跨文化交际 资料整理教程文件
2024年跨文化交际技巧培训资料
建立信任
通过诚实、可靠和一致的行为 建立信任关系，这是有效沟通 的基础。
寻求共同点
寻找与对方的共同兴趣和经历 ，建立联系并增强互动效果。
有效反馈
提供具体、建设性的反馈，帮 助对方了解自己的观点和感受 ，同时促进双方的理解和沟通
。
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案例分析与实践应用
商务场合跨文化交际案例分析
案例一
重要性
随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交际 在各个领域的应用越来越广泛，对于 促进国际交流与合作、推动文化多样 性发展具有重要意义。
跨文化交际的发展历程
初始阶段
早期的跨文化交际主要局限于贸 易、外交等领域，人们开始意识
到文化差异对交际的影响。
发展阶段
20世纪60年代以后，跨文化交际 学逐渐兴起，成为一门独立的学科 ，研究领域不断扩大。
案例三
中美商务谈判中的文化差异与应对策 略
欧洲跨国公司中的多元文化管理实践
案例二
中日合资企业中的文化冲突与解决方 案
旅游行业跨文化交际实践应用
情境模拟
导游如何接待不同文化背景的游 客
角色扮演
酒店前台与外籍客人的沟通技巧
案例分析
旅游景点介绍中的文化因素与翻 译策略
教育领域跨文化交际能力培养
教育理念比较
礼物与馈赠
不同文化对礼物和馈赠的看法和接受程度不同。一些文化强调礼尚往来和互惠互利，而其他文化则可能更加注重礼物 的象征意义和情感价值。
餐桌礼仪
不同文化有不同的餐桌礼仪和饮食习惯。例如，一些文化强调安静、优雅的用餐环境，而其他文化则可 能更加注重热闹、随意的用餐氛围。此外，对于食物的选择、烹饪方式和餐具的使用也可能存在差异。
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跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I- Keywords（1）Sender/Source: A sendcr/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发岀者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）（2）Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息扌呂弓I 起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）（3）Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（编码：编码指信息发岀者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）⑷ Channel/NIedium：It is the method used to deliver a message・（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）（5）Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message・（信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
）（6）Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols iie/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
跨文化交际资料
跨文化交际资料Unit 12. Do you sometimes find it hard to make your-self properly understood by others? If you do, why do you think it is hard?(p.2) It is very difficult for people to understand one another if they do not share the same experiences. Of course, we all share the experience of being human, but there are many experiences which we do not share and which are different for all of us. It is these different experiences that make up what is called “culture” in the social sciences – the habits of everyday, the cues to which people respond, the automatic reactions they have to whatever they see and hear. These often differ, and the differences may cause misunderstandings where we seek understanding.Case 1(P.23)In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal (冷淡的) way. While Americans certainly value human relationship, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard’s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, What beautiful frames your pictures are in.In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and that theorganization itself –be it a family or a vast corporation –is valued more than any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem to be in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case, Richard’s mistake was making great efforts to defend himself. Even if the others knew that the errors were not intentional, it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to help the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard only to apologize would have seemed to him to be subservient and unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case, we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, “Help your-self”; for the English counterpart, “Be my guest.” Americans and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained, but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,” even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude. Case 2 (P.24):A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference ofstyle with American culture in some situations, and that’s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend not to say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3 (P.24-25):The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4 (P.25):It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual and specialized. For example,you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner –not because you don’t think she could h andle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this –see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and invite the first one more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend t o make friends readily, and they don’t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.■ Slim is beautiful?(p.9-11)One sociologist once said that with the greater influence of American culture across the world, the standard of a beauty is becoming more and more Hollywood-like, characterized by a chiseled chin and a tall, slim figure. One can see such beautiful images in almost any American movie. We Chinese also share the idea that the standard of beauty includes being tall, thin, and light skinned. It seems that with the process of globalization, eastern and western beauties look more and more alike.But we have to remember that the definition of a beauty differs from culture to culture. For example, Hispanic standards of a female beauty are to have big hips, a moderate tan, and a short height. As is described in the article, in southeasternNigeria, Coca-Coca-bottle voluptuousness is celebrated and ample backsides and bosoms are considered ideals of a female beauty.Unit 2 Culture and communication文化的三个特点以及三种用途（p.45-48)Elements of communication(p.49-55)Essentials of human communication(p.68-73)Unit 3 Cultural Diversity2. What do you think of the relationship between Mr. Qian and Mr. Zhao? Are they really good friends?(p.76)To many Chinese, Mr. Qian and Mr. Zhao are really good friends, for they have helped each other from time to time. Since Mr. Zhao lent Mr. Qian a large sum of money to help his business get over the difficulty, Mr. Qian was greatly indebted to Mr. Zhao. In Chinese culture, friendship means a willingness to be indebted and repay the debt more than owed.However, many Americans, like Jackson, would say that Mr. Zhao was asking too much, for what they value more was individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, and they do not like to put themselves in others’ debt, especially for those matters where Mr. Zhao asked Mr. Qian to help. Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends. But most of the time, things for which they will lend a helping hand to their friends are trivial, such as driving a friend to an important event when his own arrangements for transportation fail.Further Reading I Cultural Dimensions文化维度(p.99)■ Individualism versus collectivism(p.99)1. Individualism个人主义(1) What is individualism?Erroneous trend of thought that places individual interests above that of the collective interests and cares for oneself to the neglect of others.●The Belief of Individualism Cultures:Individualism cultures believe in individualized heroism, liberalism, and compartmentalism.●The characteristic of individualism:(p.100) 个人主义的特点Generally speaking, in cultures that tend toward individualism, an “I” consciousness prevails; competition rather than cooperation is encouraged; personal goals take precedent over groups; people tend not to emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions; and every individual has the right to his or her private property, thoughts, and opinions. These cultures stress individual initiative and achievement.2. Collectivism集体主义● The characteristics of collectivism:(p.100) 集体主义的特点Generally speaking, in collective societies, a “we’ consciousness prevails; identity is based on the social system; the individual is emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions; the culture emphasizes belonging to organizations; organizations invade private life; individuals trust group decisions; loyalty also goes to the extended family. These cultures stress interpersonal harmony.3. Huge cultural differences(p.100)底下(2) What are different ways people talk?(p.101)The way of collectivistic cultural talk is to keep silent, whereas the way individualist cultural talk is to speak out.Uncertainty avoidance(不确定性规避)(p.101)1. The definition of uncertainty avoidance（p.101)(1) What do we mean by “uncertainty”?At the core of uncertainty avoidance is the inescapable truism that:The future is unknown. The future is perhaps.(2) What do we mean by “avoidance”?To avoid unknown; To avoid perhaps(3) How to avoid “uncertainty”?These cultures try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity by providing stability for their members, establishing more formal rules regulations.(4) Why do these cultures try to avoid uncertainty?Because these cultures feel threatened by uncertain situations; people think of uncertainty as a higher level of anxiety and as a continuous hazard.(1)What will happen when European Americans communicate with someone from a high-UAI culture?(p.102)(2)What will happen when these U.S. Americans communicate with someone from a low-UAI country?(p.102) （3）What are the characteristics of this tendency?(p.103)低权利差距的特点书上有一点●Subordinates consider superiors to be the same kind of people as they, and superiors perceive their subordinates the same way.●Peop le in power, be they supervisors or government officials, often interact with their constituents and try to look less powerful than they really are.●The powerful and the powerless try to live in concert (agreement or harmony). What are the characteristics of this tendency? (p.103)高权利差距的特点书上有一点●People in high-power-distance countries prefer large power distance, and believe that power authority are facts of life.These cultures instruct their members that people are not equal in this world and that everybody has a rightful place, which is clearly marked by countless vertical arrangements so that there is a large distance between those with power and those without.Generally speaking, power distance is clearly marked by countless vertical arrangements so that there is a large distance between those with power and those without. Children seldom interrupt the teacher, show great reverence and respect for authority, and ask very few questions.The definition of High- and Low-Contexts(p.111)1. What is high-context communication?高语境交际In high-context cultures, most of the information lies either in the setting or in the people who are part of the interaction. Very little information is actually contained in the verbal message. So the mode of communication is often indirect and implicit (implied: 含蓄的).2. What is low-context communication?低语境交际In low-context cultures, however, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participants. So the mode of communication is often direct and explicit (precisely and clearly expressed, leaving nothing to implication ).Unit 4 Language and Culture1.Is language just a tool in communication?◆ From the perspective of its function, language is a tool in communication.◆ In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.2.What is the relationship between language and culture?语言和文化的关系◆Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. Language is the key-stone of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. Language reflects culture.3.What is the relationship between environment and language?环境和语言的关系(p.120)Language reflects the environment in which we live. We use language to label the things that are around us. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values. For example, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment; therefore, people in that region do not have a word for snow. For example, the Navajo do not have a word for late. Time does not play a role in Navajo life. They think time and the passing of time are things one can’t control; therefore, one should not worry about wasting time and setting schedules.4.What’s the difference between social question and information question?(p.119)社会问题和信息问题的区别A social question, even though it comes in question, does not ask for information. It serves as a lubricant to move the conversation for ward.A Comparison of Color Terms (P.124) 颜色词的比较The color term : Red① festive, jubilant(喜气洋洋) ① violent, cruele.g. 红娘，红火 e.g. red revenge血腥复仇; a red battle一场血战② revolutionary ② armed revolutione.g. 红军，红色政权 e.g. a red revolution赤色革命③ successful, smooth ③ danger; tensione.g. 红人，走红 e.g. red alert红色警报; a red flag④ beautiful, nice ④ profligate [?pr?fl?g?t] 挥霍的, immoral放荡的e.g. 红颜，红装 e.g. a red waste of his youthThe color term : Green② knightly, chivalrous [v?lr?s] 有骑士风度的, ② fresh, newe.g. 绿林好汉；绿林大盗 e.g. a green woundThe color term : Yellow① royalty, power ① erotic, sensual色情的e.g. 黄袍，黄马褂，皇榜 e.g. yellow press黄色报刊, ～journalism黄色新闻② erotic, sensual ② funk惊惶, sneak诡秘, spiritlesse.g. 黄色书刊 e.g. yellow dog卑鄙的人; yellow streak胆怯The color term : Blue Few connotations① erotic, sensual e.g. blue talk下流的言论; blue video黄色录象② depressed e.g. holiday blue假期抑郁; a blue Monday烦闷的星期一③ nobility e.g. blue blood贵族血统④ unexpected, very rare e.g. out of blue意想不到; once in a blue千载难逢The color term: White①funeral, sadness ①pure, bright, happy, cleanness e.g. 红白喜事 e.g. white soul纯洁的心灵; white wedding吉祥的婚礼② failure, unvalued, foolish ② faithful, honest e.g. 白费力气，白痴，白旗e.g. a white spirit; white hand纯洁的心灵；清白无辜的③ tricky, crafty狡诈的③ good luck, fortune e.g.（唱）白脸 e.g.a white d良晨吉日; days marked…幸福的日子④politically reactionary ④legal, no harmful e.g. 白匪 e.g. white market正规的市场; a white lie善意的谎言The color term: Black② secret, tricky② evil, sinister险恶的e.g. 黑幕，黑名单 e.g. blackdeed恶劣行为; black art妖术; black hand黑手党③ illegal, evil ③ angry; depressed e.g. 黑手，黑点，黑货 e.g. blackdog沮丧; a black look怒目而视The color term: Purple （紫色）① nobility, dignity ① nobility, dignitye.g. 紫气东来，紫禁城 e.g. be born/marry in the purple在皇室的The color term: Pink (粉红)Few connotations① homosexual同性恋的 e.g. a product developed for the pink customer.② the best condition e.g. in the pink of healthUnit 5What can we learn from the story?(p.156)It is often customary for Americans to start their talk with some jokes or humorous anecdotes, but Germans have different ideas and they tend to consider telling jokes inappropriate in talks on serious matters. And in German culture, executives who occupy important positions are usually senior in age, and they had not expected the American manufacturer to send a young man as their representative to start business with them, a reputable German distributor. They may have found it difficult to trust such a young person.1.What do individualistic cultures tend to do?(p.179)2. What do collectivistic cultures tend to do?(p.179)3. What is direct verbal style?(p.179)直接言语方式4. What is indirect verbal style?(p.179)间接言语方式5.A Comparison Between American and Chinese Verbal Styles(p.179)6.What are individual-centered and role-centered verbal modes?(p.181)7.What else do the person- and status- oriented verbal styles emphasize?(p.181)8.What do low- and high-context cultures tend to do?(p.181)9.What does Self-Enhancement emphasize?(p.182)10.What does Self-Effacement emphasize?(p.182)11.What’s the difference between U.S. American and Japanese verbal styles?(p.182)Unit 6Warm Up(p.190)O ur appearance communicates much to the people we meet. It is one of the ways we can leave an impression upon people, especially those who we meet for the first time.In this case, even before the interview begins, a lot of messages about the person involved are already sent to each other, through the light but decisive knocking at the door, the large oak (橡树) desk behind which the woman is sitting, the mod (传统的) clothes she wears, the smiles they exchange, the way they look at and shake handswith each other.Functions of Nonverbal Communication(p.218)非言语交际的功能1.How do Arab men, Japanese and Americans greet?(p.218)2.How do people in Thailand and in the U.S. signal anotherperson to come near?(p.218)3.How do Tongans and Americans behave in the presence of superiors?(p.218)4.What does crossing one’s legs mean in the United States and in Korea?(p.218)5. How do Japanese and Muslims exchange gifts?(p.218)6. How to arrive at the truth according to Buddha and Americans?(p.218)7. What is nonverbal communication?(p.218)8. What are the types of nonverbal communication?非言语交际形式Most classifications divide nonverbal messages into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, smell, and paralanguage [副语言]); and those that the individual combines with the setting (space, time, and silence).9.Why is nonverbal communication important?(p.219)非言语交际重要性10. Functions of nonverbal communication(p.219-221)非言语交际的功能11.What is rule-governed communication system?规则控制的交流系统或体系(p.221)What does We are more than our culture mean?(p.221)Do nonverbal behaviors often occur in isolation?(p.221)12.What is paralanguage?副语言（p.223)13. What are the types of paralanguage?副语言的形式（p.223）Voice quality: 先写书上的，再加上Some have excellent voices, and some have bad voices which influence communication. It also includes laughing, crying, yelling (to shout, scream, cheer, or utter in a loud or piercing way), moaning(a low prolongedmournful sound expressive of suffering), and the like Vocal qualifiers and vocalization(p.223-224)。
跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)
跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化交际课件word版
Unit 1 introduction一．文化文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交流是流动着的文化----W.B. Pearce, 1994.背景：长期以来，文化被认为是无处不在，无所不包的人类知识和行为的总体。
被笼统地当作“生活方式”，社会生活的一切方面，积淀物，价值观念体系，众多规范，乃至艺术，政治，经济，教育，修养，文学，语言，思维的总和。
概括地讲，文化即是人们所思，所言，所为，所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
It is said that there are at least 150 definitions about culture.“Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks”(Sapir, 1921)“Culture is man’s medium, there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people express themselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, how problems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and fuction.” (E.T. Hall,1959)“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas” (D.Brown, 1978)文化的特性：1). 文化是由人们的内隐和外显行为组成的。
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9.docx
Unit 9 Intercultural AdaptationSome Ideas Related to Culture Shock and Adaptation Strategies1.Culture ShockWhat is culture shock? Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. It is associated with feelings in the person of estrangement (being unfriendly or hostile to others; alienation), anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. The person undergoing culture shock views his new world out of resentment, and alternates between being angry at others for not understanding him and being filled with self-pity.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact. Those cues or sighs include various ways in which we adapt ourselves to the situation of daily life: When to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to buy things, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed・ He or she is like fish out of water. Edward Hall describes a hypothetical example of an American living abroad for the first time 一at first, things in the cities look pretty much alike. There are taxis, hotels with hot and cold running water, theatres, neon lights, even tall buildings with elevators and a few people who can speak English. But pretty soon the American discovers that underneath the familiar exterior there are vast differences. When someone says "yes" it often doesn't mean yes at all, and when people smile it doesn^t always mean they are pleased.When the American visitor makes a helpful gesture he may be rebuffed; when he tries to be friendly nothing happens. People tell him that they will do things and dont The longer he stays, the more enigmatic (puzzling) the new country looks.2.Possible signs of culture shockThe following sentences describe different stages of culture shock.a.The person holds a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country.b.The person begins to open the way into the new cultural environment.c.The person now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living.d.The person is fascinated by the new environment.3・ Suggestions found to be helpful in fighting culture shock1)Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock, and your reactions are not from some other source. Remember that many others have had the same experience,and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are part of a response to learning about the other culture and consider it a positive sign.2)Give yourself permission to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3)Find other from your culture and spend time together talking about home, eating, sharing experiences.4)Help someone from your home culture who has recently arrived. You will be surprised at how much you've learned.5)Communicate with family and friends. Write letters or call Remember that those at home might not realize that culture shock is a normal experience. Let them know it isa temporary phase of adjusting to life in a different culture.6)Become an expert on some aspect of the other culture. Choose something you like, and learn more about people in the host culture.7)Maintain your sense of hum0匚Laugh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8)Keep busy. Get to know the area where you live by walking around and observing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and perhaps start a friendship.9)Become friendly with classmates. Spend some out-of-school time togethe匚10)Do something you enjoy. Contact a relative or acquaintance whose address you may have. Browse through department stores. Visit a museum. Walk through a new area of town. See a play or go to a movie.11)Forget that your English is less than perfect, and feel free "to ask" people for information, guidance, or directions. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative incidents. Disappointments are simply a fact of life.12)Be flexible. Make up your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adventure. 4e Two views of culture shockTwo views of culture shock1)The disease viewThe culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation. He is a helpless victim.He can experience many emotional and mental difficulties. He may become extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. He considers the host country bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.He may start to glorify his home country. He fears physical contact with anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, or ignored・ People can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock 一ulcers, headaches, stomach aches, back aches, the flu 一physical symptoms.2)The self-awareness viewThe educational experience provides a mirror in which one's own culture is reflected・Exposure to new cultures enables them to gain new insights into their own culture and society. Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically involve change andmovement from one cultural frame of reference to another.5.Four ways of adaptationAssimilation （同化）Separation （隔绝）Marginalization （边缘化）Integration （融合）Reading I Adapting to a New Culture Comprehension questions1.What are the terms that can he applied to the concept of ^culture shock”?Terms that can be applied to the concept of—culture shock are culture stress, adaptation, transition shock, adjustment, socialization, and so on.2.What are the symptoms of a person at his or her a honeynioon stage n in the process of adapting to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a sense of excitement, pleasure, and self-satisfaction for making the decision to come to this beautiful place. In his or her view, nearly everything appears wonderful.3.Does everybody experience the Stage Two? How to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage?No, some people never experience this stage. In order to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage, one should not withdraw from all contact with the new culture and instead try to have more contact with the host nationals.4.According to the author^ what is the best thing to do when one is experiencing culture shock?The best thing to do when you are experiencing culture shock is to admit that you are experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.5.What are the problems that people are confronted with when they return to the home culture from overseas?Upon their first returning home, there is a sense of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroundings. However, a sense of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a person may find that the home culture is no longer the same. They may have difficulty readjusting to the home culture and the reentry process has often involved their suffering quietly with stress.6.What are the improvements people usually make when they get into Stage Three?When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, sights, sounds, smells, and nonverbal behaviors of the new culture and have less physical problems and less confusion, uncertainty, and loneliness. Their normal contacts with host nationals are increasing and now they can accept themselves and others around them.7.What do you think of the authors suggestion of using the native language to compliment people in the host culture?It is very important for one to be able to use the native language if one hopes to survive successfully in a new cultural environment, for it can not only compliment the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual understanding.8.Do you have any other suggestions for adapting successfully to a new culture?Apart from those suggestions given by the author, one should also try to learn from those who have much experience in adapting to a new culture, which may be helpful in one's effort to overcome the difficulties in the process of cultural adaptation. Reading IIOvercoming Ethnocentrism in Communication Comprehension questions1.Why do people involved in intercultural communication often evaluate theother(s) negatively?Because in intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of our own culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us.2.What is the basic difference between American and Japanese communication styles?The basic difference may be that Americans are much more direct while Japanese are very indirect.3.What will happen when communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation in American・Japcinese interaction ?When communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate even further. The American, sensing Japanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomes even more personal and aggressive. The Japanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes even more formal and indirect.4.What do you think the Nigerian communication style is like?Nigerians are inclined to take the more contextual style in communication. They tend to provide as much context as they can before they get to the point.5.Why does the Thai employee continue to use the formal title to address his American manager in their conversations?Because the Thai people usually consider it quite disrespectable to address the manager by his first name, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one's place in the organization's hierarchy and behave accordingly..6.Why does the author say that the case of American-British interaction deserves closer attention ?Because the case of American-British interaction is more complicated. Americans and the British employ different cultural approaches in response to different occasions. The British, like other Europeans, tend to use a low-context approach to intellectual confrontation and a more high-context style in personal matters of feeling and relationship, whereas Americans usually treat a relationship in a low-context manner handle intellectual confrontation in a high-context manner.7.What should we do to overcome the tendency to stereotype and negatively evaluate others who are culturally different from us?We can overcome the tendency to stereotype and generate negative evaluations by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations about the other culture, we can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.8.If we cannot help making generalizations^ how to use cultural generalizations effectively?We can use generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and possible communication problems and then acquire specific cultural differences through intercultural practice.Case StudyCase 33The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.What she means by writing in her fifth letter that —I think I have finally arrived in America is that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.Case 34In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. A chaperone is often required, and getting one's parents'pennission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents'permission.Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elderone(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn't bringmuch money with her when she was going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said —separate checks, pleasell to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn't realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassing situation. That's why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn't have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungry at all.Case 35The American's personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popular overgeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties we will experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own—cultural baggage: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication 让is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture.Case 36We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness- Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self 一- our values, beliefs, practices -一is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that is different from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it is important to raise people's awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9(总7页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Unit 9 Intercultural Adaptation Some Ideas Related to Culture Shock and Adaptation Strategies1. Culture ShockWhat is culture shock Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. It is associated with feelings in the person of estrangement (being unfriendly or hostile to others; alienation), anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. The person undergoing culture shock views his new world out of resentment, and alternates between being angry at others for not understanding him and being filled with self-pity.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact. Those cues or sighs include various ways in which we adapt ourselves to the situation of daily life: When to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to buy things, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like fish out of water. Edward Hall describes a hypothetical example of an American living abroad for the first time — at first, things in the cities look pretty much alike. There are taxis, hotels with hot and cold running water, theatres, neon lights, even tall buildings with elevators and a few people who can speak English. But pretty soon the American discovers that underneath the familiar exterior there are vast differences. When someone says “yes” it often doesn’t mean yes at all, and when people smile it doesn’t always mean they are pleased.When the American visitor makes a helpful gesture he may be rebuffed; when he tries to be friendly nothing happens. People tell him that they will do things and don’t. The longer he stays, the more enigmatic (puzzling) the new country looks.2. Possible signs of culture shockThe following sentences describe different stages of culture shock.a. The person holds a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country.b. The person begins to open the way into the new cultural environment.c. The person now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living.d. The person is fascinated by the new environment.3. Suggestions found to be helpful in fighting culture shock1) Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock, and your reactions are not from some other source. Remember that many others have had the same experience, and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are part of a response to learning about the other culture and consider it a positive sign.2) Give yourself permission to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3) Find other from your culture and spend time together talking about home, eating, sharing experiences.4) Help someone from your home culture who has recently arrived. You will be surprised at how much you’ve learned.5) Communicate with family and friends. Write letters or call. Remember that those at home might not realize that culture shock is a normal experience. Let them know it is a temporary phase of adjusting to life in a different culture.6) Become an expert on some aspect of the other culture. Choose something you like, and learn more about people in the host culture.7) Maintain your sense of humor. Laugh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8) Keep busy. Get to know the area where you live by walking around and observing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and perhaps start a friendship.9) Become friendly with classmates. Spend some out-of-school time together.10) Do something you enjoy. Contact a relative or acquaintance whose address you may have. Browse through department stores. Visit a museum. Walk through a new area of town. See a play or go to a movie.11) Forget that your English is less than perfect, and feel free “to ask” people for information, guidance, or directions. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative incidents. Disappointments are simply a fact of life.12) Be flexible. Make up your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adventure.4. Two views of culture shockTwo views of culture shock1) The disease viewThe culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation. He is a helpless victim.He can experience many emotional and mental difficulties. He may become extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. He considers the host country bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.He may start to glorify his home country. He fears physical contact with anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, orignored. People can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock — ulcers, headaches, stomach aches, back aches, the flu — physical symptoms.2) The self-awareness viewThe educational experience provides a mirror in which one’s own culture is reflected. Exposure to new cultures enables them to gain new insights into their own culture and society.Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically involve change and movement from one cultural frame of reference to another.5. Four ways of adaptationAssimilation （同化）Separation（隔绝）Marginalization（边缘化）Integration（融合）Reading IAdapting to a New CultureComprehension questions1. What are the terms that can be applied to the concept of “culture shock”Terms that can be applied to the concept of ―culture shock are culture stress, adaptation, transition shock, adjustment, socialization, and so on.2. W hat are the symptoms of a person at his or her “honeymoon stage” in the process of adapting to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a sense of excitement, pleasure, and self-satisfaction for making the decision to come to this beautiful place. In his or her view, nearly everything appears wonderful.3. Does everybody experience the Stage Two How to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage?No, some people never experience this stage. In order to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage, one should not withdraw from all contact with the new culture and instead try to have more contact with the host nationals.4. According to the author, what is the best thing to do when one is experiencing culture shock?The best thing to do when you are experiencing culture shock is to admit that you are experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.5. What are the problems that people are confronted with when they return to the home culture from overseas?Upon their first returning home, there is a sense of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroundings. However, a sense of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a person may find that the home culture is no longer the same. They may have difficulty readjusting to the home culture and the reentry process has often involved their suffering quietly with stress.6. What are the improvements people usually make when they get into Stage Three?When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, sights, sounds, smells, and nonverbal behaviors of the new culture and have less physical problems and less confusion, uncertainty, and loneliness. Their normal contacts with host nationals are increasing and now they can accept themselves and others around them.7. What do you think of the author’s suggestion of using the native language to compliment people in the host culture?It is very important for one to be able to use the native language if one hopes to survive successfully in a new cultural environment, for it can not only compliment the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual understanding.8. Do you have any other suggestions for adapting successfully to a new culture?Apart from those suggestions given by the author, one should also try to learn from those who have much experience in adapting to a new culture, which may be helpful in one‘s effort to overcome the difficulties in the process of cultural adaptation. Reading IIOvercoming Ethnocentrism in Communication Comprehension questions1. Why do people involved in intercultural communication often evaluate the other(s) negatively?Because in intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of our own culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us.2. What is the basic difference between American and Japanese communication styles?The basic difference may be that Americans are much more direct while Japanese are very indirect.3. What will happen when communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation in American-Japanese interaction?When communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate even further. The American, sensing Japanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomes even more personal and aggressive. The Japanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes even more formal and indirect.4. What do you think the Nigerian communication style is like?Nigerians are inclined to take the more contextual style in communication. They tend to provide as much context as they can before they get to the point.5. Why does the Thai employee continue to use the formal title to address his American manager in their conversations?Because the Thai people usually consider it quite disrespectable to address the manager by his first name, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one‘s place in the organization‘s hierarchy and behave accordingly. .6. Why does the author say that the case of American-British interaction deserves closer attention?Because the case of American-British interaction is more complicated. Americans and the British employ different cultural approaches in response to different occasions. The British, like other Europeans, tend to use a low-context approach to intellectual confrontation and a more high-context style in personal matters of feeling and relationship, whereas Americans usually treat a relationship in a low-context manner handle intellectual confrontation in a high-context manner.7. What should we do to overcome the tendency to stereotype and negatively evaluate others who are culturally different from us?We can overcome the tendency to stereotype and generate negative evaluations by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations about the other culture, we can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.8. If we cannot help making generalizations, how to use cultural generalizations effectively?We can use generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and possible communication problems and then acquire specific cultural differences through intercultural practice.Case StudyCase 33The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.What she me ans by writing in her fifth letter that ―I think I have finally arrived in America is that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.Case 34In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. A chaperone is often required, and getting one‘s parents‘permission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents‘permission.Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elder one(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn‘t bring much money with her when she was going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said ―separate checks, please‖ to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn‘t realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassing situation. That‘s why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn‘t have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungryat all.Case 35The American‘s personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popularovergeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties wewill experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own―cultural baggage: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication it is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture. Case 36We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness. Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self --- our values, beliefs, practices --- is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that isdifferent from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it is important to raise people‘s awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.。
跨文化交际自主学习资料docgzip
《跨文化交际》课程自学材料Part One Defining Culture一．讨论题1. How do you think culture and communication are related?2.What are the barriers you experienced in intercultural communication? Andhow did you handle them?3. Work in groups to decide which of the following belong to overt culture and which to covert:A. What and how people eatB. How to keep healthyC. How to raise childrenD. How to do businessE. How to use timeF. How to introduce peopleG. How to participate in ceremoniesH. Rules for facial expressions and eye contactI. RitualsJ. EtiquetteK. Work speedL. What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or bad, etc.M. Theories of disease, sin, death, god or gods, sanity, self, etc.4. Can you add more to the above list? Which of them do you think are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication? And why do you think they are?二、分析、解答题Please read the following example (taken from Scollon & Scollon, 2000) and study how communication is affected by culture.Two men meet on a plane from Tokyo to Hong Kong. Chu Hon-fei is a Hong Kong exporter who is returning from a business trip to Japan. Andrew Richardson is an American buyer on his first business trip to Hong Kong. It Is a convenient meeting for them because Mr. Ch u’s company sells some of the products Mr. Richardson has some to Hong Kong to buy. After a bit of conversation they introduce themselves to each other.Mr. Richardson: By the way, I’m Andrew Richardson. My friends call me Andy. This is my business card.M r. Chu: I’m David Chu. Pleased to meet you, Mr. Richardson. This is my card.Mr. Richardson: No, no. Call me Andy. I think we’ll be doing a lot of business together.Mr. Chu: Yes, I hope so.Mr. Richardson (reading Mr. Chu’s card ) : Chu, Hon-fei. Hon-fei, I’ll give you a call tomorrow as soon as I get settled at my hotel.Mr Chu (smiling): Yes, I’ll expect your call.When these two men separate, they leave each other with very different impressions of the situation. Mr. Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr. Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr. Chu’s smile seems toindicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr. Richardson is very particularly pleased that he has treated Mr. Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fei rather than using the western name, David, which seems to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.In contrast, Mr. Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr. Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr. Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that Mr. Richardson used his given name, Hon-fei, instead of either David or Mr. Chu.How do you account for their different impressions? Does culture play a role in the communication between these two men?(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)三、思考题：1. We have learned some characteristics of culture. For example, culture is learned. Culture can be learned through diverse ways, proverbs being one of them. Now study the following proverbs and decide what value(s) they represent, which of them are still strong in the American culture and the Chinese culture respectively, and which don’t apply any longer.Proverbs1.Blood is thicker than water.2.Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.3.Too many cooks spoil the broth.4.The early bird catches the worm.5.God helps those who help themselves.6.Haste makes waste.7.Time is money.8. A man’s home is his castle.9.Think three times before you take action.10.Modesty makes you progress。
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跨文化交际资料整理·Enculturation 文化习得:The process of learning one’s own culture ·Acculturation 文化适应:Adapt the cultures learning by the other cultures·Verbal Intercultural Communication非言语行为:People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through language.·Social cultural elements:①cultural values ②worldview ③social organization·globalization：①refers to the establishment of a world economy,in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere ,do business in a global market. ②also refers to what is called time-spacecompression.(the increasing global mobility of people/ the impact of new electronic media on human communication)·human needs: ①physiological（fundamental need）②safty ③ the belongingness (love,affection)④ the esteem(respect) ⑤self-actualization(reach one’s potential) ·文化冰山理论（Edward T Hall）:Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majority.·culture: can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.·language and culture: ①language reflects the environment in which we live. ②reflects cultural values ③language lives, it changes over time. ④language –and-cultural is embedded in cultural products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. language –and-cultural are two sides of the same coin, members of the culture use their language to portray their culture, to put their cultural perspectives into practice. Language unites products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons.·文化维度 cultural dimensions(Geert Hofstede):individualism-collectivism，uncertainy avoidance ，power distance， masculinity-femininity ，long-term vs short-term.·communication:①元素：context, participants(affecting aspects are relationship, gender, culture), messages(meaning, symbols, encoding and decoding), channels(sound and sight), noise(external, internal, semantic), feedback. ②过程，本质：dynamic process不断变化; symbolic象征的; systemic影响全局; complex;involves making inferences; has a consequence. ③作用：communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning. It is effective to the extent that we are able to minimize misunderstanding. Generally, the greater our cultural and linguistic knowledge, and the more our beliefs overlap with the people with whom we communicate, the less likelihood there will be misunderstandings. ④方式：high involvement高度卷入(Talk more, Interrupt more, Expect to be interrupt. Talk more loudly at times, Talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness”)。
high considerateness高度体谅⑤言语交际方式:1）person-oriented /status-oriented verbal styles：=individual-centered verbal mode，emphasizes the importance of informality & role suspension symmetrical interaction respecting unique, personal identity/= role-centered verbal mode，formality& large power distance，asymmetrical，honoring prescribed power-based membership identities 2）Self-enhancement(boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities) /Self-effacement(emphasizes the importance of humbling verbal restraints, modest talk) ⑥非言语交际作用:repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting。
nonverbal behavior functions as a culturally rule-governed communication system. The rules are governed by culture,and the rules and nonverbal behavior differ among cultures.·高低语境 high-context(Mexico, Japan, the Middle East)/ low-context(Germany, UK, US): ①定义：A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code. ②features：low-context emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of talk.//high-context ,stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.·孔子confucianism: is not a religion but a set of practical principles and ethical rules for daily life. ①social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people.(leader and follower, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, friends) ②the family is the prototype for all social relationships ③proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to betreated yourself ④people should be skilled, educated, hardworking, thrity, modest, patient, and persevering.·the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A hypothesis holding that the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews. It alerted people to the fact that language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a people’s view of its total environment. ·stereotype: is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.·prejudice: an attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions.包括verbalabuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, massacre. 如何解决：we suggest that empathy is the main communication skill we should learn. Empathic persons know how to show understanding by projecting themselves into their partner’s position. This means that to be empathic in intercultural interactions we need to be openminded in terms of information sharings, to be imaginative in correctly drawing the picture of other’s situation, and to show a commitment or strong willingness to understand our culturally different partners in any kind of situation. ·适应新文化：adapting to new cultures involves first working through culture shock.①do not become over-reactionary ②meet new people ③try new things ④giveyourself periods of rest and thought ⑤work on your self-concept ⑥write ⑦observebody language ⑧learn the verbal language.·ethnocentrism: belief in the intrinsic superiority of the nation, culture, or group towhich one belongs, often accompainied by feelings of dislike for other groups. 如何克服：①to avoid complicating the already difficult task of intercultural communication, participants in a cross-cultural situation need to consider first the possibility that a negative evaluation might be based on an unrecognized cultural difference. Each person needs to be aware that he or she is evaluating the other, often on similarly ethnocentric grounds. ②cultural self-awareness is necessary, as is some knowledge of predominant patterns in the target culture and their variations.·Identify the contrast between high-context and low-context culture and then use it to interpret the difference between American and Japaneseor Chinese negotiating style?①Negotiation atmosphere。