中国司法制度(中英)
我们国家法律规定的英语(3篇)
第1篇The legal system of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a comprehensive framework that encompasses various laws, regulations, and judicial practices. It is based on the socialist legal theory and is designed to safeguard the interests of the people, promote social stability, and ensure the implementation of the socialist system. This article will provide an overview of the legal system of China, including its historical development, main components, and key principles.I. Historical Development1. Ancient Legal SystemThe legal system of China has a long history, dating back to theearliest dynasties. The ancient Chinese legal system was characterized by the concept of "rule by law" (法治), which emphasized the importance of laws in maintaining social order. The "Code of Han" (汉律) and the "Tribute of Qin" (秦律) are among the earliest known legal codes.2. The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) marked a significant period in the development of Chinese law. The Qing legal system was influenced by both Chinese and Mongolian legal traditions. The "Great Qing Legal Code" (大清律例) was the most comprehensive legal code during this period.3. The Republic of ChinaThe Republic of China (1912-1949) witnessed the introduction of Western legal concepts and the establishment of a modern legal system. The "Constitution of the Republic of China" (中华民国宪法) was promulgatedin 1947, which laid the foundation for the contemporary legal system.4. The People's Republic of ChinaAfter the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the legal system was reformed to adapt to the socialist system. The "Constitution of the People's Republic of China" (中华人民共和国宪法) was promulgatedin 1954, serving as the supreme law of the country. Since then, thelegal system has been continuously improved and developed.II. Main Components1. ConstitutionThe Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the fundamental law of the country, which defines the state's political system, basic rights and freedoms, and the division of power among various state organs. It is the highest legal authority in China.2. LegislationLegislation is the process of enacting laws and regulations. The National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee are responsible for legislation at the national level. Local people's congresses and their standing committees are responsible for legislation at the local level.3. RegulationsRegulations are issued by the State Council and local people's governments. They are designed to implement laws and regulations and provide specific rules for administrative activities.4. Judicial InterpretationJudicial interpretation is issued by the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate. It interprets laws and regulations and provides guidance for judicial practice.5. International Treaties and AgreementsChina is a signatory to various international treaties and agreements, which are part of its legal system. These treaties and agreements are binding on the country and its citizens.III. Key Principles1. Rule of LawThe principle of rule of law is the cornerstone of the Chinese legal system. It means that all individuals and organizations, including the government, must comply with the law.2. Separation of PowersThe Chinese legal system is based on the separation of powers, which divides the government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has its own functions and responsibilities.3. Protection of Rights and InterestsThe legal system aims to protect the rights and interests of individuals and organizations. The Constitution guarantees basic rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.4. Equality before the LawThe principle of equality before the law means that all individuals and organizations are subject to the same legal rules and enjoy equal protection under the law.5. SocialismThe legal system is designed to serve the socialist cause. It aims to promote social equality, economic development, and cultural progress.IV. Judicial System1. CourtsThe judicial system of China consists of people's courts and military courts. People's courts are responsible for civil, criminal, and administrative cases. Military courts handle cases involving military personnel and organizations.2. ProcuratoratesProcuratorates are legal bodies that perform both judicial and administrative functions. They are responsible for initiating criminal proceedings and overseeing the implementation of sentences.3. Legal AidLegal aid is provided to individuals who cannot afford legal representation. It ensures that everyone has access to justice, regardless of their economic status.V. ConclusionThe legal system of the People's Republic of China is a complex and dynamic framework that has evolved over centuries. It is based on the socialist legal theory and aims to protect the interests of the people, promote social stability, and ensure the implementation of the socialist system. By understanding the key components and principles of the legal system, individuals and organizations can better navigate the legal landscape of China.第2篇IntroductionThe legal system of a country is a crucial component of its governance and societal order. It serves as a framework for regulating the behavior of individuals, organizations, and the state itself. In our country, the legal system is based on a comprehensive set of laws and regulationsthat are designed to ensure justice, maintain public order, and protect the rights and interests of all citizens. This article provides an overview of the legal system of our country, highlighting the key laws and regulations that govern various aspects of society.I. The Sources of Law1. ConstitutionThe Constitution is the supreme law of our country. It establishes the fundamental principles of the state, defines the rights and duties of citizens, and outlines the structure and powers of the government. The Constitution serves as the bedrock of our legal system and provides the framework for all other laws and regulations.2. LegislationLegislation refers to the laws enacted by the legislative body, which is responsible for making laws. In our country, the National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee are the main legislative bodies. They have the authority to draft, review, and pass laws that govern various aspects of society.3. RegulationsRegulations are issued by the executive branch of the government, primarily by the State Council and its ministries. They are morespecific than laws and are designed to implement the provisions of laws. Regulations cover a wide range of issues, such as economic management, public health, and environmental protection.4. Local RegulationsLocal regulations are issued by local people's congresses and their standing committees, as well as local governments. They are applicable within specific administrative regions and are designed to address local issues and implement national laws and regulations.5. Judicial DecisionsJudicial decisions, including judgments and interpretations by the Supreme People's Court, play a significant role in shaping the legal system. They provide guidance on the interpretation and application of laws and regulations, and contribute to the development of legal principles and standards.II. Key Areas of Law1. Civil LawCivil law governs the relationships between individuals, legal entities, and other organizations. It includes laws on contracts, property, family, and succession. The Civil Code is the fundamental law in this area,which provides a comprehensive framework for resolving disputes and protecting the rights and interests of individuals and entities.2. Criminal LawCriminal law regulates the behavior of individuals and organizationsthat violate public order and security, and imposes penalties on those who commit crimes. The Criminal Law is the main legal instrument in this area, defining the types of crimes, the elements of crimes, and the penalties for criminal offenses.3. Administrative LawAdministrative law governs the activities of administrative organs and the relationships between the state and individuals, legal entities, and other organizations. It includes laws on administrative organization, administrative procedures, administrative supervision, andadministrative litigation.4. Economic LawEconomic law regulates economic activities and ensures fair competition and market order. It includes laws on companies, securities, banking, taxation, and foreign trade. The main purpose of economic law is to promote economic development and protect the legitimate rights and interests of market participants.5. Social LawSocial law addresses issues related to social welfare and public interest, such as education, labor, healthcare, and social security. It aims to ensure social equality and justice, and to provide a secure and harmonious social environment for citizens.6. Environmental LawEnvironmental law regulates the protection and management of the environment, and aims to promote sustainable development. It includes laws on environmental protection, natural resources, and ecological conservation. The core principle of environmental law is to balance economic development and environmental protection.III. Legal ProcedureLegal procedure refers to the methods and procedures for enforcing laws and resolving disputes. In our country, legal procedures are dividedinto civil procedure, criminal procedure, and administrative procedure.1. Civil ProcedureCivil procedure is the legal process for resolving civil disputes. It includes the stages of litigation, such as filing a lawsuit, investigation, trial, and enforcement. The Civil Procedure Law provides detailed rules for the conduct of civil litigation and ensures the fair and efficient resolution of disputes.2. Criminal ProcedureCriminal procedure is the legal process for investigating, charging, and trying criminal cases. It includes the stages of investigation, indictment, trial, and appeal. The Criminal Procedure Law ensures that criminal suspects and defendants are treated fairly and that theirrights are protected throughout the legal process.3. Administrative ProcedureAdministrative procedure is the legal process for resolving administrative disputes. It includes the stages of administrative reconsideration, administrative litigation, and judicial review. The Administrative Procedure Law regulates the conduct of administrative organs and ensures the fair and reasonable resolution of administrative disputes.ConclusionThe legal system of our country is a complex and comprehensive framework that governs various aspects of society. The laws and regulations inthis system are designed to ensure justice, maintain public order, and protect the rights and interests of all citizens. Understanding thelegal system and its key components is essential for individuals and organizations to comply with the law and to seek legal remedies when their rights are violated. As our country continues to develop andprogress, the legal system will play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of our society.第3篇The People's Republic of China (PRC) has a comprehensive legal system that governs various aspects of its society, economy, and politics. This legal framework is designed to maintain social order, protect individual rights, and promote the development of the nation. The following is an overview of the legal system and laws of China, as stipulated by the country's constitution and various legislative acts.I. The Legal System of China1. Sources of LawThe legal system of China is primarily based on the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, which serves as the supreme law of the land. Other sources of law include laws, regulations, local regulations, administrative regulations, and judicial interpretations.1.1 The ConstitutionThe Constitution of the People's Republic of China, adopted on December 4, 1982, is the fundamental law of the nation. It defines the state's political system, the rights and duties of citizens, and the structure and functions of state organs. The Constitution is the supreme law, and all other laws must conform to its provisions.1.2 LawsLaws are enacted by the National People's Congress (NPC) or its Standing Committee. They address specific issues and are of general application throughout the country. Examples of laws include the Criminal Law, Civil Law, and Administrative Law.1.3 RegulationsRegulations are issued by the State Council or its ministries and departments. They are designed to implement laws and address specificadministrative issues. There are two types of regulations:administrative regulations and departmental regulations.1.4 Local RegulationsLocal regulations are issued by the people's congresses or their standing committees at the provincial, municipal, and county levels. They are applicable within a specific administrative region and must not conflict with national laws.1.5 Administrative RegulationsAdministrative regulations are issued by the State Council or its ministries and departments to implement laws and regulations. They are of general application and have the force of law.1.6 Judicial InterpretationsJudicial interpretations are issued by the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate to clarify the application of laws and regulations in specific cases. They have the force of law and are binding on all courts and procuratorates.2. Legal ProceduresThe legal system of China is based on the principle of rule of law, which emphasizes the application of laws in all aspects of governance. Legal procedures are designed to ensure fair and just outcomes.2.1 Civil ProcedureCivil procedure governs the handling of civil disputes in courts. It includes the stages of litigation, such as filing a lawsuit, conducting evidence collection, and delivering a judgment.2.2 Criminal ProcedureCriminal procedure governs the handling of criminal cases in courts. It includes the stages of investigation, prosecution, trial, and punishment.2.3 Administrative ProcedureAdministrative procedure governs the handling of administrative disputes between individuals, legal persons, and other organizations and the state administrative organs. It includes the stages of filing a complaint, conducting an investigation, and delivering a decision.II. Key Laws of China1. The ConstitutionThe Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides the fundamental framework for the country's legal system. It guarantees the basic rights and freedoms of citizens, such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, and stipulates the structure and functions of state organs.2. The Criminal LawThe Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China defines crimes and their penalties. It aims to maintain social order, protect national security, and safeguard the rights and interests of individuals and organizations.3. The Civil LawThe Civil Law of the People's Republic of China regulates civil relationships, including contracts, property rights, and torts. It aims to protect the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations.4. The Administrative LawThe Administrative Law of the People's Republic of China regulates the relationship between the state and its citizens, legal persons, and other organizations. It aims to ensure the proper exercise of administrative power and protect the rights and interests of individuals and organizations.5. The Commercial LawThe Commercial Law of the People's Republic of China regulates commercial activities, including the establishment and operation ofenterprises, the protection of trade secrets, and the resolution of commercial disputes.6. The Tax LawThe Tax Law of the People's Republic of China regulates the collection and administration of taxes. It aims to ensure the proper collection of taxes and promote economic development.7. The Environmental Protection LawThe Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China regulates the protection and improvement of the environment. It aims to promote sustainable development and ensure the health and well-being of citizens.III. The Implementation of the Legal SystemThe implementation of the legal system in China is the responsibility of various state organs, including the National People's Congress, the State Council, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate.1. LegislationLegislation is the primary responsibility of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. They are responsible for enacting and amending laws, regulations, and other legal documents.2. AdministrationThe State Council and its ministries and departments are responsible for the administration of the country's legal system. They are responsible for implementing laws, regulations, and administrative regulations, and ensuring compliance with legal requirements.3. JudicationThe Supreme People's Court and its lower-level courts are responsiblefor the adjudication of legal disputes. They are responsible forinterpreting and applying laws, and delivering judgments in accordance with the legal system.4. ProcuratorateThe Supreme People's Procuratorate and its lower-level procuratorates are responsible for the prosecution of criminal cases. They are responsible for investigating crimes, collecting evidence, and representing the state in criminal proceedings.In conclusion, the legal system of the People's Republic of China is a comprehensive framework designed to maintain social order, protect individual rights, and promote the development of the nation. The system is based on the Constitution, and various laws, regulations, and administrative acts provide the guidelines for governance. The implementation of the legal system is the responsibility of various state organs, ensuring that laws are effectively enforced and justice is served.。
中国的司法行政管理制度(英)
中国的司法行政管理制度（英）System for Judicial AdministrationThe judicial administration is an important component of the state apparatus and a majorfunctional department of the government. It is responsible for administering judicial execution and managing laws and regulations.Organizationally, the Ministry of Justice supervises all the judicial departments across the country; local judicial authorities are subordinate to superior judicial authorities and to the government at the same level.Main responsibilities of judicial authorities include:1. Manage Reform-through-labor and Reeducation-through-labor InstitutionsOrganize and lead reform-through-labor and reeducation-through-labor work;Set the location of jails and reformatories and placement of prisoners and inmates;Direct, supervise and inspect prisons and reformatories and accurately implement policies and guidelines for reform- and re-education-through-labor work;Propose or review decisions concerning reform- or re-education-through-labor;Draft and review long-term plans and annual plans;Direct jails and reformatories to improve management;Sum up and promote advanced practices in reform- and re-education-through-labor;Inspect and handle major incidents that take place at jails or reformatories;Mete out disciplinary penalties for wardens who violate laws or discipline;Manage, inspect, train and promote officers atjails and reformatories.2. Regulate LawyersSupervise and direct lawyers, law firms and bar associations;Review constitutions of bar associations;Handle applications for taking part in lawyers qualification examination and administer the examination;Confer lawyer's qualifications and licenses;Determine the setup of law firms and the development of lawyers;Draft rules for legal assistance;Penalize lawyers who breach professional discipline, including revoking qualifications of those who are seriously incompetent;Develop rules for lawyers to charge fees;Sum up and promote good practices of lawyers;Draft development plans for the legal profession.3. Regulate Public NotariesSupervise public notaries;Determine the setup of public notary offices, the staffing, organization and examination of public notaries;Appoint and remove the director and deputydirector of public notary offices;Supervise fee-charging and expenditures by public notaries;Perform disciplinary inspections of public notaries;Sum up and promote good practices of public notaries.4. Manage Training of Judicial OfficialsDraft guidelines for training judicial officials and develop training plans;Direct the operation of political and law schools, including training of faculty and developing of textbooks;Sum up and promote good practices in training.5. Manage Legal EducationSet the direction of legal education, draft development plans, coordinate legal education nationwide, and collaborate with the Ministry of Education in supervising legal education across the country;Appoint and remove leading officials of political and law schools affiliated with the Ministry of Justice, review and approve capital expenditures and major expenditures of those schools, determine the setup of programs, enrolment and placement of graduates;Take the lead in developing textbooks for legal education across the country.6. Direct People's Mediation CommitteesManage the organizational, ideological and operational buildup of People's Mediation Committees and direct them in their mediation work;Study causes, characteristics and patterns ofcivil disputes and propose ways to prevent such disputes;Publicize policies, laws and ethics;Sum up and promote good practices in mediation.7. Promote Public Awareness of Rule of LawThis includes collaboration with relevant departments in launching publicity campaigns,introducing legal courses into schools and publishing legal periodicals and books.8. Supervise Foreign Affairs of Judicial Departments.The Ministry of Justice supervises all foreign affairs of the country's judicial organs. This entails determination of direction, scope and forms of foreign affairs and logistical arrangements; sending delegations to visit abroad and attend international conferences; receiving foreign visitors and briefing them on China's legal developments; conducting international legal assistance.9. Supervise Theory-building and Research in Judicial AdministrationDefine the organizational setup and missions of research institutions in the judicial apparatus;Draft laws, regulations and rules concerning judicial administration;Study issues related to judicial administration, crimes （particularly juvenile delinquency）.。
中国的司法改革白皮书(双语)
中国的司法改革Judicial Reform in China中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室Information Office of the State Council,the People’s Republic of China2012年10月October 2012,Beijing目录Contents前言Preface一、司法制度和改革进程I.Judicial System and Reform Process二、维护社会公平正义II.Maintaining Social Fairness and Justice三、加强人权保障III.Strengthening Human Rights Protection四、提高司法能力IV.Enhancing Judicial Capabilities五、践行司法为民V.Judicial Power Serving the People结束语Conclusion前言Preface司法制度是政治制度的重要组成部分，司法公正是社会公正的重要保障。
The judicial system is a major component of the political system,while judicial impartiality is a significant guarantee of social justice.新中国成立特别是改革开放以来，中国坚持从国情出发，在承继中国传统法律文化优秀成果、借鉴人类法治文明的基础上，探索建立并不断完善中国特色社会主义司法制度，维护了社会公正，为人类法治文明作出了重要贡献。
Since the founding of New China in 1949,and especially since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced some three decades ago,China,proceeding from its national conditions,carrying on the achievements of Chinese traditional legal culture and learning from other civilizations regarding their rule of law,has been building and improving its socialist judicial system with Chinese characteristics,safeguarding social justice and making significant contributions to the rule of law of the mankind.中国的司法制度总体上与社会主义初级阶段的基本国情相适应，符合人民民主专政的国体和人民代表大会制度的政体。
中国的审判制度(英)(1)-最新范文
中国的审判制度（英）（1）The Trial SystemThe trial system refers to the court system governing the establishment of courts, judges, and trials.Organization and Responsibilities of People’s CourtsAccording to the current Constitution, and the Law on the Organization of People’s Courts, People’s Courts represent the main trial organ of the state. Organizationally, this court system consists of local courts, special courts and the Supreme Court, with all the first two subject to the supervision of the latter. Local courts are established in accordance with the administrative divisions, while special courts are set up where necessary.1. Local courts are divided into three levels: Grassroots, Intermediate and Higher.Under the Law on the Organization of People’s Courts, grassroots-level courts consist of tribunals in counties/autonomous counties, cities without administrative districts, or administrative districts of cities. Their responsibilities are:Try criminal, civil and administrative cases as courts of first hearing, except where otherwise provided for by law.Cases deemed to be of a serious nature that should be handled by superior courts can be referred to those superior courts;Handle civil disputes and misdemeanors that do not need trials;Guide the work of the People’s Arbitration Committees.To facilitate lawsuits, grassroots courts may set up tribunals, which are not trial units, but have the responsibility to hear general civil and misdemeanors, guide the work of People’s Arbitration Committees, publicize laws and regulations, and handle petitions. Their judgments and decisions represent the judgments and decisions of the grassroots People’s Courts.Intermediate courts are those set up in prefectures, cities directly under provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government） and districts in the four municipalities directly under the central government （hereinafter referred to as “municipalities”）. Their responsibilities include:Try the following categories of cases:a）First-hearing cases under their jurisdiction, as prescribed by law. According to the Law on Criminal Procedures, these cases include those involving national security;criminal cases that may involve life imprisonment or the death penalty; criminal cases committed by foreigners or cases involving Chinese citizens violating the lawful rights and interests of foreigners. According to the Law on Civil Procedures, civil cases heard by intermediate courts are major foreign-related cases; cases of major implications within their jurisdictions; and cases that intermediate courts are ordered to hear by the Supreme Court. In addition, according to the Law on Administrative Procedures, intermediate courts are authorized to hear the following cases: verification of patent rights; customs handling; suits against administrative actions taken by State Council departments or governments of the provinces （autonomous regions, municipalities）; other important and complicated cases;b） First-hearing cases transferred by grassroots courts;c）Cases appealing or protesting the verdicts and decisions of grassroots courts.For criminal, civil and administrative cases that intermediate courts deem to be of a serious nature, the intermediate court may request that the cases be transferred to superior courts.Supervise the performance of grassroots courts withintheir jurisdiction. They have the power to examine or order grassroots courts to re-examine verdicts or decisions issued by those courts that have already taken effect but that have been found to contain errors.According to the law on court organization, Higher Courts are set up in provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities）. Their responsibilities include: Try the following categories of cases:a） Criminal, civil and administrative cases of major proportions and complications under their jurisdiction, as provided for by the law;b） First-hearing cases transferred by lower courts;c）Cases appealing or protesting the verdicts and decisions made by lower courts. Higher courts in areas where a maritime court is located are authorized to try cases appealing the verdicts and rulings made by the maritime court;d） Protested cases submitted by prosecutors in accordance with trial-monitoring procedures.Review first-hearing cases involving the death penalty ruled by intermediate courts where the accused renounces the right to appeal. If the Higher Court raises no objection to the death penalty, it then files the case with the Supreme Courtfor verification; if it disagrees with the death penalty ruling, it can either re-examine the case or refer the case back to the Intermediate Court.Review cases submitted by intermediate courts involving a death penalty with two years’ reprieve.Approve certain death-penalty cases as authorized by the Supreme Court.Supervise trials by lower courts. For verdicts or judgments passed by lower courts that have been found to contain errors, higher courts are authorized to hear or ask lower courts to reexamine the case.2. Special courts are courts set up in special departments for special cases wherever necessary. Currently, China has special courts handling military, maritime, railway cases.Military courts are set up at three levels: grassroots; Great Military Region, Services and Arms; and the PLA Court.The PLA Court is the supreme military court whose responsibilities include:Try first-hearing cases involving crimes committed by individuals above the division commander level.Try foreign-related criminal cases.Try second-hearing cases, verification and review of casesinvolving death penalty.Great Military Region and Services and Arms Courts are intermediate courts set up in great military regions, the navy, the air force, the Second Artillery Army and the PLA General Headquarters. Their responsibilities include:Try first-hearing cases involving crimes committed by individuals at the deputy division commander and regiment level.Try cases that may involve death penalty and cases under their jurisdiction as authorized or designated by superior military courts.Try cases appealing or protesting rulings or verdicts passed by lower courts.Grassroots military courts consist of tribunals set up in armies, provincial military regions, naval fleets, and air forces within Great Military Regions and in army units deployed in Beijing directly under the headquarters. Their responsibilities include:Try cases involving crimes committed by individuals under the battalion commander level and first-hearing cases that may involve a penalty up to life imprisonment.Try first-hearing cases under its jurisdiction asauthorized or designated by superior military courts.Maritime courts are special courts set up to try first-hearing maritime or sea-shipping cases for the purpose of exercising judicial jurisdiction over maritime affairs. In May 1989, the Supreme People’s Court made a Decision on the Scope of Cases to Be Handled by Maritime Courts. That decision specified that maritime courts handle maritime or commercial cases between Chinese legal persons/citizens, between Chinese legal persons/citizens and foreign legal persons/citizens, and between foreign legal persons/citizens. These cases fall into 14 subsets in five categories:Ten categories of cases involving maritime torts and disputes, including: damage claim cases involving collision of vessels; damage claim cases involving vessels colliding into buildings and facilities on the sea, sea-linked waters and ports; claim cases involving vessels discharging or leaking hazardous materials or waste water causing water pollution or damaging other vessels or cargo; claim cases involving casualties in the course of sea-borne shipping or operations on the sea, sea-linked waters and ports.Fourteen categories of commercial cases, including: cases involving shipping contract disputes; contract dispute casesinvolving passengers and baggage; cases involving seaman labor contract disputes; cases involving maritime rescue and salvage contract disputes; cases involving maritime insurance contract disputes.Eleven other categories of maritime cases, including: cases involving major liabilities in shipping and maritime operations; cases involving port operation disputes; cases involving general average disputes; cases involving offshore development and exploitation; cases involving the ownership, proprietorship, mortgage or preferred maritime right of claim of vessels; administrative cases involving maritime or inland river authorities; and cases involving maritime fraud.Five categories of cases involving maritime enforcement, including: cases involving compulsory enforcement requested by maritime and inland river authorities; cases involving applications for enforcement of arbitration awards filed by litigants; cases involving applications filed with Chinese maritime courts by litigants for recognition and enforcement of arbitration awards given by arbitration agencies in foreign countries or regions, in accordance with provisions of the convention on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration; cases involving applications filed by litigantsto Chinese maritime courts for assistance in enforcement of rulings given by foreign courts, in accordance with judicial assistance accords China signed with foreign countries, or with the principle of reciprocity.Two categories of cases involving requests for preservation: cases involving pleas for detaining vessels prior to the opening of trial; cases involving pleas for detaining cargoes aboard ships or fuel for the ships prior to the opening of trial.Railway transportation tribunals are special courts set up along railways that try the following types of cases: Criminal cases investigated by railway public-security authorities and filed by railway prosecutors.Cases involving economic disputes. In accordance with rulings of the Supreme People’s Court, these cases fall into 12 categories: cases involving railway cargo transportation contract disputes; cases involving disputes over the execution of international railway collaboration contracts; cases involving economic disputes within the railway system; cases involving torts that have resulted in damages to railways in violation of railway safety regulations; and tort cases involving human and property losses caused by railwayoperations and dispatch operations, where the litigant chooses to bring action to the railway tribunal.3.The Supreme People’s Court is located in Beijing, capital city of China. It is the highest judicial organ, exercising the highest judicial power while supervising lower courts and special courts. The Supreme People’s Court is presided over by one president and a number of vice presidents, chief justices and justices. The Supreme People’s Court exercises the following powers:Supervise lower courts and special courts. For judgments and rulings passed by lower and special courts that have been found to contain errors, the Supreme People’s Court have the power to hear the cases or order lower courts to reexamine the cases.Try the following cases:a） First-hearing cases falling under its jurisdiction as prescribed by the law or as deemed necessary by the court itself. The Law on Criminal Procedure stipulates that the Supreme People’s Court has first-hearing right to try criminal and civil cases of major proportions nationwide. The Law on Administrative Procedure provides that the Supreme People’s Court has first-hearing jurisdiction over administrative casesof a material and complicated nature.b） Cases appealing or protesting rulings of higher courts and special courts, and protested cases submitted by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate in accordance with legal procedures.Approve death penalty cases.Issue judicial interpretations on how to apply law and writs.Lead and manage judicial administration of courts at all levels across the country.Organizational structure of the court system in China:Judge SystemThe judge system, a major component of the judiciary, refers to all the rules and institutions related to the election and qualification of judges, forms of election, tenures, rewards and penalties, and salary and compensation of judges. China promulgated a Judge Law on February 28, 1995, which contains 17 chapters and 42 articles.1. Qualifications of JudgesJudges exercise state judicial power in accordance with law. They include presidents and vice presidents of courts atvarious levels, members of judicial committees, presidents and vice presidents of tribunals, judges and assistant judges. The responsibility of judges is to participate in collegiate panels or be independent judges at trials.Judges are elected with the following qualifications:A citizen of the People’s Republic of China;At least 23 years of age;Supports the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China;In good political, professional and moral standing;In good health;A graduate of law from an institution of higher learning, or a non-law graduate from an institution of higher learning with in-depth knowledge of law, with two years of working experience; or holders of a bachelor’s degree in JD with a full year of working experience; those holding a Master’s or Ph.D. degree in JD are not subject to the working-experience limit described above.Those that have been penalized for crimes or have been dismissed from their public offices shall not be elected judges.In addition, according to the Law on the Organization ofPeople’s Courts, presidents, vice presidents, presiding judge and deputy presiding judge of tribunals, judges and assistant judges, as well as People’s Assessors shall be citizens with voting rights and rights of being elected, 23 years of age and with legal knowledge.2. The Appointment and Removal of JudgesThe Constitution and laws provide for the powers and procedures for appointing and removing judges.Presidents of courts at local levels are elected and removed by the People’s Congress at the same level and the tenure of the presidents is the same as the People’s Congress; the president nominates the vice president, members of the Judicial Committee, presiding judges, deputy presiding judges and judges for appointment and removal by the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress at the same level. Assistant judges of a court are appointed and removed by the president of the court. Judges sitting at special courts are elected and removed with procedures separately set forth by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.Primary judges and assistant judges are recruited from among qualified candidates through open examination. The president, vice president, members of the Judicial Committee,presiding judge and deputy presiding judge shall be selected from among candidates who have practical working experience.Judges shall not concurrently hold positions in the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress, executive offices, the procuratorate, business, non-profit institutions, or in the legal profession.Judges who have lost their citizenship, been found to be incompetent, been unable to perform their duties for a protracted period of time due to disciplinary violations, criminal records or health reasons, shall be removed from their position in accordance with legal procedures.。
中国司法制度ppt课件
公民之间，中国法人、公民同外国或地区法
人、公民之间，外国或地区法人，公民之间
的海事商事案件］。
铁路运输法院
森林法院
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最高人民法院内设机构
1.立案、审判执行和审判监督机构［立案庭 专司立案工作；执行办公室负责判决的执行； 审判监督庭专司审判监督工作。实行立案与 审判分立、审判与执行分立、审判与监督分 立“三个分立”］。
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审级制度的实质与问题
实质：审判按审判程序严格进行，不得越级审理案件。 问题：
（1）死刑案件：除最高法院判决的外，高级法院以 下宣判的死刑案件应当报请最高法院核准。但是，最 高法院在必要的时候，可以就杀人、强奸、抢劫、爆 炸以及其他严重危害公共安全和社会治安判处死刑的 案件，授权给高级法院行使。此时，最高法院动用的 是核准权［并不是一个独立的审级］，而非审判权。
检察委员会实行民主集中制，少数服从多数。
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地方各级检察院
设置［与地方法院的设置一样，与地方行政区划相 对应。设在同一行政区的检察院与法院具有相同级 别，具有共同的辖区］。
机构［设检察长1人、副检察长和检察员若干人外， 还在各级检察院内设立检察委员会。各级检察院检 察长的任免，须报上一级检察院检察长提请该级人 民代表大会常务委员会批准］。各级检察院设立了 若干检察业务机构［从组成人员数量看，省级检察 院检察委员会委员为9—15人；地区级检察院检察 委员会委员为7—11人，县级检察院检察委员会委 员为5—9人。检察委员会是各级检察院的权力机关， 在检察长主持下，讨论决定重大案件和其他重大问 题］。
最高法院是最高审级，其第1审、第2审判决或裁是终审的。 推论：尽管存在4级法院，但对具体诉讼来说，其所能发动 的审判只有2次。由于大量的诉讼分布在基层、中级法院， 对一个具体的诉讼（特别是经济案件、民事诉讼）来说，两 审终审制往往会终结在中级法院或高级法院，客观上为目前 明显的地方保护提供了法律方便。
中国司法制度中英
2023中国司法制度中英CATALOGUE 目录•中国司法制度概述•中国法院系统•中国检察院系统•中国司法行政机构•中国司法制度特色•中国司法制度改革与发展趋势01中国司法制度概述古代司法制度中国古代的司法制度起源于春秋战国时期，历经秦、汉、唐、宋、元、明、清等朝代的发展，逐渐形成了完整的司法体系。
历史发展近现代司法制度清朝末年，中国开始引进西方的法律制度，逐步实行司法改革。
中华民国时期，中国进一步深化了司法制度的改革，建立了更加完善的法律体系。
当代司法制度新中国成立后，中国在继承和发扬古代和近现代司法制度的基础上，逐步建立了具有中国特色的社会主义司法制度。
组织架构法院系统01中国法院系统分为最高人民法院、高级人民法院、中级人民法院和基层人民法院。
各级法院负责审理各类案件，维护社会公平正义。
检察院系统02中国检察院系统分为最高人民检察院、省级人民检察院、地市级人民检察院和基层人民检察院。
各级检察院负责监督法律的执行，维护国家利益和社会公共利益。
其他司法机构03除了法院和检察院，中国还有公安机关、国家安全机关、司法行政机关等其他司法机构，负责维护社会治安和国家安全。
宪法是中国的基本法律，规定了国家的根本制度和基本原则，具有最高的法律效力。
《中华人民共和国宪法》刑法规定了刑事犯罪的罪名和刑罚，是维护社会秩序和公平正义的重要法律。
《中华人民共和国刑法》民法典规定了民事法律关系的基本原则，如权利、义务、合同、侵权等，是保护公民合法权益的重要法律。
《中华人民共和国民法典》重要法律02中国法院系统最高人民法院是最高审判机关，负责监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作，对法律有最终解释权。
地位和职责最高人民法院最高人民法院由院长、副院长、审判委员会委员、庭长、副庭长等组成，下设审判庭、审判员等。
组织结构最高人民法院通过发布指导性案例和参考性案例，规范和统一法律适用标准。
案例指导制度地方各级人民法院中级人民法院中级人民法院是设在省辖市或地区、盟一级的人民法院，负责审理法律规定由它管辖的第一审案件。
中国的监狱制度（英）
Jail System The Prison Law of the People's Republic of China was adopted and went into force on December 20, 1994 at the 11th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress. Regulatory Authorities The Prison Law provides that the State Council judicial administration （Ministry of Justice） supervises all prisons across the country. The Ministry of Justice has a Bureau of Prison Administration that supervises all prisons in the country. In the provinces （municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions）, offices of justice are responsible for managing prisons in their own jurisdiction through their prison administration arms. Prisons in China are divided into two categories: Prisons incarcerating inmates who have been condemned by courts to a fixed-term sentence, life sentence or death penalty with two years reprieve. Male and female inmates are warded separately, with female wards managed by female law enforcement personnel. Prisons may also be divided into wards for felons and criminals of misdemeanor. Penitentiaries for juvenile delinquents, criminals of minor age who have been condemned by courts to a fixed-term sentence, life sentence or death penalty with two years reprieve. Special protection is extended to juvenile delinquents, with customized procedures in place to cater to their needs. Prison Setup and Staffing The Prison Law provides that the State Council judicial administration approves the establishment, elimination and relocation of prisons in line with historical, economic and natural factors. This provision is designed to optimize the distribution of prisons and ensure the unified, effective and accurate execution of penalties. Prisons usually have one warden and several deputy wardens and various administrative departments and staff. In addition to administrative offices and commercial institutions, prisons also have sanitary and education facilities. The Prison Law provides that the managerial personnel of prisons are members of the police force who enjoy the same legal status as public security and traffic police. Financial System of Prisons The Prison Law states that the state ensures funding for prisons in reforming inmates. Expenses related to prison police, reformation of prisoners, daily life of inmates, maintenance of prison facilities and other items are budgeted for in the central government's planning. The state provides production facilities and funding needed for prison labor. Land, mineral resources and other natural resources legally employed by prisons, as well as the property of prisons are protected by law; no entity or individual can trespass or damage those properties. Fundamental Principles Article 3 of the Prison Law states that prisons should follow the principle of combining penalty with reform, education with labor, in a bid to reform prisoners into law-abiding citizens. 1. Transformation Through Punishment Prisons punish criminals because, without punishment, it is difficult for criminals to come to grips with their crimes and begin their life anew. While punishment focuses on enforcement, reform focuses on transformation. Punishment is the means, while transformation is the end. The purpose of punishment is to transform criminals into law-abiding citizens. This is precisely what criminal penalties are for. Prisons do not punish criminals for punishment's sake. 2. Combining Education with Labor To effectively reform prisoners, it is also necessary to combine education with labor. Education can be multifaceted: ideological, cultural, vocational and technical. Execution of Penalties Law enforcement authorities implement criminal rulings and judgments passed by judicial authorities that have already taken effect, in accordance with legal procedures. Chinese prisons execute the following types of penalties: 1. Committal, i.e. commitment to imprisonment of convicts who have been condemned to death penalty with two years reprieve, life sentence or a fixed-term sentence. Committal means the beginning of the execution of penalty, a serious lawenforcement activity. Therefore, it must be conducted in strict compliance with legal procedures. Public security authorities that incarcerate criminals that have been condemned to death penalty with two years reprieve, life sentence or a fixed-term sentence must transfer the criminals to prisons for execution of penalty within one month of receipt of the execution notice or ruling. While transferring the criminals to the prison, courts must present relevant legal documents including copies of the prosecution statement prepared by the procuratorate, the ruling by the court, notice of execution and form of registration for closure of case. Prison authorities may reject criminals if these documents are not received. If these documents are not complete or contain errors, the court that issues the ruling in effect has to amend or correct the documents in a timely fashion; those that may lead to mistaken imprisonment may not be accepted. Criminals that have been taken in should go through physical, corporal and personal-effect examinations. Criminals condemned to life imprisonment or fixed-term sentence who have been found, during the physical examination, to have contracted serious illness needing medical treatment on bail or female criminals who are pregnant or breast-feeding their newborn may be exempted from imprisonment temporarily. That provision, however does not include criminals condemned to death penalty with a two years reprieve. The prison should notify the court of the result of the physical examination and the court, in turn, should decide whether the criminals should be allowed to seek medical treatment on parole. Personal effects that have been found to be incompatible with regulations should be confiscated; non-essentials should, upon approval of the inmate, be turned in to the prison authorities for safekeeping or returned to the relatives of the inmate. Female inmates should be examined by female police officers. Criminals should not bring their children with them to the prison. Upon admission into the prison, the prison authorities should notify the family of the inmate; the notice should be issued within five days of admission. 2. Handling of Petitions, Accusations and Reporting by Inmates During the execution of penalty, petitions filed by inmates should be referred without delay to procuratorates or courts. Prisons should set up a complaints box and designate a special individual to open the box in order to facilitate grievance redress. The procuratorates or the courts should notify the prison within six days of receipt of a letter of suggestions submitted by the prison. Inmates have the right to bring a charge against or report prison police and other personnel for their illegal acts. The prison authorities should process the submitted materials and get the matter resolved if it falls within their jurisdiction; if it is not within their jurisdiction, then it should be transferred without delay to procuratorates or courts. 3. Serving a Sentence Outside the Prison This is a system that allows criminals who meet prescribed conditions to serve their sentence outside the prison temporarily. This is done in two ways. First, upon announcement of the ruling, if the convict is seriously ill warranting medical treatment on bail, or is pregnant or breast-feeding her baby, the court may decide that the convict can serve his or her sentence outside the prison. Second, while serving a term, an inmate may be permitted to serve the remainder of the sentence outside the prison through meeting the following conditions: seriously ill and in danger of death in the short term; serious chronic illness for which medical treatment is not effective; over 60 years of age, in poor physical conditions and unlikely to endanger society anymore; physically handicapped and unable to work. In such cases, the prison authorities should prepare a written proposal and submit it to prison administration authorities of the provinces （municipalities and autonomous regions）. Once the circumstances permitting a temporary serving of a sentence outside the prison are no longer there, prisoners should be readmitted and continue to serve their sentence. If the decision was made by a court, the prisoner should be handed over by the public security handler to the prison authorities; if the decision was made by the prison authorities, the public security authorities that handle the case should notify the prison authorities in a timely fashion. Those that have already served their sentence outside the prison should complete release formalities at the original admission prison. For those that died while serving their sentence outside the prison, public security authorities should notify the original admission prison of the death. 4. Commutation of Sentence and Parole Commutation means an abatement of sentence in accordance with legal requirements and procedures. Prisons are responsible for filing applications to courts for prisoners who meet requirements for commutation. The court should review an application and adjudicate within one month of receipt of proposal. For complicated or extraordinary cases, that deadline may be extended for one more month. 5. Release and Placement Upon completion of their term, prisoners should be released and issued a certificate of release. The prisoner should provide a written evaluation of the prisoner's performance in prison and hand it over along with a copy of the ruling to thepublic security outlet that handles the registration of permanent residence of the former prisoner. The released person should apply for registration of permanent residence with the local public security authorities with the certificate of release and they should enjoy equal rights as other citizens. Prison Administration Prison administration includes the following: 1. Classification Prisoners, based on the nature of their crime, type of penalty, length of sentence, performance, age, gender and other characteristics, are classified into different groups and are incarcerated, managed and educated accordingly. 2. Use of Warning, Preventive Devices and Weapons Warning, including armed warning, is resorted to by prison police to maintain normal order and security at prisons. Prison authorities may also decide to take security precautions such as guarding and control behind the cordon line. In addition, the prison authorities should also mobilize militias, security-maintenance organizations and the general public surrounding the prison to maintain order and security in the surrounding areas. Once inmates attempt to escape, riot, revolt, or outsiders attempt to break into a jail or stage a riot, prison police can join hands with external forces to put down the unrest. Preventive devices are used for inmates inclined to commit dangerous acts. They are not to be used for inmates who are advanced in age with illness, handicapped inmates and minor inmates under normal circumstances. Except for rare circumstances, they are not to be used on female inmates. Inmates who wear these preventive devices should not participate in labor activities organized by prison authorities. Use of preventive devices on inmates must be approved by pris o n a u t h o r i t i e s . I f a c o n t i n g e n c y w a r r a n t s i t , t h e s e d e v i c e s c a n b e p u t o n i n m a t e s b e f o r e a p p r o v a l i s s e c u r e d , b u t a p p r o v a l f o r m a l i t i e s m u s t b e s e c u r e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d s . I n m a t e s s h o u l d n o t w e a r h a n d c u f f s o r s h a c k l e s l o n g e r t h a n s e v e n d a y s n o r m a l l y a n d n o t l o n g e r t h a n 1 5 d a y s m a x i m u m , e x c e p t f o r p r i s o n e r s a w a i t i n g e x e c u t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 8 9 " > 0 0 A r m e d p o l i c e a n d p r i s o n p o l i c e m a y u s e w ea p o n s i n e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h l e g a l p r o c e d u r e s . / p > pb d s f i d = " 9 0 " > 00 3 . C o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d M e e t i n g s / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 1 " > 0 0 W h i l e s e r v i n g t h e i r s e n t e n c e , p ri s o n e r s m a y c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h o t h e r s , b u t t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e m u s t b e s c r e e n e d b y r e l e v a n t a u t h o r i t i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e i r l e t t e r s t o s u p e r i o r p r i s o n a n d j u d i c i a l a u t h o r i t i e s s h o u l d n o t b e s c r e e n e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 2 " > 0 0 W h i l e s e r v i n g t h e i r s e n t e n c e , p r i s o n e r s m a y a l s o m e e t w i t h v i s i t i n g r e l a t i v e s o r c u s t o d i a n s . I n p r i n c i p l e , t h e y s h o u l d n o t m e e t p e o p l e o u t s i d e t h e i r k i n s h i p , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e a p p r o v e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 3 " > 0 0 I n p r a c t i c e , a s i d e f r o m n o r m a l v i s i t i n g t i m e s , p r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s a l s o a l l o w p r i s o n e r s t o v i s i t t h e i r f a m i l y o r h a n d l e a f a m i l y e m e r g e n c y f o r a p e r i o d o f t h r e e t o f i v e d a y s , b u t n o t t o e x c e e d s e v e n d a y s i n s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 4 " > 0 0 4 . L i v i n g a n d H y g i e n e / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 5 " > 0 0 A d u l t p r i s o n e r s n o r m a l l y w o r k e i g h t h o u r s a d a y ; e x t e n d e d w o r k h o u r s a s n e c e s s i t a t e d b y p r o d u c t i o n p l a n s s h o u l d b e a p p r o v e d b y p r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 6 " > 0 0 P r i s o n e r s a l s o h a v e t w o h o u r s o f s t u d y t i m e a n d e i g h t h o u r s o f s l e e p e v e r y d a y . P r i s o n e r s o f m i n o r a g e w o r k h a l f a d a y a n d s t u d y h a l f a d a y ; t h e i r s l e e p t i m e s h o u l d b e n o l e s s t h a n n i n e h o u r s a d a y . P r i s o n e r s o f m i n o r a g e s h o u l d n o t e n g a g e i n h e a v y m a n u a l l a b o r , l a b o r t h a t i s b e y o n d t h e i r p h y s i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s , o r o t h e r w o r k t h a t h a m p e r s t h e i r p h y s i c a l h e a l t h . I n a d d i t i o n , p r i s o n e r s s h o u l d h a v e t i m e f o r c u l t u r a l o r s p o r t s a c t i v i t i e s e v e r y d a y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 7 " > 0 0 P r i s o n e r s s h o u l d t a k e s t a t u t o r y h o l i d a y s a n d w e e k e n d s o f f . / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 8 " > 0 0 P r i s o n e r s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d w i t h f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e p r o v i d e d t o w o r k e r s i n s i m i l a r f i e l d s a t l o c a l s t a t e - o w n e d e n t e r p r i s e s o f s i m i l a r s i z e . P r i s o n e r k i t c h e n s s h o u l d b e m a n a g e d b y f u l l - t i m e s t a f f a n d e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e m a d e t o i m p r o v e t h e d i e t o f p r i s o n e r s a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 9 9 " > 0 0 P r i s o n c e l l s a n d s u r r o u n d i n g f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d c o m p l y w i t h r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r i n c a r c e r a t i n g c r i m i n a l s a n d o t h e r s t a t u t o r y r e q u i r e m e n t s s u c h a s s a n i t a t i o n , f i r e c o n t r o l , a n t i - e a r t h q u a k e a n d h e a t i n g s t a n d a r d s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 0 0 " > 0 0 I n a d d i t i o n , p r i s o n s s h o u l d a l s o s e t u p c l i n i c s o r h o s p i t a l s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s i z e o f t h e p r i s o n a n d t h e n u m b e r o f i n m a t e s a n d b e e q u i p p e d w i t h n e e d e d m e d i c a l d e v i c e s a n d d r u g s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 0 1 " > 0 0 5 . R e w a r d s a n d P u n i s h m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 0 2 " > 0 0 P r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s m a y r e w a r d o r p u n i s h i n m a t e s i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h l e g a l p r o c e d u r e s o n t h e b a s i s o f e v a l u a t i o n s o f p r i s o n e r s ' p e r f o r m a n c e i n t r a n s f o r m i n g t h e m s e l v e s t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n a n d l a b o r . / p >。
法律英语学习（英汉对照）
法律英语学习（英汉对照）1. The National People’s Congress is the highest organ of state power. 全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。
2. The judicial organs of China consist of people’s courts，people’s procurator and the public security departments. 我国的司法机关由人民法院人民检查院和公安部门组成。
3. In the application of the law all citizens are deemed as equals. 一切公民在适用法律上一律平等。
4. The criminal law is one of the basic laws of our country. 刑法是我国基本法之一。
5. Criminal responsibility shall be borne for intentional crimes. 故意犯罪应当负刑事责任6. In China， the principal penalties are public surveillance，detention，fixed-time imprisonment，life imprisonment and death. 我国的主要刑罚是管制，拘役，有期徒刑，无期徒刑和死刑7. The court’s job is administering justi ce and upholding the law. 法院的任务是执行法律和维护法律。
8. The accused was declared innocent. 被告人被宣布为无罪。
9. The court acquitted him of a crime. 法院宣判他无罪。
10. The court pronounced the accused not guilty. 法院宣判被告无罪。