吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(殖民地时期的美国文学)【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(自然主义)【圣才出品】
第7章自然主义7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Emergence3. Major Features4. American NaturalistsⅡ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅢ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅣ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅤ. Jack London (1876-1916)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. SummaryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundSince people were interested in Darwinian thought, the writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景人们对达尔文思想感兴趣，作家们用达尔文的自然选择论来解释人类的行为。
2. EmergenceUnder the French influence, some writers ushered in a literary movement called Naturalism in America.2. 出现受法国的影响，一些作家在美国开始发起一场自然主义的文学运动。
3. Major Features(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.(2) The universe is godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.3. 主要特征(1) 人类受遗传法则和环境的控制。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 地方色彩小说)【圣才出品】
第6章地方色彩小说Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The literary school of_____can be defined as having“such quality of texture andbackground that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.”（天津外国语2009研）【答案】Local Colorism【解析】哈姆林·加兰（Hamlin Garland）在其《摇摇欲坠的偶像》（Crumbling Idols）一文中指出，乡土文学是一种具有特殊质地和背景特点、除本地人外其他任何地方或任何人都不可能创作出来的文学。
2.At the heart of Mark Twain’s achievement is his creation of two characters:______and______.【答案】Tom Sawyer,Huckleberry Finn【解析】马克·吐温最著名的作品《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》的主角分别是Tom Sawyer和Huckleberry Finn。
Ⅱ.Multiple ChoiceIn his later novels,Mark Twain seems less hopeful about democracy,which is reflected in his work,______.A.The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgB.The Mysterious StrangerC.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountryD.A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court【答案】D【解析】《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国佬》反映出马克·吐温对民主信心渐失。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】第9章1945年之前的现代小说9.1复习笔记Ⅰ.Overview1.Background2.Lost Generation3.Modern FictionⅡ.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅢ.Francis Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅣ.Sinclair Lewis(1885-1951)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅤ.John Steinbeck(1902-1968)1.Life2.Literary Career3.The Grapes of WrathⅠ.Overview1.Background①After the war,the voices of new groups of Americans were heard.They were poor,or immigrants,or Jews,or blacks.②During this period there occurred in America areexamination of the structure of literature and of the nature of the critical activity itself.Ⅰ.概述1.背景①战后，很多美国的新作家来自穷人，移民，犹太人或黑人。
②这一时期，美国重新审视了文学结构和评论活动本身。
Lost Generation were cut off from their past.Without a meaningful future to fall on,they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids.2.迷惘的一代迷惘的一代与过去分割。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 美国的女性作家)【圣才出品】
第12章美国的女性作家Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Author:_____Title:_____（南京大学2007研）Well,and what if she was?She still had ears.It was like Cornelia to whisper around doors.She always kept things secret in such a public way.She was always being tactful and kind.Cornelia was dutiful;that was the trouble with her.Dutiful and good:“So good and dutiful.”said Granny,“that I’d like to spank her.”【答案】Katherine Anne Porter;The Jilting of Granny Weatherall【解析】题目节选自凯瑟琳的《被遗弃的老祖母》。
2.The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the1920s and1930s with the appearance of,among others, novelist_____,playwright_____,and short-story writer Katherine Anne Porter.（天津外国语2010研）【答案】journalist,essayist【解析】南方文艺复兴开始于20世纪20年代，代表作家包括福克纳，凯瑟琳·安·波特，尤多拉·韦尔蒂，卡森·麦卡勒斯等。
3.The New Criticism first emerged in1920s as a reaction against the prevailing time-honored critical tendency to focus on the theme often in disregard of the form of the work.The name is given by John Crowe Ransom’s collection ofcritical essays_____.【答案】The New Criticism【解析】“新批评”一词，源于美国文艺批评家约翰·克劳·兰塞姆（John Crowe Ransom）1941年出版的《新批评》（The New Criticism）一书。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 垮掉的一代)【圣才出品】
第11章垮掉的一代Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Gary Snyder has been placed next to Allen Ginsberg among the Beat Generation. He seems to think that the job of the poet is to catch sight of_____,which resides nowhere but in_____.【答案】the poetic;the natural world【解析】加里·斯奈德（Gary Snyder），二十世纪美国著名诗人、“垮掉派”代表人物之一。
他喜欢沉浸于自然，在大自然中，他既是劳动者也是思考者，因此他的诗“更加接近于事物的本色以对抗我们时代的失衡、紊乱及愚昧无知”。
2.Such literary and cultural developments in the early twentieth century,as “Angry Young Men”in England,“__________”in America and“Nouveau Roman”in France seem to share the belief that the world is absurd and life meaningless,which may be labeled as______developments.（人大2001研）【答案】Beat Generation;counter-cultural【解析】20世纪早期，随着文学和文化的发展，在英国出现了“愤怒的青年”，美国出现了“垮掉的一代”，在法国出现了“新小说派”。
他们都认为世界是荒诞的，而生命则毫无意义。
因此，他们被贴上了“反文化”的标签。
3.Write down the name of the author of the following work.（厦门大学2011研）“In my hungry fatigue,and shopping for images,I went into the neon fruitsupermarket,dreaming of your enumerations!”【答案】Alan Ginsberg【解析】该段引自美国“垮掉的一代”的诗人金斯堡的《加利福尼亚超市》，并首次发表在其作品集Howl and Other Poems（《嚎叫和其他诗》）中，诗中描述了作者经过加利福尼亚一家超市时的所见所想。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(超验主义)【圣才出品】
第3章超验主义3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Growth and Development2. Major Concepts3. Significance4. WeaknessesⅡ. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)1. Life2. Literary Achievements3. “The American Scholar”Ⅲ. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)1. Life2. Relations with Emerson3. Walden4. General commentⅠ. Overview1. Growth and Development①New England Transcendentalism was in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil.②The Transcendental Club, was formed in 1836 and published their journal The Dial.Ⅰ. 概述1. 产生和发展①新英格兰超验主义从本质上说是清教徒基础上的浪漫唯心主义。
②超验主义俱乐部成立于1836年，并发表了他们的期刊《日晷》。
2. Major Concepts①It stressed the power of intuition. As romantic idealism, it placed spirit first and matter second.②It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. It emphasized the significance of the individual.2. 主要概念①它强调直觉的力量。
作为浪漫唯心主义，它认为精神第一，物质第二。
②它把自然当作精神或上帝的象征，强调个人的重要性。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国⽂学⼤纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】第8章现代诗歌8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Modernism3. Imagism(1) Emergence(2) Major features(3) CommentⅡ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅢ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Views of Poetry4. Major FeaturesⅤ. E. A. Robinson (1869-1935)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CharacteristicsⅥ. Robert Lee Frost (1874-1963)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅦ. Contemporary American PoetryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundIn the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. But they were often combined together.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景20世纪，美国诗歌有两⼤类型，即内省和社会批判。
但是两种类型经常结合在⼀起。
2. Modernism(1) Modernism dramatized severance from the past while using the past, its valuesand artistic forms in new literary production.(2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the individual himself.(3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong break withtraditional forms and techniques of expression.2. 现代主义(1) 现代主义与过去相隔离，但同时也在新的⽂学作品中使⽤过去的观点和艺术形式。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 现代诗歌)【圣才出品】
第8章现代诗歌Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The most significant American poem of the twentieth century was_____.【答案】The Waste Land【解析】《荒原》（The Waste Land）是现代英美诗歌的里程碑，是象征主义文学中最有代表性的作品，是艾略特的成名作和影响最深远的作品。
2.Edwin Arlington Robinson produced a large body of works and was honored with the_____Prize in1922,1925and1928.【答案】Pulitzer【解析】美国诗人埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊(Edwin Arlington Robinson)一生创作了很多作品，他于1922年、1925年和1928年三次赢得普利策奖。
3.Robert Frost’s second volume of poems was_____.【答案】North of Boston【解析】罗伯特·弗罗斯特（Robert Frost）是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人，1914年他出版了他个人的第二部诗集《波士顿以北》（North of Boston）这本诗集获得很高的评价。
4.In1915,_____published his Prufrock and Other Observations.【答案】Thomas Stearns Eliot【解析】1917年T·S·艾略特（Thomas Stearns Eliot）出版了他的第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其他观感》（Prufrock and Other Observations）。
Ⅱ.Multiple Choice1.The following excerpt is taken from a poem by_______.（大连外国语2007研）A.Carl SandburgB.Wallace StevensonC.T.S.EliotD.Ezra PoundWhile my hair was still cut straight across my foreheadI played about the front gate,pulling flowers.You came by on bamboo stilts,playing horse,You walked about my seat,playing with blue plums.And we went on living in the village of Chokan:Two small people,without dislike or suspicion.At fourteen I married My Lord you.I never laughed,being bashful.Lowering my head,I looked at the wall.Called to,a thousand times,I never looked back.【答案】D【解析】题中诗句选自美国著名诗人Ezra Pound的诗歌The River-Merchant’s Wife:ALetter。
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第1章殖民地时期的美国文学1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Native American Literature1. Background2. Traditional Literature3. Transitional Literature4. Modem LiteratureⅡ. Literature of Colonial Settlements1. Background2. Puritanism3. Literature of Early Settlements4. CharacteristicsⅢ. Literature of the Eighteenth Century1. Background2. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)(1) Life(2) Literary Achievements3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(1) Life(2) Literary Achievements(3) Autobiography(4) Style4. Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(1) Life(2) Literary Achievements5. Philip Freneau (1752-1832)(1) Life(2) Literary AchievementsⅠ. Native American Literature1. Background(1) When Christopher Columbus reached the continent of North America in 1492,there were more than two thousand independent tribes of about one million natives. They were Asian in origin.(2) All Indian tribes have a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, prayers,spells, charms, riddles, and stories. Different tribes have different literary tastes. Ⅰ美国本土文学1. 背景(1) 1492年，克里斯多弗·哥伦布到达北美洲，那里有两千多个独立的部落，大约一百万土著亚洲居民。
(2) 所有印第安部落的口头文学都很丰富，形式多种多样，包括歌曲，祈祷，符咒，谜语和故事等。
不同的部落文学风格不同。
2. Traditional LiteratureThe traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth. For a long time, Indians saw literature as functional.2. 传统文学传统文学几乎都是以口头形式传播。
很长一段时间，印第安人认为文学是功能性的。
3. Transitional LiteratureIt is represented by translations of the great Indian orators of the 19th century and memoirs of the Indian experience in relation to white dominance.3. 过渡文学过渡文学指的是19世纪印第安演讲者的翻译和印第安生活中涉及白人占主导地位的回忆。
4. Modern LiteratureThe modern literature includes novels, short stories, and poetry written in English by native Americans of the 19th-21st centuries.4. 现代文学现代文学包括19世纪到21世纪美国文学家创作的英语长篇小说，短篇小说和诗歌。
Ⅱ. Literature of Colonial Settlements1. Background(1) The earliest colonial forces that came to North America were Spanish.(2) In 1620 Pilgrims, mostly humble country folks, stepped on the New England shore at Plymouth.Ⅱ. 殖民地时期的文学1. 背景(1) 最早到达北美洲的殖民者是西班牙人。
(2) 1620年，清教徒，主要是谦逊的农村人，来到新英格兰地区的普利茅斯。
2. PuritanismAmerican Puritan was a practical idealist. He had an urge for religious freedom; he had thirst for greater economic opportunity, for land, and for adventure. He was a doctrinaire and an opportunist.2. 清教徒美国的清教徒是实际的理想主义者。
他强烈要求宗教自由；渴望更多的经济机会，渴望土地和冒险。
清教徒既是教条主义者，又是机会主义者。
3. Literature of Early Settlements(1) Literature of the New England Settlements is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism.(2) John Smith’s A Map of Virgini a (1612) and A Description of the Country (1616)are boasting accounts of his adventures in America.(3) Anne Bradstreet was a woman poet and her poems in The Tenth Muse LatelySprung up in America (1650) reflect the concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies.3. 早期文学(1) 新英格兰早期的文学主要表达了清教徒的唯心主义。
(2) 约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚的地图》(1612)和《国家描述》(1616)鼓吹了他在美国的探险历程。
(3) 安妮•布莱德斯特里特是一位女诗人，她的代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》(1650)反映了到殖民地安顿下来的女性所面临的问题。
4. CharacteristicsAll of the works written during this period are utilitarian, polemical, or didactic. The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness.4. 特点这一时期的所有作品都是功利的，好辩的或说教的。
为清教徒服务的文学目的首先是有用性。
Ⅲ. Literature of the Eighteenth Century1. BackgroundJonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin were representatives of the eighteenth century. They embodied Puritan naive idealism and crude materialism. The 18th century America experienced an age of reason and order.Ⅲ. 18世纪的文学1. 背景乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是18世纪的代表，他们代表了清教徒天真的唯心主义和原始的唯物主义。
18世纪的美国是个理性和秩序的时代。
2. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)(1) Life①Edwards was the last great voice to reassert Calvinism in America. He admired their great religious fervor and devotion.②Edwards, however, went too far and was dismissed from his church in 1750.2. 乔纳森·爱德华兹(1703-1758)(1) 生平①爱德华兹是美国最后一个复古加尔文主义的代表人，爱德华兹崇尚他们的宗教热情和忠诚。
②然而，爱德华兹偏离了初衷。
1750年，他被教堂解雇。
(2) Literary AchievementsThe Personal Narrative was written around 1740. It is a short account of how he came to faith and how he felt when he got the belief.(2) 文学成就《个人叙述》写于1740年，记述他如何信仰宗教以及信仰宗教之后的感受。
3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(1) Life。