beowulf
贝奥武夫教学内容
《贝奥武夫》与改编的影视作品研究《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)是英国文学中最古老的史诗，全诗共3182行，基本情节可分为两部分：第一部分（诗行1—1904）：丹麦国王赫罗斯加兴建了一座宏伟的宴乐厅，遭到魔怪格兰道尔的袭击。
那魔怪为所欲为，连续为害达十二年之久。
消息传到高特人（在今天的瑞典南部。
）耳里。
高特武士贝奥武甫率十四勇士前往救援。
经过激烈的搏斗，力大无穷的贝奥武甫扯断了魔怪的一只胳膊。
垂死的魔怪逃回自己的洞穴。
第二天晚上又有一个魔怪前来骚扰宴乐厅，此魔乃格兰道尔之母，是为他的儿子报仇来的。
贝奥武甫与她在水潭下的洞穴中展开殊死搏斗，最后用魔剑将她杀死。
第二部分（1905—3182）：贝奥武甫凯旋回国。
不久，国王海格拉克父子先后死于非命，贝奥武甫继承王位。
他成功地统治高特国达五十年之久。
就在壮士暮年，国内出了一条毒龙。
该毒龙因自己守护的财宝被盗，开始向高特人进行报复。
它口吐烈焰，毁灭一切。
为了拯救自己的国家和人民，贝奥武甫毅然进入龙窟。
在一位名叫威格拉夫的年轻武士的援助下，毒龙被除，但老英雄也因受伤过重而献出了生命。
诗歌中，贝奥武甫有三场大的战斗。
首先杀死巨魔格兰道尔。
再杀死格兰道尔的母亲，解救了丹麦国王后，回去瑞典作了国王。
暮年时，他又廉颇不老，杀死了残害民众的火龙，自己也伤重不治。
贝奥武夫给人最深的印象是他超凡的武力和英勇善战的本色。
这种超人的力量，是他战胜敌人的前提条件。
在劳动力低下和科学技术尚不发达的古代，人们要想战胜敌人，获取生活必需品，只有依靠武力。
因此，拥有超人的武力作为衡量英雄的首要条件已成了古代的传统。
从《贝奥武夫》对英雄武力的反复描写中，我们可以看到中古社会的人们对于这一传统的继承。
贝奥武夫不仅具有超人的武力，还具有与之相应的勇敢精神。
贝奥武夫经历的三次战斗，一次比一次艰难，一次比一次更需要勇气。
如果说贝奥武夫前两次战斗的勇气是基于对自己超人武力的充分自信，那么，他与毒龙的搏斗则是强大的责任感使然。
beowulf读后感英文
beowulf读后感英文English Answer:Beowulf, the epic Anglo-Saxon poem, is a towering workof literature that encapsulates the values and beliefs ofan ancient Germanic society. Its themes of courage, loyalty, and the struggle against evil have resonated with readersfor centuries.The protagonist, Beowulf, is a legendary warrior who travels from his homeland to help the Danish king, Hrothgar, fight a monstrous creature known as Grendel. Beowulf emerges victorious from this encounter and later vanquishes Grendel's mother. However, his ultimate destiny lies in fighting the fearsome dragon that terrorizes his people.Throughout the poem, Beowulf embodies the ideals of a heroic warrior. He is strong, courageous, and determined. His loyalty to his king and his people drives him to face danger and adversity without hesitation. The poem alsoexplores the themes of fate and destiny, as Beowulf's actions ultimately lead him to his inevitable death.One of the most striking aspects of Beowulf is itsvivid and evocative language. The poem is filled with powerful imagery and similes that bring the characters and their struggles to life. The use of kennings, metaphorical phrases that describe objects indirectly, adds to the richness of the language.In addition to its literary merits, Beowulf provides valuable insights into the cultural and historical context of Anglo-Saxon society. The poem reflects the beliefs and practices of the Germanic people, including their reverence for warriors, their belief in fate, and their understanding of the natural world.Overall, Beowulf is a timeless masterpiece that continues to captivate readers with its themes of heroism, loyalty, and the struggle against evil. Its rich language and insightful portrayal of an ancient culture make it a work that is both enjoyable and intellectually stimulating.中文回答：《贝奥武夫》是古英语中一篇史诗巨作，它浓缩了古代日耳曼人的价值观和信仰。
英国文学简史&美国文学简史--背诵版
1. Beowulf赏析英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。
1反映当时部落社会的面貌。
背景取自欧洲。
2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。
政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。
3历史事实+神话传说。
主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。
自我牺牲精神。
爱护臣民。
有责任感。
简洁明快。
头韵。
隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。
2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。
头韵诗。
2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。
2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。
以重读音节为基础的韵律。
每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。
语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。
反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。
Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。
他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。
他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。
3. Chaucer特点“英国诗歌之父”。
人文主义。
现实主义。
明快、诙谐。
伦敦方言创作。
首创heroic couplet。
钟情于中世纪的文学形式。
第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。
一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。
一方面又以现实的态度思考。
1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。
反对滥用宗教教义。
人物：个人与社会关系的主题。
突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。
幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。
人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。
押尾韵。
八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。
4. Canterbury Tales赏析现实主义。
但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。
轻松、欢快文艺复兴的先驱。
高性能计算集群Beowulf
． Ｍ Ｐ工 例 程 和 返 回值：所有 ＭＰＩ例程 （函数或子程序）在 Ｃ或Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ 调用 中 都 返 回 一 个 整 型 值 ， 用以确定 ＭＰＩ调用的退出状态。
． ＭＰ Ｉ句 柄 ： Ｍ ＰＩ 定义了自己的用于通讯的数据结构，我们必须通过句
号给另一个节点上的进程，这使得一切都在用户所指定的范畴内运行·
２．３Ｍ ＰＩ和 ＰＶＭ
在集 群 上 开发并行代码的关键是各个节点之间的通信，一种常用的办法是在 处理器之间使用消息传递技术，该技术用于早期本地内存并行机的设计，一个消
息非常简单，它包括一些数据和一个目标处理器，公共消息传递 ＡＰ工ｓ是 ＰＶＭ或 ＭＰＩ，消息传递可通过使用线程有效地实现，当线程在某地使用数据时消息需要
的方法。同ＰＶＭ相比，ＭＰＩ只是一个支持并行计算的程序库，并不是一个并行操
作系统。
２、 提 出 ＭＰＩ的目的是创建一种标准的消息传递接口，设计的关键是速度， 因此ＭＰＩ速度比 ＰＶＭ快。ＭＰＩ尽量利用本地的硬件支持，如直接利用硬件提供的 广播机制，但和无此机制的其它机器通信就会有问题。而 ＰＶＭ工作围绕“虚拟机” 思想展开，考虑了可移植性、容错和异构性，它的通信要根据对目标机的判断来
Ｂｅｏ ｗｕ ｌｆ 集群上的节点资源只为这个集群自身所用，每个独立节点的性能不 受外部因素影响，这有助于平衡负载。同时，由于这样互联的网络和外部网络是 隔绝的，网络负载情况只受到在集群上运行的程序影响，这可减轻在工作站网络 中由于意外延迟而造成的影响。所有在集群上的节点在集群的管理权限内运行， 这样集群网络对于外部是不可见的。另一方面，Ｂｅｏｗｕｌｆ的软件提供一个全局的 进程 ＩＤ。这就启动了这样一套机制：在系统一个节点上的进程能够传送一个信
beowulf译文
beowulf译文
Beowulf
英[ˈbeɪəˌwʊlf]美[ˈbeəˌwʊlf]
释义
裴欧沃夫（被认为创作于公元8世纪早期的，英国无名氏所作的一部古老史诗中的传奇英雄。
贝奥伍尔弗杀死妖怪格伦德尔及妖怪的母亲，成为耶牙特的国王，死于与一条龙的争斗中）实用场景例句
Just don't take any course where they make you read Beowulf.
只要不选要让你读《裴欧沃夫》[英格兰诗史]的课就行.
But much later, Beowulf is killed by a treasure - hoarding dragon.
但许久之后, 贝奥武夫却被一条屯聚财宝的恶龙攻击而丧命.
My name is strength ! And lust ! And power! I AM BEOWULF!
我的名字就等于力量、欲望和权力, 我--是--贝奥武夫!。
贝奥武夫
Grendel
半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴 （Grendel） monsters : man-eating monsters who lives at the bottom of a foul mere ,or moutain lake Grendel 's mother : water witch who seeks revenge
people :
•
• • •
Beowulf Hrothgar: Wiglaf: Grendle
Beowulf
• 瑞典南部济兹（Geats） 王子贝奥武夫 • nephew of Higlac • king of the Geats • one of ancient England 's heroes
The kenning is another poetic device that was used by the oral poet.
Examples of kennings from Beowulf:
strong-hearted wakeful sleeper =Beowulf
thank you byebye
Beowulf The Poetry of Beowulf
Beowulf was composed in Old English, which uses a caesura（休止，停顿）, or rhythmic pause, to create unity. Locate the caesura in these lines:
Beowulf introducing the epic
• Beowulf • is the first great work of English national literature • the epic story of the hero Beowulf ,who fights the demonic monster Grendle
关于beowulf的一些问题
Structure.......In structure, Beowulf is divided chronologically into two main sections: one that focuses on Beowulf as a young man and one that focuses on him as an old man. In terms of action, it is divided into three main sections: one that introduces the characters and describes Beowulf's conquest of Grendel, one that describes Beowulf's defeat of Grendel's mother, and one that describes Beowulf's defeat of the dragon with the help of Wiglaf.1. How is Beowulf structured? How does this structure relate to the theme or themes of the work as a whole?Answer for Study Question 1 >>Beowulf is loosely divided into three parts, each of which centers around Beowulf’s fight with a particular monster: first Grendel, then Grendel’s mother, then the dragon. One can argue that this structure relates to the theme of the epic in that each monster presents a specific moral challenge against which the Anglo-Saxon heroic code can be measured and tested. Beowulf’s fight with Grendel evokes the importance of reputati on as a means of expanding one’s existence beyond death. Grendel’s great and terrifying nature ensures that Beowulf will long be celebrated for his heroic conquering of this foe. His subsequent encounter with Grendel’s mother evokes the importance of venge ance. Just as Beowulf exacts revenge upon Grendel for killing Hrothgar’s men, so too must Grendel’s mother seek to purge her grief by slaying her son’s murderer. Beowulf’s final encounter with the dragon evokes a heroic approach to wyrd, or fate. Though he recognizes that his time has come and that he will thus not survive his clash with the dragon, he bravely embraces his duty to protect his people, sacrificing his life to save them.Alternatively, one might make a division of the text into two parts, examining youth and old age as the two distinctive phases of Beowulf’s life. Along these lines, the gap of fifty years between the first two conflicts and the last marks the dividing line. One of the main thematic points highlighted by such a division is the difference in responsibilities of the warrior and of the king. As a young warrior, Beowulf is free to travel afar to protect others, but as an old king, he must commit himself to guard his own people. Additionally, whereas Beowulf focuses on the heroic life early on, seeking to make a name for himself, he must focus on fate and the maintenance of his reputation late in life.2. Beowulf is set in a male-dominated world full of violence and danger. What role does patriarchal history play in this world? Why does it matter to the warriors who their ancestors were?Answer for Study Question 2 >>The obsession with patriarchal history manifests itself throughout Beowulf, which opens by tracing Hrothgar’s male ancestry and constantly refers to characters as the so ns of their fathers. An awareness of family lineage is one way in which the heroic code integrates itself into the warriors’ most basic sense of identity. By placing such an emphasis on who their fathers were and how their fathers acted, the men of Beowulf bind themselves to a cycle of necessity governed by the heroic code. For example, because Beowulf’s father owed a debt of loyalty to Hrothgar, Beowulf himselfowes a debt of loyalty to Hrothgar. In this way, patriarchal history works to concretize and strengthen the warrior code in a world full of uncertainty and fear.One might contrast this socially accepted version of patriarchal history with the various alternative models that the poem presents. Grendel, for example, descends from Cain, the biblical icon of familial disloyalty, and the avenging of his death is undertaken by a female relative rather than a male one. Examples of family discontinuity abound as well. For instance, Shield Sheafson is an orphan, and the Last Survivor represents the end of an entire race. Beowulf is similar to both of these characters—his father died while Beowulf was still young, and Beowulf himself dies without an heir. The anxiety about succession focuses attention on the ties between generations. Both Hrothgar and Hygelac depend on the loyalty of others if their sons are to inherit their respective kingships. All of these concerns help emphasize the importance of family heritage as a cultural value.3. What role does religion play in Beowulf?Answer for Study Question 3 >>The Beowulf story has its roots in a pagan Saxon past, but by the time the epic was written down, almost all Anglo-Saxons had converted to Christianity. As a result, the Beowulf poet is at pains to resolve his Christian beliefs with the often quite un-Christian behavior of his characters. This tension leads to frequent asides about God, hell, and heaven—and to many allusions to the Old Testament throughout the work. In the end, however, the conflict proves simply irresolvable. Beowulf doesn’t lead a partic ularly good life by Christian standards, but the poet cannot help but revere him. Though some of Beowulf’s values—such as his dedication to his people and his willingness to dole out treasure—conceivably overlap with Christian values, he ultimately lives for the preservation of earthly glory after death, not for entrance into heaven. Though his death in the encounter with the dragon clearly proves his mortality (and perhaps moral fallibility), the poem itself stands as a testament to the raw greatness of his life, ensuring his ascension into the secular heaven of warrior legend.1. What is the theme of Beowulf?1、Beowulf, which centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, is mainly about his three major adventures. It reflects a life of fights and feasting（盛宴）, of ceremony, of brilliant gold and sudden darkness. Here is a world of sacred obligations, feud（世仇，宿怨）and vengeance（报仇，复仇）with heroic figures who are proud of their birth and their physical strength.But beyond this, the forces of fate seem to control man’s destiny（命运，宿命）with mysterious omnipotence（万能，全能）, while evil itself is both primordial（原始的，最初的，根本的）and powerful. However, thematically （主题地）the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage（从事，进行）heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling（混合）of nature myths and heroic legends. For those interested in symbols, the simplest interpretation of the myths in the poem is to regard Beowulf’s successive fights against the three monsters as the overcoming of the hostile forces of nature byman’s indomitable（不屈不挠的）will and perseverance（毅力）.For example, the battle between Beowulf and Dragon symbolically represents that phase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God, here embodied by Beowulf, fights his last battle against the Winter Dragon in order to rescue the treasures of earth, that is, the golden corn（谷物）and ruddy（红色的，健康的）fruits. Having given them back to men, Beowulf himself dies of the Winner’s breath.2. What is the heroic ideal of Beowulf?2、Beowulf is essentially an aristocratic（贵族似的）poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship（王权，王位）in North Europe. The social patterns ascribed in he poem are feudal （封建的）, highly violent. Battle is a way of life. Strength and courage are basic verdures（朝气，活力）for both kings and his warriors. The hero-king strove to do better than any one else the things that are vitally important to happy life of his people.The king should protect his people and show gentleness（宽仁）and generosity（慷慨）to his warriors. And in return ,his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying （崇仰）his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.3. What is the structure of Beowulf?3、According to the contents of the story, the poem can be divided into three parts：Part I：the fight against GrendelPart II：the fight against Grendel’s motherPart III：the fight against the DragonBeowulf is an oral poem and for centuries the bards古塞尔特族的游唱诗人）sing it to the people.As it is quite long, the bard could only sing a part of the story each night. Usually he would sing one adventure on the fist night about the battle with Grendel. Then on the second night, he would continue and sing about Beowulf’s fight against Grendel’s mother. However, there might be some new listeners.So before he came to the second adventure, he would give a short summary about what he sang the night before. And on the third night, he would give a longer summary about what happened on the first two nights. There is also a prelude（序曲，前言）to invent（虚构）an allusion（引述，典故）to the real story and to serve as a contrast or comparison to the main story. The poem begins with the funeral of a king and rounds up with that of another.4. Can you give a description of style in Beowulf?4、“Beowulf” towers above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s hero written in true epic style, and not so much because the other extant（现存的）writings of the period are mediocre（低劣的，无价值的) or fragmentary（碎片的，不完全的）.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess（英勇）but he is forever eager to help others in distress（危险）and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people. Setting aside the supernatural超自然的，神奇的）elements pervading（遍布）the poem as an inevitable limitation of the tribal-feudal age, “Beowulf” deserves to be rank among the great heroic poems of Europe.In artistic from the epic tells the tale in a leisurely way, full of elaborations（精密）in legendary details, and the verse（诗，韵文）rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur（庄严，雄伟）, particularly in the descriptions of the hero’s nobility（崇高）of character and in the narrations of his courageous battling with malevolent（心怀不轨的）foes（敌人）.5. Can you say something about artistic features of old English poetry?5、Anglo-Saxon or Old English, in which “Beowulf” was written, represents the earliest stage in the history of the English language and is very different from modern English. It appears almost like another language altogether and cannot be understood today by English-speaking peoples unless one consults notes and glossary（专用词辞典）in detail or reads its translation in modern English.It was closely related to Old Low German and therefore it is highly-inflected（变字形，以字尾变化改变）like other Germanic languages. “Beowulf” was written in alliterative（头韵法的）verse, employing the device of alliteration instead of the use of rhymes（押韵诗）or blank verse that was common to the English poems beginning from the Middle English period.In the practice of alliteration, words beginning with the same consonants（辅音）alliterate with each other within each line, or a word beginning with a vowel（元音）alliterates with anotherword beginning with the same or another vowel. Each line of verse may contain an indefinite（不确定的）number of words or syllables（音节）but generally has four stresses, with pause between the second and the third stresses, thus breaking the line into two parts.Alliteration invariably（经常）falls upon the stressed syllables, but not all four of the stresses in a line need to alliterate, usually two or three of them alliterate, with at least one from each half-line. The first three lines of the original poem are given here as specimen.•Hwaet! We Gar-Dena (in gear-dagum•peod-cyninga prym gefranon,•hupa aeb lingas ellen fremedon.•(Lo! We Spear-Danes in days long past•Of warrior kings’ glory have heard,•How the princes wrought deeds of prowess.)One peculiar characteristic of style in “Beowulf” is the frequent use of compound-words to serve as indirect(间接的)metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque（逼真的，生动的）. These are known as “kennings（隐喻语）”, such as: “swan-road”, ”whale-path” or “seal（海豹）-bath” used to refer to the sea; “wave-traveler” to indicate a ship ; “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or “spear（矛，梭镖）-fighter” as substitute for the word “soldier”; “sword-clashing（撞击）” or “edge（刀刃）-clash” to describe battings or fights; “ring-mail”, “limbs（肢，手足）-ark” or “breast-net” as equivalent to amour（恋爱，性爱）.What is Beowulf?Beowulf is an English epic. The author of this story in not known. In it, the main character Beowulf, battles and slays the villains. He is later killed.Who was Beowulf?Beowulf was a hero of the Geats, and he had battles with three different antagonists. The poem was played out in Denmark and Sweden, and Beowulf is killed in the end.This article is about the epic poem. For the character, see Beowulf (hero). For other uses, see Beowulf (disambiguation).Beowulf in Old English is the conventional title[note 1]of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.It survives in a single manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. Its composition by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet[note 2] is dated between the 8th[1][2] and the early 11th century.[3] In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton. The poem fell into obscurity for decades, and its existence did not become widely known again until it was printed in 1815 in an edition prepared by the Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin.[4]In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats in Scandinavia, comes to the help of Hroðgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall(Heorot) has been under attack by a being known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland in Sweden and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is fatally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants bury him in a tumulus in Geatland.StoryThe main protagonist, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands and Grendel's mother with a sword, which giants once used, that Beowulf found in Grendel's mother's lair.Later in his life, Beowulf is himself king of the Geats, and finds his realm terrorised by a dragon whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound. He attacks the dragon with the help of his thegns or servants, but they do not succeed. Beowulf decides to follow the dragon into its lair, at Earnanæs, but only his young Swedish relative Wiglaf dares join him. Beowulf finally slays the dragon, but is mortally wounded. He is buried in a tumulus or burial mound, by the sea.Beowulf is considered an epic poem in that the main character is a hero who travels great distances to prove his strength at impossible odds against supernatural demons and beasts. The poem also begins in medias res ("into the middle of affairs") or simply, "in the middle", which is a characteristic of the epics of antiquity. Although the poem begins with Beowulf's arrival, Grendel's attacks have been an ongoing event. Anelaborate history of characters and their lineages are spoken of, as well as their interactions with each other, debts owed and repaid, and deeds of valour.Structured by battlesJane Chance (Professor of English, Rice University) in her 1980 article "The Structural Unity of Beowulf: The Problem of Grendel's Mother" argued that there are two standard interpretations of the poem: one view which suggests a two-part structure (i.e., the poem is divided between Beowulf's battles with Grendel and with the dragon) and the other, a three-part structure (this interpretation argues that Beowulf's battle with Grendel's mother is structurally separate from his battle with Grendel).[5] Chance stated that, "this view of the structure as two-part has generally prevailed since its inception in J.R.R. Tolkien's Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics in Proceedings of the British Academy 22 (1936)."[5] In contrast, she argued that the three-part structure has become "increasingly popular."[5]First battle: GrendelBeowulf begins with the story of King Hroðgar, who built the great hall Heorot for his people. In it he, his wife Wealhþeow, and his warriors spend their time singing and celebrating, until Grendel, a troll-like monster who is pained by the singing, attacks the hall and kills and devours many of Hroðgar's warriors while they sleep. But Grendel does not touch the throne of Hroðgar, for it is described as protected by a powerful god. Hroðgar and his people, helpless against Grendel's attacks, abandon Heorot.Beowulf, a young warrior from Geatland, hears of Hroðgar's troubles and with his king's permission leaves his homeland to help Hroðgar.Beowulf and his men spend the night in Heorot. Beowulf bears no weapon as Grendel is immune to human weapons, and because this would be an "unfair advantage" over the unarmed beast. After they fall asleep, Grendel enters the hall and attacks, devouring one of Beowulf's men. Beowulf has been feigning sleep and leaps up to clench Grendel's hand. The two battle until it seems as though the hall might collapse. Beowulf's retainers draw their swords and rush to his aid, but their blades can not pierce Grendel's skin.Finally, Beowulf tears Grendel's arm from his body at the shoulder and Grendel runs to his home in the marshes to die.Second battle: Grendel's motherThe next night, after celebrating Grendel's death, Hroðgar and his men sleep in Heorot. Grendel's mother, angered by the death of her son, appears and attacks the hall. She kills Hroðgar's most trusted warrior, Æschere, in revenge for Grendel's death.Hroðgar, Beowulf, and their men track Grendel's mother to her lair under a lake. Beowulf prepares himself for battle; he is presented with a sword, Hrunting, by Unferth, a warrior who had doubted him and wishes to make amends. After stipulating a number of conditions to Hroðgar in case of his death (including the taking in of his kinsmen and the inheritance by Unferth of Beowulf's estate), Beowulf dives into the lake. He is swiftly detected and attacked by Grendel's mother. However, she is unable to harm Beowulf through his armour and drags him to the bottom of the lake. In a cavern containing Grendel's body and the remains of men that the two have killed, Grendel's mother and Beowulf engage in fierce combat.At first, Grendel's mother appears to prevail. Beowulf, finding that Hrunting cannot harm his foe, discards it in fury. Beowulf is again saved from his opponent's attack by his armour and Beowulf beheads her with a sword of the giants from Grendel's mother's armoury. (This sword is a very special sword. Once Beowulf returns to the surface the sword melts like ice and only the hilt is left. Beowulf then presents the hilt of the blade to Hroðgar.) [6]Travelling further into the lair, Beowulf discovers Grendel's corpse and severs its head. Beowulf then returns to the surface and to his men at the "ninth hour" (l. 1600, "nōn", about 3pm).[7]He returns to Heorot, where Hroðgar give s Beowulf many gifts, including the sword Nægling, his family's heirloom.Third battle: The dragonBeowulf returns home and eventually becomes king of his own people. One day, fifty years after Beowulf's battle with Grendel's mother, a slave steals a golden cup from the lair of an unnamed dragon at Earnaness. When the dragon sees that the cup has been stolen, it leaves its cave in a rage,burning everything in sight. Beowulf and his warriors come to fight the dragon, but Beowulf tells his men that he will fight the dragon alone and that they should wait on the barrow. Beowulf descends to do battle with the dragon but finds himself outmatched. His men, upon seeing this display and fearing for their lives, creep back into the woods. One of his men, however, Wiglaf, who finds great distress in seeing Beowulf's plight, comes to Beowulf's aid. The two slay the dragon, but Beowulf is mortally wounded.Beowulf is buried in Geatland on a cliff overlooking the sea, where sailors are able to see his tumulus. The dragon's treasure is buried with him, in accordance with Beowulf's wishes, rather than distributed to his people, and there is a curse associated with the hoard to insure that Beowulf's wish is kept.Structured by funeralsIt is widely accepted that there are three funerals in Beowulf.[8] The funerals are also paired with the three battles described above.[8] The three funerals share similarities regarding the offerings for the dead and the change in theme through the description of each funeral. Gale Owen-Crocker (Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Manchester) in The Four Funerals in Beowulf(2000) argues that a passage in the poem, commonly known as “The Lay of the Last Survivor” (lines 2247–66), is an additional funeral.[8]The funerals are themselves involved in the ritual of hoarding: the deposition of sacrificial objects with both religious and socio-economic functions.[9][edit] First Funeral: Scyld Scefing (lines 1–52)The first funeral in the poem is of Scyld Scefing (translated in some versions as "Shield Shiefson") the king of the Danes.[10]The first section of the poem, (the first fitt), helps the poet illustrate the settings of the poem by introducing Hrothgar’s lineage. The funeral leads to the introduction of the hero, Beowulf and his confrontation with the first monster, Grendel. This passage begins b y describing Scyld’s glory as a “scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches.”[10]Scyld’s glory and importance is shown by the prestigious death he obtains through his service as the king of the Danes.[8] His importance is proven once more by the grand funeral given to him by his people: his funeral at sea with many weapons and treasures shows he was a great soldier and an even greaterleader to his people.[8] The poet introduces the concepts of a heroic society through Scyld. The possessions buried with the king are elaborately described to emphasise the importance of such items.[8] The importance of these earthly possessions are then used to establish this dead king’s greatness in respect to the treasure.[8]Scyld’s funeral helps the poet to elaborate on the glory of battle in a heroic society and how earthly possessions help define a person‘s importance. This funeral also helps the poet to develop the plot to lead into the confrontation between the protagonist, Beowulf, and the main antagonist, Grendel.[edit] Second Funeral: Hildeburg’s kin (lines 1107–24)The second funeral in the poem is that of Hildeburg’s kin and is the second fitt of this poem.[10] The funeral is sung about in Heorot as part of a lay during the feasting to mark Beowulf's victory over Grendel. The death of Hildeburg’s brother Hnæf, son(s) and, later, her husband Finn the Frisian king are sung about as the result of fighting in Frisia between the visiting Danish chieftain Hnæf and his retainers (including one Hengest) and Finn's followers. The funeral mirrors the use of funeral offerings for the dead with extravagant possessions in Scyld's funeral.[10] Hildeburg’s relatives are buried with their armour and gold to signify their importance.[8]However, the relatives’ funeral differs from the first as it was a cremation ceremony. Furthermore, the poet focuses on the strong emotions of those who died while in battle.[10]The gory details of “heads melt[ing], gashes [springing] open...and the blood [springing] out from the body’s wounds”[10] describes war as a horrifying event instead of one of glory.[8] Although the poet maintains the theme of possessions as important even in death, the glory of battle is challenged by the vicious nature of war. The second funeral displays different concepts from the first and a change of direction in the plot that leads to Beowulf's fight against Grendel's Mother.[edit] Controversial Funeral: Lay of the Last Survivor (lines 2247–66)"The Lay of the Last Survivor" is arguably an addition to the other three funerals in Beowulf because of the striking similarities that define the importance of the other burials.[8] The parallels that identify this passage with the other three funerals are the similar burial customs, changes in setting and plot, and changes of theme. The lament appears to be a funeral because of the Last Su rvivor’s description of burialofferings that are also found in the funerals of Scyld Scefing, Hildeburg’s kin, and Beowulf.[8] The Last Survivor describes the many treasures left for the dead such as the weapons, armour and golden cups[10] that have strong parallels to Scyld’s “well furbished shi p...,bladed weapons and coats of mail,”[10]Hildeburg’s Kin’s “blood-plastered coats of mail [and] boar-shaped helmets”[10] and Beowulf's treasure from the dragon.[10]An additional argument towards viewing this passage as a funeral lies in the statement, “tumbling hawk [and] swift horse”[10]mentioned in the poem. This is an animal offering which was a burial custom during the era in which the poem takes place.[8] Moreover this passage, like the other funerals, signifies changes in setting and plot.[8]One can also argue that it is the 3rd part to the poem since it describes the settings during the time lapse for the final battle between Beowulf and the Dragon. The poet also describes death in battle as horrifying, a concept continued from the second part of the poem, through the Last Survivor’s eyes.。
beowulf读后感
beowulf读后感
《贝奥武甫》是一部以英雄传说为题材的史诗，讲述了贝奥武甫在与怪物格rendel和其母亲的战斗中所展现的英雄气概和勇气。
在读完这部史诗后，我深受感动，对贝奥武甫这位英雄也有了更深的认识。
贝奥武甫是一位具有非凡勇气和智慧的英雄，在面对怪物的时候，他展现出了无畏的勇气和坚定的决心。
他不畏艰险，勇敢地面对着怪物，最终成功地战胜了他们，保卫了人民的安全。
这种英雄气概让我深受鼓舞，也让我对贝奥武甫充满了敬佩之情。
另外，贝奥武甫的忠诚和正直也给我留下了深刻的印象。
在史诗中，贝奥武甫展现出了对国王的忠诚和对朋友的真诚，他始终坚守着自己的信仰和原则，不为外界的诱惑所动摇。
这种品质让我深感敬佩，也让我对贝奥武甫产生了深厚的情感。
另外，史诗中还有很多关于勇士之间的战斗和友情的描写，这些情节让我深受感动。
在贝奥武甫与怪物的斗争中，他得到了同伴的支持和帮助，这种友情让我感受到了人与人之间的真诚和温暖。
这些情节让我对史诗中的人物产生了更加深刻的认识，也让我对史
诗的情节产生了更深的共鸣。
总的来说，读完《贝奥武甫》让我深受感动，对史诗中的人物和情节也有了更深的认识。
贝奥武甫这位英雄的勇气、忠诚和友情都让我深感敬佩，也让我对这部史诗产生了深厚的情感。
希望能够通过这篇读后感，与更多的人分享对《贝奥武甫》的感悟和体会。
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beowulf
《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），一译贝奥武甫，1992年出版的文学作品，讲述了斯堪的纳维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹。
是英国盎格鲁—撒克逊时期最古老、最长的一部较完整的文学作品，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗，完成于公元八世纪左右，它与法国的《罗兰之歌》、德国的《尼伯龙根之歌》并称为欧洲文学的三大英雄史诗。
作为现存的古代英国文学作品之一，《贝奥武夫》篇章完整，流传很广，是研究英国文学、文化的人必然要了解的史诗，堪称英文经典文学和世界文学的典范之作。
《贝奥武夫》从人物家谱开始介绍了主人翁的背景，然后讲述霍格国王在豪华的宫殿里歌舞升平的生活，随后引入了格兰戴和贝奥武夫之类角色。
由此，全诗描述的重点转向了英雄和妖怪之间的搏斗，透露着浓烈的处在部落制晚期的盎格鲁—撒克逊民族的生活气息。
在《贝奥武夫》的时代，盎格鲁—撒克逊部落征服了古英国本土的凯尔特人，建立起了新的统治体系。
虽然赋予霍格国王丹麦王的身份，《贝奥武夫》体现的却是英国文化历史发展的轨迹，传递的是极具英国特色的文化讯息。
征服了重重困难最终在英国土地上定居，盎格鲁—撒克逊民族在享受胜利果实的同时，势必会对曾经的经历以及新的环境和生活做思索。
当时的自然条件和科学能力并不允许他们正确的解释广袤宇宙、浩瀚海洋、幽远森林里的神秘现象，这会让他们充满无限的想象。
人们会认为宇宙的神秘源于另一个世界的统治和安排。
那么，出现格兰
戴母子那样掌控着沼泽的妖怪或者喷火的龙那样守护着山洞里面财
宝的角色也就不奇怪了。
作为地球的主宰，人会期待掌控一切的权利，既然有了那么多的神怪，人们就会呼唤像贝奥武夫一样的英雄。
德国著名剧作家莱辛说：“一个有才能的作家，不管他选择哪种形式，只要不单单是为了炫耀自己的机智、学识而写作，他总是着眼于他的时代，着眼于他国家的最光辉、最优秀的人，并且着力描写为他们所喜欢、为他们所感动的事物。
”《贝奥武夫》不是某个作家的作品，但是，它是盎格鲁—撒克逊时期人们集体智慧的结晶，代表的是那个时代的人们的喜好和愿望，具有鲜明的时代性，是记录古英国人文风情的优秀画卷。