爱伦坡小说理论

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哥特式文学理论的体现

哥特式文学理论的体现

哥特式文学理论的体现“哥特式”最早是文艺复兴时期被用来区分中世纪时期的艺术风格,通常以恐怖、超自然、死亡、颓废、古堡、黑夜、诅咒等为标志性元素。

哥特式风格用黑暗、恐惧、孤独、绝望等艺术主题,徘徊于内心世界神圣与邪恶的边缘,描绘希望与绝望之间的挣扎,内心的痛苦与现实的残酷。

哥特小说大多通过病态的写作手法,揭露社会的阴暗和人性的丑恶来进行深入的探索。

埃德加爱伦坡可以说是美国哥特式小说的领军人物。

爱伦坡是美国浪漫主义时期一位颇具特色的作家,他不仅仅是一位小说家,同时也是一位文学评论家和诗人。

在他的大多数作品中,多以死亡和孤独为主题,并且同时奠定阴森恐怖的感情基调,以独特的风格和丰富的想象力被称为“美国恐怖小说之父”。

对于“诗歌美”,爱伦坡在《诗歌原理》中强调诗的忧郁美。

为了追求这种美,他对于诗歌的安排体现在每一个细节上,并且经过成百上千次的考究与斟酌,力图展现给读者一个鲜明完美的画面。

爱伦坡认为只有将“美”和“死”巧妙地结合才能体现出诗趣的最高格调,因此他的诗歌大多基调凄美,色彩阴暗,气氛诡异,而其风格却优美而豪华。

因此,在埃德加爱伦坡的作品中,哥特式元素是随处可见的,并且作者在奠定阴暗氛围的同时,也注重采用华丽的风格来装饰诗歌的美,达到二者完美统一。

坡的代表作品《乌鸦》便是通过非理性的意识,体现了他的“诗歌美”原理。

这首发表于1845年的《乌鸦》在评论界备受争议,这首诗中通过对主人公死去的爱人的哀悼和悲伤情绪的流露,体现了作者的哥特式情怀,本文通过对这首诗的具体分析来阐释哥特式文学理论是如何体现的。

一、哥特式的主题选择主题可以说是一部作品的灵魂,在一部作品中的感情基调、用词选择、表达目的都与主题息息相关。

在哥特式作品中,“死亡”是哥特作者惯用的主题,通过作品中一个或多个角色的死亡,或是令人不寒而栗的灵异事件,来奠定哥特式作品恐怖阴暗的感情基调。

《乌鸦》全诗共一百零八行,描述的是一个刚刚失去心爱之人的年轻人,在一个风雨交加的漆黑夜晚,独自一人静静追思已经死去的爱人,本想用读书来摆脱内心的苦痛但终究无法走出阴霾的情绪,可这时门外突然传来敲门声,在他第一次打开房门无果后,第二次打开窗子时,发现在漆黑的夜中,有一只乌鸦站在房门上方的雅典娜女神像上。

爱伦坡百度——精选推荐

爱伦坡百度——精选推荐

简介(百度)侦探小说(detective story)鼻祖、科幻小说(science fiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说(horror fiction)大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义(s ymbolism)先驱之一,唯美主义(aes theticism)者。

受到过爱伦·坡影响的主要人物有:柯南·道尔、波德莱尔、斯特芳·马拉美、儒勒·凡尔纳、罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森、希区柯克、蒂姆·伯顿、江户川乱步等。

爱伦·坡最著名的文艺理论是―效果论‖。

坡力图在自己的作品中先确立某种效果,再为追求这种效果而思考创作。

他在《怪异故事集》序中称―自己的作品绝大部分都是深思熟虑的苦心经营‖。

爱伦·坡、安布鲁斯·布尔斯(1842~1914?)和H.P.洛夫克拉夫特(1890~1937)并称为美国三大恐怖小说家。

埃德加·爱伦·坡(英语:Edgar Allan Poe;1809年1月19日-1849年10月7日),美国作家、诗人、编者与文学评论家,被尊崇是美国浪漫主义运动要角之一,以悬疑、惊悚小说最负盛名。

爱伦·坡是美国的短篇小说家先锋之一,并被公认是推理小说的创造者,甚至被视为科幻小说的共同催生者之一[1]。

他是第一位众所周知、仅以创作一职糊口的美国作家,并因此长陷于经济困难与不顺遂之中[2]。

Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe, January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.[1] He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.[2]Literary influenceDuring his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America", though he questioned if he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink.[100] Poe was also known as a writer of fiction and became one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.[101] Poe is particularly respected in France, in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work throughout Europe.[102]Poe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"[103] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars".[104] Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields.[105] Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago."[106]Like many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned innumerable imitators.[107] One interesting trend among imitators of Poe, however, has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who in 1863 published Poems from the Inner Life, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.[108]Even so, Poe has received not only praise, but criticism as well. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.[101]William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".[109]Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it"[110] and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".[111]Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.[112]It is believed that only 12 copies of Poe's first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems, have survived. In December 2009, one copy sold at Christie's, New York for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.[113]中国人较系统地译介爱伦·坡比法国人晚了80余年,但却几乎应验了坡160年前引用过的一段文字。

爱伦·坡小说《黑猫》的图式理论解读

爱伦·坡小说《黑猫》的图式理论解读

爱伦坡小说《黑猫》的图式理论解读陈昌建;肖巧玲【摘要】爱伦·坡的创作多倾向于以死亡美学和恐怖美学的哥特式风格为基础,其对心灵恐怖意象的营造达到了前所未有的高度,形成了独特的创作理念。

小说《黑猫》就是其意象小说的典型代表。

从图式理论角度解读《黑猫》,可以加深读者对爱伦·坡作品的理解程度。

%The aesthetic style of Allan Poe’s creation is based on the aesthetics of death and horror aes-thetics,which the build of psychic horror imagery reached an unprecedented height,forming a unique crea-tive ideas.The novel Black Cat is a typical representative of the image novels.The interpretation of Black Cat can help readers to understand Allan Poe’s works from the perspective of schema theory.【期刊名称】《长江大学学报(社会科学版)》【年(卷),期】2015(000)007【总页数】3页(P30-32)【关键词】图式;黑猫;意象;效果【作者】陈昌建;肖巧玲【作者单位】武汉科技大学外国语学院,湖北武汉 430065;武汉科技大学外国语学院,湖北武汉 430065【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I106.4认知语言学的发展推动了图式理论的广泛应用,图式在认知过程中扮演着十分重要的角色,它是读者接受新事物、掌握新知识的前提条件。

图式理论认为,人们在接触、理解新知识、新事物时,需要将其与头脑中储备的信息知识紧密联系起来。

爱伦·坡小说美学解读

爱伦·坡小说美学解读

爱伦·坡小说美学解读作者:刘佳来源:《牡丹》2017年第05期埃德加·爱伦·坡是美国文学史上重要的作家,产生了十分广泛的影响。

他是美国经典文学作家之一,倡导效果论,其哥特小说风格受到广泛欢迎。

这类小说以欧洲中世纪作为背景,描写了精神错乱、心里畸形、家族复仇和财产争夺等奇特故事,借用超自然的力量,渲染了暴力血腥、恐怖怪诞的气氛,可读性强,雅俗共赏,艺术性也十分精湛。

他勇于创新的风格为现代短篇小说发展做出了很大贡献。

埃德加·爱伦·坡通过这种小说风格,来探索人类复杂的精神世界,探索人类非正常、偏执、人格分裂的极端心理,揭示了不为人知的心灵隐秘角落。

他笔下的景物描写渗漏着主人公的特定情感,形式不拘一格,有大量的直接抒写,有侧面描写,也有间接性的暗示描写。

埃德加·爱伦·坡的小说具有浓厚的反讽意味,表现在对小说的立意、结构和人物的树立。

他的小说是不局限于一种解读形式的,经常对不同的著作描写出不同的含义,语言使用技巧相互交錯,有很强的阐述性,不断激发人们的学习兴趣。

他的小说结构也多种多样的,情节反讽,有表面情节的反讽,也有隐蔽情节的反讽。

由此可见,埃德加·爱伦·坡的创作核心侧重于对恐怖实践、恐怖场景的描写,这源于他对死亡题材和死亡美学的研究,表现了死亡边缘化的主题,提高了哥特小说形式的艺术品质,为现代短篇小说创作开拓了新的发展空间。

一、效果论与短篇小说埃德加·爱伦·坡的小说以效果论为核心,效果指的是效应,是读者通过对作品的解读产生的影响。

埃德加·爱伦·坡的小说理论效果是指整体效果,是阅读活动中产生的整体效果,并不是多次阅读产生的效果。

他强调在日常生活中,事物是繁杂多样的,人们在读作品的时候是会受到干扰的,只有短篇小说作品才能够保证不受到干扰,在读者进行篇幅小的阅读的时候,灵魂处于作者的控制之下,不会受到外界的干扰,不会产生疲倦感,自然阅读也不会被打断。

爱伦坡i小说文献综述

爱伦坡i小说文献综述

文献综述爱伦·坡一生写了70 篇小说,目前,学界对他的小说的分类大致为四类:即死亡恐怖小说、推理侦探小说、科学幻想小说和幽默讽刺小说。

依照大家普遍接受的观点,爱伦·坡是一个典型的运用哥特手法来创作的作家,他的作品多被置于城堡、古宅,以及变化莫测的无垠海洋,作家在作品中以各种方式着重表达了人类的内心,而他小说中始终潜伏的阴郁,就像一面扭曲变形的镜子,映照出人类某些自虐、残酷、乖决的心理。

一哥特式文学的继承哥特一词最初来源于条顿民族中哥特部落的名称,直到在文艺复兴思想家们的影响下,该词逐渐带有野蛮、恐怖、落后、神秘、黑暗时代、中世纪等多种含义,并且于18 世纪成为一种小说体裁的名称。

20 一21 世纪,文学批评家逐步从哥特小说的文本分析中挖掘其中具有解构作用的幽灵因素,特别是和心理分析与后殖民主义理论相结合,探索了在社会为人铸造的外壳下的灵魂内境。

而爱伦·坡的作品便是哥特文学的代表爱伦·坡的大部分小说都具有哥特传统的因子。

其特征主要凸显在小说叙事中所体现出来的细节方面的活化以及具有魔术奇幻性的叙事情节.而这其中又不失叙事的现实感,他在精细的哥特环境氛围的描摹上和对叙事情节中偶然性的把握上无不流溢出怪诞恐怖这一独特的审美吸引力。

1死亡主题的选择可以说,爱伦·坡选择死亡主题,使他的作品产生了巨大的艺术感染力。

爱伦·坡对“死亡”主题的选择是与他的审美取向有关的。

坡幼失双亲,生性敏感,从小得不到温暖和安全感,再加屡遭磨难,不如意事常八九.可与人言无一二。

因而,他只有借助写作和酒精才能在幻想的土地上态意驰骋。

对他来说,现实世界是不堪忍受的。

他的这种情感宣泄就常常表现在违背常理的描写上,即把死亡作为题材来创造美,以一种美的破坏来获得另一种美的实现。

他感到,在那个丑陋、残酷的世界上。

在痛苦、孤寂的生活中,唯有沉醉在虚无飘缈的“美”中,才能得到短暂的“幸福,,和解脱。

论爱伦坡的文学理论与实践

论爱伦坡的文学理论与实践

论爱伦坡的文学理论与实践作者:姚同安来源:《读与写·教育教学版》2018年第07期摘要:十九世纪上半叶,美国的文学主流是以爱默生“超验主义”为代表的浪漫主义文学。

爱伦·坡与其不同,他有自己的创作哲学。

在文学创作上他始终坚持他的“整体效果论”。

在其一生的文学创作中,他都如实地践行他所秉持的这种文学理念。

本文就其文学理论进行了归纳总结,说明他的哥特式短篇小说创作动因,并以《鄂榭府崩溃记》为例分析了坡的哥特式小说的特色。

关键词:爱伦·坡整体效果论哥特式小说中图分类号:I106 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-1578(2018)07-0015-021 引言埃德加·爱伦·坡(1809—1849)是十九世纪美国诗人、短篇小说家和文艺评论家。

埃德加·爱伦·坡1809年1月19日出生在美国波士顿,1849年10月7日在巴尔的摩市去世,那时他只有40岁。

坡生于一对流浪艺人的家庭,后被商人约翰·爱伦夫妇收养。

1815年,埃德加·爱伦·坡随从爱伦夫妇访问了生活在英国的亲友,游历了伦敦的各处名胜古迹,并先后在两所寄宿学校就读。

坡于1827年入伍,此后在养父的资助下进入西点军校。

爱伦夫人去世,爱伦再婚后,爱伦不愿再在经济上资助坡。

随后坡便投靠了在巴尔的摩的姨母和表妹弗吉尼亚。

1836年爱伦·坡与他年仅十四岁的表妹弗吉尼亚秘密成婚。

结婚12年后弗吉尼亚因肺结核去世,弗吉尼亚的离去使爱伦·坡遭受了很大打击。

坡自此以后便萎靡不振,事业和个人情感生活都遭遇坎坷,很不顺心。

1849年,四十岁的坡在巴尔的摩去世。

他在弥留之际还在呼喊着“上帝保佑我!”这呼喊充分表现了他对自己坎坷一生的悲愤。

萧伯纳(Bernard Shaw)曾声称:“美国出了两个伟大的作家——埃德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe)和马克·吐温(Mark Twain)。

爱伦坡的哥特式风格

爱伦坡的哥特式风格

论爱伦·坡的哥特小说(上)内容摘要:埃德加·爱伦·坡是十九世纪美国著名的诗人、小说家和文学评论家。

他被誉为心理小说、侦探小说、科幻小说的鼻祖;唯美主义的先锋;“美国文学批评的开创者之一”,从而在文学史上占据着不朽的地位。

在爱伦·坡的文学作品中,语言和形式最为有特点,特别是在他那些具有哥特风格的小说中,诡魅幽婉的文风,以及对血腥和死亡的迷恋都不仅吸引了文学批评家们的注意,读者们更是为之侧目、流连忘返。

爱伦·坡是哥特小说作为半正统文学样式开始复兴时的哥特小说家,他善于对人物心理加以描写并突出道德探索和人性冲突的主题,可谓在凄美的惊悚中写尽人类灵魂深处的善恶纠葛以及对死亡和惩罚的惧怕。

本文将从爱伦·坡本人的身平着手,对其哥特小说创作的原因进行分析,并对其哥特式风格的特点进行剖析,浅析其对文学文本接受和解读的影响以及此风格的美学意义。

关键词:爱伦·坡;哥特小说;恐怖;荒诞;死亡The Gothic Style in Allan Poe’s NovelsAbstract: Allan Poe is an exceptional nineteenth century American poet,novelist and literature critic.He is regarded as the founder of psychology novels,detective novels and science fiction;the pioneer of aestheticism and one of the initiators of literature critics.So he has become an immortal figure in the history of literature. Allan Poe is recognized for his language and form of writing.Especially the dark and mysterious style of writing and the fascination for blood and death he exhibited in his gothic novels.Those drew the attention of many a literature critic,it also deeply impressed ordinary readers. Allan Poe is a gotjic novelist,when gothic novels began to revive as a half orthodox style.He is good at depicting people’s inner thoughts,and highlights the theme of moral exploration and humanity controversy.It describes the str uggle of good and evil in everybody’s soul and the fear of punishment and death.This thesis will start with Allan Poe’sbackground information to discover the reasons for Allan Poe to creat gothic novels.Then it goes on to analyze the charactistics of gothic novels.Finally,the thesis will try to analyze how to evaluate gothic novels in general and how to appreciate their aesthetic value.Key words: Allan Poe; gothic novels;fearful;fantastic;death埃德加·爱伦·坡是十九世纪美国著名的诗人、小说家和文学评论家,在世时长期担任报刊编辑工作。

埃德加·爱伦·坡写作风格是怎样的?有着怎样的创作特点

埃德加·爱伦·坡写作风格是怎样的?有着怎样的创作特点

埃德加·爱伦·坡写作风格是怎样的?有着怎样的创作特点本文导读:爱伦·坡的恐怖小说带有浪漫主义的特色。

纵观爱伦·坡的恐怖小说创作,其故事主题大都“揭示了人类意识及潜意识中的阴暗面”,这一点显然迥异于同时代的其他浪漫主义作家。

爱伦·坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征,试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿”。

他借助想象奇特、恐怖怪异的故事情节,通过夸张、隐喻和象征等修辞手段表现人性的危机,激起读者浓厚阅读兴趣的同时,震撼心灵,发人深省。

爱伦·坡的创作原则是其“效果说”理论,他选择“死亡”作为其文学创作的主题是由他的这个创作原则决定的。

坡认为,无论是创作诗歌还是小说,作家必须讲究效果的统一,必须时刻想到预定的结局,要使每一个情节变得必不可少。

他在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》中曾经这样阐述自己的创作原则:“聪明的艺术家不是将自己的思想纳入他的情节,而是事先精心策划,想出某种独特的、与众不同的效果,然后再杜撰出这样一些情节——他把这些情节联结起来,而他所做的一切都将最大限度地有利于实现在预先构思的效果”。

使“每一事件,每一描写细节,甚至一字一句都收到一定的统一效果,一个预想的效果,印象主义的效果”。

他强调作品对读者所能唤起的情绪和产生的效果。

在“创作的哲学”中,他认为,故事的首要目的是要在情感上扣住读者的心弦,产生最激动人心的效果。

死亡主题是通过谨严紧凑的结构和作品的简洁而表现的。

爱伦坡的作品形式精美,技巧圆熟。

爱伦坡在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》里,强调了作品的简洁和统一效果。

在写作中,他还平萍理留情节和结构的高度简洁,小说中通常只有两个,最多三个人物,也没有离题的枝节和无关的装饰品。

在他看来,一位技巧高明的文学家在写作之前,必须成竹在胸,深思熟虑,为实现预期效果而选择和组织情节,并且不应该有一个词的意向直接或间接与预先的构思无关。

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爱伦坡小说理论:In his definition of the short story, he emphasized brevity and unity of impression. The latter is the all-important element, and by unity Poe meant totality or oneness of impression.
1: The short story must be of such length as to be read at one sitting(brevity), so as to ensure the totality of impression. Poe stresses brevity because he thought that unity of impression would be blurred and lost in the mass of details inevitable in a long story or novel.
2:The very first sentence ought to help to bring out the “single effect” of the story. He insisted that the writer must first determine the effect that he wished to produce and then deliberately choose incidents to assist in the creation of such an effect.
3: A tale should reveal some logical trut h with “the fullest satisfaction,” and should end with the last sentence, leaving a sense of finality with the reader.
4:In theme he anticipates twentieth-century literature in his treatment of the disintegration of the self in a world of T.S.Eliot’s nothingness and Hemingway’s nada. He places the subconscious condition of the mind under investigation and probes beneath the surface of normal exitence. New Criticism: a school of poetry and criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century, emphasizing close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.John Crowe Ransom’s The New Criticism,E.T.Eliot,I.A. Richards
Feature:1it focuses on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements, which has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns.
2 it explores the artistic struture of the work rather than its author’s frame of mind or its readers’ responses.
3 it see a literary work as an organic entity , the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text.
4 The New Critical poem kept the basic Modernist values and abandoned other High Modernist features.
Influence: one of the many phases in the history of American literary criticism,which influence the careers of many poets
Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.
Lost Generation: This term describes the people of the postwar years and the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “ expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered
pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life is undercut and defeated.
Psychological Realism: It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations, circumstances, and internal action , started by the end of 20 centry. Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.。

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