03最新牛津译林版 9A Unit 3 Teenage problems知识点讲解
最新牛津译林版9A Unit 3 Teenage problems语言点知识点讲解一、课本中重点词、短语、句型讲解▲Comic strips & Welcome to the unit1. What’s wrong, Eddie? 怎么了，埃迪？形容词wrong意思是“出错的”，此句相当于What’s the matter with you, Eddie? 或What happened to you, Eddie?What’s wrong with sb. / What’s the matter with sb.?/ What happened to sb.?常用来询问别人发生了什么事。
例如：---What’s wrong with you? You look very tired.---Thank you. I’m OK.2. Why not eat less and exercise more? 为什么不少吃一点，多多锻炼呢？这一咱表示建议的句子。
日常会话中还会用到：Why don’t you do---? “你为什么不做---呢？”表示对别人进行一种语气强烈的建议。
例如：---Today is a fine day. Why don’t you go boating together?---I think it’s a good idea.用于“建议别人做某事”的句型还有：Would you like to do---? Shall we do ---? Let’s do ---. Would you please do---?等。
3. Maybe you’re right. 也许你是对的。
此处“maybe”表示“也许；大概”的意思。
相当于“perhaps”，放在句首，表示后面句子所叙述的情况也许会发生，或也许是事实。
“may be”表示“也许是”，是“情态动词+动词原形be”形式，通常放在句中。
例如：She may be our new English teacher. 她也许是我们的新任英语老师。
4. Perhaps you should manage your time better and go to bed earlier. 也许你应该更好地计划自己的时间，早点上床睡觉。
此外的“better”和“earlier”都为副词的比较级结构，表示“更好”和“更早”的意思。
▲Reading1. I have a problem, and I do not know how I should deal with it. 我有一个问题，并且我不知道我应该怎样处理它。
句中的“deal with---”意思为“处理”，通常和how连用，同义词是“do with---”。
在使用时要注意区别：“How ---- deal with ----?”和“What ---- do with---?”。
即：deal with常与how连用；do with常和what 连用。
例如：What should I do with the problem? 我该怎样处理这个问题呢？= How should I deal with the problem?2. I have no choice but to do it. 我别无选择，只能去做。
have no choice but to do sth. 意思是“除了做---别无选择”。
例如：I have no choice but to give up. 我别无选择，只能放弃。
but表示“但是”，在此处是连词，连接两个并列结构。
注意：but还可以作介词，表示“除了---之外”，常放在不定代词之后。
例如：She ate nothing but fruits.3. Then I sometimes find it hard to stay awake the next day. 然而有时我发现第二天保持清醒是件困难的事。
“find it + adj. ”意思是“发现---怎么样”，“it”在此处作形式宾语。
真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式“to stay awake the next day”。
动词词组stay awake为系表结构。
stay在此处作系动词用，awake是表语，stay awake 意思为“保持清醒”。
例如：We should know it important to learn more knowledge. 我们应当知道多学习一些知识是很重要的。
4. I often doubt whether it is worth spending so much time on homework. 我经常会怀疑值不值得花费如此多的时间在家庭作业上。
doubt意思是“怀疑”，相当于wonder，后面接if或whether引导的宾语从句，对宾语从句所述的事情表示“怀疑”。
be worth doing---“值得做---”例如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得看。
注意：下列词组后一般接doing形式。
如：be busy doing sth./ can’t help doing sth. /feel like doing sth./ would you mind doing---? / be used to doing---/ look forward to doing---/ 等。
▲Grammar特殊问词引导特殊疑问句做句子的宾语从句。
1．特殊疑问代词what, who, which, whose, whom引导的宾语从句。
（这些引导词在句中作不同的句子成份）T om’s mother didn’t know what the doctor said.The teacher asks what you want to do.The children didn’t know who was Father Christmas.The teacher asked who could answer the question.The policeman asks whose bike this is.He asks me whom she was waiting for.Can you tell me which school are you in?2．连接副词when, why, where, how等引导的特殊疑问句作宾语从句。
He asked me when your uncle will leave.Do you know when Jim could come back to China.The teacher asked that boy why he always asked so many questions in class.Could you tell me why the bus is late?Could you tell me where the nearest station?Could you tell me where you live?Could you tell me how I can get to the people’s ho spital?Nobody knows how he did the work by himself.I don’t know how much money he had.He asked the assistant how long he could keep that book.在宾语从句中要注意以下三个问题：①引导词that 引导的宾语从句是陈述句，在口语或非正式文体中that常省略。
②宾语从句中，只能用陈述句语序。
③当主句是一般现在时，从句可用任何时态；当主句是过去时，从句必须用属于过去的某种时态。
（以上可简称为：导词、语序、时态）▲Integrated skills1. I’ve make little progress in my English, Millie. 我在我的英语学习方面取得了一点点进步。
Make progress in doing sth. 表示“在做某事方面取得了进步”。
“progress”是不可数名词，可以用some或little等词修饰。
have made是现在完成时的表达方式。
表示“已经取得了进步”且对现在产生一定的影响。
例如：I have lost my wallet. I don’t have any money for dinner.2. Perhaps you should go over what you’ve learnt as often as possible. 也许你应该尽可能经常地复习你学过的知识。
句中的go over表示“复习，回顾”的意思，中考中涉及有关go的词组比较多，常见的有go out“出去”, go into“进入”, go through“浏览”等。
What you’ve learnt as often as possible在文中是what引导的宾语从句。
As often as possible表示“尽可能经常地”，通常放在句未。
类似的用法还有as soon as possible“尽可能快地”，as much as possible “可能多地”等。
▲Study skills & Task1. Many students of our age have this problem. 很多和我们同龄的学生有这样的问题。
介词of ---- age是后置定语，意思是“和---同龄的”。
例如：She needs more friends of his own age. 她需要更多和她同龄的朋友。
2. Your parents care too much about your marks after each exam, so you always feel stressed. 你的父母太在意你每次考试后的成绩，所以你总是感到很有压力。
Care about“关心，在意”的意思。
Feel stressed“感到有压力”的意思是。
例如：I don’t care about the salary.I often feel stressed when I take exams. 我经常在考试时感到压力很大。
3. I hope you think my advice is worth taking. 我希望你认为我的建议值得采纳。
句中be worth doing sth. 意思是“值得做某事”。
牛津译林版九年级上册暑假预习Unit 3 Teenage problems
牛津译林版九年级上册暑假预习Unit 3Teenage problems暑假预习——9A Unit 3 Teenage problems知识点1. What’s wrong, Eddie 怎么了，埃迪2. …and I do not know how I should deal with it. 不知道该如何解决。
3. I know it is important to finish all my homework on time. 我知道按时做完所有的家庭作业很重要。
4. And I have no choice but to do it. 并且我别无选择，只能去做。
choice作名词，意为“选择，选择权”，其动词形式是。
have no choice but to do sth. 意为“别无选择，只能去做某事”。
She has no choice but to study hard.The little girl had no choice but to ask for her mother’s help.but在此处作介词，意为“除了”，相当于except。
但but习惯上用于no，nothing，nobody，not anything等表示否定的词(组)之后。
I have no friends but you.There is nothing but a card in the box.5. Then I sometimes find it hard to stay awake the next day.然后我有时候发现第二天很难保持清醒。
当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾，构成“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式（或从句）”结构。
此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。
①it代替不定式短语think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard等+ it +形容词/名词+不定式短语They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time.他们觉得在这么短的时间内完成这项工作很困难。
牛津译林版九年级英语上册 Unit 3 Teenage problems 知识点整理与默写
译林版英语9A Unit3 Teenage Problems知识点整理1.为什么不少吃多锻炼？Why not eat less and exercise more?拓展：为什么不做某事：（2种）Why not do sth.=why don’t sb. do sth.2.我没有足够的睡眠，我在课上觉得困。
aI don’t have enough sleep, I feel tired in class.3.我没有足够的时间做我的家庭作业。
I don’t have enough time to do m y homework./for my homework有时间做某事：have time to do sth.=have time for sth.4.噪音几乎逼疯了我。
The noise almost drives me mad.拓展：噪音（n.）noise→嘈杂的(adj.）noisy→嘈杂地(adv.)noisily5.我没有任何亲近的朋友，有时我感到孤单。
I don’t have any close friends,sometimes I feel lonely.Close用法：（1）v.关上→adj. Closed 关着的（2）adj.亲近的→adv.closely 紧密地（3）adv. 近地6.在考试中得低分：get low marks in the exams7.也许你应该更好地规划你的时间。
Perhaps you should manage your time better.拓展：manage用法:(1)v.管理→n.经理manager(2)v.设法完成mange to do sth.8.青少年的问题：teenage problems9.我不知道如何处理它。
（2种）I don’t know how to deal with it./what to do with it.10.我别无选择只能熬夜熬得很晚来完成作业。
Unit 3 Teenage problems知识总结 牛津译林版英语九年级上册
Unit 3 Teenage problems知识总结中文英文值得做某事be worth doing sth别无选择只能做have no choice but to do sth把某人逼疯drive sb. mad处理deal with熬夜stay up呆在户外/晚上不回家stay out对某人要求严格be strict with sb算出/解决work out嘲笑laugh at根据according to复习/回顾/仔细检查go over不客气don’t mention it许多与我们同龄的学生many students of our age取得更大的进步make greater progress少吃多运动eat less and exercise more感到孤独feel lonely高/低/满分low/high/full/top marks更合理安排你的时间manage your time better无法想象没有爱好的生活can’t imagine my life without hobbies毫无疑问no doubt /without doubt给我提供一些有价值的建议offer me some valuable suggestions/advice对足球痴迷be crazy about football我问题的根源the cause of my problem陷入麻烦get into trouble对我要严格be strict with me培养/发展我们的爱好develop our hobbies在我的学业和我的爱好间取得平衡achieve a balance between my schoolwork and my hobbies表达自己有困难have difficulty expressing myself解决问题的一个好方法 a good method of (for) solving the problem喜欢英语、数学和化学love English, Maths and Chemistry优等生top students写一封回信write a reply不要理会那些嘲笑你的同学pay no attention to those classmates who laugh at you 觉得运动困难find sport difficult以……而骄傲/自豪be proud of/take pride in读出声read aloud把所有单词读正确pronounce all the words correctly通过考试/考试不及格pass/fail an exam预测结果predict a result。
牛津英语9A Unit3 Teenage problems知识总结
Unit3 Teenage problems重要单词，词组stomach复数stomachs break the silence打破宁静ask sb. for advice向某人寻求建议get replies得到回应write a letter to sb.写信给某人top students尖子生get high marks in exams 在考试中得高分make her feel bad使他感到悲伤call sb. a bookworm称呼某人为书虫find sports difficult 发现运动很难be unhappy with your weight对你的体重不满意students of our age同龄学生keep sth. to oneselt 对…秘而不宣care too much about marks太注重分数重要句型1.Why not eat less and exercise more?exercise (v) 运动，锻炼(cn.)练习题目；操do eye exercises做眼保健操do morning exercises做早操(un.) 锻炼eg: There are many exercises in the book.If you don’t take more exercise you’ll get fat.2.The TV is always on at my home. The noise almost drives me mad.on 指机器或电器工作或运转着，反义词是off, be on“上演，开着”eg: The film has been on for half an hour.The light in the office is still on.Oh, I forgot to turn it off.drive过去式drove mad 比较级madder3.I don’t have any close friends. Sometimes I feel lonely.close (adj) 亲密的，亲近的；靠近的be close to 靠近(v) 关，关闭closed(adj) 关着的，表示一种状态closely (adv) 仔细地，密切地eg: She is one of my closest friends.The school is close to my home.The shop has been closed for two days.He watched closely.lonely & alonelonely (adj) 孤独的，寂寞的，有感情色彩feel lonely感觉孤独荒凉的，偏僻的，一般修饰地点 a lonely village 一个荒凉的村庄alone 单独地，独自地，强调客观上的单独，无感情色彩live alone独自居住Though I am alone, I am not lonely. 虽然我独自一人，我并不孤独。
专题3.Unit3Teenageproblems-单词课文知识点预习(牛津译林版)
Unit 3 Teenage problems-单词，课文，知识点预习【单词，课文，知识点预习】一．单词学习1青少年的adj. teenage2记号;斑点n. mark3作记号vt. mark4发疯的;生气的adj. mad5使人受不了.drive sb mad6考试，测试n. exam7或许，可能adv. perhaps8处理vi. deal9处理，对付.deal with10选择n. choice11除…外;只有conj.&prep. but12熬夜.stay up13醒着的adj. awake14几乎不adv. hardly15想象，设想vt.&vi. imagine16怀疑vt. doubt17值得;值…钱adj. worth18值得做某事.be worth doing sth 19建议n. suggestion20原因n. cause21严格的，严厉的adj. strict22对某人要求严格.be strict with sb 23待在户外：（晚上）不回家.stay out 24课业，学业，功课n. schoolwork25宝贵的;贵重的adj. valuable26友谊n. friendship27 清单n. list28算出，解决，慢慢地想出.work out 29根据.according to30谁（宾语）pron. whom31安静,寂静;沉静n. silence32担心：令人担忧的事n. worry33方法n. method34解决;解答vt. solve35字典n. dictionary36青少年辅导员.youth worker37答复，回答n. reply38化学n. chemistry39嘲笑.laugh at40书虫，书呆子n. bookworm41进展，进步n. progress42担心的，烦恼的adj. worried43复习,回顾.go over44大声地，出声地adv. aloud45发音vt. pronounce46正确地adv. correctly 47发音n. pronunciation 48提及;说起vt. mention 49不客气.don't mention it 50精神压力，紧张n. stress 51与……同龄的.be of sb's age二．课文学习ReadingA.What should I do?Milie and Simon have some problems. They wrote to Mr Sigmund Friend,famous youth worker, and asked for some advice. Here are their letters.Dear Mr Friend,I am Millie,and I am a Grade 9 student. I have a problem, and I do not know how I should deal with it.I have a lot of homework every day, and I have no choice but to do it. I often have to stay up late. Then I sometimes find it hard to stay awake the next day.I know it is important to finish all my homework on time. However,I hardly have any spare time for my hobbies like volleyball and music.I cannot imagine my life without hobbies.I often doubt whether it is10 worth spending so much time on homework.I dream of a long holiday so that I could have more time for my hobbies. What should I do? Can you offer me some suggestions?I hope to hear from you soon.Best wishes,Millie WangDear Mr Friend,My name is Simon, and I am in Grade 9. I am crazy about football.I love watching football, reading about football, and, of course,playing football. However, my love of football has become the cause of my problem.I always play football with my friends after school. We often play for hours and never worry about the time. Sometimes we forget when we should stop. Then I get into trouble because my parents do not allow me to playoutside after 6 p.m. I do not understand why they are so strict with me. I feel angry sometimes. I believe it is important to develop our hobbies. They help us relax and make our lives more interesting.Is it bad to stay out late to play football? Should I spend less time on it? I wonder how I can achieve a balance between my schoolwork and my hobbies. I look forward to your valuable advice.Best wishes,Simon Luo考点清单1.I do not know how I should deal with the problem. 我不知道怎样处理这个问题。
牛津译林版初中英语9A Unit3 Teenage problems知识归纳与拓展
9A Unit3 Teenage problems 【单词拓展】1．deal vi．处理，对付(deal—dealt—dealt)→deal n．大量；很多；交易2．teenage adj．青少年的→teenager n．青少年→teens n．十几岁3．choice n．选择-→choose n．选择，挑选4．awake adj．醒着的--→wake v．醒来唤醒(wake--woke—woken) 5．valuable adj．宝贵的；贵重的'→value n．价值；有用；重要→valueless adj．没有价值的；不值钱的6．worry n．担心；担忧的事-→worry v．担心→worrying adj．令人担忧的→worried adj．担忧的7．pronounce vt．发音→pronunciation n．发音，读音8．silence”．安静，寂静；沉默→silent adj．沉默的；寂静的→silently adv．沉默地9．s tress”．精神压力紧张→stressed adj．紧张的，感到有压力的10．suggestion n．建议→suggest vt．建议11．hardly adv．几乎不→hard adv．努力地；辛苦地12．imagine vt．&vi．想象；设想→imagination n．想象力13．worth adj．有……的价值，值得-→worthless adj．没用的；无价值的→worthy adj．值得的14．doubt vt．怀疑-→doubtful adj．不确定的；怀疑的15．solve vt．解决→solution n．解决办法【短语归纳】1，eat less and exercise more少吃多锻炼2．have enough time to do sth有足够的时间做某事3．drive sb mad使某人发狂4．have no choice but to do sth除了做某事以外别无选择5．stay up熬夜6．stay awake保持清醒7．offer sb some suggestions给某人提供一些建议8．develop our hobbies培养我们的爱好9．stay out late在外面待到很晚10．achieve a balance获得平衡11．work out算出；解决12．agree with sb同意某人(的看法)13．solve the problem解决问题14．pay no attention to 不理睬15．seem much happier显得更加高兴16．make progress in在……上取得进步17．be of sb’s age与……同龄【句型分析】1．I dream of a long holiday so that I could have more time for my hobbies．(P36)句中的so that用来引导目的状语从句，常与may，can，will等连用，意为“为的是”，相当于“in order that”。
牛津译林版9A Unit3 Teenage problems基础知识大梳理
牛津译林版9A Unit3 Teenage problems基础知识大梳理一．短语大搜罗1.too much太多2. feel sleepy/tired/lonely/sad 觉得困倦/累/孤独/难过3. drive sb. Mad 使人受不了4.stay up/out/awake 热夜/待在户外/保持清醒5. get into trouble 陷人麻烦6. worry about = be worried about担心7.be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格8. laugh/shout at 嘲笑./对......大叫9. be unhappy with对......不满意（反：be happy with )10. care about在乎11. deal with处理; 对付12. spend...on... 在....上花费....13. work out算出;解决14. try one's best尽力15. make progress (in..) ( ....面)取得进步16. go over复习17. keep sth. to oneself保密18. on/in time准/及时19. hear from sb. (=receive/get a letter from sb. )收到某人的来信20. be on(电器等)开着21. achieve a balance between...and... 在......和......之间取得平衡22. be of sb.'s age 与......同龄的23. 给某人提供某物offer sb. sth.( = offer sth. to sb. = provide sth. For sb.= provide sb. with sth. )24. as...as possible (=as...as one can/could)尽可能...25. according to根据26. in bold黑体的27. make a list of..列一个.......的清单28. share..with... 与......分享......29. write to sb. (=write a letter to sb.)给某人写信30. pay no attention to不注意(反: pay attention to注意)31. be proud of (=take pride in) 为....感到自豪二．用法大突破1. have time to do sth.有时间做某事2. allow①allow sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事②allow doing sth. 允许做某事3.imagine doing 想象做某事4.dream of/about doing 梦想做某事5.be worth doing 值得做某事6.be crazy about doing 对做某事着迷7.look forward to doing 盼望做某事8.pay attention to doing注意做某事9.做某事有困难①have difficulty (in) doing sth.②have trouble (in) doing sth.③have problems (in) doing sth.10.do well in/be good at doing sth.擅长(做)某事11.What/How about( doing )sth.?( 做)某事怎么样?12.Why not do sth.?为什么不做某事?= Why don't you/we do sth.? 你(们)/我们为什么不做某事?13.spend time/ money (in)doing sth.花费时间/金钱做某事14.Shall we...?我们....好吗?15.have no choice but to do sth.别无选择，只能做某事。
牛津译林版-英语-九上-牛津译林版九上英语 3单元 Teenage problems 知识点小结
Unit 3 Teenage problems 知识精讲一、必背词汇silence n.安静，寂静；沉默worry n.担心；令人担忧的事dictionary n.字典solve v.解决；解答reply n.答复，回答agreement n.同意，一致chemistry n.化学bookworm n.书虫，书呆子schoolwork n.课业progress n.进展，进步aloud adv.大声地；出声地pronounce v.发音correctly adv.正确地pronunciation n.发音mention v.提及；说起stress n.精神压力，紧张unhappy adj.不快乐的，不满的1二、重点词汇1. silence n.1). a period without any sound; complete quiet宁静；寂静例句：A loud crash of thunder broke the silence of the night.一声炸雷打破了夜晚的宁静。
2). a state of not speaking or writing or making a noise无声；沉默；缄默例句：Their mother's angry words reduced the children to silence.母亲生气的训斥让孩子们都默不作声了。
2. solve v.to find an answer to a problem思索，思考例句：to solve a problem 解决问题to solve a mystery/puzzle 揭开秘密／谜底3. aloud adv.in a voice loud enough to be heard4大声地；出声地例句：He read her letter aloud to the rest of the family.他把她的信大声读给家人听。
译林版英语九年级(上)Unit 3 Teenage problems 知识点
译林版英语九年级（上）Unit3Teenage problems知识点一．重点词组1.吃的太多/很多eat too much/a lot2.征求意见ask for advice/suggestions3.怎样解决他们的问题how to solve/deal with their problems4.亲密的/真正的朋友close/true friends5.在考试中得高\低分get high\low marks in exams6.更好地规划你的时间manage your time better7.怎样处理...how to deal with...=what to do with...8.熬夜晚stay up late9.呆在外面晚stay out late10.有空余时间进行业余爱好have some spare time for my hobbies11.值得做某事be worth doing sth.12.给我提供一些建议offer me some suggestions13.收到某人的来信hear from sb.14.痴迷于做某事be crazy about doing sth.15.陷入困境get into trouble/be in trouble16.在……之间取得/保持平衡achieve/keep a balance between...and...17.允许某人做某事allow sb.to do sth.18.对某人某事严格be strict with sb.in sth.19.发展兴趣爱好develop hobbies20.列一张...的清单make a list of...21.表达自己的观点express oneself22.不注意...pay no attention to(sth./doing sth.) 23.在某事上没有进步make little progress in sth.24.与某人分担焦虑share worries with sb.25.将担心放在自己心里keep worries to oneself26.对你的体重不满意be unhappy with your weight27.对……感到有压力feel stressed about...二、重点句型1.Why not/Why don’t you eat less and exercise more?为什么不少吃多锻炼呢？2.I don’t get enough sleep.我得不到足够的睡眠。
初中英语 Unit 3 Teenage problems 重点知识点 牛津译林版九年级上册
9A Unit 3 Teenage problems第一课时Welcome to the unit1. Sometimes I get low marks in exams.① mark cn.分数get high/low/ full marks in the exam★ point cn.分数(可数名词)Eg. get sixty points/ get many points/ get the fewest points★ score cn.分数the final score/ test scorescore vt.&vi.得分score twenty pointsEg. Jim often gets high marks in English exams, but this time he only got eighty points / scored eighty points②mark n.污点,斑点Eg. Mother is cleaning up the marks on the floor③ mark vt.表明,标志Eg. mark the beginning of the war2. The noise almost drives me mad① drive me mad使人受不了( drive-drove- driven)v. +宾语+ adj. (宾补) 这类动词有: make/keep/find/get等Eg. make them sad/ keep us awake/ find it interesting/ get your homework done( hate one' s hands full忙得不可开交)drive sb. to sp.开车载某人去某地。
drive sb./sth. away驱赶② mad adj.发疯的,生气的(mad- madder- maddest)Eg. I will go mad if I have to wait much longer.3. I don' t have any close friends. Sometimes I feel lonely.① close adj.亲密的, 严密的( close- closer-closest) Eg. his closest friend② close adj.靠近的Eg. Our new house is close to the school③ close vt.&vi.关,关闭closed adj. 反义词open v. open adj.Eg. The supermarket opens at 9 a. m. and closes at 10 p.m.The supermarket has been open for 13 hoursopen的延续性短语为be open; close的延续性短语为be closed④ close adv. 接近;靠近;紧挨着;不远地(强调空间距离远近)Eg. stand close to the window⑤ closely adv.密切地work closely with sb.Perhaps you should manage your time bettermanage v.设法完成,管理manager n.经理① manage sth. Eg. manage a big company管理一家大公司② manage to do sth. Eg. manage to get there before5o'lok设法5点前到了那里★ manage to do sth.= do sth. successfully有成功做某事的意思(强调结果)★ try to do sth.努力做(强调过程)第二课时Reading I1. I have a lot of homework every day, and I have no choice but to do it.① choice cn.选择have two choices/ make a wise choicechoose vt.&vi. 选择,挑选( choose-chose-chosen)choose to do sth./ choose sb. to be/as…Eg. I don't know which book to chooseThere are so many books for me to choose from.② have no choice but to do sth. 除了做某事别无选择;别无选择,只能这一结构中, choice为不可数名词。