2019年高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读.doc
2019年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选试题及答案
2019年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选试题及答案1 _____is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A Washington D.C.B Los AngelesC San FranciscoD New York City2 _____ enjoys the worst social and economic conditions.A BlacksB HispanicsC IndiansD Asian Americans3 Washington D.C. is named after___________.A the U.S. President George WashingtonB Christopher ColumbusC both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD none of them4 American and British English are two_____ of the English language.A varietiesB elementsD form5 The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was______.A Thomas JeffersonB James MonroeC James MadisonD Abraham Lincoln6 Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is_____.A Rhode IslandB VirginiaC TexasD Montana7 The national flag of the United States is known as_____.A the Star-SpangledB anner B Uncle SamC Hot DogD union Jack8 The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the _____.A contribution a state has made to the nationB populationD none of the above9 The tern “Father of Waters” is used to refer to _____.A the Amazon RiverB the Mississippi RiverC the Nile RiverD the Hudson River10 The statue of liberty was given to American peopleby_____ as a gift in 1884.A FranceB SpainC ItalyD Britain答案及题解：1 D, 纽约是美国的城市同时也是最重要的经济中心和最主要的港口。
英语专八考试必背人文知识
英语专八考试必背人文知识英语专业八级考试自1991年设立以来.一直作为衡量英语专业学生英语水平和专业知识的工具。
根据2004年最新修订的《高校英语专业四、八级考试大纲》(以下简称《考试大纲》)，从2005年起，英语专业八级考试内容、范围和题型都发生了一定的变化。
其中最突出的是增加了“人文知识”这一题型，代替了原来的快速阅读。
英语专八考试必背人文知识1. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or otherelements of sentence structure are combined to formgrammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科2. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
3. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or alanguage with reference to their distribution and patterning andto tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another withwhich it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or ofthe sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
2019-英语专八阅读试题-推荐word版 (2页)
2019-英语专八阅读试题-推荐word版本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==英语专八阅读试题For the last fifteen or twenty years the fashion in criticism or appreciation of the arts have been to deny the existence of any valid criteria and to make the __1__words “good” or “bad” irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable. There is no such thing, we are told,like a set of standards first acquired through experience and__2__knowledge and late imposed on the subject under discussion. This has been a __3__popular approach, for it relieves the critic of the responsibility of judgment and the public by the necessity of knowledge. It pleases those resentful of disciplines, it__4__flatters the empty-minded by calling him open-minded, itcomforts the __5__confused. Under the banner of democracy and thekind of quality which our forefathers did no mean, it says, in effect, “Who are you to tell us what is good or bad?” This is same cry used so long and so effectively by the producers of mass __6__media who insist that it is the public, not they, who decide what it wants to hear __7__and to see, and that for a critic to say that this programis bad and that program is good is pure a reflection of personal taste. Nobody recently has expressed this __8__ philosophy most succinctly than Dr. Frank Stanton, the highly intelligent__9__president of CBS television. At a hearing before the Federal Communications Commission, this phrase escaped from him underquestioni ng: “One man’s mediocrity __10__is another man’s good program”.答案：1 将have改为has。
专业英语八级人文知识
英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1．The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.（密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线）2．The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3．The largest racial group in the whole population of is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4．Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。
2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5．America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6．The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境) 7．In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8．Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9．The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10．Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1．Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.（美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑）2．The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. （美国的主要四大部分不包括北部）3．The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. （美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响）4．4．California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. （加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多）5．5．“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6．6．The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。
2019年专八真题完整版（包含MINI-LECTURE）word资料31页
2019年专八真题完整版（包含MINI-LECTURE）word资料31页TEM8-2012TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2012)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREttENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three words in each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now, listen to the mini-lecture.ObservationPeople do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behaviour. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation.A.Differences---- daily life observation--casual--(1) ________--defendence on memory---- research observation-- (2) _________-- careful record keepingB. Ways to select samples in research---- time sampling-- systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour-- random: fixed intervals but (3) _______Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination.---- (4) _______-- definition: selection of different locations-- reason: human s’or animals’behaviour (5) ______ across circumstances-- (6) ______: more objective observationsC. Ways to record behaviour (7) _______---- observation with intervention-- participant observation: researcher as observer and participant-- field experiment: research (8) ______ over conditions---- observation without intervention-- purpose: describing behaviour (9) ______-- (10) ______ : no intervention-- researcher: a passive recorderSECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer thequestions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10seconds to answer each of the foliowing five questions. Nowlisten to the interview.1. Which of the following statements about creativity is INCORRECT?A. Creativity stems from human beings' novel thinking.B. The duration of the creative process varies from person to person.C. Creative people focus on novel thinking rather than on solutions.D. The outcome of human creativity comes in varied forms.2. The interviewee cites the Bach family to show that creativityA. appears to be the result of the environment.B. seems to be attributable to genetic makeup.C. appears to be more associated with great people.D. comes from both environment and genetic makeup.3. How many types of the creative process does the interviewee describe?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.4. Which of the following features of a creative personality is NOT mentioned in the interview?A. Unconventional.B. Original.C. Resolute.D. Critical.5. The interviewee's suggestion for a creativity workout supports the view thatA. brain exercising will not make people creative.B. most people have diversified interests and hobbies.C. the environment is significant in the creative process.D. creativity can only be found in great people.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.6. What is the news item mainly about?A. U.S. astronauts made three space walks.B. An international space station was set up.C. A problem in the cooling system was solved.D. A 350-kilogram ammonia pump was removed.Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.7. In which country would parents often threaten to punish children by leaving them outside?A. India.B. The Philippines.C. Egypt.D. Not mentioned.8. What is the main purpose of the study?A. To reveal cultural differences and similarities.B. To expose cases of child abuse and punishment.C. To analyze child behaviour across countries.D. To investigate ways of physical punishment.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At theend of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.9. According to the news item, Japan's economic growth in the secondquarter was ____ less than the first quarter.A. 0.6 percentB. 3.4 percentC. 4 percentD. 3 percent10. How many reasons does the news item cite for Japan's slow economic growth?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.TEXT AI used to look at my closet and see clothes. These days, whenever I cast my eyes upon the stacks of shoes and hangers of shirts, sweaters and jackets, I see water.It takes 569 gallons to manufacture a T-shirt, from its start in the cotton fields to its appearance on store shelves. A pair of running shoes? 1,247 gallons.Until last fall, I'd been oblivious to my "water footprint", which is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce goods and services, according to the Water FootprintNetwork. The Dutch nonprofit has been working to raise awareness of freshwater scarcity since 2008, but it was through the "Green BlueBook" by Thomas M. Kostigen that I was able to see how my own actions factored in.I've installed gray-water systems to reuse the wastewater from my laundry, machine and bathtub and reroute it to my landscape - systems that save, on average, 50 gallons of water per day. I've set up rain barrels and infiltration pits to collect thousands of gallons of storm water cascading from my roof. I've even entered the last bastion of greendom -installing a composting toilet.Suffice to say, I've been feeling pretty satisfied with myself for all the drinking water I've saved with these big-ticket projects.Now I realize that my daily consumption choices could have an even larger effect –not only on the local water supply but also globally: 1.1 billion people have no access to freshwater, and, in the future, those who do have access will have less of it.To see how much virtual water 1 was using, I logged on to the "Green Blue Book" website and used its water footprint calculator, entering my daily consumption habits. Tallying up the water footprint of my breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks, as well as my daily dose of over-the-counter uppers and downers - coffee, wine and beer- I'm using 512 gallons of virtual water each day just to feed myself.In a word: alarming.Even more alarming was how much hidden water I was using to get dressed. I'm hardly a clotheshorse, but the few new items I buy once again trumped the amount of water flowing from my faucets each day. If I'm serious about saving water, I realized Icould make some simple lifestyle shifts. Looking more closely at the areas in my life that use the most virtual water, it was food and clothes, specifically meat, coffee and, oddly, blue jeans and leather jackets.Being a motorcyclist, I own an unusually large amount of leather - boots and jackets in particular. All of it is enormously water intensive. It takes 7,996 gallons to make a leather.jacket, leather being a byproduct of beef. It takes 2,866 gallons of water to make a single pair of blue jeans, because they're made from water-hogging cotton.Crunching the numbers for the amount of clothes I buy every year, it looks a lot like my friend's swimming pool. My entire closet is borderline Olympic.Gulp.My late resolution is to buy some items used. Underwear and socks are, of course, exempt from this strategy, but 1 have no problem shopping less and also shopping at Goodwill. In fact, I'd been doingthat for the past year to save money. My clothes' outrageous water footprint just reintbrced it for me.More conscious living and substitution, rather than sacrifice, are the prevailing ideas with the water footprint. It's one I'm trying, and that's had an unusual upside. I had a hamburger recently, and I enjoyed it a lot more since it is now an occasional treat rather than a weekly habit.(One gallon =3.8 litres)11. According to the passage, the Water Footprint NetworkA. made the author aware of freshwater shortage.B. helped the author get to know the Green Blue Book.C. worked for freshwater conservation for nonprofitpurposes.D. collaborated with the Green Blue Book in freshwater conservation.12. Which of the following reasons can best explain the author's feeling of self-satisfaction?A. He made contribution to drinking water conservation in his own way.B. Money spent on upgrading his household facilities was worthwhile.C. His house was equipped with advanced water-saving facilities.D. He could have made even greater contribution by changing hislifestyle.13. According to the context, "...how mv own actions factored in" meansA. how I could contribute to water conservation.B. what efforts I should make to save fresh water.C. what behaviour could be counted as freshwater-saving.D. how much of what I did contributed to freshwater shortage.14. According to the passage, the author was more alarmed by the fact thatA. he was having more meat and coffee.B. his clothes used even more virtual water.C. globally there will be less fresh water.D. his lifestyle was too extravagant.15. "My entire closet is borderline Olympic" is an example ofA. exaggeration.B. analogy.C. understatement.D. euphemism.16. What is the tone of the author in the last paragraph'?A. Sarcastic.B. Ironic.C. Critical.D. Humorous.TEXT BIn her novel of "Reunion, American Style", Rona Jaffe suggests that a class reunion "is more than a sentimental journey. It is also a way of answering the question that lies at the back of nearly allour minds. Did they do better than I?"Jaffe's observation may be misplaced but not completely lost. According to a study conducted by social psychologist Jack Sparacino, the overwhelming majority who attend reunions aren't there invidiously to compare their recent accomplishments with those of their former classmates. Instead, they hope, primarily, to relive their earlier successes.Certainly, a few return to show their former classmates how well they have done; others enjoy observing the changes that have occurred in their classmates (not always in themselves, of course). But the majority who attend their class reunions do so to relive the good times they remember having when they were younger. In his study, Sparacino found that, as high school students, attendees had been more popular, more often regarded as attractive, and more involved in extracurricular activities than those classmates who chose not to attend. For those who turned up at their reunions, then, the old times were also the good times!It would appear that Americans have a special fondness for reunions, judging by their prevalence. Major league baseball players, fraternity members, veterans groups, high school and college graduates, and former Boy Scouts all hold reunions on a regular basis. In addition, family reunions frequently attract blood relatives from faraway places who spend considerable money and time to reunite.Actually, in their affection for reuniting with friends, family or colleagues, Americans are probably no different from any other people, except that Americans have created a mind-boggling number and variety of institutionalized forms of gatherings to facilitate the satisfaction of this desire. Indeed, reunions have increasingly become formal events that are organized on a regular basis and, in the process, they have also become big business.Shell Norris of Class Reunion, Inc., says that Chicago alone has 1,500 high school reunions each year. A conservative estimate on the national level would be 10,000 annually. At one time, all high school reunions were organized by volunteers, usually female homemakers. In the last few years, however, as more and more women have entered the labour force, alumni reunions are increasingly being planned by specialized companies rather than by part-time volunteers.The first college reunion was held by the alumni of Yale University in 1792. Graduates of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Stanford, and Brown followed suit. And by the end of the 19th century, most 4-year institutions were holding alumni reunions.The variety of college reunions is impressive. At Princeton, alumni parade through the town wearing their class uniforms and singing their alma mater. At Marietta College, they gather fora dinner-dance on a steamship cruising the Ohio River.Clearly, the thought of cruising on a steamship or marching through the streets is usually not, by itself, sufficient reason for large numbers of alumni to return to campus. Alumni who decide to attend their reunions share a common identity based on the years they spent together as undergraduates. For this reason, universities that somehow establish a common bond –for example, because they are relatively small or especially prestigious - tend to draw substantial numbers of their alumni to reunions. In an effort to enhance this common identity, larger colleges and universities frequently build their class reunions on participation in smaller units, such as departments or schools. Or they encourage "affinity reunions" for groups of former cheerleaders, editors, fraternity members, musicians, members of military organizations on campus, and the like.Of course, not every alumnus is fond of his or her alma mater. Students who graduated during the late 1960s may be especially reluctant to get involved in alumni events. They were part of the generation that conducted sit-ins and teach-ins directed at university administrators, protested military recruitment on campus and marched against "establishment politics." If this generation has a common identity, it may fall outside of their university ties - or even be hostile to them. Even as they enter their middle years, alumni who continue to hold unpleasant memories of college during this period may not wish to attend class reunions.17. According to the passage, Sparacino's studyA. provided strong evidence for Jaffe's statement.B. showed that attendees tended to excel in high school study.C. found that interest in reunions was linked with school experience.D. found evidence for attendees' intense desire for showing off success.18. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a distinct feature of U.S. class reunions?A. U.S. class reunions are usually occasions to show off one's recent success.B. Reunions are regular and formal events organized by professional agencies.C. Class reunions have become a profitable business.D. Class reunions have brought about a variety of activities.19. What mainly attracts many people to return to campus for reunion?A. The variety of activities for class reunion.B. The special status their university enjoys.C. Shared experience beyond the campus.D. Shared undergraduate experience on campus.20. The rhetorical function of the first paragraph is toA. introduce Rona Jeffe's novel.B. present the author's counterargument.C. serve as prelude to the author's argument.D. bring into focus contrasting opinions.21. What is the passage mainly about?A. Reasons for popularity and (non)attendance for alumni reunions.B. A historical perspective for alumni reunions in the United States.C. Alumni reunions and American university traditions.D. Alumni reunion and its social and economic implications.TEXT COne time while on his walk George met Mr. Cattanzara coming home very late from work. He wondered if he was drunk but then could tell he wasn't. Mr. Cattanzara, a stocky, bald-headed man who worked in a change booth on an IRT station, lived on the next block after George's, above a shoe repair store. Nights, during the hot weather, he sat on his stoop in an undershirt, reading the New York Times in the light of the shoemaker's window. He read it from the firstpage to the last, then went up to sleep. And all the time he was reading the paper, his wife, a fat woman with a white face, leaned out of the window, gazing into the street, her thick white arms folded under her loose breast, on the window ledge.Once in a while Mr. Cattanzara came home drunk, but it was a quiet drunk. He never made any trouble, only walked stiffly up the street and slowly climbed the stairs into the hall. Though drunk he looked the same as always, except for his tight walk, the quietness, and that his eyes were wet. George liked Mr. Cattanzara because he remembered him giving him nickels to buy lemon ice with when he was a squirt. Mr. Cattanzara was a different type than those in the neighbourhood. He asked different questions than the others when he met you, and he seemed to know what went on in all the newspapers. He read them, as his fat sick wife watched from the window."What are you doing with yourself this summer, George?" Mr. Cattanzara asked. "l see you walkin' around at night."George felt embarrassed. "I like to walk.""What are you doin' in the day now?""Nothing much just now. I'm waiting for a job." Since it shamed him to admit that he wasn't working, George said, "I'mreading a lot to pick up my education."。
【资格考试】2019最新整理-大学英语专业八级人文知识小总结
——参考范本——
【资格考试】2019最新整理-
大学英语专业八级人文知识小总结
______年______月______日____________________部门
在研究完专八历年试卷的人文知识部分后，我总结出以下几点：
1、英语国家地理概况 4分
2、英美文学部分 3分
3、词汇部分 3分
这十分分值虽然相对较小，但覆盖面挺大，比如地理概况就包括
六个英语国家的基本知识，复习起来似乎有点力不从心，其实不然。
I、先拿第一个来说，地理概况无非是注重英美两国方面，在复习
其他四个国家时不用那么深入，只要知其一二即可（首都/首府总得记吧？），而英美方面的知识对于我们英语专业的学生来说应该有所了解，只是没有系统地去整理，如果在整理一遍之后，我想会柳暗花明！当然如果你本身一直以来对各个国家都相当了解，那我说你已吃定这4分。
II、英美文学方面就有点头疼了，特别对于那些在平时对它忽略
不计的朋友们此时根本不知道从何下手，不用慌，你慌也没用，只有
拿起课本，将一个个作家对应他们最有名的著作（最简单的复习方式）列在一起，进行归类，即可。
如果想全部拿下这3分就要再关注一些
他们的写作特点，作品中的主人公等。
III、这部分在我看来是最容易拿分的，复习的时候只要将sytax, semantics, pragmatics,等概念弄清楚，把Chomski和另外有名的语
言学家对应的理论记一下就可。
当然这是对那些平时不鸟语言学的朋
友说的。
对于平时认真听讲也想稳拿这3分的还要系统的总结一下，
做到疏而不漏。
希望对赴考途中的朋友们有所帮助！。
2019年英语翻译资格考试高级口译复习资料(3)
2019年英语翻译资格考试高级口译复习资料（3）单句：1.唯有在党的领导下，坚持改革开放，走有中国特色社会主义道路，国家才能繁荣昌盛;唯有民主、科学和负责任的精神，才能实现我们的目标。
Only through reform and opening up and buildingsocialism with Chinese characteristics under the leadershipof Chinese Communist Party, can we succeed in bringing abouta strong and prosperous China. And only by adhering to a democratic, scientific and responsible spirit, can we achieve our objectives.2.预计我国政府今年将采取进一步措施扩大内需，以保持持续、快速、健康的经济发展。
因为中央政府的政策使投资、消费和出口明显增加，今年的经济增长率当前定为百分之七或以上。
The Chinese government is expected to take further measures to expand domestic demand for consumer goods thisyear to maintain sustained, rapid and healthy economic growth. As investment, consumption and exports have been effectively increased as a result of the central authorities’ policies, economic-growth is now established at 7 percent or more this year.3.为了解决消费需求不足的问题，我国将进一步作好对固定资产投资的准备。
专八培训资料之人文知识
Statue of Liberty
Wall Street
The Headquarter of the United Nations.
3. Los Angeles
The second largest city in the Studios Hollywood
Lake Michigan, the only one entirely in the Huron休伦湖（北美五大湖中的第二大湖）, Lake Eire and LakeOntario
历史
1. Discovery of the New World
In 1492, by Christopher Columbus.
State of Washington is named after President GeorgeWashington, with Seattle as its biggest city
State of Alaska is separated from Russia’s Siberia in the west by the Bering Strait白令海峡, and Eskimos live here;
Gettysburg, where Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous speech The Address at Gettysburg, is in Pennsylvania.
3. The Midwest1)Ohio2)In Nhomakorabeaiana
3)Michigan
4)Illinois
HarvardCollege, Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
2019年英语翻译资格考试高级口译复习资料(6)
2019年英语翻译资格考试高级口译复习资料（6）单句：1. 中国于1970年4成功地发射了第一颗人造卫星。
China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite in April 1970.2. 我们对两国关系的顺利发展，特别是经济技术合作的持续扩大，感到满意。
We are gratified with the smooth development of relations between two countries and particularly the steady growth of our economic and technological cooperation.3. 在扩大进出口贸易，引进国外技术和设备，使用国外资金，取得咨询服务，培训技术人员和管理人员等方面，我们都愿同你们实行长期合作。
We are disposed to cooperate with you on a long-term basis in terms of augmenting import and export trade, introducing foreign technology and equipment, employing foreign funds, seeking consulting services, training technicians and managerial personnel and so on.4. 自20世纪70年代末实行改革开放政策以来，中国服务行业平均每年以10.9%的幅度增长。
China’s service sector has grown at an overage annual rate of 10.9% since the establishment of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s.5. 我们从经济发展，文化建设，和对外关系三个方面回顾了中国一年来所取得的成就。
专八人文知识汇总
专八人文知识汇总人文知识涵盖了人类文化、历史、语言、艺术等各个领域的综合知识。
对于参加专业八级考试的考生来说，掌握人文知识非常重要。
本文将为大家汇总专八人文知识的要点，帮助考生进行复习和备考。
一、文学与艺术文学与艺术是人类创造力的表达形式，对于理解人类文化和思想有着重要作用。
以下是一些著名文学家和艺术家的作品和代表作。
1. 文学- 威廉·莎士比亚：代表作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等；- 弗朗茨·卡夫卡：代表作《变形记》、《审判》等；- 陈寅恪：代表作《论辛亥革命》、《两千年中国的奴隶制》等。
2. 绘画- 文森特·梵高：代表作《向日葵》、《星夜》等；- 达·芬奇：代表作《蒙娜丽莎》、《最后的晚餐》等；- 巴士奇亚·加拉赞诺：代表作《熔岩淹没的城市》、《无题》等。
3. 音乐- 贝多芬：代表作《第九交响曲》、《命运交响曲》等；- 莫扎特：代表作《第四十交响曲》、《婚礼进行曲》等；- 珍妮佛·刘易斯：代表作《想你的春天》、《无与伦比的你》等。
二、历史与哲学理解历史和哲学可以帮助我们认识社会发展和人类思想的演进。
以下是一些重要历史事件和哲学思想的概括。
1. 历史- 法国大革命（1789年）：标志着封建制度的终结和资本主义的崛起；- 二战（1939-1945）：导致国际政治力量重新分配，出现了冷战格局；- 五四运动（1919年）：标志着中国的现代化运动开始，倡导民主与科学；2. 哲学- 柏拉图的理念论：认为真理存在于理念中，物质世界只是理念的投影；- 休谟的经验论：认为人的认知来源于经验，否定了先天知识的存在；- 辩证法：马克思主义基本原理，认为任何事物都是矛盾的统一。
三、语言与文化语言和文化是人类社会交流和思考的基础。
以下是一些重要的语言和文化现象。
1. 语言- 汉字：中国古代的文字系统，有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化内涵；- 英语：目前全球使用最广泛的第一语言，对国际交流和商务很重要；- 阿拉伯语：伊斯兰教的宗教语言，对于了解阿拉伯文化和宗教思想很有帮助。
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高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。
想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲课，每周温习一遍。
坚持3个月，成人文专家。
1、Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian2、Democracy means: “exercise of power by the whole people”, but by “the whole peop le”, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.3、Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey4、Drama developed in the 5th century B.CTragedian 悲剧作家Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯— Prometheus普罗米修斯bound/ Persians / Agamemnon阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅Sophocles— Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)— Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛) / Trojan 特洛伊womenComedist 喜剧作家Aristophanes— Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps5、PhilosophySocrates苏格拉底: Dialogues <谈话录> 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。
Plato柏拉图: Dialogues对话录/ the Apology / Symposium (dealing with beauty and love) / the RepublicPlato’s philosophy is called idealism理想主义, 唯心论.Aristotle亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics诗论/ Rhetoric修辞学重点What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was happiness, but not happi ness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation沉思.6、Cynics 犬儒主义P29Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。
说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek, he rejected all conventions – whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency.7、Roman history P38The year 27 B.C divided the history of Romeinto two periods: before then, Romehad been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediterranean地中海, reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵) and an efficient bureaucracy 官僚机构to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads. Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history know as the pax Roman罗马帝国统治下的和平.8、 Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)The greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic, 作品the Aeneid《埃涅伊德》.9、About Bible P52The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament旧约全书and the new Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine教义of Jesus Christ, the word＂Testament＂means “agreement” –namely the agreement between God and man.10、Rise of Christianity P73At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem救赎the whole human race.Why Jesus be crucified十字架钉死?Jesus propagated传播the faith about God—men should believe in God and love him and behave like God’s children and love another. “everyone is equal” before God.In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was regarded as被认作a dangerous man that threaten the clique派系in power. At the end of three years, he went with his disciples信徒to Jerusalem 耶路撒冷for the Passover逾越节, but was betrayed by Juda. Jesus was rushed to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.11、Translations of the Bible P86Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语Hebrew 希伯莱Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经12、What’s means code of Chivalry骑士制度? P94As a knight, he was pledged誓言to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and respect women of noble birth贵族出身. These rules were known as a code of Chivalry.13、基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教P76Constantine康斯坦丁大帝, who won war between rivals for the throne君主and the emperor of Roman. He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313. It granted准予religions freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.In392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and outlawed宣布...为不合法all other religious.14、 The crusades 十字军名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义P99To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle Ages went on journeys to sacred神圣的places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem耶路撒冷. But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who unlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. New of this kind roused 激起great indignation among Christians in western Europe. The result was a series of Holy wars圣战called crusades十字军东侵which went on about 200years. All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics束腰外衣as symbol of obedience顺从to God.Significance:1*although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain theHoly land, they had an important effect on the future of both the east and west. They brought the east into closer contact with the west, and they greatly influent on history ofEurope.2*crusades helped to break down feudalism封建主义.3* the crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention.15、National Epics P105The epic was the product of the Heroic Age古希腊的“ 英雄时代”1*Beowulf (700~750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.2* Song of Rolan罗兰之诗—about 12th A.DIt is the most well-known of a group of French epics knows asLa Chansonde gestes. P11116、Dante但丁Alighieri , Italy, greatest poet. The divine comedy《神曲》P11817、Renaissance文艺复兴means? 14th~mid 17th P129The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.Subject: humanity人权/ Christianity神权18、文艺复兴时期的新文学Giovanni Boccaccio卜伽丘, Decameron《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的100个故事，100 tales told by on their way to escape the black death of 1348, the tales are witty, licentious放荡的, full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire讽刺文学on the hypocrisy伪善of the priest and the aristocrat贵族.19、Martin Luther路德，马丁：(1483-1546) 德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。