44-英语文体学
“英语文体学”课程教学大纲
“英语文体学”课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息开课单位：翻译学院课程名称：英语文体学课程编号：224118英文名称：English Stylistics课程类型：专业拓展课总学时：36 理论学时：34 实验学时：2学分：2开设专业：翻译专业；商务英语专业先修课程：英语语言学；英美文学二、课程任务目标（一）课程任务本课程是面向英语专业、翻译专业和商务英语专业开设的一门专业任选课，属于专业理论与及其应用类课程，一般在四年级开设。
本课程的任务是使学生在了解文体学的相关理论以及文体分析的方法和步骤的基础上，学会在语言学理论的指导下分析文学和非文学语篇的文体特征及其文体功能，从而提高其分析、欣赏和批评文学和非文学语篇的能力。
（二）课程目标在学完本课程之后，学生能够：1.掌握文体学的基本原理与文体分析的方法和步骤；2.从文学和非文学语篇中识别相关文体特征，并分析其文体功能；3.了解语言学理论与文体分析之间的关系，提高研究意识，学习研究性学习方法；4.提高借助语言学理论分析问题和解决问题的能力，尤其是分析、欣赏和批评文学和非文学语篇的能力。
三、教学内容和要求Chapter 1 Introduction本章是整个课程的导入部分，目的是让学生了解文体学的定义及其产生背景和过程、理论假设以及文体学研究的目标和文体分析的基本步骤，并了解文体学的基本特征。
具体内容如下：Defining stylistics；Naissance of stylistics as an interdisciplinary field of study；Two important assumptions of stylistics；Goals, components and procedure of stylistic inquiry；Nature of stylistic analysis。
Chapter 2 On style本章在介绍文体学界的三种典型文体观的基础上，列举文体的分类特征，讨论多种英语变体的基本特征，并分析文体的正式程度及其语言表现形式。
《英语文体学》前七章总结
《英语文体学》前七章总结第一章：关于文体学。
文体学是一门研究语言风格的学科，我们所讲的是现代文体学，其又分为一般文体学和文学文体学。
前者主要是各种文体的一般特征，后者是各种文学作品的特别特征，两者研究有重叠。
语言是人们进行社交的工具，包括：言语行为，言语事件和文本。
言语事件包括三要素：实体，形式和情境。
语言具有多样性，不同的场合使用不一样的语言，承担着不同的功能，如语言的指示功能，表达功能和文本功能。
风格，是个人或群体的语言使用习惯。
学习文体学使我们对不同的语言特色或风格有个系统的知识，熟悉不同文学题材的不同特点，深化我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
此外，文体学给翻译和语言教学也提供了有效地方法。
文体学作为一门学科并不是独立存在的，它与多个学科如修辞学，文学评论等有着密切的关系。
第二章：文体学学习的必要性。
文体学作为一门研究语言风格的学科，分析不同的语言特色。
系统学习文体学，有助于培养表达的准确感。
在不同的场合使用不同的语言。
这对学外语的学生尤为重要；文体学有助于提高我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
通过对文本的研究。
涉及到描写，理解文章体裁特点和艺术表现力，这一过程就是提高我们理解和欣赏的过程；文体学有助于翻译保有原作的原滋原味。
通过分析通篇的风格，包括词，句子的特征，修辞，陈述方式以及文章的主题译者可以更好的把握原文的特色，使得译文在思想上，风格上更贴近原文，有其韵味。
第三章：语言变体文体学把语言变体主要分为方言变体和语域变体。
前者是由于不同的地域风俗习惯形成的，而后者是由于场合的不同而形成的。
方言变体和语域变体是相互依存的。
方言变体又分为：个人习语，即个人用语习惯；短暂性方言，每个时代的有其特别的语言特点，语言是时代的烙印；地域方言，不同地域的不同方言，每个地方读有其不同的说话习惯；社会方言即社会不同阶层如富人和穷人，使用不同的语言；和标准方言，方言也有标准和不标准之分。
语域变体在文体学中，又包括语场，语式（说和写）和语旨。
英语文体学简介
英语文体学简介：文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多得的修辞论。
现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴特利（索绪尔的学生），文体学的性质是一门结合文学和语言学的交叉学科，适宜于对文学和语言学很感兴趣的学生学习的一门课程。
简单地说，文体学就是运用语言学的理论去阐释文学内容和写作风格的一门学科。
帮助学生理解作品的深刻内涵和写作技巧。
同时，激发学生开展批评性阅读，尝试建立自己的见解。
申丹西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究，早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。
但在20世纪之前，对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论，而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中，文体研究没有自己相对的地位。
20世纪初以来，在采用现代语言方法之后，文体分析方法摆脱了传统印象式直觉分析的局限，逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。
欧洲历史语言学和普通语言学在20世纪初发展成为较有影响的独立学科，与语言学相结合的文体学也逐渐成为一门具有一定独立地位的交叉学科。
现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴依（Bally,1865-1974）（索绪尔的学生），他借用索绪尔的结构主要语言学反思传统修辞学，力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来，使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。
巴依的研究对象是口语体的文体。
他认为一个人说话时除了客观地表达思想外，还常常带有各种感情色彩。
文体学的任务是探讨表达这些感情特征的种种语言手段，以及它们之间的相互关系，并由此入手，分析语言的整个表达方式系统。
虽然巴依没有特别关注文学文本，但他们的普通文体学对于文学文体学的形成有直接的推动作用。
稍晚于巴依的德国文体学家斯皮泽（Spitzer, 1887-1960）被普遍尊为文学文体学之父，斯皮泽的研究对象不是口语，而是文学作品。
斯皮泽认为文学作品的价值主要体现在语言上，因此他详细分析具体语言细节所产生的效果，从而有别于传统印象式批评。
英语文体学 PPT
General stylistics
Some Senses of style
1) A man's style is his mind's voice. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)
Introduction to Stylistics
I. Introduction
What is stylistics? Modern Stylistics:
General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics
The Scope of Studies
Literary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, drama…
Some Senses of style
5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）
英语文体学The English of Public Speaking
13. make no mistake
7. land of liberty
14. favors freedom
15. the pain of poverty
Lexical Features
The employment of big words The employment of noun phrases where verb phrases
may be used in other variety First person pronouns Avoidance of non-standard words and expression
Hard words
Items I Have a Dream The Inaugural Address Total
97 / 62.6%
139 / 77.2%
Simple past
10 / 6.5%
10 / 5.6%
Future indefinite
30 / 19.4%
23 / 12.8%
Present perfect
13 / 8.4%
6 / 3.3%
Present continuous Past continuous
They are impromptu[ɪm'prɒmptju:] speeches, extemporaneous[eks'tempə'reɪnɪəs] speeches, speeches from reciting, speeches from manuscript, but many of the speeches are written to be spoken before an audience.
英语文体学教程
Chapter11, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter?Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes.Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style .2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English?Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations.3, what factors can result in differences in style ?Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the reader’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style.Chapter21, explain the following terms1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded.2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation.3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence.4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations .6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance.2,question for discussion2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture.Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a seriesstress a large number of the concrete things ,and these can produce an imagery in the mind of the reader that the large amount of things constitutes a significant situation in which certain aspect are highlighted. Another function of the rhetorical series is to use concrete items to highlight abstract concepts so that the abstract concept can be expressed in concrete ,lively and vivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of language.3)what factors affect the writer’s selection of words and styleAnswer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they are familiar or not familiar, whether they are concrete or abstract, whether they are single or more ,whether they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are Anglo –saxon words or latin words .field ,tenor ,mode affect the writer’s selection of style.4)what is the criterion used to classify wordsAnswer :we can use more systematic way to classify word according to register and dialect .register:field ,tenor , mode .dialect: regional dialect,such as London dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race,etc.temporal dialect such as od English .5)through what channels can words be used to achieve transferred meaning?Answer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig. Synecdoche eg many hands represent the people who work with their hands . Metonymy eg purse represent money.Chapter31,explain the following terms1),chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting the word order of the second part of a parallel structure,so it forms a kind of antithetical structure. Eg:let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.2)antistrophe: it is the repetition of the same items but in inverted order ,eg:what’s polly to me,or me to polly?3)epizeuxis:it is a continuous repetition for high lighting a particular feature.4)ploce: the repetition is not continuous , but intermittent or dispersed in the text.5)loose sentence: put the major idea first and than the illustration .such a sentence is easy to grasp .6)periodic sentence:a periodic sentence can be used to create suspense,or expectation, thus drawing the listener’s attention to the end of the sentence.it ca n be used to produce humorous and emphatic effect .2,question for discussion1),there are many types of syntactic deflection ,but they have one thing in common :recurrence of structures. How is syntactic deflection classified?Answer :there are two type of syntactic deflection :the unexpected high frequency of occurrence of a certain type of sentence; and the overregular occurrence of a particular pattern .2)the high frequency of occurrence of long and short sentence can create stylistic effect .apart from the difference in expressive meanings ,what are other characteristics of the two types of sentences?Answer : long sentences are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and are good to reveal the mental activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuberant, luxuriousstyle. Short sentence：can produce direct ,terse ,concise ,clear effect or continuous ,compact ,swift effect ,so that it creates certain atmosphere , and leave a deep impression on the listeners.3) why do writers often violate the rule of grammar? What do we cal this violation?Answer: we call this violation syntactic incongruity .the violation of the grammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so-called ungrammatical sentences are used to represent the different varieties of language according to register and dialect. In literary works, dialectical and personal features of speech are often used to depict the personality of the characters. In poetry, the poet often uses deviant grammatical structures to achieve special effects, makes lines terse and concise, to make it rich in meaning.4)what is the function of rhetorical questions?Answer: A rhetorical question is to use the form of a question in order to express a strong emotion or to emphasize a particular aspect. The function of inverted sentence is to make a declarative sentence more po werful, to attract the listener’s attention, or to induce others’ sympathy. Arranged in parallelism, rhetorical questions can express strong emotions and increase the persuasive power.A rhetorical question can also introduce the topic of the text.5) In what ways can we use inverted sentences to achieve emphatic effect?Answer: to change the normal word order can be used to produce some emphatic effect. What is put to the initial part of the sentence is usually the focus of information of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.Chapter41 explain the following terms1)Synaesthesia: it refers to the fact that sounds s are attributed with certain values or estheticfeatures. It is very casual, and supported by situational features and meaning.2)Alliteration: refers to the repetition of the initial sound usually a consonant, or a vowel at firstposition, in two or more words that occur close together.3)Assonance: refers to the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words. It cancreate harmonious effect.4)Consonance: refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the stresses words at the end ofthe lines.2 questions for discussion1)What are the characteristic of spoken language and written language respectively?Answer: spoken language: 1 it can directly be accompanied by other non-linguistic means as the aid; 2 it is generally speaking not as formal as written language; 3 it permits errors in the process of production; 4 it uses a particular grammar, a grammar characteristics of spoken language. 5 homophones can be used for special stylistic effects, such as pun; 6 some implications are best represented by special sound features; 7 sound feature can represent the feature of regional dialect or social dialect.Written language:1 as written language communication is usually not a direct one, but is delayed in time and at different places, the writer generally has time to get well prepared and revise the text before he sends it out to the reader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to put more meaning in it .there are many nominalizations to make sentences into groups;3 written language is often used in a more formal situation; 4 as time is enough, it is usually writtenin a more detailed and logical way;5 as written language is more purposeful, and for a single specific goal, it is usually more constant and developed around a single subject.2)How many sound patterns do we have? What special stylistic effects can be achieved by them? Answer: these sound patterns include alliteration which can create harmony, connection and achieve special stylistic effects, assonance which can create harmonious effect, and consonance 3)What factors can influence graphological prominence? .Answer: there are three distinctive factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, spacing and sequence. Marking refers to the use of written symbols to convey information; space is spacing arrangement departing from this normal way of spacing can be used to achieve stylistic effects.4 In modern English, punctuation marks are patterned and standardized. How can we use punctuation marks for special stylistic purpose?Answer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occurs in unexpected high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information; comma is used to mark the unit larger than a word, however, in Charles Dickens’ Dombey and Son, comma is used to indicate syllables; exclamation marks can be used to carry emotional coloring, a mark of expressing special feelings; parentheses are used for further explanation; the ellipsis of punctuation marks produces an illogical and non-sequential image. Chapter71 explain the following terms1）Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six elements; location, character, event, mode, time, and cause.2）Nominalization: refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which the meaning which is normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nominalization is normal. It is contracted.3）The highlighting method: from the productive point of view, the columnist can publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from the end. He can even cut off the main body.4）Meaning contraction: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.5）Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least form to get the most meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words in news report is short and new.2 questions for discussion1) What are semantic features of news report?Answer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of news report, it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems ;2 in terms of interpersonal meaning, it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meaning, it has the feature of meaning contraction.3) Most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. Tell in what way ellipsis is best achieve in news report.Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. What is omitted is: (a) subject-predicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb4) How is meaning contraction of news report embodied in grammar?Answer: one feature of news report is meaning contraction, that is using the smallest form to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as follows:(1) the nominalization of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modifications (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly contracted .5）The concreteness contraction of news report is in contradiction to meaning contraction. Tell how this contradiction is revolved in news report.Answer: besides its authenticity and objectivity, news report should also emphasize concreteness and detailedness. Therefore, the writer often gives background information and details by using parenthesis. By doing so, the writer can provide concrete and detailed information and save space as well.6）What graphological means are used in news report? Analyze what effects are achieved by graphological means.Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlines can be arranged in such ways: 1 flush-left(it is made into a square) 2dropped-line(the length of the line is the same, but dropped in a bit each time) 3 short line followed by a long tome 4 along line followed by a short line 5 concave form 6 convex form . They can increase esthetic value and become more attractive.7）What are lexical features of news report? Why are many nonce words used in news report? Answer: lexical feature: 1 short and new-fashioned such a “crisis” in “the UN faces crisis of credibility”. 2 short journalese phrase such as “key issue” in “jobless will be the key issue in 1993”. 3nonce words, often blends such as Euromarket=European market.8）Why is there so much use of direct speech in news report?Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibility of news report. The directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.9）What prominent devices are used in headlines in news report?Answer: alliteration allusion suspense etc.Chapter61Explain the following terms1）time non-fluency :pauses in inappropriate positions within a phrase or groups position ,the use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of some expressions ,such as be said be said be said.,2）Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words to express himself, and he is striving for words, so he uses many inexact expressions and even wrong expressions or wrong pronunciations to express himself.3） Adjacency pair: most of the sentences are declarative and interrogative sentences as they are mostly made up of questions and answers.4） Slot filling words: slot filling words are used to fill in the pauses when the speaker strives for meaning as words, or when he or she strives to be politeness or lessen the degree of imprudence.2 question for discussion1）What are the characteristics of conversation from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer :semantic features:(1)the inexplicitness of meaning (2)the randomness of subject matter, and a general lack of planning (3)the lack of fluency Grammatical features :(1)sentence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3)nominal phrases(4)the types of sentences (5)quoted elements. Lexical feature:(1)most of the words are short and simple Anglo-Saxon ones, (2)the choice of words is limited in scope or range (3)slang and colloquial words, taboo words ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)some slot filling words ,such as you know ,I mean,etc.(5)use exaggerated words and expressions. Phonological features :(1)use more contractions for the unimportant information (2)the often try to express themselves in spite of the fact that the other is speaking (3)there are many emphatic ways of speech ,such as stress .2）How do you account for the inexplicitness of language in daily conversation?Answer: the inexplicitness of meanings manifested in the following aspects: (1)lots of exophoric expression such as “this “is the tendency (2)there are missin g links between the utterances(3) a lot of background information missing.(4)many inexact expressions using general words for particular concepts(5)many incomplete expressions.3）What are the features spontaneous commentary from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer: from the perspective of semantic features, if the listeners could also see the event while the commentary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaning implied or simply presupposed; but in a commentary without visual support on the part of the listeners, the commentator has to provide all the necessary information. In terms of syntactic structure, the sentences and the clauses are usually short as the commentator has no time to give detailed description of the event, and the sentences contain fewer words than usual. From the perspective of lexical features, the words are mostly simple in structure, they are short and simple; they are mostly composed of verbs, and proper names; there might be specialized terms depending on the subject matter of the commentary. From the perspective of phonological features, it is very fast and fluent, but he has to pronounce every word clearly and loudly.4）What are the features of text structure of public speech?Answer: It consist of the following element :(1)a short introduction to the main issue or issues conc erned (2)the declaration of one’s attitude and position in the matter (3)the listing, reasoning, and explaining (4)conclusion5）How is it that in public speech there is much use of noun phrases with post modification? Answer: there are few pre-modifiers, but more post-modifiers such as “of phrase” and “which clauses” to give detailed and accurate description.Chapter81 explain the following termsLearned words: learned words are words that borrowed from Latin, Greek and French.Clichés: are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often.Semantic features: correctness and completeness; conciseness and clearness; consideration and courtesy.Grammatical features: sentences structure; uses of voices; uses of affirmative sentences; inverted sentencesLexical features: concrete and natural words; technical terms and abbreviations; brief and common word s; avoid clichés (except business contracts)3 questions for discussion1）Why should business English be correct and complete?Answer: the content of business English should be correct and completely. First, the conveyed information should be correct; sometimes a small mistake would cause a great loss in a deal and even affect business relations between two parties. Second, the conveyed information should be complete. For example, if we order some commodities, we should state names of commodities, delivery dates, consignees, methods of payment, etc.2）In business English sometimes active voice is used, and sometimes passive voice is preferred. Point out what stylistic features can be achieved through using voices.Answer: In business English, both active voice and passive voice can be used, but there is a tendency towards preference o f active voice in today’s business communication. Active voice is shorter in form and economic in words compared with passive voice. Thus active voice is more effective in stylistic effect than passive voice; besides, active voice can make style more familiar and less formal. But in some cases, passive voice is necessary. When we discuss something negative, we should avoid blaming the other party directly, in addition, passive voice can make business English style more formal, and the conveyed information more objective.3）Why should business letters be written in a way of consideration and courtesy?Answer: In business communication, in order to make it more efficient, we should be considerate of others and polite to others. “You- Attitude”is very important principle in business communication, that is, we should think ourselves back into the shoes of others so as to cooperate sincerely. 4）The use of technical terms and abbreviations is one stylistic feature of business English. State the reason of this phenomenon.Answer: using technical terms and abbreviations can avoid long and tedious explanation, which is one lexical feature of business English. Such as L/C----letter of credit5）Why should we avoid clichés in business English?Answer: clichés are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often. In old-fashioned business English there are a large number of clichés, which should be avoid in present-day business communication.Chapter91, explain the following terms2) Redundancy: in order to avoid opaqueness and ambiguity, it has express clearly what everyone knows and takes for granted. This makes the legal language redundant clumsy and hard to understand.3) Common words: many of the legal words come from ordinary language with the common core features especially those high-frequency words, such as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.4) specialized words: specialized words are necessary for two important aspects of legal language. The first is that for the field of law itself, and the second is that for many non-legal field concerned with legal affairs. There are two sources of specialized legal words: common words endowed with legal meanings and archaic words.2, question for discussion1)Why is legal English syntactically complex?Answer: syntactic Complexity: as its main function is to ensure preciseness and accuracy and block any leakage, the draftsmen of legal documents have to be very carful and scrupulous, and the legal texts have to be able to stand the text of time .therefore legal language is rich in modifications, circumlocutions, and complex logic relations.2）Legal English is very conservative in form. Explain it from a historical perspective.Answer: conservativeness: as the legal language is produced by careful phrasing and tested over a long time, nobody dares to alter the structure of legal English, so that its structures become old-fashioned and archaic. The representative legal language in such a way is English legal language.3) What is the reason that there are many legal words of French source?Answer: because after the Norman Conquest, French because the official language used for all state affairs including law in Great Britain. That is why many French loan words were found in law afterwards.4) What are the lexical features of legal English?Answer: legal vocabulary mainly comes from French. (2) Legal words can be divided into following three types: 1, common words2, specialized words3, Multi-register words.。
英语文体学英语文体学_The_English_of_Conversation_张明伟
英教一班 The EnglishConversationofCONTENTSIntroduction of Conversation1Necessity of StudyingConversation23Summary4Stylistic Features in Terms of ConversationThe English of Conversation1Introduction of ConversationLOGOThe English of8.2 of Studying ConversationIntroduction definition The common featuresof daily conversationsincluded contentsConversation refers to the act or an instance of talking together. IntroductionInformality InexplicitnessNormal non-fluency Lexical banality Syntactic loosenessRandomness of subject matter2Necessity of StudyingConversationConversation is the most fundamental of spoken language.3Stylistic Features in Terms of Levels of Language8.3 Stylistic Features in Terms of Levels of LanguageStylistic FeaturesPhonological FeaturesLexical FeaturesGrammatical FeaturesSemantic FeaturesThe English ofFrequent useof differentPhonological devices Frequent use ofcontractionsFreeoccurrence ofpara-linguistic devicesOverlapping of words or phrases of participantsPhonologic al FeaturesThe use of thesedevice such as pitch,short or long pauses,stress and differentkinds of intonation.Such as smiles, laughters,sobs, crys, gestures etc.to help convey ourmeaning and feelings.Preference forinformal, monosyllabic, Anglo-Saxon Frequent use of colloquial words, expressions andidiomsUse of slang and jargon wordsLexical FeaturesFrequent use ofgeneral wordsSuch as do, eat, have, goetc. these words are easy to pronounce and understand. So thesewords blurt out from their mouths automatically.Preference for short andloose sentencesHigh incidence of elliptical and incomplete sentences Simplenominal and verbal group structureFrequency ofinterrogative sentencesGrammatical FeaturesLOGO 8.4 Stylistic Features in Terms of Levels of Language High incidence of elliptical and incomplete sentencesA: (Have) You got a cold?B: No (,I haven’t. I’m) Just a bit sniffy cos I’m-------I AM COLD and I’ll be all right once I’ve warmed up------ Do I look as though I’ve got a cold?A: No (,you don’t). I thought you sounded as if you were(cold). (From: Crystal & Davy)8.3 Stylistic Features in Terms of Levels of LanguageThe randomness of subjectmatterGlamourThe use of vague wordsSemantic Features Lexical hyperbole The use of vague wordscan make theconversation seemflexible, general andeffective. This is because conversation is casual innature. No one could have made a plan for what to talk before the conversation.LOGO 8.3 Stylistic Features in Terms of Levels of Language Frequency of Interrogative sentences and randomness of subject matterEdward: So are you enjoying the rain?Bella: you’re asking me about the weather?Edward: Yeah, I…I guess I am.Bella: well, you know, I don’t really like the rain. Any cold, wet thing, I don’t really…what?Edward: ….why ‘d you move to the wettest place in the continental US? Bella: it’s complicated…Bella: …mom remarried, and …Edward: so you don’t like the guy, or…Bella: no. that’s not…Edward: why didn’t you move with your mother and Phil?——Stephenie Meyer, TwilightThe English of Conversation4SummaryLOGO 8.4 SummaryStriking Features of CasualConversationassimilation and elision in articulationsimple and colloquial words invocabularyloose and elliptical sentences ingrammarThank You。
《英语文体学》总结
第一章文体学相关研究内容文体学分为普通文体学和文学文体学，二者有重叠部分，但在此我们所研究的是普通文体学，文体学研究的是语言风格，对语言，人们的理解有很多种，但不管哪种说法，无可否认，语言都是人类表达思想、互相交流的手段，并且有很多具不同意旨的言语事件；风格是与说话人的语言习惯、时代背景相关的，是人门特有的表达方式，因人而异，对语言起到一定修饰作用并且关系到语言表达的有效性。
因此，文体学研究会涉及各种语言变体及相关特征、功用。
文体学对提高理解力和鉴赏水平有很大帮助。
此外，文体学还与语言学、修辞学及文学评论等相关联。
接下来的章节中将具体阐述相关内容。
第二章文体学研究的必要性学习文体学可以提高我们语言使用的精确性，犹如不能在婚礼上穿牛仔装一样，语言使用要合乎当时、当地的具体环境，这就涉及文体学中的言语事件；学习文体学有利于提高我们对文学作品的理解与鉴赏水平，因为文学创作中，作者不可避免会对作品的语言、风格做选择，在文学评论三部曲（描述、解读、评估）中会涉及相关内容；文体学对满足翻译适应性有很大帮助，翻译很难做到完全对应，但基本原则一致是必须的，如作品基调、作品体裁等一致。
以上文体学内容中都有涉及。
第三章语言变体在不同的社交场合，有不同的约定俗成的语体。
根据特定场合的语言习惯及其中特定说话人的语言使用，语言变体可以分为两种：方言变体和语域变体。
方言变体与不同的语言使用者相关，分为个人方言、时间方言、地域方言、社会方言和标准方言；语域变体与不同社交场合相关，其构成要素是语场、语式和语旨。
两种变体并非独立存在而是有一定的相关性，比如，在同一种族、同一领域或同一社会地位，为了增进了解，说话人可能会选择这一具某种共同特征人群的行内语言。
此外，从语言变体中，我们还可以获知说话人的某些相关信息，如职业、国家和说话意旨等。
第四章语言描述了解了语言变体，本章节探讨各种语言变体的具体表述问题，即具体语言表述。
在这个层面上，文体学提供了一种系统的分析方法，使我们对付各种文章轻而易举。
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中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲
课程属性：公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能，课程性质：必修、选修
一、课程介绍
1.课程描述：
英语文体学是运用文体学理论对现实中各种英语语篇进行描述、分析、发现并形成关于某一语篇文体特征，进而提高学生的鉴别和赏析能力的科学。
本课程针对高年级英语专业学生开设，课程包括文体学的若干基本内容：文体、文体学、常规、偏离、选择、前景化、普通文体学、文学文体学等。
通过课程学习，要求学生掌握文体学的若干基本理论和方法，能够利用这些理论方法并借助语料库技术对英语语篇进行分析和求解，进而提升对英语文体的理解。
The course introduces the stylistic theories and the practice, with which students can describe, analyze, and form the stylistic features of certain English texts and discourses by themselves. It mainly contains the basic concepts of stylistics, such as style, stylistic features, stylistic effects, norms, deviations, foregrounding, general stylistics, literary stylistics, and so on. By focusing on these theories and practice, students can be cultivated with greater evaluative and appreciative ability for English texts and discourses.
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2.设计思路：
本课程引导高年级英语专业学生通过文体学来探讨和理解由英语语篇所驱动的英语学习、进一步提高学生在英语文体学理论和应用两方面的发展途径。
课程内容的选取基于掌握较高的英语水平，基本具备英语语法能力，在听、说、读、写等方面达到了中高等水平，能够不借助工具书阅读英语报刊、期刊、网络中文学、文化、日常生活、科普等文章并理解其主旨、大意，能够听懂VOA 和BBC的一般话题的新闻报道、社论或特写等，基本能够看懂原版影视作品，已经了解英语常用修辞手法等。
课程内容包括三个模块：术语解析、片段文本分析和语篇层面的赏析，涉及文体学的基本概念、皇家英语、小说英语、新闻英语、法律英语等，能够体现文体学的基本特征。
术语解析部分主要分析讨论文体学中的基本概念，包括不同学者的定义、分类、例证等。
片段文本分析主要涉及高校英语专业硕士研究生入学试题中的文体学试题的分析，包括解题思路、参考答案、得分要点等。
语篇层面的赏析包括不同语篇文体风格的研究、专家学者针对某一文体特征进行的学术研究以及对文体学的应用的观点等。
在讲解过程中，以《实用英语文体学》（钱瑗著）为蓝本，但不拘泥于一种教材，并根据文体学研究的发展和成果，博采众长，适量取舍和补充。
3. 课程与其他课程的关系：
先修课程：与英语听、说、读、写等水平有关的听力、会话、精读、泛读、写作等基础课程。
二、课程目标
本课程的目标是让学生学习和掌握文体学的基本理论，并可以应用这些理论来分析实际的语篇。
同时，通过学习本课程，学生还需要了解语言要根据不同的目的、不
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同的语境、不同的场合、不同的领域和交际者要表现出不同的特点的特性，学会根据不同的语境和不同的用途来选择合适的语言，使学生通过学习本课程发展语言运用中的文体感，最终学会正确而恰当地使用英语。
到课程结束时，学生应能：
（1）理清英语文体的基本概念、研究对象及范围，理解并能够讲出英语文体学研究的目的；
（2）能够大体知道文体学的发展历程，熟悉文体学的发展方向，明白文体分析的词汇、句法、语篇等层次；
（3）能够指出并欣赏他人英语写作、翻译等理解性活动中的文体风格；
（4）针对实际问题开展小组研究（包括在日常生活的广告、新闻报道等英语交际过程中发现问题、分析问题和解决问题等），并通过口头报告或书面研究报告形式提供研究结果；激发同学深入理解文体学所表达的人们处理实际问题时所遵循的理念，提升提出问题并解决问题的能力。
三、学习要求
要完成所有的课程任务，学生必须：
（1）按时上课,上课认真听讲，积极参与课堂讨论、随堂练习和测试。
本课程将包含较多的随堂练习、讨论、小组作业展示等课堂活动，课堂表现和出勤率是成绩考核的组成部分。
（2）按时完成常规练习作业。
这些作业要求学生按书面形式提交，只有按时提交作业，才能掌握课程所要求的内容。
延期提交作业需要提前得到任课教师的许可。
（3）完成教师布置的一定量的阅读文献和背景资料、案例分析、理论探讨作业，其中大部分内容要求学生自己下载相关文本进行阅读，并以小组合作形式完成。
这些作业能加深对课程内容的理解、促进同学间的相互学习、并能引导对某些问题和理论的
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更深入探讨。
四、进度安排
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五、参考教材与主要参考书
1、选用教材：
《实用英语文体学》，钱瑗著，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2013年10月第8次印刷出版。
2、主要参考书：
[1]《英语文体学与高级英语教学》，2014，陈士法等著，长春：东北师范大学出版社。
[2]《英语文体学引论》，1987，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
[3]《英语文体学要略》，2000，王守元，济南：山东大学出版社。
[4]《语言的功能与文体》，2005，张德禄，北京：高等教育出版社。
六、成绩评定
（一）考核方式C：A.闭卷考试 B.开卷考试 C.论文 D.考查 E.其他
（二）成绩综合评分体系：
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附：作业和平时表现评分标准
1）作业的评分标准
2）课堂讨论及平时表现评分标准
七、学术诚信
学习成果不能造假，如考试作弊、盗取他人学习成果、一份报告用于不同的课程等，均属造假行为。
他人的想法、说法和意见如不注明出处按盗用论处。
本课程如有发现上述不良行为，将按学校有关规定取消本课程的学习成绩。
八、大纲审核
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教学院长：院学术委员会签章：
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