当然，今天我们有电钟，只要不断电它走得很难。科学家们发明了样子像大机器的钟。它报时准确到几分之一秒。

11. The most modem electric clocks for home use do not have faces or hands. These clocks are called digital clocks, and they tell the time with a set of numerals which appear in a little window. The seconds are counted off like the tenths of a mile on the meter of a car. 11．家用的最现代化的电钟没有钟盘和时针，这种钟叫做数字钟，它用一组出现在小显示屏上的数字报时，秒数是每10秒一根，就象小汽车里的里程表每1／10英里一报一样。

12. Many electric c1ocks are combined with radios, which can sometimes be set to turn on automatically. Thus instead of an alarm ringing in your ear in the morning, you can hear soft music playing when it is time to get up. Some clocks will even start the coffee maker! 12．许多电钟与收音机结合起来，有时可定时使收音机自动打开。因此，早晨到该起床时你的耳边听到的不是闹钟声，而是轻音乐的演奏声。有些钟甚至可以用来起动煮咖啡壶。

13. Although time is still regarded in very different ways in different parts of the world, clocks and watches have played an important part in people's lives in industrialized countries. 13．虽然世界不同地区对待时间的方式极不相同，但钟和表在工业化的国家里对人们的生活起到重要的作用。

十. Tips on Tipping给小费的学问

1. It's every traveler's nightmare. The porter brings your bags to your room and helpfully explains how to access CNN. He shows you how to turn on the lights and adjust the air-conditioner then he points to the phone and says: "If there's anything else you need, just call." All this time, you've been thinking one thing: "How much should I tip this guy?" Out of desperation you shove a few banknotes into his hand, hoping that you're neither given too much or too little. 1．对于每一位旅行者来说，这都像是一场噩梦。行李员把你的行李搬到房间，向你解释如何收看CNN，告诉你怎么开灯，怎陵把空调调好。然后他指着电话说：“如果你还需要什么，请打电话。”而你却一直在反复思考着一件事：“我到底该给这家伙多少小费？”最终，你近乎绝望地把几张钞票塞进他手里，心中暗暗希望你给的小费不多也不少。

2. It's difficult to divine what constitutes an appropriate tip in any country. In Japan, if you leave a couple of coins on the table, the waiter may chase after you to return your forgotten change. In New York, on the other hand, if you leave less than l5%, your reservation might

not hold up next time. Asia, with its multiplicity of cultures and customs, is a particularly difficult terrain. To make your next trip a little easier, here's a guide to tipping across the region: 2．知道在每一个国家该给多少小费并不容易。在日本，如果你在桌上留下几个硬币，待应生会追着还给你留下的零钱。在纽约则恰恰相反。如果你给的小费少于消费额的15％，那么下次你预定的桌子可能就会被人占去。由于亚洲各国文化和风俗习惯差异较大，因此在这里给小费格外困难。为了让你下次旅行较为顺利，我们向你提供一些在这一地区给小费的窍门。

3. Bangkok曼谷

In general, the more Westernized the place is, the more likely you'll be expected to leave a gratuity. Some top-end restaurants will add an l0% service charge to the bill. If not, waiters will appreciate you tacking on the l0% yourself however, if you're eating at a downscale restaurant a tip is not necessary. If you're staying at one of Bangkok's many five-star establishments, expect to tip the porter 20 to 50 baht, depending on how many bags you have. Taxis are now metered in Bangkok. Local custom is to round the fare up to the nearest five baht. 总的说来，一个地方西化的程度越高，你就越有可能需要给小费。有些高级的饭店会在帐单里加收10％的服务费。如果没有的话，侍者会感激你自己附上那10％。不过，如果你在一家低档次的餐馆就餐，就没有必要给小费。如果你住在曼谷的某家五星级饭店，就请准备付给搬运工20到50铣，具体的数目得依你的行李多少而定。如今曼谷的出租车都打表计程，当地的惯例是把车费凑整到最近的五铣的倍数。

4. Hong Kong香港

Gratuity is customary in this money-mad metropolis. Most restaurants automatically add a l0% service charge to the bill, but the surcharge often ends up in the pocket of the owner. If the service is good, add another l0% to the bill, up to HK$l00 in an especially nice restaurant. For HK$10 hotel porters should do it at all but the nicest hotels where a new HK$20 bill may be more acceptable. When in a taxi, round up to the nearest dollar. 在这个金钱至上的大都市里，给小费是司空见惯的。大多餐馆自动在帐单里加了10％的服务费，但这笔额外的收入最后却常常落到雇主手里。如果服务质量好的话，在帐单里再加上10％，而在一个极好的饭馆里，小费可以多达100港币。对于旅馆的搬运工来说，港币10元的小费已足够，不过在最好的一些饭店，20港币可能更受欢迎。坐出租车的话，凑够最近的整数给钱。

5. Jakarta雅加达

Tipping is not pat of local culture, but international influences have turned some Westernized palms upward in search of a few extra rupiah.

A l0% service charge is added at most high-end restaurants. At moderately priced restaurants, 5,000 rupiah should do it. If the service is superb, tack on an extra 1,000 or so. At hotels, porters ask for a few hundred rupiah for each bag. While most taxi drivers will automatically round up to the next 500 rupiah. 给小费原本不是当地文化的一部分，但是国际性的影响使得一些西化的人们盼望多得一些钱。大多数高级饭店里已附加10％的服务费。在价格中等的饭店，给5，000卢比的小费就已足够棗如果服务极好，也可以再多给大约1，000卢比。在旅馆，要让搬运工搬一件行李就得给几百卢比。大多数出租车司机会自动把收费加到最近的500卢比的整数。

6. Kuala Lumpur吉隆坡

Like Indonesia, tipping in Malaysia is confined to the pricier Westernized joints, which often add a l0% service charge to your meal or hotel room. If you are at a hotel restaurant, expect a l0% service charge. But at local restaurants, there's no need to add a gratuity. At five-star hotels, one or two ringgit will suffice a porter at 1ower-end establishments, don't feel compelled to tip. Like Bangkok, many taxis are now metered, so you can just round up to the nearest ringgit. 像在印度尼西亚一样，在马来西亚给小费也仅限于那些价格较高的西式场所。在那里，一般在就餐或旅馆房间的费用之外附加10％的服务费。如…果你在饭店的餐厅就餐，也得准备给10％的服务费。但在当地的饭馆里，却没有必要附加小费。在五星级饭店，给搬运工一两个林吉特就足够了。在低档认饭店，不一定非给小费不可。像曼谷一样，许多出租车都计程，所以只要凑足最近的整数就行。7. Manila马尼拉

Tipping is common in Manila, and anything above 10% will gain you undying loyalty. At restaurants, even if a service charge is included, custom dictates adding another 5%-10% to the bill. Hotel porters should be rewarded with 20 pesos per bag. Most taxicabs are metered, and rounding up to the next five pesos is a good rule of thumb. 在马尼拉给小费是很平常的事。只要付10％以上的服务费就能换来忠心耿耿的服务。在餐馆里，即使就餐费用里已经包括服务费，按一般惯例，还得在帐单里再加上5％到10％。旅馆的搬运工每搬一件行李要给20个比索。大多数的出租车是打表计程的，把车费凑整到最近的五比索准保没错。

8. Seoul汉城

Tipping is not pwt of Korean culture, although it has become a matter of course in international hotels where a l0% service charge is often added. If you are at a Korean barbecue joint, there's no need to add anything extra. But a sleek Italian restaurant may require a l0%

contribution. If you are at a top-end hotel, international standards apply, so expect to pay 500-l,000 won per bap. Taxi drivers don't expect a tip. Keep the change for yourself. 给小费不是韩国文化的一部分，尽管在国际饭店里收取10％的服务费似乎是理所当然的一件事。如果你去一个吃韩国烧烤的地方，那么没有必要付额外的费用。但是在一个雅致的意大利餐馆就餐，可能就要多付10％的小费。如果你下榻的是最高级饭店，就要按国际规范行事。所以搬一件行李的小费大概是500 到l，000韩元。不用给出租车司机小费，找的零钱你自己留着好了。

9. Singapore新加坡

According to government mandate in the Lion City, tipping is not permitted. It's basically outlawed at Changi Airport and officials encourage tourists not to add to the l0% service charge that many high-end hotels tack on to the bill. At restaurants, Singaporeans tend not to leave tips. Nicer restaurants do sometimes levy a l0% service charge. Hotel staff is the one exception to the no-tipping rule. As a general guide, $l should be adequate for baggage-lugging service. Taxi drivers don't expect gratuity, but they won't refuse it. 根据狮城政府的规定，给小费是不允许的。在樟宜国际机场，这种行为基本上是违法的。官员们鼓励游客拒绝支付一些高级饭店附加在帐单上的10％的服务费。在饭馆就餐时，新加坡人一般都不留小费。一些好的饭馆有时也以征税的形式收取10％的服务费。饭店员工是不收小费原则的唯一例外。一般的准则是，如有人帮你搬运行李，给一新元就够了。出租车司机是不指望拿小费的，但你要给他们，他们也不会拒绝。

10. Taipei台北

Like Japan and China, Taiwan is not a tipping society-even though much of the currency seems to coin in coin form. Tipping is not expected in restaurants. However, that rule is changing as American-style eateries introduce Western ways. Hotel staff won't be overly offended if you don't tip. Gratuity is not expected in taxicabs. 就像日本和中国大陆一样，台湾不是一个给小费的社会棗尽管大量货币是以硬币的形式出现。饭馆里不用给小费。不过，随着一些美式餐馆引进西方做法，这一原则也在改变。饭店的员工如果没有得到你的小费的话，也不会觉得大受冒犯。坐出租车也不需要给小费。

十一. Disaster in Oil石油海难

1. The huge tanker Torrey Canyon went thundering through the 25--mile channel between the Scilly Isles and Landls End, Cornwall, at full speed. She carried 118,285 tons of crude oil from Kuwait in the Persian Gulf to Milford Haven in Wales. 1．在康沃尔群的锡利群岛和地角之间的海峡全长25英里，巨大的托雷峡谷号油轮带着巨大的轰鸣声，正在此间全速前进。这艘巨轮装载着118，285吨原油，从波斯湾的科威特运往威尔士的米尔福德港。

2. At her stern waved the Liberian flag; aboard was a 36-man Italian crew; she was under charter to a British company from a tanker corporation of Los Angeles. 2．油轮尾部飘扬着利比亚国旗，船上有36名意大利船员，该船是由洛杉机的一家油轮公司包租给一家英国公司的。

3. The Cornish coast was noted for off shore rocks and its fine, white beaches. Otherwise Cornwall, over the centuries, had suffered a gradual economic decline. Tin mining had left the peninsula rather 1ike the craters of the moon. Agriculture was not much and it took the single, fast train from London eight hours to reach Penzance, made famous by Gilbert and Sullivan. 3．康沃尔海岸以其近海礁石和白色细砂海滩而闻名。可是在别的方面，该城市在过去几百年中经济上已逐渐衰退。锡矿的开发使这半岛城市搞得坑坑洼洼，酷似月球坑地。该地区农业也不发达，只有一趟直快火车，从伦敦到彭赞斯（因吉尔伯特和沙利文而出名）需8个小时。

4. Tourism was Cornwall's lifeblood and the Easter vacation period was at hand. 4．旅游业是当时康沃尔的经济命脉，而且复活节假期即将来临。

5. On May l8 the tanker Torrey Canyou smashed full-speed (cause undisclosed) onto the Seven Stones, l5 miles west of Land's End. From her ruptured tanks poured a reddish-brown gusher of oil that roiled and boiled and gradually spread a vast slick over the greyblue waters. 5．5月18日托雷峡谷号油轮正全速前进，驶往距地角以西匕英里七岩礁的地方时，触礁破裂（原因尚未披露）。从破裂的油轮里，喷涌出一股股红棕色的原油，汹涌澎湃，渐渐地在蔚蓝色海面上形成了一层巨大的油膜。

6. It soon became apparent this was no ordinary shipwreck. The ship itself-- 974 feet long, 125 feet wide, worth $16.8 million -- was huge, but the devastation its 35 million gallons of crude oil could wreak on Britain's seacoast was staggering. The biggest oil invasion ever to ruin a coast was l700 tons from a tanker wrecked off the Kent shore: thousands of birds died and some of the coast still showed signs of the blight two years later 6．很快，事情就清楚了，这次不是一次普普通通的海难事件。这条船本身长974英尺，宽125英尺，价值1680万美元，十分庞大，可是从油轮中喷涌出来的3500万加仑原油对英国海岸造成的毁坏将是触目惊心的。有史以来，由于原油泄漏而造成对海岸的最大一次的灾难，是在肯特郡海岸触礁的油轮泄出了1700吨原油：该次事故死亡鸟类数以千计，而且两年后这一带海岸仍留有摧残痕迹，寸草不长。

7. British undersecretary for the Navy Maurice Foley was dispatched instantly to Plymouth to conduct the war against Torrey Canyon's oil. The Navy mine-sweeper Clarbeston was first to the fray with 1000 gallons of detergent, which gallon-for-gallon would make the oil soluble in the seawater -- but itself left an unwholesome scum. 7．托雷峡谷号出事后，英国海军副司令莫里斯·弗里立即被派往普利茅斯去指挥一场清除托雷峡谷号油轮泄漏的原油的战斗，海军扫雷舰克拉贝斯顿号载着1000加仑的清洁剂首先赶赴出事海区清洁原油，这种清洁剂能以1:1的比例使原油溶解在海水里棗但溶解后所产生的浮垢也是有害的，令人作呕。

8. The destroyer Barrosa and sea tug Giant scurried in with 3500 gallons of detergent; it was like trying to douse a 4-alwi fire with a water pistol. But the British persisted bravely. The detergent plant at Grangemouth, Scotland, was put on an emergency basis to produce and ship detergent. 8．驱逐舰巴罗萨号和海上拖船巨人号载着3500加仑清洁剂紧急驶往出事海区。这就像企图用一把水枪去扑灭一场四级火情警报的大火一样。但英国人坚韧不拔，勇敢无畏。位于苏格兰格兰杰模斯的清洁剂厂成了紧急生产和运输清洁剂的基地。

9. A manufacturer of auto seats was ordered to whip up 130 blocks of foam rubber 30 feet long and 42 inches wide. These, with a canvas skirt added, later were floated out to encircle the wrecked tanker Hopefully it would help contain the oil in a small area. 9一家汽车座椅制造厂奉命制造130块泡沫橡胶板，每块30英尺长42英寸宽，这些橡胶板扯上风帆，后来被送出漂浮在海上，使其紧紧围住撞毁的油轮。希望这一做法能将原油包围在一个小的海域内。

10. A Dutch salvage master kept trying to work the Torrey Canyon off the Seven Stones, but by last week heavy seas had pounded the tanker into three parts and she was beyond salvage. An estimated 80,000 tons of oil had boiled out of her tanks and spread a giant slick over more than l000 square miles of sea. 10．一艘荷兰海上救护船船长一直在努力将托雷峡谷号油轮拖离七岩礁，但直至上周，狂暴的海浪袭击其残骸，将其劈成三段，使它无法脱险。据估计，有8000吨原油从油轮滚滚流出，扩散成一大片油股，覆盖着1000多平方英里海域。

11. The Cornwall coast was a pitiful sight to behold. The tiny, once-beautiful Porthleven harbor was a solid mass of brown, gooey oil. 11．康沃尔一带诲岸让人触景生情，十分惋惜。这个小巧玲成，曾经是风景如画的波斯利文港如今包围在一大片棕褐色粘乎乎的原油块之中。

十二. When Will We Cure Cancer? 我们何时能治愈癌症

1. What tuberculosis was to the l9th century cancer is to the 20th. There may never be a single cure, one drug that will bring every cancer patient back to good health, in part because every type of cancer, from brain to breast to bowel, is different. 1．如果说结核病属于19世纪，那么癌症则是属于20世纪的疾病。也许永远不会有一种单独的疗法，即一种药能够使所有的癌症患者康复。其部分原因是每一种癌，从脑癌、乳腺癌到肠癌都是不同的。

2. However, during the next l0 years, doctors will be given tools for detecting the earliest stages of many cancers and suppressing them before they have a chance to Progress to malignancy. There is reason to hope that within the next 25 years new drugs will be able to ameliorate most if not all cancers and maybe even cure some of them. The main upshot of change is the sheer number of drugs in development so many that they threaten to swamp clinical researchers' capacity to test them. 2．然而，在下一个十年，医生将会使用各种方法对很多癌症作出早期诊断，并在癌细胞还没有恶化的时候加以抑制。我们有理由希望25年之内新出现的药物能够治疗大部分癌症，甚至根治某些癌症。转机主要表现在大量药物正在开发中，其数量之多使临床研究人员几乎无力应付。

3. This boom in cancer drugs owes its beginnings to one of this century's greatest scientific insights: that cancer is caused not by depression or miasmas or sexual repression, as people at various times have believed, but by faulty genes. Every tumor begins with just one errant cell that has been unlucky enough to suffer at least two, but sometimes several, genetic mutations. Those mutations prod the cell into replicating wildly, allowing it to escape the contfo1 that genes normally maintain over the growth of new tissue. 3．癌症药物的迅猛发展，归功于本世纪最重要的科学见解之一：癌症并不是像人们以往想象的那样由于抑郁、空气污染或禁欲造成，而是由变异的基因造成的。任何肿瘤都开始于某一个不幸产生至少两个或几个基因变异的细胞。这些变异刺激细胞大规模复制，使它能摆脱新组织生长过程中基因通常保持的控制。

4. This realization has transformed cancer, in little more than a decade, from a mysterious disease into a disorder whose molecular machinery is largely understood. Now cancer biologists are in the midst of their second epiphany: the recognition that tumors evolve, in Darwinian fashion, as each' succeeding generation of cancer cells accumulates genetic mutations. "Survival of the fittest applies to cancer cells," says Richard Schilsky, associate dean for clinical research at the University of Chicago. "We now think of cancer not as a disease but as a genetic process. 4．在仅仅十年时间里，这种认识将癌症从一种神秘的疾病改变成其分子机制大半可以掌握的疾病。目前癌症生物学家正处于第二阶段的深入研究：认识到肿瘤的发展符合达尔文进化方式，就是一代一代的癌细胞聚集变异。芝加哥大学临床研究副院长理查德·希勒斯基说：“适者生存的理论也适合于癌细胞。我们现在不把癌看成疾病，而是看成基因生长过程。”

5. This new view has sparked irinovations that will manage the process and keep it from killing large numbers of people. "We are going to see a real shift from diagnosis and treatment to prediction and prevention, declares California surgeon Susan Love, author of Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book. Indeed, if all goes well with curreni clinical trials, women at high risk for breast cancer will soon be able to be screened with a device that removes a sample of breast cells through the nipple. If any cells show signs of the eary mutations that lead to cancer, doctors can suggest the drug tamoxifen, which is believed to reduce the risk of breast cancer by suppressing precancerous cells. Drugs with fewer side effects that can also prevent breast cancer are already in the pipeline. 5．这一新的观点激起的技术革新，将使我们能掌握基因的生长过程，阻止它对很多人产生伤害。“我们将从诊断和治疗真正转变为预报和预防。”加利福尼亚州的外科医生和《苏珊·洛夭医生论乳腺癌》一书的作者苏珊·洛夫这样说。的确，如果目前临床实验顺利进行，有高风险患乳腺癌的妇女不久就可以使用一种装置，从乳头做取样化验。如果有任何细胞呈现早期致癌的变异，医生可建议使用它莫西芬，这是一种有效抑制早期癌细胞的药，可减少癌病的发生。能防止癌病发生而副作用少的药物已正在研制中。

6. Within five years, early detection will be available for many other types of cancer as well. A stool sample will be all that is needed to search for colon-cancer cells on their way to becoming tumors, and drugs like the new COX-2 inhibitors, which are improved versions of pain killers, can prevent those precancerous cells from progressing. By the end of the next decade, a simple blood test could aleft doctors to a wide variety of cancer Precursors. 6．五年之内，还可以实现对很多癌症的早期诊断。一次大便采样就足以对肠癌细胞是否会发展成为肿瘤作出诊断，新药COX－2抑制剂是改进的止痛药，可防止早期癌细胞的生长。十年以后，医生可以从简单的血样化验中预知更多种的早期癌症。

7. Treatments for more advanced cancers, howevef, are fedher over the horizon than anybody can see. Oncologists must try to outsmart tumors that have already begun to metastasize. That's because a tumor is made up of a hodgepodge of cells containing different genetic mutations, each of which allows it to wreak a different brand of havoc. Some mutations spur rapid growth; others prod nearby blood vessels into sprouting new capilledes; still others send cancer cells out into the bloodstream, where they can seed new tumors. Within 10 years, predicts Robert Weinberg, a cancer biologist at the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass., "we will analyze the mutant genes and then tailor-mak a treatment (for) that paticular tumor. 7．对较晚期癌症的治疗仍然遥遥无期。癌病医生们必须采取更有效的办法来对付肿瘤的转移。因为肿瘤是不同的基因变异细胞组成的混合物，每一个细胞会产生不同的混乱变异。一些变异的细胞快速生长，另一些则刺激附近的血管生长出新的毛细血管，其它的则使癌细胞进入血循环并生成新的肿瘤。麻省剑桥怀特黑德研究院癌病生物学家罗伯特·温伯格预言：“十年之内，我们将能够分析变异的基因，然后针对特定的肿瘤制定出专门的治疗方案。”

8. One day there will be drugs to trip up a cell at each of the steps it talles on the path to malignancy. A patient with lung cancef, say, might undergo gene therapy breathing in genetically altered cold viruses that don't cause infection but instead act as miniature delivery vans carrying copies of the p53 gene. Good copies of this gene, which is mutated in many cancers, can force some cancer cells to commit suicide. The effects of p53 could be bolstered with antibodies that slow tumors by attaching to the swice of cancer cells and gumndng up their ability to take over the body's growth factors, the specialized proteins that promote cell reproduction. 8．总有一天，会有这样一种药，它可以使一个产生癌变的细胞在任何阶段发生错误。例如，肺癌病人可以做基因治疗，吸入不会导致传染的遗传转变基因冷冻病毒，这些病毒就像是一辆装满p53基因的微型货车一样。这一基因的复制品在很多种癌症中产生好的变异，能迫使一些癌细胞自行死亡。P53还可以与抗体一起发挥更大的作用，它们附着在癌细胞的表面，减弱癌细胞将促进细胞繁殖的特别的蛋白质取而代之的能力。

9. If a tumor has acquired the mutations for spreading, the doctor of the future may call on a new kind of drug that can be taken orally to block the enzymes a tumor uses to break down the cells of surrounding tissue and invade it. Vaccines cobbled together from whole cancer cells or bits and pieces of those cells have been shown to boost the body's immune system, helping it recognize and kill tumors on its own. 9．如果某个肿瘤已发展为可以转移的变异，未来的医生可以采用一种新型的口服药来抑制肿瘤用以破坏侵入周围组织细胞的酶。这是一种由全部癌细胞或部分癌细胞制成的疫苗，可增强人体免疫系统的能力，使其能够自己辩认并变异细胞。

10. Also close to reality are the so-called antiangiogenic factors, relatively nontoxic compounds that inhibit the growth of new capilledes. The idea behind this new class of drugs is that tumors cannot grow bigger than a few hundred thousand cells--about the size of a peppercorn--without growing their own blood- supply system. Researchers and patients are eagerly awaiting results of clinical trials of antiangiogenic factors, which might be used in combination with chemotherapy to knock down big tumors and then prevent any surviving. tumors from growing enough to do further damage. 10．所谓机淋巴因子也指日可待，这是一种相对无毒的化合物，可以阻止新的毛细血管生长。这种药依据的是，没有供血系统的生长，肿瘤不会发展到几十万个细胞棗约有胡椒干那样大。研究人员和患者都在期待抗淋巴因子的临床实验结果，这种药可能会与化疗结合使用，用于治疗大肿瘤并随后防止任何存活的肿瘤进一步生长而导致伤害。

11. Certain cancers may require treatment for the rest a patient's long life. This may be hard to imagine. But turning cancer into a contfollable condition is not so different from treating high blood pressure or diabetes. Says Ellen Stovall, executive director of the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship, " (The goal) should be helping people live as long and as well as they can. 11．一些癌病患者可能需要在其生命中长期接受治疗。这恐怕难以想象。但是将癌病维持在可控制的状态与治疗高血压和糖尿病没有很大的区别。美国国家癌病生存联合会执行理事埃伦·斯托瓦尔说：“我们的目标是帮助人们尽量生活得更好和更长久。”

l2. No, we probably won't cure all forms of cancer in the 2lst century. But we may very well learn to live with them. 12．在对世纪，我们可能不会治愈所有的癌病，但是我们可以很好地与它们共存。

十三. Bursting into Life生命的爆发

1. The universe is a place of violent deaths, but also violent births. Some of the most violent bifths are "starbursts"--regions of space where stars come into being not as single spies, but in large numbers. They are spectacular phenomena even by the inflated standards of astronomy. They may howevef, also be important in regulating the lives of the galaxies in which they occur. 1．宇宙是一个各种星体猛烈消亡的场所，但同时也是各种星体猛烈爆发的场所。最为猛烈的爆发中有一些是“星群爆发”棗即在宇宙空间的某些地区，恒星不是单个诞生，而是成群出现。这种现象，就是用天文学夸张了的标准来衡量，也是十分壮观的。但是，这些星群在调整其所在星系的生命方面也显得十分重要。

2. Starbursts are thought to begin because a cloud of gas gets nudged in just the right way to cause it to collapse under its own gravity and thus to start forming stars. One way this may happen is if a supernova explodes nearby. Another is if two galaxies are merging--or at least affecting each other gravitationally because of their close proximity. Now it seems that starbursts can, in their turn, nudge the galaxies they occur in. Experts have got some idea how they appear to control the output of the extremely energetic objects known as Seyfert galaxies; and they may even influence the lives of normal, peaceful galaxies of the sort that humanity is lucky enough to inhabit. 2．一般认为，星群爆发是由于星云受到某种适当的刺激，在自身引力的作用下崩溃，因而形成许多恒星。这种情况发生的一种可能是由于附近的超新星爆发；另一种可能是由于两个星系合而为一棗或者至少由于相互靠近而受到引力作用的影响。目前一般认为，星群爆发能够反过来对所在星系产生作用。专家们对于星群爆发如何能控制所谓赛非星系的产生已经有所了解。赛非星系是一种能量极大的天体群。而且星群爆发甚至可能影响那些正常平静的星系的生命，这些星系上也许恰好有人类居住。

3. One sign that a starburst is occurring is the presence of a lot of so-called "Wolf Rayet" stars, which are huge, powerful, and therefore short-lived. Wolf Rayet stars have a characteristic specmim, caused by winds of gas stfeandng away from their surfaces at several thousand kilometers a second. They are therefore easy to spot. 3．星群爆发的一个标志是所谓“伍尔夫一雷耶特”星体的出现。这些星体体积巨大，威力无比，因而生命短暂。“伍尔夫一雷耶特”星体的光谱很有特点，这是由于星云风暴以每秒钟几千公里的速度向外吹刮而引起的。因而容易发现。

4. Daniel Kunth, of the Institute of Astrophysique in Paris has been looking for Wolf Rayet signatures in distant Seyfert galaxies, and he has found several. For the signature to be strong enough to be detectable in a distant galaxy means that the galaxy in question must have thousands of Wolf Rayet stars in it. That, in turn, is good evidence of a starburst. 4．巴黎天体物理研究所的丹尼尔·肯一直在遥远的赛非易系中寻找“伍尔夫一雷耶特”特征，且已经找到一些。因为在遥远的赛非星系中，如果这种特征表现较强，足以让人捕捉得到，那么，该星系肯定有数以千计的“伍尔夫一雷耶特”星体。反过来，这很好地证明了星群爆发的存在。

5. This is a significant finding. Seyfert galaxies are energetic because they have a central black hole surrounded by a ring of gas. As matter is sucked from the ring into the hole, part of it is converted into energy, which is radiated into space. Such, at least, is the theory. 5．这一发现意义重大。赛非星系能量巨大，因为在其中心有一黑洞，黑洞周围则环绕着环状星云。环状星云的物质在吸收到黑洞中去的过程中，部分转化成了能量，而这一能量向宇宙空间辐射。至少理论上是如此。

6. Theorists, however, have had trouble trying to establish how the matter in the ring loses enough of its orbital motion to fal into the hole in the first place. They would prefer the ring to behave less like a gas and more like a syrup--which is where the starbursts come in. The winds from Wolf Rayet stars and' the shockwaves from supernovae (which, before explosions blew them apart, were also recently formed, massive stars of the soft found in starbursts) create huge holes known as super bubbles in the gas of a starburst region. These super bubbles would give the gas the syrup-like behavior that theorists require. Without starbursts, therefore, Seyfert galaxies would probably cease to shine. 6．然而，理论工作者首先遇到的难题是无法确认环状星云的物质是如何偏离自己的轨道而掉进黑洞的。他们比较喜欢的解释是环状星云的活动不大象气体活动，而更象糖浆的活动棗星群爆发正是在这种糖浆似的星云中生产的。源于“伍尔夫一雷耶特”星体而向外吹到的星云风暴以及来自超新星的冲击波（这些超新星也是刚刚形成，质量巨大，可从星群爆发中找到，但很快就会被分解）能够在星群爆发地区形成巨大的黑洞，称为超级气旋。理论工作者希望这些超级气旋能够使星云象糖浆那样运动。因而，没有星群爆发，赛非星系很可能就不会发光。

7. More homely galaxies, too, may be controlled by their starbursts. Sometimes, indeed, they may be destroyed by them. Dr. Brinks in Mexico once showed a photograph of a small galaxy called HO2 that had been blown almost to bits by starbursts. Just by inspecting the image of the galaxy, Dr Bunks could identify 48 superbubbles, and there may be a few he has missed. 7．较为普通的星系，同样有可能受制于星群爆发。实际上，普通星系有时可能让其摧毁。墨西哥的布林克思博士曾出示过一张照片，该照片表明，一个叫HO2的小星系就是被星云风暴吹成了碎片。从照片图象来看，布林克思博士能够找到48个超级气旋，而且也许有些尚未找到。

8. Starbursts may have more subtle effects as well. Because they are rearranging the interstellar matter that is the raw material for further star formation, they may affect the rate of star formation in a galaxy. A Germany expert named Max Planck certainly thinks so. He calculates that the combined starbursts which a galaxy experiences during its lifetime should be sufficient to counter much of the gravitational force that causes stars to form in the first place. The result would be to keep the rate of star formation reasonably smooth, stopping a galaxy burning itself out in a mere few billion years. 8．星群爆发的影响也许更要复杂。星群爆发意味着重组星际物质，而这些星际物质恰恰是新星形成的原料，因此，星群爆发可能影响星系中新星形成的速度。一位名叫马克思·普朗克的德国专家显然持有这种看法。根据他的计算，一个星系在其生命周期中所经历的复合星群爆发首先应足以抵消能够形成新星的引力。这样，便能够使新星的形成较为顺利，而且星系不至于在几十亿年后就自行烧毁。

十四. A World without Oil假如世界上没有石油

1. Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably, made waterproof by an oil product, bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school, just exandne your surroundings. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil, or electricity from oil-fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate, your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fed generators. 1．你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢？请看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋顶可能是用一种叫沥青的石油产品做成防水的。沥青同样可用来铺你家外面的路面。在你离家去上班或上学之前，请观察一下你周围的环境。房间里会比外面冷空气暖和吗？这是石油或由燃油发电机发出来的电使你感到舒适温暖。如果你在炎热的气候里感到舒适凉爽，那么你家的空调器可能也是靠燃油发电机工作的。

2. In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings such as tiles and working surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials; disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum (Latin/Greek 'petfa', rock, and Latin 'oleum', oil), found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum products, medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmetics such as face creams, lipsticks and hair preparations are often based on petroleum. 2．在厨房和浴室里你可能看到一些塑料器具，如塑料地板和塑料操作台面、聚苯乙烯杯子、合成材料的浴门帘、消毒剂和去污剂。所有这些都是来自称为“Petroleum”的石油。“Petroleum”（石油）是（由拉丁或希腊文“petro”（岩石）和拉丁文“oleum”（油）组成），深埋在地下。向药厨里看看，你可以找到更多的石油产品，如药用石蜡和凡士林。化妆品如雪花膏、唇膏。洗发剂等，常用石油作为基本原料。

3. When you're out, nonce the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made from petroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As you head for your bus, train or cap all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuel to move them and lubricants to keep them in working order, take a look in the mirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress, nylon socks or stockings, and acrylic sweater -- a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All of these are based on petroleum products. 3．当外出时你会看到农田和花园。化肥和杀虫剂是由石油制取的，可以使农作物增产。最近已经研制出一种动物食用的蛋白质饲料，它是用石油作为基本原料加上酵母而制成的。公共汽车、货车或小轿车，都是靠石油产品作燃料开动的，用润滑油保持这些车辆完好。当你去乘车之前要照一照镜子。看看今天穿什么衣服好？是化纤服装（衬衫还是外套），是尼龙袜（短袜还是长袜），晴纶毛衣还是塑料雨衣？而所有这些都是用石油产品作原料的。

4. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then the world will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much of our lindted petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete on similar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats? What alterative energy resources can be developed? 4．科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。但远在那时候以前，世界就必须确定石油是优先考虑控制使用的物资。石油储量既然有限，我们还能把那么多的石油用于私人汽车吗？难道航空公司还应该为了在类似的航线上竞争而允许他们的客机作有空座的长途飞行吗？能开发出什么样的替代能源呢？

5. There is an old English saying, "Necessity is the mother of invention," which means that when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfilling it. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is one suggestion that the wheeled

traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking the streets in major cities could generate energy. One company has parented and idea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate flywheels by means of a piston action using hydrau1ic fluid. They say the human and wheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light the streets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or school. Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill. Engines can run on alcohol, so surplus sugarcane could be used to produce energy. An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such "sun ship" would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous number of solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such "sun ship" night travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances, of course, the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race to find new energy sources. 5．英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。这意味着当你面对一种需要时，你将发现一种方法去满足它。科学家们已经在提出一些迷人的解决方案。有一个建议提出，在大城市街道上，拥挤的人群行走的脚步和往来行驶的车辆可以用来生产能量。一个公司提出这样想法：嵌在人行道和路面上的金属条用液压活塞的作用使飞轮转动。他们说，在繁华大城市的中心，人群和过往车辆可提供足够的能量为整个城镇的街道照明或者为一个医院或学校提供供暖系统的动力。某些人正研制高级的风车技术。发动机可用乙醇作燃料开动，因此，过剩的甘蔗可用来产生能量。还有人建议用太阳能作动力来驱动飞艇。这种“太阳能飞艇”必须有很大的面积以携带大量的太阳能电池，这样才有可能运载可观的载荷。这种“太阳能飞艇”也许每小时能航行100多公里。当然倘若这样，世界的热带地区在寻找新能源的竞赛中将会领先一步。

十五. Oceans Need Our Attention海洋需要关注

1. We've already pushed the world oceans close threand in some cases, pasmheir natural lindts, according to a recently released report on the state of our oceans by the World watch Institute. 1．根据世界观察研究所最近公布的一篇有关海洋状况的报告，我们已经把世界海洋推向了自然极限，在某些方面，甚至已经超越了自然界限。

2. The increasing number of citizen groups, business and governments taking an active interest in slowing down the destruction and pollution of the ocean is encouraging, says senior researcher and author Anne Platt McGinn, sitting a host of efforts already under way: 2．高级研究员、作家安妮·普拉特·麦克金说，越来越多的民间组织。工商企业和政府开始积极关注有关减缓海洋毁坏和污染的问题，这是很令人鼓舞的。她列举了许多积极努力的例子：

Unilever, which controls 20 percent of the whitefish market in Europe and the U.S., has agreed to buy only fish caught and produced in an environmentally sustainable manner. ．控制欧洲及美国20％白鱼市场的联合利华公司已经同意只购买那些以环境可承受方式捕获的鱼。Volunteers in the Philippines, Thailand, India, and Ecuador are replanting mangrove areas to repair earlier damage from shrimp farndng. ．菲律宾、泰国、印度和厄多尔的志愿者正重新种植红树区，以弥补原先由于养虾造成损害。

In northern Sulawesi, citizens have cleared coral reefs of harmful invasive specles.

．在北苏拉威西岛，居民们已清理了有害的蔓延类珊瑚礁。

The United States and Canada have banned oil drilling on large portions of their continentdl shelves.

．美国和加拿大已在其大部分大陆架禁止进行石油钻探。

3. On the downside, Safeguarding the Health of Ocean says that seven out of l0 commercial fish species are fully or over-exploited, and even worse, many of their spawning grounds have been cleared to make room for shrimp ponds, golf courses and beach resorts. 3．但另一方面，保护海洋健康组织指出，海洋资源日益枯竭，十种商业鱼类中有七种捕捞量己达饱和或过度捕捞，更有甚者，这些鱼类的产卵区很多已被清理出来用作养虾池塘、高尔夫球场和海滨度假区。

4. Habitat degradation, resulting from development, agricultural run off sewage pollution and destructive fishing practices has led to a tripling in the number of poisonous algal species identified by scientists, increasing fish kills, beach closures, and economic losses. 4．由于开发、农业减产、废水污染和毁灭性的捕鱼作业而引起的生物栖息地毁坏，科学家们能够确认的各种毒藻的数量增至原来的三倍之多，并使得鱼类死亡、海滨浴场关闭以及经济损失事件日益增多。

5. The impact on the economy is significant. People obtain an average of l6 percent of their animal protein from fish, and people in developing countries are extremely dependent on reef fisheries for both food and income. Tourism accounts for a large piece of coastline economies and medicines are being found in reef ecosystems everyday. Even toothpaste and ice cream depend on the gel-forming properties of brown algae. 5．海洋状况对经济的影响十分显著。人类所摄取的动物蛋白质中平均有16％来自鱼类，发展中国家的居民更是依靠沿礁渔

业来获取食物及收入。旅游业是沿海经济的一大组成部分，而且每天都会在沿礁生态系统中发现药品。甚至牙膏和冰淇淋的生产也有赖于利用褐藻的成胶特性。

6. The problem facing the oceans are legion: the marine conservation community is fragmented, bans on destructive activities are routinely ignored, too many regulatory organizations have a development-first mindset and enforcement and oversight are ineffective, if not altogether lacking. 6．海洋面临的问题很多：海洋自然资源保护团体四分五裂，对毁坏性活动的禁令照例遭到忽视，太多的管理机构的思路都是发展第一，如果不能说根本没有进行实施和监督的话，至少也可以说是收效甚微。

7. Oceans need to be protected locally nationally and internationally. Right now, the United Nations General Assembly spends just one day

a year covering issues that affect more than half of the planet. 7．根据麦克金的报告，地区、国家和国际都需保护海洋。而现在，联合国大会每年只有一天用来讨论这些影响到大半个地球的问题。

8. The report suggests that a tax of one-tenth of one percent on industrial and recreational ocean activities would generate $500 million

a year, more than five times the annual budgets the International Maritime Organization and the Fisheries Department of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. 8．报告建议对涉及海洋利用的工业和娱乐活动征收千分之一收税，这样每年即可创收五亿美元，超过国际海洋组织和联合国粮食及农业组织渔业委员会年度预算的五倍。

9. However, the most productive areas of the ocean are under national jurisdiction and 80 percent of oceanic pollution originates on land. This means that addressing global marine issues requires strong national and local policies. 9．然而，海洋资源最为丰富的海域都由各国自行管辖，且80％的海洋污染来自于陆地。这表明要解决全球海洋问题就要制定强有力的国家及地方政策。

10. New Zealand and Iceland chtwe fishers user fees and Mozambique and Bonaire charge tourists diving fees. The United Kingdom, Norway and Denmark all tax offshore oil and gas production in their waters. 10．新西兰和冰岛向渔民征收海洋使用费，莫桑比克和博奈尔向游客收取潜水费。英国、挪威和丹麦都在其水域内对近海的石油天然气生产征税。

11. In addition, several international institutions are today adopting policies that emphasize more stewardship and conservation. The 'International Med time Organization, for example, has overseen the tightening of regulations on oil transportation. Since l981, the occurrence of oil spills has been reduced by 60 percent, even though the volume of oil transport has doubled. The IMO is now trying to extend this success to deal with threats from ship paints and ballast water discharge. 11．此外，若干国际组织如今也都采取了注重服务和资源保护的政策。例如，国际海洋组织己开始对于严格执行石油运输的管理规定实行监督。自从1981年以来，虽然石油运输总量增加了一倍，但是石油泄漏的发生减少了60％。国际海洋组织如今正设法扩大成果，以处理由于船漆和压舱水排放而造成的威胁。

l2. Problems at the international level continue to be difficult to resolve. Five years after the Law of the Sea entered into force, the United States is one of. Only eight countries worldwide that still has not ratified it. Also, the international convention addressing fish that swim across political boundaries is not yet in force and lacks support from key fishing nations. After nearly a decade of political wrangling, voluntary guidelines to address land-based pollution still have not won the support of national leaders. And while a global bari on a dozen long-lived synthetic chemicals that threaten ocean tlife is close to becoming reality, industry introduces hundreds of new ones that quickly become part of marine food chains each year. 12．国际范围内的问题仍难以解决。海洋法已实施五年，世界上只有八个国家没有批准该法，而美国就是其中之一。另外，有关游过政治边界的鱼类的国际公约尚未付诸实施，而且也没有得到主要渔业国的支持。经过近十年的政治争论，有关处理来自陆地污染的非官方指导原则仍然没有获得各国领导人的支持。一项全球性禁止十几种危害海洋生物的耐久性合成化学品的法令即将出台，工业领域每年又生产出数以百计的新产品棗它们很快会变成海洋食物链的一部分。

十六. This Is No Way to Save the Earth拯救地球，此法不通

1. For decades, toxic substances were discarded carelessly in industrial dumpsites, hidden waste lagoons and even ordinary garbage dumps across America. 1．几十年来，有毒有害物质在美国各地的工业垃圾堆放场、隐蔽的废弃环礁湖、甚至一般垃圾堆放场随意丢弃。

2. Congress responded in 1980 by passing the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), promising to protect pub1ic health by cleaning up toxic-waste sites quickly and affordably. CERCLA established a $l.6-billion trust, the "Superfund", as seed money. 2．1980年，国会作出反应，通过了《环境破坏、补偿及责任综合法案》，承诺迅速清理有害物质场所，并提供足够的资金。该法案设立了16亿美元的信托资金，称作“超巨额基金”，作为启动资金。

3. Today Superfund is one of the nation's biggest, costliest and most controversial environment programs. And the job of cleaning up America's hazardous waste is now projected to cost up to a trillion dollars over the next 30 years. 3．如今，这一基金成了全国资金占有量最大，代价最高，并最有争议的环保项目之一。而且，在今后30年中，清理全国有害物质的规划，资金投入高达一万亿美元。

4. But progress has slowed to a crawl. It takes almost eight years of study and planning before actual cleanup work begins at a typical Superfund site. Meanwhile, thousands of parties who are innocent of any wrongdoing are being paralyzed by legal proceeding. 4．但该计划进展缓慢。在清理超巨额基金所指的典型场所的工作真正开始之前，研究和计划就要花去8年时间。同时，数以千计的无辜团体被这个法律挫伤。

5. What went wrong? Experts point to these major flaws: 5．出了什么问题呢？专家们指出了以下缺陷：

6. Midstream Rule Changes. There were dramatic discoveries in Superfund's early years--valleys filled with chemical drums, unfenced dump sites littered with explosives, fissures where toxins oozed out of the earth. EPA teams sealed off or removed toxic chemicals from hundreds of these dangerous sites, defusing the immediate health menace. 6．中途政策改变：在超巨额基金设立头几年，人们的发现触目惊。乙棗山谷中堆满了装化学品的圆桶，没有隔离的垃圾堆放场扔满了易爆物品；垃圾掩埋场所出现的裂缝中，有毒物质渗出地面。环保组织派出的队伍对数以百计的这些危险场所中的有毒物质进行封闭和转移，并进行了无害化处理。

7. Nevertheless, under pressure from environmental groups, Congress amended the law in l986, ordering the EPA to restore Superfund sites to nearly pristine condition--a virtually impossible task. In many large 1andfills, tons and tons of municipal wastes have been mixed over the years with small amounts of industrial chemicals. Rain can leach out these chemicals and contaminate ground water beyond the landfill boundaries. 7．但是，在一些环境组织的压力下，国会于1986年修改了上述法案。要求环保组织将超巨额基金所涉及的场所差不多恢复到原来的状态棗这几乎是不可能的事情。在许多垃圾填埋场，成千上万吨的生活垃圾随着时间推移同为数不多的工业化学品混成一体，一旦下雨，这些化学品即可滤出，从而污染垃圾填埋场地界以外的地下水。

8. Punishing the lnnocent. All towns, companies and even individuals with a past connection--however remote-to a polluted site can be roped in to pay for the cleanup, even if their actions were Perfectly legal at the time. And Superfund liability is "joint and several." That means anyone who can be shown to be responsible for even a fraction of the harm can be made to pay for all of it. 8．惩罚无辜：所有城镇、公司、甚至个人，只要过去棗无论多早棗曾经同所污染的场所有联系，即可受到牵连，须为污染场所的清理出钱，哪哪怕是一小部分危害，他就得承担这种危害的全部责任。

9. Irrational Rule-Making. The EPA's mles about what constitutes hazardous waste are backfiring against the nationwide recycling effort. Iowa, for example, mandates that the lead and acid from used automobile batteries be recycled. But two of that state's largest scrap dealers have announced they will no longer deal with batteries because of the liability exposure. 9．法规制订随意：环保署关于有害物质的法规同全国资源回收的工作正好唱反调。例如爱俄华州规定，废旧汽车电池中的铅和酸必须回收利用。但该州两家最大的废金属经营商却宣布，他们不再经营电池回收利用以免涉嫌连带责任。

10. Questionable Science. Test wells drilled at the Old Sharkey Landfill in Parsippany, N.J., showed no evidence that wastes were leaking into the water table. Nevertheless, the township has been named by the EPA in a lawsuit for what could be at least a $l5-million cleanup. 10．科学性值得怀疑：纽约者沙基填埋场的钻井测试表明，没有证据能够证明有害物质污染了地下水。然而环保署却将该镇列入一个诉讼案件中，要求其支付1500万美元的有害物质清理费。

11. THE NEED for change is now clear and this spring Congress has been conducting hearings on Superfund. These are the reforms experts say it should follow: 11．目前，显然需要进行一些改变。今年春，国会专门为超巨额基金召开了听证会。专家们认为应进行以下改革：

12. Drain the legal swamp. Those who illegally dump hazardous substances should be held accountable. But Superfund's draconian liability rules offend any common-sense notion of justice. "Strict, retroactive, and joint and several liability isn't fair," says Superfund's former chief administrator Don Clay. 12．整顿法规：非法倾倒有害物质者应该承担责任。但超巨额基金所规定的严厉措施是同尽人皆知的公证观念相违背的“从严处理，秋后算帐、追究连带责任和多方责任是不公平的”，超巨额基金原负责人董.克雷说。

13. Bills have been introduced to lindt the liability of municipalities and banks for Superfund cleanups. However, according to an expert of the Center for Individual Rights in Washington, D.C., these exemptions will only increase the burden on others. "Citizens should demand that their representatives stop wasteful lawsuits against innocent parties and individuals," says the researcher. 13．一些法案己经制订出来，减轻了城镇和超巨额基金银行的责任。但是，华盛顿个人权利研究中心的一位专家指出，对他们减轻责任只会增加别人的责任。他说：“公民们应该要求自己的代言人停止那些对无辜团体和个人不利的诉讼，这些诉讼纯属浪费。”