Nature-论自然-英文5-6
Nature
11. Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blither air and uplifted into infinite space, --all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball;I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate throughme; I am part or particle of God;我站在空地上，头沐浴在和煦的空气里，仰望着 渺邈无垠的太空，小我的一切都消失了。我变成一只透 明的眼球；本身不复存在；我洞察一切；“上帝”的精 气在我的周身循环；我成为上帝的一部分。这是表现爱 默生的超验主义和神秘主义思想的警句名言，多为后人 援引。"Universal Being" 可做"上帝"解，亦同后来他 讲的"超灵"。
5. Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul: 从哲学角度考 虑，宇宙由自然界和精神组成。本句为爱默生唯心主义 超验论的名言。”the soul”有“超灵”、“圣灵”的 意蕴，泛指精神。 6. the NOT ME: 非我。德国唯心主义哲学家康德在 《纯粹理性批判》（The Critique of Pure Reason） 一书中谈到空间时提出”something outside me”; 继其后斐希特（Fichte）提出”Non-Ego”这一概念， 皆指客观事物而言。爱默生颇受德国古典哲学影响，又 熟读柯勒律治和卡莱尔等唯心主义思想家的书籍，“非 我”观念就是适例。
美国文学重要作家作品
一．The Colonial Period （1607-1765）二．二. The Period of enlightenment and the Independence War (1765-1800) (一) Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林1，Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》2，The Autobiography《自传》（二）Thomas Paine 潘恩1，Common Sense《常识》(三) Thomas Jefferson 杰斐逊1，Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》（四）Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿James Madison麦迪逊John Jay 杰伊1, The Federalist Papers《论联邦》（三人联作）(五）William Hill Brown 威廉.希尔.布朗1，The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》三．The Romantic Period （1800-1865）（一）Washington Irving 欧文（Romanticism）1，The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》2，Rip Van Winkle 《瑞普.凡温.克尔》3，The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》（二）James Fenimore Cooper 库伯(Romanticism)1，The Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》（三）William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特（Romanticism）first 1，To a Waterfowl 《致水鸟》2，The Yellow Violet 《黄色的堇香花》（四）Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生（Transcendentalism）1，The Dial 《日晷》2，Nature 《论自然》3，Self-Reliance 《伦自立》4，The American Scholar《论美国学者》（五）Henry David Thoreau 梭罗（Transcendentalism）1，Walden《沃尔登》2，On the Duty of Civil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》（六）Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 郎费罗1，The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之门》（七）John Greenleaf Whittier 惠蒂埃1，Snow-Bound《大雪封门》（八）Walt Whitman 惠特曼（Romanticism）1, Leaves of Grass《草叶集》（九）Emily Dickinson 狄金森1，The Poetry of Emily Dickinson《狄金森诗集》（十）Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑non-transcendentalism，Gothic novel 1，The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》2，The Scarlet Letter 《红字》3, The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》4，The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑纱》5，Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》6，The Birthmark《胎记》7，Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》（十一）Herman Melville 梅尔维尔1，Moby Dick 《白鲸》（十二）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡romanticism，English Gothic 1，The Raven 《乌鸦》2，Ligeia《莉盖亚》3，The Fall of the House of User 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》4，William Wilson 《威廉.威尔逊》5, Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》6，The Purloined Letter 《被窃的信件》7，The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》8，The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》9，The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》（十三）Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人oppose slavery1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》四，The Realistic Period（1865-1918）南北战争-一战爆发（一）Sarah Orne Jewett朱厄特新英格兰local literature 乡土文学1，Deephaven and Other Stories《迪普黑文》2, The Country of Pointed Firs 《尖枞树之乡》（二）Joel Chandler Harris哈里斯southern local literature1，Uncle Remus：His Songs and Sayings《雷默斯大叔：他的歌和话》（三）Kate Chopin 肖邦southern local literature1,The Awakening 《觉醒》（四）Bret Harte哈特western local literature1,The Luck of Roaring Camp 《咆哮营的幸运儿》（五）William Dean Howells 豪威尔斯realism1，Criticism and Fiction 《批评与小说》2，The Rise of Silas Lapman 《赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹》（六）Mark Twain 马克吐温1，The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》2, The Innocents Abroad 《傻子国外旅行记》3，The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》4，The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索耶历险记》5，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》6，Following the Equator 《赤道旅行记》7，The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》8，The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的来客》（七）Henry James詹姆斯世态小说novel of manners1，The Portrait of a Lady 《一位女士的肖像》2，The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》3，The Ambassadors 《专使》4，The Golden Bowl《金碗》5，Jolly Corner 《快乐的一角》（八）Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（九）Upton Sinclair 辛克莱muckrakers 黑幕揭发者1，The Jungle《屠场》（十）Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞1，Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》2，Jennie Gerhardt 《珍妮姑娘》3，An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》五，The Period of Modernism (1918-1945) 一战后（一）Carl Sandburg 桑德堡1，Chicago Poems 《芝加哥诗集》2，The People，Yes《人民，是的》（二）Hart Crane 克莱恩1，The Bridge 《桥》* 区别Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（三）Ezra Pound 庞德imagism意象派1, Selwyn Mauberley 《休.赛尔温.毛伯利》2, The Cantos《诗章》（四）T.S.Eliot 艾略特1，The Waste Land 《荒原》（五）Wallace Stevens 斯蒂文斯1，The Man with the Blue Guitar《带蓝吉他的人》（六）William Carlos Williams 威廉斯imagism 1，Paterson 佩特森（七）Robert Frost 弗洛斯特1，A Boy’s Will 《少年的意志》2，West-Running Brook 《西去的溪流》3，A further Range 《又一片牧场》4，Mending Wall 《修墙》5，After Apple-Picking 《摘苹果之后》6，The Birches 《白桦树》（八）Edward Arlington Robinson 罗宾逊1，The Children of the Night 夜之子（九）Elmer Rice 赖斯1，The Adding Machine《加算器》（十)Clifford Odets 奥德兹1，Waiting for Lefty 《等待老左》（十一）Eugene O’Neill奥尼尔1, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》first opposing romanticism drama 2，Emperor Jones 《琼斯皇帝》expressionism3，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》realism+expressionism+symbolism4，The Great God Brown《大神布朗》symbolism5，Strange Interlude《奇异的插曲》stream of consciousness6，Desire Under the Elm《榆树下的欲望》7, The Iceman Cometh 《送冰的人来了》（十二）F.Scott Fitzgerald typical “lost generation”writer 1, The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》2，The Side of Paradise《人间天堂》3，Tender Is the Night 《夜色温柔》（十三）Gertrude Stein斯泰因1，Three Lives 《三个女人的一生》（十四）Edith Wharton华顿realism1，The House of Mirth《快乐之家》2，The Age of Innocence 《天真时代》3，The Barren Ground 《荒芜的土地》*区别T.S.Eliot 艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》4，The Romantic Comedy Actors《浪漫主义喜剧演员》（十五）Willa Cather 薇拉，凯瑟1，Oh，Pioneers 《哦，拓荒者们》2，My Antonia 《我的安东尼亚》3，A lost Lady《一个沉沦的妇女》4，The Professor’s House《教授的住宅》5，Death Comes to the Archbishop 《死神迎接大主教》（十六）Sinclair Lewis 刘易斯first American Nobel Prize Winner 1，Main Street 《大街》2，Babbitt 《巴比特》（十七）Sherwood Anderson 安德森1，Winesburg，Ohio 《俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡镇》2，The Egg 《鸡蛋》3，Death in the Woods 《林中之死》（十八）John Dos Passos 多斯.帕索斯1，Three Soldiers 《三个士兵》2，Manhattan Transfer 《曼哈顿中转站》3，U.A.S 《美国》三部曲：（1）The 42nd Parallel 《北纬四十二度》（2）1919 《一九一九年》（3）Big Money《赚大钱》（十九）Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特，海明威lost generation 1，The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》2，A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》3，For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》4，The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》（二十）John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克1，The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》2，Dubious Battle 《胜负未决的战斗》（二十一）William Faulkner 福克纳1，The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》2，Snopes Trilogy《斯诺普斯》三部曲（1）The Hamlet 《村子》（2）The Town 《小镇》（3）The Mansion 《大宅》3, Light in August 《八月之光》4，Absalom，Absalom！《押沙龙，押沙龙！》5，Go Down，Moses《去吧，摩西》（二十二）Malcolm Cowley考利1，Exile’s Return 《流放者归来》（二十三）Jean Toomer 图默1，Cane 《甘蔗》（二十四）Langston Hughes 休斯1，The Weary Blues《萎靡的布鲁斯》（二十五）Richard Wright 赖特1，Native Son《土生子》2，Uncle Tom’s Children《汤姆大叔的孩子们》* 区别：Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》3，Black Boy：A Record of Children 自传《黑孩子》课文诗歌Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗1，I Shot an Arrow 《我射出一支箭》2，A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡1，Sonnet --To Science《十四行诗致科学》2，To Helen--《致海伦》Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼1，One’s Self I Sing《我歌唱自我》2，O Captain!My Captain!《噢，船长！我的船长！》Emily Dickinson 埃米莉.狄金森1，To Make a Prairie 《要描绘一片草原……》2，Success Is Counted Sweetest 《最美妙的胜利感觉》3，Nobody！《我是无名之辈》。
Naure论自然英文PPT课件
Nature—Spirit; God; Over soul（超灵）
Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child.
“only the eye of the man”使人联想起成人 清晨一睁眼看到太阳，便为生计开始了忙碌的一 天。
shine into：“shine light through ”阳 光透过孩子们的眼睛照亮他们的心田。因为七彩 阳光使孩子们心里产生童话世界，激起他们对自 然的热爱和向往
Children V.S. Adults
与天地之间的交感成为他日常精神食粮的一部分。 即使心中有种种现实的哀愁，身处自然之中，他 也会感到狂喜渗透全身。
his：？ Intercourse：“communicate,
exchange” 指与天地交流，融为一体。 wild delight：“ecstasy , great joy” “wild”与现代文明的束缚形成鲜明的对比。
真正爱自然的人，他的内外感官能达到真正的和 谐相通，即使进入成年还保持着孩童的求知精神。
inward senses ：指孩子般的求知欲，探索欲 outward senses：指成人停留在事物表象的
视线 the spirit of infancy：与生俱来的求知欲和
未泯的童心
人应该回到原始物质状态去，如稚子一般去观察 世界 —浪漫主义
人们大都看不到太阳，至少他们看到的只是非常 肤浅的表象。太阳只是照亮了成人的眼睛，而却 闪烁在孩子的眼睛和心坎里。
爱默生：论自然 (节选)
5
• “然而，对于一个最具智慧的判断者来说， 最抽象的真理正是蕴藏在最简单的实践当 中。真理无论何时出现，它都是自己站得 住脚的。它的标准是人们能用它解释一切 现象。如今，有许多理论就象是语言，做 梦，兽性和性一样，这些不仅不能对现象 作出解释，而且自身都不能解释清楚。”
16
在宁静的田野，特别是眺望遥远的地平线，人 能抓住感知自然的美丽有如我们本性的美丽。
17
“自然只是智慧的影子或模仿物……一切科学都有 着自己的目标，那便是寻求自然的法则。”
“我们有着关于 种 族 和功能的诸多理论，而对 于我们生命起源 的理论却鲜有提及。”
—爱默生
18
• ““这一尽善尽美的包括太阳、行星的大系统， 惟有出于全能的神之手......就像一个盲人对于 颜色毫无概念一样，我们对于神理解万事万 物的方法简直是一无所知。”
25
• In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature.
26
• To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and what he touches. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these envoys of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.
nature自然
;
”
drought
Drought is unusual dryness of soil, resulting in crop failure and shortage of water for other uses, caused by significantly lower rainfall than average over a prolonged（长时间的） period. Hot dry winds, high temperatures and consequent（随之发生的） evaporation （蒸发） of moisture from the ground can contribute to conditions of drought. The example that is the worst in 100 years in Yunnan and parts of Guizhou had left 18 million residents and 11.7 million head of livestock（牲畜） in the region with drinking water shortages.
美国文学重要作家作品
美国文学重要作家作品一．The Colonial Period （1607-1765）二．二. The Period of enlightenment and the Independence War (1765-1800) (一) Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林1，Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》2，The Autobiography《自传》（二）Thomas Paine 潘恩1，Common Sense《常识》(三) Thomas Jefferson 杰斐逊1，Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》（四）Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿James Madison麦迪逊John Jay 杰伊1, The Federalist Papers《论联邦》（三人联作）(五）William Hill Brown 威廉.希尔.布朗1，The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》三．The Romantic Period （1800-1865）（一）Washington Irving 欧文（Romanticism）1，The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》2，Rip Van Winkle 《瑞普.凡温.克尔》3，The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》（二）James Fenimore Cooper 库伯(Romanticism)1，The Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》（三）William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特（Romanticism）first 1，To a Waterfowl 《致水鸟》2，The Yellow Violet 《黄色的堇香花》（四）Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生（Transcendentalism）1，The Dial 《日晷》2，Nature 《论自然》3，Self-Reliance 《伦自立》4，The American Scholar《论美国学者》（五）Henry David Thoreau 梭罗（Transcendentalism）1，Walden《沃尔登》2，On the Duty of Civil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》（六）Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 郎费罗1，The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之门》（七）John Greenleaf Whittier 惠蒂埃1，Snow-Bound《大雪封门》（八）Walt Whitman 惠特曼（Romanticism）1, Leaves of Grass《草叶集》（九）Emily Dickinson 狄金森1，The Poetry of Emily Dickinson《狄金森诗集》（十）Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑non-transcendentalism，Gothic novel 1，The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》2，The Scarlet Letter 《红字》3, The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》4，The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑纱》5，Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》6，The Birthmark《胎记》7，Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》（十一）Herman Melville 梅尔维尔1，Moby Dick 《白鲸》（十二）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡romanticism，English Gothic 1，The Raven 《乌鸦》2，Ligeia《莉盖亚》3，The Fall of the House of User 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》4，William Wilson 《威廉.威尔逊》5, Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》6，The Purloined Letter 《被窃的信件》7，The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》8，The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》9，The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》（十三）Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人oppose slavery1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》四，The Realistic Period（1865-1918）南北战争-一战爆发（一）Sarah Orne Jewett朱厄特新英格兰local literature 乡土文学1，Deephaven and Other Stories《迪普黑文》2, The Country of Pointed Firs 《尖枞树之乡》（二）Joel Chandler Harris哈里斯southern local literature1，Uncle Remus：His Songs and Sayings《雷默斯大叔：他的歌和话》（三）Kate Chopin 肖邦southern local literature1,The Awakening 《觉醒》（四）Bret Harte哈特western local literature1,The Luck of Roaring Camp 《咆哮营的幸运儿》（五）William Dean Howells 豪威尔斯realism1，Criticism and Fiction 《批评与小说》2，The Rise of Silas Lapman 《赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹》（六）Mark Twain 马克吐温1，The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》2, The Innocents Abroad 《傻子国外旅行记》3，The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》4，The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索耶历险记》5，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》6，Following the Equator 《赤道旅行记》7，The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》8，The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的来客》（七）Henry James詹姆斯世态小说novel of manners1，The Portrait of a Lady 《一位女士的肖像》2，The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》3，The Ambassadors 《专使》4，The Golden Bowl《金碗》5，Jolly Corner 《快乐的一角》（八）Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（九）Upton Sinclair 辛克莱muckrakers 黑幕揭发者1，The Jungle《屠场》（十）Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞1，Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》2，Jennie Gerhardt 《珍妮姑娘》3，An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》五，The Period of Modernism (1918-1945) 一战后（一）Carl Sandburg 桑德堡1，Chicago Poems 《芝加哥诗集》2，The People，Yes《人民，是的》（二）Hart Crane 克莱恩1，The Bridge 《桥》* 区别Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（三）Ezra Pound 庞德imagism意象派1, Selwyn Mauberley 《休.赛尔温.毛伯利》2, The Cantos《诗章》（四）T.S.Eliot 艾略特1，The Waste Land 《荒原》（五）Wallace Stevens 斯蒂文斯1，The Man with the Blue Guitar《带蓝吉他的人》（六）William Carlos Williams 威廉斯imagism 1，Paterson 佩特森（七）Robert Frost 弗洛斯特1，A Boy’s Will 《少年的意志》2，West-Running Brook 《西去的溪流》3，A further Range 《又一片牧场》4，Mending Wall 《修墙》5，After Apple-Picking 《摘苹果之后》6，The Birches 《白桦树》（八）Edward Arlington Robinson 罗宾逊1，The Children of the Night 夜之子（九）Elmer Rice 赖斯1，The Adding Machine《加算器》（十)Clifford Odets 奥德兹1，Waiting for Lefty 《等待老左》（十一）Eugene O’Neill奥尼尔1, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》first opposing romanticism drama 2，Emperor Jones 《琼斯皇帝》expressionism 3，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》realism+expressionism+symbolism4，The Great God Brown《大神布朗》symbolism5，Strange Interlude《奇异的插曲》stream of consciousness 6，Desire Under the Elm《榆树下的欲望》7, The Iceman Cometh 《送冰的人来了》（十二）F.Scott Fitzgerald typical “lost generation”writer 1, The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》2，The Side of Paradise《人间天堂》3，Tender Is the Night 《夜色温柔》（十三）Gertrude Stein斯泰因1，Three Lives 《三个女人的一生》（十四）Edith Wharton华顿realism1，The House of Mirth《快乐之家》2，The Age of Innocence 《天真时代》3，The Barren Ground 《荒芜的土地》*区别T.S.Eliot 艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》4，The Romantic Comedy Actors《浪漫主义喜剧演员》（十五）Willa Cather 薇拉，凯瑟1，Oh，Pioneers 《哦，拓荒者们》2，My Antonia 《我的安东尼亚》3，A lost Lady《一个沉沦的妇女》4，The Professor’s House《教授的住宅》5，Death Comes to the Archbishop 《死神迎接大主教》（十六）Sinclair Lewis 刘易斯first American Nobel Prize Winner 1，Main Street 《大街》2，Babbitt 《巴比特》（十七）Sherwood Anderson 安德森1，Winesburg，Ohio 《俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡镇》2，The Egg 《鸡蛋》3，Death in the Woods 《林中之死》（十八）John Dos Passos 多斯.帕索斯1，Three Soldiers 《三个士兵》2，Manhattan Transfer 《曼哈顿中转站》3，U.A.S 《美国》三部曲：（1）The 42nd Parallel 《北纬四十二度》（2）1919 《一九一九年》（3）Big Money《赚大钱》（十九）Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特，海明威lost generation 1，The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》2，A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》3，For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》4，The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》（二十）John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克1，The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》2，Dubious Battle 《胜负未决的战斗》（二十一）William Faulkner 福克纳1，The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》2，Snopes Trilogy《斯诺普斯》三部曲（1）The Hamlet 《村子》（2）The T own 《小镇》（3）The Mansion 《大宅》3, Light in August 《八月之光》4，Absalom，Absalom！《押沙龙，押沙龙！》5，Go Down，Moses《去吧，摩西》（二十二）Malcolm Cowley考利1，Exile’s Return 《流放者归来》（二十三）Jean Toomer 图默1，Cane 《甘蔗》（二十四）Langston Hughes 休斯1，The Weary Blues《萎靡的布鲁斯》（二十五）Richard Wright 赖特1，Native Son《土生子》2，Uncle Tom’s Children《汤姆大叔的孩子们》* 区别：Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》3，Black Boy：A Record of Children 自传《黑孩子》课文诗歌Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗1，I Shot an Arrow 《我射出一支箭》2，A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡1，Sonnet --T o Science《十四行诗致科学》2，To Helen--《致海伦》Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼1，One’s Self I Sing《我歌唱自我》2，O Captain!My Captain!《噢，船长！我的船长！》Emily Dickinson 埃米莉.狄金森1，To Make a Prairie 《要描绘一片草原……》2，Success Is Counted Sweetest 《最美妙的胜利感觉》3，Nobody！《我是无名之辈》。
Nature 论自然 英文5-6
Children V.S. Adults
naive V.S. complicated
• The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. • 真正爱自然的人，他的内外感官能达到真 正的和谐相通，即使进入成年还保持着孩 童的求知精神。
real happiness
Walden
Thoreau
• Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece. In good health, the air is a cordial（甜果汁饮料） of incredible virtue. • 自然就是一个舞台，既适合上演快乐，也 适合上演痛苦。身体健康的时候，空气便 成了快乐的兴奋剂。
• bathe：“fill or cover with light or water ”， 喻指抛弃心灵上的世俗包袱，思想境界达到 升华。 • egotism：“self-centered”，指个体的小我 融入自然界中，达到人与自然和谐统一。 • I am nothing：小我的消失，与自然界融为 一体。 • I see all：融入自然后，视线不再局限于事物 的表面，具有了孩子探求一切的好奇心。 • Universal Being：God, Oversoul , Spirit
• superficial seeing：“see sth. very simple” • 成人对阳光熟视无睹，视线只停留在事物 表面，缺乏孩子般好奇求知的探索欲 • Illuminate：“shine light on sth.” • “only the eye of the man”使人联想起成人清 晨一睁眼看到太阳，便为生计开始了忙碌 的一天。 • shine into：“shine light through ”阳光透过 孩子们的眼睛照亮他们的心田。因为七彩 阳光使孩子们心里产生童话世界，激起他 们对自然的热爱和向往
美国文学史作者作品
(1) Captain John Smith: the first American writer A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》(2) William Bradford 布拉德福德: Of Plymouth Plantation Records 《普利茅斯种植园史》(3) John Winthrop 温斯罗普: A Model of Christian Charity 《基督慈善的模式》(4) Anne Bradstreet(安妮·布拉德斯特里特):Contemplations《沉思录》In Reference to Her Children写给她的孩子Upon the Burning of Our House家居被焚之后The Flesh and the Spirit 灵魂与肉体To My Dear and Loving Husband 给我挚爱的丈夫An Weary Pilgrim疲倦的朝圣者The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》5) Edward Taylor 泰勒:poem ―Huswifery‖《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想6）Roger Williams:异教徒―The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience‖《血腥的迫害教义》（7）John Woolman(伍尔夫): Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes 《蓄奴的思索》 A Plea for the Poor《为穷人请愿》Journal《日记》: recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with GodThomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence独立宣言(8) Thomas Paine(潘恩)：Common Sense 《常识》American Crisis《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权论》, The Age of Reason《理性时代》(9)Philip Freneau （佛瑞诺）(1752-1832)the most important poet in the 18th century. He was entitled ―Father of American Poetry‖. He wrote lots of poems supporting American Revolution and human liberty. His poems presented Romantic spirits but his form was mainly influenced by Classicism. Most famous poems: ―The Indian Burying Ground‖《印第安人墓地》and ―The Wild Honey Suckle‖《野地里的忍冬》（10）Charles Brockden Brown Wieland the first American novel Major writers in the post- Revolutionary PeriodJonathan Edwards: religious idealism (理想的宗教信仰) (1) The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》(2) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》(3) The Nature of True Virtue《论真实德行的本原》Benjamin Franklin（1706—1790）levelheaded common sense(明智冷静的判断力) : Autobiography 自传The Romantic Period (1783—1861) The Sketches Book --- Leaves of Grass Poor Richard's Almanack 格言历书Washington Irving (华盛顿·欧文) History of New York from the beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty «纽约外史»The Sketch Book «见闻札记»―Rip Van Winkle‖瑞普凡温可尔―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖睡谷的传说A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada «攻克格拉纳达» The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus «哥伦布的生平和航行史» The Alhambra «阿尔罕伯拉»（he gathered material for these books in Spain）Life of Oliver Goldsmith «哥德斯密斯传»Life of Washington «华盛顿传»ames Fennimore Cooper (库珀) ―father of American novelists‖the creation of the west frontier and its heroes Precaution 《戒备》(1820) The Spy «间谍» ( 1821 ) T he Leatherstocking Tales, 《皮袜子故事集》the adventures of the American frontiers Including five novels: (1) The Deerslayer 《杀鹿者》( 1841 ) (2) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 )《最后的莫西干人》(3) The Pathfinder 《探路人》( 1840 ) (4) The Pioneers 《拓荒者》( 1823 ) (5) The Prairie 《大草原》( 1827 ) 3.Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生(1803—1882) 1) Nature «论自然»his first book expressing the main principles of Transcendentalism It is regarded as "America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence" 2) The American Scholar «论美国学者»3) The Divinity School Address «神学院致辞» 4) Poet «诗人»5) Self-Reliance 论自立4.Henry David Thoreau 梭罗(1817—1862)1) Civil Disobedience «论公民之不服从» 2) A Plea for John Brown «为约翰·布朗申辩» 3) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers «在康科德与梅里马克河上一周»4) Walden «沃尔登湖»a collection of nature essays ,a great Transcendentalist work, a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be, full of ideas expressed to persuade his neighbors out of their complacency Walden瓦尔登湖5.Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)(1804—1864) Famous as the greatest writer living then in the US Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》Mosses from an Old Manse «古宅青苔»The Scarlet Letter «红字»The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《大理石雕像》Short stories: Young Goodman Brown《小伙子古德曼·布朗》The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》The Birthmark《胎记》Herman Melville 梅尔维尔(1819—1891) 1) Typee«泰皮»2) Omoo «欧穆»3) Mardi «玛地»4) Redburn«雷得本»5) White Jacket «白外衣»6) Pierre«皮埃尔» 7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God) 8) Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem) Moby-Dick «白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»7.Walt Whitman 惠特曼Leaves of Grass 1855, first edition –harsh criticism; warm welcome from Emerson.；1871, 5th edition –receive recognition in England and America.；1881, 7th edition –a reputable publisher；1891-92, the ―deathbed edition‖―Song of Myself‖《自我之歌》―There Was a Child Went Forth‖《有个小孩走过来》―Crossing Brooklyn Ferry‖《过布鲁克林渡口》―Democratic Vistas‖《民主的前景》―Passage to India‖《向印度行进》―Proud Music of the Storm‖《骄傲的风暴之音乐》―Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking‖《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》―When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d‖《当紫丁香上次在庭院开放的时候》8. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)My life closed twice before its close I heard a fly buzz when I died Mine--by the Right of the White Election Wild Nights—Wild Nights Death is a Dialogue between I like to see it to lap the Miles I died for Beauty– but was scarce Because I could not stop for Death因为我不能停下来等待死神Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)He was the first author in American literature to make the neurotic the heroic figure. He is father of many things, one of which is psychoanalytic criticism, the other being the detective story(侦探小说). Tales: ―The Black Cat‖《黑猫》"The Cask of Amontillado" ―The Fall of the House of Usher‖《厄舍古屋的倒塌》―Ligeia‖《丽基娅》"The Masque of the Red Death《红色死亡假面舞会》"The Murders in the Rue Morgue"《莫格街谋杀案》"The Pit and the Pendulum" "The Purloined Letter" 《被窃的信件》"The Tell-Tale Heart" Poetry: "Annabel Lee" 《安娜贝尔·李》―Sonnet –To Science" 《十四行诗—致科学》"The City in the Sea" 《海中的城市》"The Raven"《乌鸦》―To Helen‖《致海伦》William Dean Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹》A Chance Acquaintance 《偶然相遇》 A Modern Instance 《一个现代例证》Criticism and Fiction 《批评与小说》Henry James (1843—1916) a. 1865~1882: international theme: The American《美国人》Daisy Miller 《黛西米勒》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》b. 1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays: The novels and plays were poorly received but he got a better knowledge of literary techniques. c. 1895~1900: novels and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international theme The Turn of the Screw《螺丝在拧紧》What Maisie Knew《梅西所知道的》The Ambassadors 《奉使记》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》Theodore Dreiser Sister Carie嘉莉妹妹Jack London The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤O. Henry The Gift of the Magi麦琪的礼物Mark Twain (1835-1910) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer «汤姆·索耶历险记»The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn «哈克贝里费恩历险记»―The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County‖―卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙‖The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》written in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner Life on the Mississippi 《密西西比河上》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 《亚瑟王朝里的康涅狄格州美国佬》The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的陌生人》F.Scott Fitzgerald This Side of Paradisethe Jazz AgeThe Great Gatsby Tender is the Night。
保护自然风景原因英语作文
保护自然风景原因英语作文英文回答：Protecting the natural environment is crucial for a multitude of reasons. Here are just a few:Ecosystem Services:Nature provides us with essential ecosystem services that we rely on for survival. These services include:Clean air and water: Natural ecosystems filter pollutants from the air and water, providing us with clean resources for drinking, agriculture, and industrial use.Climate regulation: Forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating climate change and reducing the severity of extreme weather events.Soil conservation: Healthy ecosystems prevent soilerosion, maintaining soil fertility for agriculture and reducing the risk of landslides and floods.Biodiversity: Natural habitats support a vast array of plant and animal species, which provide genetic resources for food, medicine, and other products.Human Health:Protecting nature is also essential for human health.Reduced air and water pollution: Natural ecosystems improve air and water quality, reducing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.Mental and physical well-being: Spending time in nature has been shown to reduce stress, promote physical activity, and improve overall well-being.Access to natural resources: Healthy ecosystems provide food, water, and other resources that are vital for human survival and economic development.Aesthetic and Cultural Value:Nature has intrinsic beauty and cultural significance.Natural beauty: Scenic landscapes, pristine beaches, and majestic forests provide aesthetic enjoyment and inspiration for art, literature, and music.Historical and cultural heritage: Natural sites can hold historical or cultural significance, connecting us to our past and providing a sense of place.Ethical and Moral Obligations:Beyond the practical benefits, protecting nature is also an ethical and moral obligation.Stewardship: As inhabitants of the Earth, we have a responsibility to care for the planet and its ecosystems.Interconnectedness: Nature is an interconnected web oflife, and we are dependent on its health and well-being.Future generations: We have a duty to preserve natural resources and habitats for future generations to enjoy and benefit from.Examples:The Amazon rainforest: The Amazon rainforest is avital global ecosystem that regulates climate, supports biodiversity, and provides resources to millions of people.The Great Barrier Reef: The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef in the world, supporting a diverse array of marine life and providing economic benefits through tourism.National parks: National parks around the worldprotect unique natural landscapes, wildlife habitats, and cultural heritage.Conclusion:Protecting nature is essential for the well-being of both humans and the planet. It provides us with vital ecosystem services, improves our health and well-being, and has intrinsic aesthetic, cultural, ethical, and moral value. By conserving and restoring natural habitats, we secure a sustainable future for ourselves and generations to come.中文回答：保护自然环境至关重要，原因如下：生态系统服务：自然为我们提供了我们赖以生存的基本生态系统服务。
关于大自然的著名英语美文
关于大自然的著名英语美文本文是关于大自然的著名英语美文，希望对大家有帮助!关于大自然的著名英语美文：Nature 论自然When we speak of nature in this manner,we have a distinct but most poetical sense in themind.谈论自然时，心灵倍感清晰，而诗意盎然。
We mean the integrity of impression made by manifold natural objects.留存诸多自然物体之完整印象，It is this which distinguishes the stick of timber of the wood-cutter, from the tree of the poet.而此恰可区分伐木工手中的圆木，与诗人心中之树。
The charming landscape which I saw this morning,is indubitably made up of some twenty orthirty farms.今晨我见迷人景色，无疑由二十至三十个农场组成。
Miller owns this field, Locke that,and Manning the woodland beyond.米勒拥有这片土地，洛克拥有那片，而曼宁则为远处树林之主，But none of them owns the landscape.然而他们都无法拥有这片风景。
There is a property in the horizonwhich no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet.地平线上有一财产，却无人拥有，除非有慧眼者可将各处景致整合为一，这就是诗人。
This is the best part of these men's farms,yet to this their warranty-deeds give no title.此为所有农场中最珍贵者，却无人能凭产权而据为己有。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
•
society return nature
• • materialism
real happiness
Walden Thoreau
• Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece. In good health, the air is a cordial（甜果汁饮料） of incredible virtue.
• “only the eye of the man”使人联想起成人清 晨一睁眼看到太阳，便为生计开始了忙碌 的一天。
• shine into：“shine light through ”阳光透过 孩子们的眼睛照亮他们的心田。因为七彩 阳光使孩子们心里产生童话世界，激起他 们对自然的热爱和向往
Children V.S. Adults
• 黎明时刻，天空中布满了阴云，我跨过光 秃秃的土地，站到了雪坑里，让脑子不去 想那些命运好坏的事情，我整个身心都在 享受着那份真实的快乐。
• snow puddles，twilight， clouded sky
—dark side• 源自erfect exhilaration
—optimism
• a force always at work to make the best better and the worst good. Good will finally defeat evil, and angel is always stronger than the demon.
•
—optimistic philosophy
Hawthorne Whitman
• In the woods too, a man casts off his years, as the snake his slough, and at what period soever of life, is always a child. In the woods, is perpetual youth.
Nature—Spirit; God; Over soul（超灵）
• Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child.
Coleridge
Wordsworth
• His intercourse with heaven and earth, becomes part of his daily food. In the presence of nature, a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows.
• 自然就是一个舞台，既适合上演快乐，也 适合上演痛苦。身体健康的时候，空气便 成了快乐的兴奋剂。
Comic or Mourning
Intuitive
（直觉）
强调人的直觉情绪决定世界的存在。 世界善恶美丑完全取决于人的喜怒哀乐
—唯心主义
• Crossing a bare common, in snow puddles, at twilight, under a clouded sky, without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune, I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration.
naive V.S. complicated
• The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood.
• 与天地之间的交感成为他日常精神食粮的 一部分。即使心中有种种现实的哀愁，身 处自然之中，他也会感到狂喜渗透全身。
• his：？ • Intercourse：“communicate, exchange” • 指与天地交流，融为一体。 • wild delight：“ecstasy , great joy” • “wild”与现代文明的束缚形成鲜明的对比。
人们大都看不到太阳，至少他们看到的只是 非常肤浅的表象。太阳只是照亮了成人的眼 睛，而却闪烁在孩子的眼睛和心坎里。
• superficial seeing：“see sth. very simple”
• 成人对阳光熟视无睹，视线只停留在事物 表面，缺乏孩子般好奇求知的探索欲
• Illuminate：“shine light on sth.”
Nature
Paragraph4
contents
• Ⅰ) sentences ﹠translation • Ⅱ) words ﹠explanation • Ⅲ) Emerson’s viewpoint ﹠my understanding • Ⅳ) conclusion
• To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. • 老实说，很少有成年人能够真正看到自然。
• 真正爱自然的人，他的内外感官能达到真 正的和谐相通，即使进入成年还保持着孩 童的求知精神。
• inward senses ：指孩子般的求知欲，探索欲 • outward senses：指成人停留在事物表象的
视线 • the spirit of infancy：与生俱来的求知欲和未
泯的童心
• 人应该回到原始物质状态去，如稚子一般 去观察世界 —浪漫主义