(完整版)北语历年考题完全汇总版
北语历年考题完全汇总版（更新日期:2006-5-1）2006年北京语言大学对外汉语教学研究生考试课程与教学论试题对外汉语教学概论部分一．填空（1-10，共30分）1．在香港出生的美国小孩首先掌握了粤语，这种语言是他的。
2．第二语言教学的根本目的是让语言学习者掌握运用目的语进行的能力。
3．第二语言教学环节分为总体设计、、和语言测试。
二．判断题（11-15，共10分）11．《基础汉语教程》是第一部结合功能法的对外汉语教材。
14．对外汉语是指对外国人和国内少数民族的汉语教学。
三、术语解释题（16-19，共20分）16．（第二语言）学习动机17．中介语18．失误——偏误19．迁移四、议论题20．上世纪80年代对外汉语界提出了“结构——功能——文化”相结合的教学原则，你是如何理解这一原则的？语言学部分一、简要区分下列词组1．符号和征候2．社会方言和地域方言4．同化和异化二、简要分析下列问题1．为什么说语言学是一门既年轻又古老的学科？2．如何区分非音质音位？3．语言的融合是指两种语言相互影响而结合成一种新的语言，成为不同民族的共同交际语言是吗？为什么？三、语音系统发展中聚合规则的演变。
四、什么是“义素分析”？请用“义素分析”分析“嫁、娶、入赘、招赘”的语义关系。
五、有人说汉语不是屈折语，是落后的语言；有人说汉语不用屈折变化就可以表达语法关系，是先进的语言。
以上两种说法你是如何认为的？请结合实例加以说明。
现代汉语试题篇2005年一、声母和辅音各自是从什么角度划分的，请举例说明二者的区别。
（9）二、用国际音标列出普通话中的合口呼韵母，并说明四呼在普通话声韵配合关系中的作用。
（10）三、用严式音标给下列儿化词语标音（若有其他应变现象一并标出），并说明儿化的音变规律。
（10）1、一点儿2、草稿儿3、毛驴儿4、树枝儿 5花瓶儿四、用严式音标给汉字注音，说明/u/的音位变体和分布条件。
（8）1、水2、福3、问4、够五、给下列语音单位分类并回答。
（12）肃不德大箱子天作之合雷声大雨点小敲竹杠红纸刘备招亲路遥知马力，日久见人心1、语素是否是词汇的构成单位？为什么？2、熟语与自由短语的区别是什么？为什么?六、根据词典释义，分析下列词语词义与语素义的关系。
（10）1、精彩：（表演、展览、言论、文章等）优美，出色2、理事：代表团体行使职权并处理事情的人3、浪潮：指大规模的社会运动或声势浩大的群众性行动4、舟楫：<书>船只5、承办：接受办理七、辨析同义词。
（12）1、藏——躲藏2、典型——榜样八、举例分析“厚”与“薄”可在哪些义项上构成反义关系，在哪些义项上没有构成反义关系，并进一步解释造成二者义项对应差异的原因。
（9）九、指出下列各组词在语法上的相同点和不同点（20）1、市民——晚上2、矫健——中型3、现在——正在4、但——却十、观察短语然后1、分别指出这些短语的结构类型（10）2、分析指出在构成手段上，汉语的短语和符合此有什么相同点和不同点（5）爹妈他们（）把这个（）解放以前（）木头似的（）约他来（）吃食堂（）拉住不放（）踹一脚（）这个（）说笑（）十一、分析下列句中主语的句法、语义构成情况，归纳并指出汉语主语的句法、语义构成特征（5）1、我吃完饭了。
2、件件都做得很好。
3、村子里很肃静。
4、他来是对的。
5、靠西墙是一堆杂物。
6、饭已经吃光了呀！十二、从下列句子中挑出连动词，然后归纳汉语连动句和结构特征（15）1、豆芽炒了吃吧。
2、他看完了信，出去了。
3、老王高高兴兴地说：“你们去吧。
”4、他瞪着眼睛看我。
5、老汉拽着我的胳膊不放。
6、你马上骑车去看他。
7、他念书年的很好呀！8、你一定有时间办妥这件事。
9、大家都希望这件事是真的。
十三、下面是有关汉语复句、紧缩句问题的说法，清分别判断正误（10）1、在结构上，汉语的复句实际上包含两个或两个以上的单句，所以，复句应属于超句体的范畴。
（）2、关系词语是用来连接复句内各小句、标明语义关系的词语。
所以在语法类别上，关系词语未必就是连词，在长度上，关系词语不一定都是词。
（）3、汉语复句分类的原则是，根据关系标记即关系词语来给复句分类。
（）4、汉语的复句和单句之间的对立主要体现在意义上。
（）5、所谓紧缩句，就是通过全部或部分删除复句内部的关系词语而得到的句子。
十四、汉语语法分析方法中，和变换分析法相比，语义特征分析法有哪些特点？（5）2004年语音题一，现代汉语拼音中有多少各浊辅音，用国际音标标出它们的读音。
二，列表分析“穷”的音节结构，并说明其韵母是四呼中的哪一种。
三，对下列例句中出现的音变词语用国际音标注音，并说明普通话中的音变类型。
1，一群小鱼儿在水兵周围快乐地游动着。
2，这棵树可真高啊!四，用汉语拼音和严式音标注音，归纳出主要元音的音位变体，分析其分布条件。
接、阅、可、俄、泪、更、盆、瑞词汇题五，对下列单位进行归并，并回答：1.词和语素的区别；2.离合词和词组的区别看书，呢……六，根据下面句子归纳“活”的义项，并指出哪些属于活[1]，哪些属于活[2]。
1，鱼儿离开了水就无法存活。
2，这一段写得很活。
3，这孩子说话活像大人。
4，他身子不好，不能干重活。
5，活到老,学到老。
6，这批活做得好。
7，我买了一本活页笔记本。
8，侦察兵活捉了敌人的一个舌头。
9，他还要养家活口。
10，他这样作很出活。
11，这里的水都是活水。
七，辨析同义词语。
挑—拣—选；替—代替八，指出下列各词所属结构类型，说明为什么。
烤电、悄悄、遇见、银两、合乎、狂欢、神往、依靠语法题九，分析下列每组词的语法差异。
1，雪白—高兴 2，近来—马上 3，感觉—感激4，今天—时间 5，碗—件十，指出下列短语结构类型，并归纳现代汉语短语的构成手段。
往北、应该愿意、五十以下、村子里、买把锁用、土匪似的、“语法”二字、我自己、晚上肃静、又高又大、中午上班、姐姐当教师的、大肆宣扬、知道你要来、找他给我看病十一，找出下列句子中的连动句，并归纳连动句的特征。
1，几个演员在台上又唱又跳。
2，他转过身,看看桌上的东西,出去了。
3，楼下有人找你。
4，老人抓着我的衣袖使劲地摇。
5，他踢球踢得脚肿。
6，这东西一学就会。
十二，汉语复句的关系词的特点，说明其主要作用。
十三，指出下列句中各词的语义指向，并说明理由。
1，他喝（光）了牛奶。
2，他（醉）了酒。
3，他吃（饱）了肚子。
4，他去了（三趟）武汉。
2003年一、用拼音和严式音标标注下列词语，如有变调请标出（10分）粉笔月牙儿水库选举 ......10个二、下列儿化韵/ar/、/iar/、/uar/、/yar/各是从哪些韵母演变而来的？说明为何要将韵母与儿化韵归同。
（8分）三、分析语素与汉字和词语的关系。
（8分）四、辨析同义词：反而－却 ...（8分，缺一个）五、复句中关系词语分哪些类型？举例说明其在复句中所起作用。
（8分）六、下列句中有主谓谓语句，也有不是主谓谓语句的，挑出主谓谓语句并说明理由。
（15分）1、这支笔，我用它写过字。
2、这件事，我不清楚。
3、我们连队战士很活跃。
4、......（共八句）七、分析“细”与“粗”在哪些义项上能形成反义词。
八、分析下列词意义构成（义素分析）（15分）下海、混浊、溶化、......（共五个）九、分析下列词语语法上相同点和不同点（20分）希望－渴望、但－却、曾经－同时、通红－漂亮十、复韵母可以按照哪些方法分类？（6分）十一、下列词语重叠可分属于何种词性，并分析其不同作用，及代表不同意义（8分）（名词性、形容词性、动词性等的重叠特征）姐姐、商量商量、红红绿绿、花花绿绿......共约八个词。
十二、写出元音音位/i/的变体，并举例说明其出现条件（8分）十三、将下列短语按结构标准分类（15分）并分类归纳为不同功能类型（5分？）在树上、花开、今天星期二、...共约二十个十四、比较分析句式分析法与层次分析法，说明层次分析法的优点何在？（8分）2002年一、列出三种不同类型的“语义特征”，并说明其不同于词汇学中“语义”的本质特征（4分）二、判定并指出下列各句（）内词的语义指向（6分）他喝（多）了。
他喝（干）了。
酒喝（多）了。
酒喝（干）了。
三、指出下列各句句型（10分）1、小李把桌上的申报拿给他看。
2、旧社会逼得他无路可走。
3、别忘了带雨伞。
4、5、四、用功能标准给短语分类小心谨慎、北方农村、...（共8个）用结构标准给短语分类中等身材、雪白、...（共6个）五、比较分析下列各组中两词语法上的相同点和不同点（10分）出品——制品、开心——开会、豁然——显然、会议——会上六、改革开放后，汉语吸收外来词上的变化（8分）七、辨析同义词（10分）一样——同样、简直——几乎八、下列各词由几个语素构成，为何？（6分）九、“外行”、“车辆”是逆序的定中结构么？为什么？“瘦削”、“瞻仰”是逆序的状中结构么？为什么？（6分）十、列出拼音方案中元音的音位，以音位/i/为例，说明音位理论在拼音方案设计中的意义。
（8分）十一、用国际音标给下列词语注音，标出调值和变调，并根据变调规律归类。
首长、读了、领导、他们、围嘴儿、好产品、浅水、...（10个词）十二、普通话声母与英语相比有何特点？作具体分析（6分）十三、汉语方言中韵尾方面分歧表现在？（6分）2001年1. 汉民族共同语形成的过程2. /e/代表几个音素，为什么可以用一个/e/代表几个音素3. 给下列轻声字写出国际音标，并说明轻声引起了哪几种音变：棉花、豆腐等10-15个词4. 同义词辨析：仔细/细心常常/经常/往往5. 归并义项：“轻”的多个义项6. 词性标注，并说明其语法功能7. 分析歧义句，说明变换分析法与层次分析法的区别：保护了小张的奶奶8. 歧义分化的实质是什么9. 指出下列单位中，哪些是词、字、短语，说明三者之间的关系如何10. 说说你是如何理解“语法的动态多角度验证”的。
2000年现代汉语1. 填空2. 名词解释：基本词汇、存现句、音素和音位、比喻和比拟3. 句法分析4. 现代汉语词汇的特点5. 哪几种把字句不能或不宜变换成主谓宾句式古代汉语篇2005年一、为下面两则短文加上标点，并翻译成现代文。
（60）1、或对曰：“王劭《齐志》多记当时鄙言，为是乎？为非乎？”对曰：“古往今来，……足以知氓俗之有殊，验风土之不累”2、蜀中简公谦居，天资绝人。
凡有记览，过目不忘……跪生与庭，令立改正。
二、如果写一首七律，首句为入韵的平起平收式，即“平平仄仄仄平平”。
那么，应当如何依照粘对的规则，安排全篇的平仄？（10）三、回答：（30）1、句尾语气词“也”与“矣”的用法主要区别是什么？须举例证明。
2、《广韵》的韵目和平水韵的韵目各是多少？前者是如何被整合为后者的？3、界定什么是古今字，并举例说明古今字中今字构造的最常见模式。
北京语言大学语言学历年考研试题总汇
北京语言大学语言学历年考研试题总汇语言学概论篇2005年语概我没记下,因为我觉得自己考得很好,不用估了所以很抱歉不能给你们很多，只记住一部分,语概的题主要是问答题,而且分值至少10,有的20多分，所以一题不会那就损失很大.做语概还要举例子说明,这不是很难的.1.6个名词解释24分(只记得书面语因为这刚考过的,所以印象深)2,组合关系和聚合关系吧.它不直接出题,而是引出索绪尔的话来出题,实质是一样的,关键是你要明白他考你什么3洋泾浜语也不直接出题,而是用"如果他有MONEY,你就MARRY他吧"这样的句子判断是否是洋泾浜语,并说明理由,其实就是说洋泾浜语的特点4用国际音标标出一句话,然后说明音位的归纳原则2004年一解释概念（4分*6）1 协同发音2 语法意义3 共同语音学4 亲属语言5 共同体6 自愿融合二根据要求用国际音标写出下列音素（1分*8）三指出下列语言属于哪种类型，语系（2分*10）1 苗语2 蒙古语3 乌尔都语4 英语5 西班牙语6 阿拉伯语7 波斯语8 泰语9 德语10 挪威语四简答（10分*5）1 语法形式和语法意义的关系2 音位音位变体3 地域方言和社会方言的联系4 语音对应规律5 基本词汇和一般词汇的关系五“洋泾滨”和混合语产生过程和关系（13分）六语言发展的内因和外因（15分）七语法，语义，语用三个平面的区别和联系（20分）2003年一.名词解释1. 借词2.国际音标3.社会方言4.非音质音位5. 语言融合6. 历史比较法二. 写出8个基本元音的音位图及发音情况。
三. 举例说明单纯词与合成词的区别，1. 语言中的基本范畴2. 组合的递归3. 词义演变的途径4. 词的组合的基本类型5 语音的对应关系四.1. 归纳音位的原则2 语言符号的系统性3 语言发展的基本规律4 语言与文字的关系5 元音与辅音的区别6 以北京话中擦音与塞擦音的分布为例论述音系统的特点五.论述1 语言的社会本质2 语言的谱系分类与类型分类的比较2001语言学1. 名词解释：语流音变、元音、谱系分类、音位变体2. 简答：A.举例说明组合关系与聚合关系。
北语十年初试真题(语言学概论)
语言学及应用语言学专业语言学概论（分）一、填空题（分）.对语言进行一个很断面的研究而不是从历史的角度，叫（）语言学（描写）.语言能生成长度无限的句子是因为组合有（）性（递归）.一个语法范畴包含的语法意义至少有（）个.基本词汇中那些构词力强、……的词叫（）词（根词）二、名词解释（分）.双向聚合群 .音质音位 .聚合规则 .谱系分类 .词语的替换三、判断对错，错误的请说明理由（分）.元音是呼出的气流不受到任何阻碍形成的音····声带.自愿融合的问题和****都是以词尾作为语法手段的.闭音节问题（考的是闭音节以何收尾）.四、分析题（分）.用语流音变的知识分析说明“啊”的音变情况.分析六个“儿化词”，说明“儿”的不同情况信儿、米儿、花儿、盖儿、尖儿、头儿.分析 .一句中的语法范畴，用的是什么语法手段.说明汉语基本句法结构并指出汉语句法结构构成的语法手段.用层次分析法分析我奶奶刚刚从超市买回来一箱啤酒。
这个句子中有几个语素，几个词，几个词组.归并音位的原则五、简答题（分）.汉语也有表示“复数”的概念，通过哪些手段表达.举例说明分化歧义常用的变换手段.词根和根词的异同.语言中舌面前辅音的来源以及与舌根音的互补分布的差异性.词与语素的区别与联系.语言发展演变的特点以及原因六、描写题（分）.语境对词义的影响和作用.阐述的音位变体和出现的条件七、论述题（分）.文字产生的原因以及为什么文字是最重要的辅助性交际工具。
.以为例，分析词根词缀词尾三者的异同.什么是语法范畴？英语中语法范畴有哪些？用哪些语法手段来表示？汉语言文字学专业语言学概论部分一、填空（*）、从语言的研究对象来看，汉语属于——。
、语法中最小的单位是——，最大的单位是——。
、亲属方言是由——分化而来的。
、俄语，英语属于——。
、二、名词解释（*）、区别性特征、被迫融合、形态、社会方言三、分析（*）、和中的有什么区别？（想不起那个单词了）、和各是用什么语法手段表示什么语法范畴？四、简答（*）、音素和音位的区别？、洋泾浜和克里奥尔语的区别？五、论述（）什么是组合关系，什么是聚合关系？它们在语言运用中有什么重要的作用？一、名词解释，要求举例4’*、语法手段、语言的层级装置、会话含意（）、音位的区别特征、语言的融合、波浪理论（）二、判断1’* （按想起来的先后顺序排列）、自由语素和黏着语素都既能互相组合成词，又能独立成词、音位是从音质角度划分的最小语音单位、索绪尔开创的描写语言学标志语言走向独立的道路、语音演变的规律性的三个特点（句子好长）、常用语、非常用语，基本词、非基本词都是根据用法特点而分的类、德国葆扑最早提出亲属语言。
北语北大北师试题
北京大学2005年汉语言文字学试题北京大学2005年汉语言文字学试题作者：出处：更新时间： 2005年05月20日北京大学2005年汉语言文字学试题现代汉语部分（共100分）一、语音、文字（33分）1、简述三声的变调规律。
（5分）2、按照汉语拼音方案给下面这句话注音：（6分）阿三和大王说说笑笑地走进了景山后街的环保大楼。
3、普通话中/e /的音位变体有那几种？举例描述之。
（6分）4、指出下列汉字的造字法：（6分）几、闪、帘、初（另两个不记得了）5、写出下列汉字的繁体字（6分）谗、忏、乱、衅、铁、脏6、拼音改错：（4分）胼胝呶呶攻讦疆埸二、词汇（27分）1、指出下列词语的构词法：（5分）自卫司令（另外3个不记得）2、（4分）（1）“……，小明渐渐地睡着了。
”中的“渐渐”能否换成“逐步”？为什么？（2）“刚才太阳还很好，居然一会儿就下起雨来了。
”中的“居然”能否换成“果然”？为什么？3、有人认为词的意义只是概念意义，有人认为词的意义不仅包括概念意义，还包括附属意义。
试从对外汉语教学的角度谈谈这两种观点的优劣得失。
（4分）4、辨析词语：（8分）（1）以至甚至（2）本来原来5、下列词语的释义是否有问题，如果有请指出。
（6分）（1）掏：用手探取（2）（3）画：用笔或类似笔的东西作出图形（4）进（用在动词后）：凹陷三、语法（40分）1、“衣服不干，不能穿。
”和“衣服没干，不能穿。
”这两个句子在语义上为什么不同？请再举两个类似的例子。
（8分）2、根据所给的例句归纳“倒”的用法：（4分）（1）我倒是很想和你们一起去，就是没有时间。
（2）这些家具式样很一般，倒都很结实。
（4）弟弟倒比哥哥高。
（7）他平时学习不怎么用功，考试成绩倒不错。
3、用层次分析法分析下列句子。
（6分）（1）他打了个电话让他姐姐来他这儿住几天。
（2）对他的意见，我们都已经在昨天谈了不少了。
4、改病句并说明理由。
（10分）（共5句，我记得不全）（1）这部电影我昨天才看，今天不想再看了。
北语语言学真题
六、"梯、资、知"的韵母，有人主张归并为一个音位、有人主张归并为两个音位、还有人主张归并为三个音位，请论述他们各自的理由，并说说你的看法。（14分）
1语言符号和语言符号进入组合之后最大的特点是？
A可论证性b任意性和可论证性c随意性和可论证性d随意性
2汉语声调由声音的什么特征决定？
A音长B音强C音重D音高
3被当作母语使用的语言是什么（或者是没有被当作母语的，不记得了）？
A克里奥尔语B世界语C共同语D皮琴语
4美国描写语言学派的代表人是谁？
7词义的核心是理性义和色彩义。
8主动句-把字句（有具体例子）的变换通过添加、移位实现。
9-n -m -ng韵尾的演变
四
简答(6'*6=26)sorry不是原话
1 给了"锄禾日当午"和"少小离家老大回"这两首诗，问为什么第一首压韵，第二首不压韵，并举汉语的另一个例子来证明自己的观点。
二. 写出8个基本元音的音位图及发音情况。
三. 举例说明单纯词与合成词的区别，
1. 语言中的基本范畴
2. 组合的递归
3. 词义演变的途径
4. 词的组合的基本类型
5 语音的对应关系
四.
1. 归纳音位的原则
北语语用专业00-15年初试真题(语言学概论).
北京语言大学语用专业00--15年语言学概论考研真题2015年1.名词解释—自源文字，组合关系，语境义，语义场，形态，音质音位2.判断并说明理由(1)组合，聚合关系不仅仅存在于语法中。
(2)每一种语言或方言中的音位都处于双向聚合群中。
(3)语素和词不仅是词汇单位，也是语法单位。
(4)地域方言和社会方言的差别只表现在词汇系统中。
3.分析题(1)写出普通话中a的四个音位变体，并分析这四个音位变体是如何产生。
(2)方言根据不同的角度可以分为哪些类型？并分析随着社会的发展，地域方言会有什么发展趋势。
(3)什么是借词？根据下面的例子归纳借词的类型。
剑桥，茶道，啤酒，基因，俱乐部，克隆，罗曼蒂克，CPU,霓虹灯(4)分析下列“老”和“子”哪些属于词根语素，哪些属于词缀语素老板，老鹰，老汉，老式，老化，老公孩子，电子，棋子，模子，(5)用层次分析法分析句子，并分析"V在"划分的理由我和哥哥确实都生在河北石家庄。
我的老板王立出生在首都北京。
4.简答题(1)区别特征是不是等同于发音特征？如何确定具体某个辅音音位的区别特征？(2)什么是词缀？什么是词尾？说说它们之间的主要区别。
(3)什么是变换分析？用具体例子说明如何用变换分析消解多义结构。
5.论述题(1)以一个具体语言为例说明语言中语法演变的具体表现。
(2)什么是语言换用和底层遗留？说明底层遗留产生的原因以及具体体现。
2014年语言学概论一、名词解释并举例。
社会方言地域方言语义特征语义指向音素音位表音素文字表音位文字单纯词合成词组合关系聚合关系同化异化隐喻换喻二、选择1、语言层次的上层包括A、音位、语素、词语、短语B、音位、语素、词语C、音素、语素、词语D、语素、词语、短语、句子2、波浪理论提出者 AA、施密特B、葆朴C、D、3、辅助性交际工具有BA、文字B、文字、手势语、身势语C、手势语、身势语D、语言、手势语、身势语4、语言规范最重要是指以下哪个方面 AA、书面语B、文字C、口语D、5、“臭”的词义由名词变成形容词，由“气味”变成“臭味”，发生了什么变化（B）A、扩大B、缩小和转移C、缩小D、转移6、现代语言学之父是AA、索绪尔B、洪堡特C、D、7、下面属于同一语系的语言DA、英语和芬兰语B、越南语和印尼语C、日语和苗语D、汉语和泰语8、下列都属于舌尖中音的一组是缺少选项。
北语语用专业2001到2017年真题
北京语言大学历年真题（珍藏版）（十八年最全版）2017北语语用真题·现代汉语和古代汉语一、用拼音和严式音标为下句注音,有音变要标出音变。
你是哪一年去的西安？二、归纳下列字的拼音中的主要元音音位，并给出归并的理由。
（标出下列汉字的严氏音标，归纳出其中的音位和音位变体，说明音位的归纳原则）学、黑、笨、鹅、觉、帮、们、给、渴。
三、分析下列词语理性义（或概念义）并说明名词与动词区别。
榜样：用来效法的人或事例（多指好的方面）。
才华：指人的突出才能（多指文艺方面的）。
大典：大型活动（多指国家举办的）。
捐赠：送给（国家或集体）。
上涨：（价格或水位）上升。
赋予：交给（重大的任务或使命）。
四、分析下列词的义项。
例子：人逢喜事精神爽。
喜事：指值得高兴的事。
小王办喜事。
喜事：指结婚、婚事。
引申义，由名转名，由泛指到特指。
试题：1 财政服务制度比较完善。
我们要尽快完善财政服务制度。
2 这部电影冯小刚是导演。
他导演了这部电影。
3.文学作品的主题很广泛。
今天会议的主题是节能减排。
4 轮船驶过，海面上泛起朵朵浪花。
别担心，这只是生活中的小浪花。
五、判断词性，并说明理由（6个）偶尔、经常、常常（还有三个但是记不起来了。
）六、指出下列复句之间的异同。
即使生病，也要完成研究。
宁可生病，也要完成研究。
七、为什么说“扩展”和“替换”是层次分析法理论的基础？八、名词解释假借（举例）高邮二王种三十六声母中的次浊声母九、简答1 举出古代汉语判断句的五种形式并举例。
2 举出古代汉语被动句的五种形式并举例。
十、找出下列宾语前置句，并说明宾语前置的几种情况类型。
记不清了。
所选内容来源：《论语》、《孟子》、《诗经》、《左传》。
1.岁不我与2.莫能御之。
十一、翻译，并按要求答题管仲夷吾者，颍上人也。
少时常与鲍叔牙游，鲍叔知其贤。
管仲贫困，常欺鲍叔，鲍叔终善遇之，不以为言。
已而鲍叔事齐公子小白，管仲事公子纠。
及小白立为桓公，公子纠死，管仲囚焉。
北京语言大学22春“汉语国际教育”《对外汉语教学概论》期末考试高频考点版(带答案)试卷号1
北京语言大学22春“汉语国际教育”《对外汉语教学概论》期末考试高频考点版（带答案）一.综合考核(共50题)1.与文化因素紧密结合是对外汉语教学的特点。
()A.正确B.错误参考答案：A2.对外汉语教学以()为重点。
A.培养汉语交际能力B.技能训练C.基础阶段D.语言对比参考答案：C3.1984年暑期，北语举办了首期对外汉语教师培训班。
()A.正确B.错误参考答案：A4.总体设计操作程序是：分析教学对象、确定教学目标、()。
A.确定教学内容B.确定教学原则C.规定教学途径D.明确分工及对教师的要求参考答案：ABCD教学内容的核心是课程设置。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B6.60年代初，选择一些中文系毕业生进修外语的办法培养出国储备师资。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B7.对外汉语教学是语言教学。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B8.1975年开始本科生教育。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B9.语言是交际工具是其社会属性。
()A.正确B.错误参考答案：A10.D.文化学参考答案：ABCD11.以培养汉语交际能力为目标是对外汉语教学的特点。
()A.正确B.错误参考答案：A12.只有不断加强学科理论基础的研究，才能有效地提高对外汉语教学的学科理论水准。
()A.正确B.错误参考答案：A13.教育学和心理学主要作用于对外汉语教学的方法、途径。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B14.第二语言教学的学科理论基础研究一直被看作是研究的重点。
()A.正确B.错误参考答案：A15.D.文字参考答案：ABC16.对外汉语教学翻译成“Teaching Chinese to Foreigners”。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B17.1966年文化大革命爆发后，4000多留学生被责令回国。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B18.外语教育学翻译成()。
A.Second Language Teaching and LearningB.Applied LinguisticsC.Foreign Language TeachingD.Foreign Language Pedagogy参考答案：D19.教材按体例分()。
北语历年真题
北语比较文学专业03至08年考研试题回忆版2003级比较文学试题一、名词解释法国学派译介学比较诗学欧洲中心主义比较视域二、简答:1 为什么说比较文学不是文学比较?2 什么是异质文化间的互证互识互补?3 试辨析"比较文学""国别文学""总体文学""世界文学"几个概念内在意蕴的异同?4 比较语境下怎样去理解和而不同原则?三、论述1 以英美意象派(如庞德)对中国古典诗歌的翻译和接受为例分析不同文化语境下文学翻译和接受不是单一的,还可能存在创造性转化,谈谈你对此的理解2 有人批评某些研究将西方文艺理论生搬硬套到与之截然相反的中国文学文本的作法弊大于利,请从比较诗学的角度谈谈如何对待中西批评传统,如何进行中西比较诗学的对话04年的考题一、名解三一律孟尔康赋比兴二十四诗品审美直觉王尔德平行研究二、简答1、中国学派发展历程及强势弱势2、影响研究的定义及缺点3、克伦威尔序言的意义4、有我之境与无我之境三、论述1、庄子思想对中国文学理论批评的影响2、民族文学在多原文化语境中的生存与发展3、文学消费的二重性4、比较萧伯纳与易卜生5、比较文学产生的背景6、现代主义与后现代主义的比较2005年真题比较文学与世界文学一填空1.波斯奈特代表作——2.《李白与歌德》作者—梁宗岱—3.钱钟书在比较文学方面的代表作——4.忘了什么题了，好像答案是文化孤立主义和文化保守主义二、名词解释形象学法国学派文化研究拜伦式英雄荒诞戏剧三、翻译是雷马克关于比较文学定义的一段英文，要求翻译为中文四简答:1文学比较与比较文学的区别2、怎么理解“接受本身就是批评”3、《红与黑》中的于连从乡下进城后备受歧视，结合相关作品中的人物分析“外省来的年轻人”五．论述1.意识流小说2.（给了一段话，忘了是什么了，大意是阐述一下中西比较诗学的建构问题）文艺理论.一名词解释有意味的形式韵味风骨《沧浪诗话》二简答1.虚境与实境2.话语的虚构3.误读4.结构与解构三论述（三选二）1.文学的大众化趋势及其对文学研究的影响2.传统语境下文学与政治的关系3.论述西方形式主义批评的发展趋势与理论特点06年真题比较文学与世界文学一、填空题1、是关于比较文学的一个人物，具体忘了2、3、4、《源氏物语》受唐代诗人——的影响最大10<安提戈涅〉作者——《力士参孙》作者——，《希腊古瓮颂》作者——。
（完整版）北语语用04-15年复试真题
（完整版）北语语用04-15年复试真题把能找到的真题给汇总了一下，希望对大家备考有帮助！[中文] 2015北语语言学及应用语言学复试真题语言学概论25分一、简答15音位变体及其分类词和短语的区别社会语言和地域方言的区别二、此题不太会答，列举了几组带儿的字，从语言学角度分析这些字的归属10分现代汉语50分一、分析下列三组语音的异同（可能记不太清，但是语音部分很简单）d和gz/zhx/r二、举例分析合成词的构成。
三、儿化的作用并举例。
四、1.这个西瓜很甜。
她睡得很甜。
2.火车马上到站了。
他站起来了。
分析多义词和同形同音词的区别。
五、“我喜欢干净。
”分析句子中的“干净”是什么词性。
六、我请他帮我解决这个问题。
我知道他没有帮我解决这个问题。
我希望他帮我解决这个问题。
分析兼语句和主谓短语作宾语的句子的区别。
古代汉语25分翻译六书的概念，并对相关内容作出论述分析以上是我参加复试的题目的基本回忆，希望对学弟学妹们有所帮助。
2014 年北京语言大学语言学及应用语言学考研复试真题一、语言学纲要（25 分）1.选择（9 个，每个1 分，共9 分）2.以浊音清化为例，说明语音演变的规律。
(8 分。
这题和12 复试、13 复试一致）3.说明标准语和地域方言的关系。
（8 分。
这题和08 语用初试真题一致）二、现代汉语（50 分）1.辅音和声母有什么不同。
（这题和12 语用初试真题一致）2.如何区别-in 和-ing？（这题和13 语用初试真题一致）3.什么是词？它和语素、熟语的区别。
伟、天、握手、花花绿绿、戴高帽、猪八戒喝磨刀水———内锈（秀）、马到成功4.（1）汉语的词和句子成分不是一一对应的关系。
（2）汉语的短语和句子的结构原则基本一致。
问题：这两句话给你的启示。
（5 分。
这道题可以在讲义上找到答案）5 汉语复合词和短语在结构上的不同点。
（10 分。
这道题可以在讲义上找到答案）6.“只要A 就B”和“只有A 才B”有什么不同。
北京语言大学综合英语(Ⅱ)期末考试高分题库全集含答案
17628--北京语言大学综合英语(Ⅱ)期末备考题库17628奥鹏期末考试题库合集单选题：（1）（）old man is waiting for you downstairs.A.AB.TheC.AnD./正确答案：C（2）The beggar accepted the food and money and gave a performance（）return.A.overB.forC.inD.against正确答案：C（3）We left the meeting, there obviously（）no point in staying.A.wereB.beingC.to beD.having正确答案：B（4）The owner and editor of the newspaper（）the conference.A.were attendingB.were to attendC.is to attendD.are to attend正确答案：C（5）Tom always turns in his paper late. This one（）be here yesterday.A.shouldB.mustC.couldD.is supposed to正确答案：D（6）The famous scientist（）his success to hard work.A.impartedB.grantedC.ascribedD.acknowledged正确答案：C（7）Not only the professionals but also the amateurs will（）from the new training facilities.A.deriveB.acquireC.benefitD.reward正确答案：C（8）Although a teenager, Fred could resist（）what to do and what not to do.A.being toldB.tellingC.to be toldD.to tell正确答案：A（9）Improved consumer confidence is（）to an economic recovery.A.crucialB.subordinateC.cumulativeD.satisfactory正确答案：A（10）He was proud of being chosen to participate in the game and he（）us that he would try as hard as possible.A.insuredB.guaranteedC.assumedD.assured正确答案：D（11）It was in the United States that I made the（）with Professor Jones.A.acknowledgementB.acquaintanceC.recognitionD.association正确答案：B（12）A dark suit is（）to a light one for evening wear.A.favourableB.suitableC.preferableD.proper正确答案：C（13）Many people like white color as it is a（）of purity.A.symbolB.signC.signalD.symptom正确答案：A（14）The detective and his assistant have begun to（）the mysterious murder.e throughB.look intoC.make overD.see to正确答案：B（15）The rest of the day was entirely at his（）for reading or recreation.A.dismissalB.survivalC.disposalD.arrival正确答案：C（16）Fiber-optic cables can carry hundreds of telephone conversations（）.A.simultaneouslyB.spontaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.contemporarily正确答案：A（17）The music aroused an（）feeling of homesickness in him.A.intentionalB.intermittentC.intenseD.intrinsic正确答案：C（18）This book is expected to（）the best-seller lists.A.promoteB.prevailC.dominateD.exemplify正确答案：C（19）The light was on in the office for the whole night. Someone must have forgotten to（）.A.turn off itB.turn down itC.turn it offD.turn it down正确答案：C（20）They have successfully（）the old style（）the new one in this room.bine、 tobine、 withbined、 withbined、to正确答案：C（21）（）a teenager, he worked at the park and did many different jobs.A.AsB.WithC.ThoughD.To be正确答案：A（22）What a lovely party! It’s worth（）all my life.A.rememberingB.to rememberC.to be rememberedD.being remembered正确答案：A（23）（）the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A.But forB.In case ofC.In spite ofD.Because of正确答案：A（24）Little（）about his own health though he was very ill.A.he caredB.did he careC.he caresD.does he care正确答案：B（25）No one can function properly if they are（）of adequate sleep.A.deprivedB.rippedC.strippedD.contrived正确答案：A（26）This new laser printer is（）with all leading software.parablepetitivepatibleD.cooperative正确答案：C（27）We expect him to（）his promises.A.carry oute outC.turn outD.find out正确答案：A（28）I suggest we put the scheme into effect, for it is quite（）.A.eligibleB.sustainableC.probableD.feasible正确答案：D（29）This is the nurse who（）to me when I was ill in hospital.A.accompaniedB.attendedC.entertainedD.shielded正确答案：B（30）As one of the youngest professors in the university, Miss King is certainly on the（）of a brilliant career.A.thresholdB.edgeC.porchD.course正确答案：A（31）During the process, great care has to be taken to protect the（）silk from damage.A.sensitiveB.tenderC.delicateD.sensible正确答案：C（32）In those days, executives expected to spend most of their lives in the same firm and, unless they were dismissed for（）, to retire at the age of 65.A.integrityB.denialC.incompetenceD.deduction正确答案：C（33）I waited for him for half an hour, but he never（）.A.turned inB.turned downC.turned offD.turned up正确答案：D（34）I have had my eyes tested and the report says that my（）is perfect.A.outlookB.visionC.horizonD.perspective正确答案：B（35）This research has attracted wide（）coverage and has featured on BBC television’s Tomorrow’s World.A.messagermationC.mediaD.data正确答案：C（36）He believes that game should be both（）and educational.A.amusementB.livelyC.entertainingD.interested正确答案：C（37）Those friends are a bad（）on her.A.exampleB.influenceC.modelD.image正确答案：B（38）We first build up a detailed（）of our customers and their requirements.A.introductionB.summaryrmationD.profile正确答案：D（39）She（）her trip to New York because she was ill.A.called offB.closed downC.put upD.went off正确答案：A（40）There has been a great increase in retail sales, （）?A.does thereB.isn’t thereC.hasn’t thereD.isn’t it正确答案：C（41）If someone annoys you, especially by continually saying or doing something that you do not like, you may say（）.A.You're getting on my nervesB.He is annoyedC.He gets under my skinD.You drive me up the wall正确答案：D（42）（）is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A.WhichB.AsC.WhyD.Where正确答案：B（43）The computer can be paid for in ten monthly（）of dollars.A.payB.paysC.paymentD.payments正确答案：D（44）How much of your country’s electricity supply is（）from water power?A.deducedB.detachedC.derivedD.declined正确答案：C（45）（）for such a dangerous journey, many people died because of hunger and cold.A.UnpreparingB.UnpreparedC.Having unpreparedD.To have unprepared正确答案：B（46）There is supposed to be a safety（）which makes it impossible for trains to collide.A.applianceB.accessoryC.machineD.mechanism正确答案：D（47）A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have laws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from（）backgrounds.A.extensiveB.influentialC.diverseD.identical正确答案：C（48）She has managed to obtain a temporary workCin Britain.A.permitB.permissionC.permissivenessD.permissible正确答案：A（49）Your free time activities can be a clue（）your true interests.A.forB.atC.ofD.to正确答案：D（50）Others viewed the findings with（）, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remains to be shown.A.optimismB.passionC.cautionD.deliberation正确答案：C（51）Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner（）at the very moment of the crash.A.should have diedB.must be dyingC.must have diedD.ought to die正确答案：C（52）The test will（）answering questions about a photograph.A.containB.includeC.involveD.relate正确答案：C（53）At that time, in many countries there was（）— not enough — gas and oil.A. a surplus ofB.surplus ofC.shortage ofD. a shortage of正确答案：D（54）When supply exceeds demand for any product, prices are（）to fall.A.timelyB.simultaneousC.subjectD.liable正确答案：D（55）Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat （）by steam.A.towedB.pressedC.tossedD.propelled正确答案：D（56）Although the body is made up of many different tissues, these tissues are arranged in an（）and orderly fashion.A.incredibleB.intricateC.internalD.initial正确答案：B（57）Ill health was the most（）mentioned reason for early retirement.A.frequentB.frequencyC.frequentedD.frequently正确答案：D（58）When he was a child, he（）one hardship after another.A.went forB.went afterC.went throughD.went across正确答案：C阅读理解：（1）The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portableelectronic device such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation（航空）industry, has recommended that all airlines ban（禁止）such devices from being used during “critical” stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights. Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s computers. Experts know that portable device emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable（易受损的）to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music’s too loud.第1小题The passage is mainly about().第2小题What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?第3小题Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices because()第4小题Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplane’s computers?第5小题It can be inferred from the passage that the author().选项：A. a new regulation for all airlines选项：B.the defects of electronic devices选项：C. a possible cause of aircraft crashes选项：D.effective safety measures for air flight正确答案：C正确答案：D正确答案：C正确答案：C正确答案：C（2）Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook.Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated (疏远……) by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or interests.People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits (套装), including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter-personal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance.In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" and "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. Thevariety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."第1小题According to the passage, the way we dress().第2小题From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults tend to believe that certain types of clothing can().第3小题The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to ().第4小题According to the passage, many career women find themselves in difficult situations because().第5小题What is the passage mainly about?选项：A.provides clues for people who are critical of us选项：B.indicates our likes and dislikes in choosing a career选项：C.has a direct influence on the way people regard us选项：D.is of particular importance when we get on in age正确答案：C正确答案：D正确答案：A正确答案：D正确答案：A（3）As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has beenshifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further.Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious(有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this personcould be a lot healthier.The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attentionto the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well.” Inrecent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improvetheir health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, andthey make a point of monitoring their body’s condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well,”in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of thei r physical limitations. “Wellness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people canstrive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease andto fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.第1小题Today medical care is placing more stress on().第2小题In the first paragraph, people are reminded that().第3小题Traditionally, a person is considered “well” if he().第4小题According to the author, the true meaning of “wellness” is for people().第5小题According to what the author advocates, which of the following groups of people would be considered healthy?选项：A.keeping people in a healthy physical condition选项：B.monitoring patients’ body functions选项：C.removing people’s bad living habits选项：D.ensuring people’s psychological well-being正确答案：C正确答案：A正确答案：D正确答案：B正确答案：C（4）Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to the finding.Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 percent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.第1小题Hancock’s study focuses on().第2小题Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that().第3小题According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?第4小题According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because().第5小题It can be inferred from the passage that().选项：A.the consequences of lying in various communications media选项：B.the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas选项：C.people are less likely to lie in instant messages选项：D.people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media正确答案：D正确答案：C正确答案：A正确答案：B正确答案：C（5）If you have a chance to go to Finland, you will probably be surprised to find how “foolish” the Finnish people are.Take the taxi drivers for example. Taxis in Finland are mostly high-class Benz with a fare of two US dollars a kilometer. You can go anywhere in one, tell the driver to drop you at any place, say that you have some business to attend to, andthen walk off without paying your fare. The driver would not show the least sign of anxiety.The dining rooms in all big hotels not only serve their guests, but also serve outside diners. Hotel guests have their meals free, so they naturally go to the free dining rooms to have their meals. The most they would do to show their good faith is to wave their registration card to the waiter. With such a loose check, you can easily use any old registration card to take a couple of friends to dine free of charge.The Finnish workers are paid by the hour. They are very much on their own as soon as they have agreed with the boss on the rate. From then on they just say how many hours they have worked and they will be paid accordingly.With so many loopholes (漏洞) in everyday life, surely Finland must be a heaven to those who love to take “petty advantages”. But the strange thi ng is, all the taxi passengers would always come back to pay their fare after they have attended to their business; not a single outsider has ever been found in the free hotel dining rooms. And workers always give an honest account of the exact hours they put in. As the Finns always act on good faith in everything they do, living in such a society has turned everyone into a real “gentleman”.In a society of such high moral practice, what need is there for people to be on guard against others?第1小题While taking a taxi in Finland,().第2小题We know from the passage that big hotels in Finland().第3小题Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?第4小题The word “those” in the second paragraph from the bottom probably refers to ().第5小题It can be concluded that().选项：A. a passenger can go anywhere without having to pay the driver选项：B. a passenger pays two US dollars for a taxi ride选项：C. a passenger can never be turned down by the taxi driver wherever hewants to go选项：D. a passenger needs to provide good faith demonstration before they leavewithout paying正确答案：C正确答案：B正确答案：B正确答案：C正确答案：C（6）I don’t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement—jobs, research papers, awards—was viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realizethat I didn’t want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I don’t study sociology or political theory.Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women’s college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how many of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don’t dismiss those concerns. Still, I don’t tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of scienc e. And that’s a sight worth talking about.第1小题Why doesn’t the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again?第2小题From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author’s failures to()第3小题What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph.D. and post-doctoral research?第4小题Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class?第5小题What does the image the author presents to her students suggest?选项：A.She feels unhappy working in male-dominated fields.选项：B.She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.选项：C.She is not good at telling stories of the kind.选项：D.She finds space research more important.正确答案：C正确答案：A正确答案：C正确答案：D正确答案：C（7）Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problemis the automated highway system.When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements.The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway.第1小题One significant improvement in the future car will probably be().第2小题What is the author’s main concern?第3小题What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system?第4小题In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is().第5小题What is the author’s attitude toward the future of autos?选项：A.its power source选项：B.its driving system选项：C.its monitoring system选项：D.its seating capacity正确答案：A正确答案：C正确答案：A正确答案：D正确答案：C（8）I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and thecritical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5thgrade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture afleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying toedit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing”. In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using thecritical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.第1小题When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means().第2小题What prevents people from writing on is().第3小题What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?第4小题。