Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理
汉英翻译中的句子结构处理

汉英翻译中的句子结构处理:翻译一个具体句子时,首先必须解决句子结构的问题.在很多情况下,将汉语原文的句子结构不加改变或稍加改变就移植到英译文中去,是完全可能的;但在不少的情况下,则必须改变原文的句子结构。
例如原文的句子很长或由于其他原因,译成英语时就须把它拆开,译成几个句子.如原文是两个或两个以上的句子,但其间的逻辑关系非常紧密,或由于英语本身的原因,又须将它们译为一句。
此外,如为了句子的连贯,为了强调或不强调句子的某一部分;为了传达原文句子的语气,或是由于汉语句子比较特殊(如汉语多无主语句),或是由于英语本身的特点(如被动结构较多)等等,我们都必须改变原文的结构。
改变原文句子结构的方法很多,现将常用的几种列举如下。
一、拆句将原文中的一个句子拆开,译成两个或两个以上的句子,称为拆句翻译法。
1、时候既然是深冬,渐近故乡时,天气又阴晦了,冷风吹进般舱中,呜呜的响。
(鲁迅《故乡》)It was late winter。
As we drew near my former home the day became overcast and a cold wind blew into the cabin of our boat.2、中国两国是近邻,只隔一衣带水,我们两国的关系已有一千多年的历史。
China and Japan are close neighbours separated by just a strip of water 。
The relations between our two countries have a history of more than 1,000 years。
3、健全自己的身体,保持合理的规律生活,这是自我修养的物质基础。
(周恩来《我的修养原则》)Keep fit,lead a reasonable and regular life。
This is the material basis for personal training。
Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理

Lecture 10
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汉译英中谓语的处理
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 8、这时寂静无声。 • silent / silence • 参考译文:It is very quiet at the moment. • 9、屋里有一位客人。 • 参考译文:There is a guest in the room.
• 2、这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。 • There will build more apartment buildings. • Many more apartment buildings will be constructed here. • 参考译文:More apartment buildings will be built here.
Lecture 10
汉译英中谓语的处理
• ―You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but others who have changed. People’s moods change everyday.‖
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 11、只有慎之又慎,才能避免犯不必要的 错误。 • The more cautions you pay, the less mistakes you will make. • Only if we being very careful, can we get rid of some errors. • 参考译文:Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.
汉英翻译第八讲谓语动词的处理

汉英翻译第8讲调整谓语(动词)——美感再造开讲引言1看门人惊呆了,喘着气,摇摇晃晃地走下楼梯。
Translation:(1)The janitor was so surprised that he turned to be foolish, gasped and went down the stairway unsteadily.(2)The janitor staggers down the stairway, stunned and gasping2他到了家,发现父亲已经走了He arrived the home, only to find thathis father has gone.(only to do表意想不到的结果)3他坐在沙发上听音乐He sat on the sofa, listening to music (伴随状语)4这个穷人去世了,没有给他儿子留下任何东西The poor man died, not having left anything for his son动名词)1)阿德莱德(Adelaide)属地中海型气候。
Adelaide enjoys aMediterranean climate.2)九寨沟风光,却又是另一番景象了。
Jiuzhaigou presents another view. 3)南京有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。
Nanjing haswitnessed the continuous emergenceof many distinguished talents andnoble hearts as well as monumentalachievements.4)这面铜镜与普通铜镜一样,背面有图案,还有铭文。
Like ordinarybronze mirrors it bears patternsand inscriptions on the back.5)寺前有一溶洞,寺后有一石碑。
张道真英语语法(第三版)(精华版)课件lecture 10非谓语动词补充知识点

三、分词
(一)固定用法
有的分词在句子中并没有逻辑主语,而是一种习惯 表达,如:
• Judging from his face, he must be ill.
• Generally speaking, boys are more interested in football games than girls.
• I have a lot of clothes to be washed. 我有很多衣服要洗(找别人洗)。
• Do you have anything to take to your parents? 你有东西要带给你父母吗?(自己带)
• Do you have anything to be taken to your parents? 你有东西要带给你父母吗?(别人带)
We have no choice but to turn back.
We could do nothing but obey the order. 但固定用法can't help but do sth.=have to do
不得不做,只能做 4.Why not...后面的动词不定式符号to省略。 5.情态动词(除ought外, ought to do) 6. would rather, had better
3. 不定式做状语
(1)放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
• wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
• right:To save money, he has tried every means.
(2)表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之 外): 常放在 only后
汉英翻译中的句子结构处理

汉英翻译中的句子结构处理在汉英翻译中,处理句子结构是非常重要的。
以下是一些处理汉英句子结构的方法:1.识别主谓宾结构:在汉语中,主谓宾结构很常见。
翻译时,要确保将主语、谓语和宾语正确地对应到英语中。
例如:汉语句子:他喜欢吃苹果。
英语句子:He likes to eat apples.2.处理被动语态:汉语中的被动语态使用较多,而英语中的被动语态用法不同。
在翻译中,需要将汉语的被动结构转换为英语中的主动结构。
例如:汉语句子:这个故事被他讲了。
英语句子:He told this story.3.转换状语位置:在汉语中,状语通常放在句子的后面,而英语中的状语位置可能不同。
在翻译时,需要根据英语语法习惯将状语移动到正确的位置。
例如:汉语句子:他每天晚上都去图书馆学习。
英语句子:He goes to the library to study every night.4.解决并列结构:汉语中经常使用并列结构,可以通过连接词或标点符号来连接两个或多个并列的句子或短语。
在翻译时,需要正确处理并列结构,并使用适当的连接词或标点符号。
例如:汉语句子:我喜欢读书,他喜欢看电影。
英语句子:I like reading, and he likes watching movies.5.考虑语序:汉语和英语的语序有所不同。
在翻译时,需要调整语序以符合英语的习惯。
例如:汉语句子:他昨天去了商店。
英语句子:He went to the store yesterday.总之,在汉英翻译中,处理句子结构是一个关键步骤,需要根据语法规则和语言习惯来进行相应的转换和调整。
翻译-lecture汉译英常用技巧-汉语动态助词的英译.

Southwest University
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“了”的英译
School of Foreign Languages
1. 动态助词“了”的基本含义是表示动作或状态的完成和进行。英 译时多用过去式、完成时、进行时或完成进行时,少数时候也可 用一般现在时和将来时。如: 晚霞映红了半边天。 Half the sky glowed as the sun went down. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。 I had only been reading for a few minutes when he suddenly came in. 2. 可根据上下文语义,把 “了”字所表示的动作译为独立主格结构 或是宾语补足语中的分词短语或动词不定式。如: 老太太顿了一下,轻轻吁了口气,眼圈有点儿红了。 The old lady paused and sighed slightly, her eyes reddening at the edges. 大家忙上原车拿了行李,抢上第二辆车。 Everybody quickly boarded the bus to get his hand luggage, and then scrambled onto the second bus. 2017/10/18 7 Southwest University
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Southwest University
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School of Foreign Languages
2. 表示状态的持续。可用在 “坐” 、 “站”、 “放”、 “躺 ”等表示状态的动词或如“开” 等短暂性动词后面,表示持 续的状态。汉译英时常把这种句子译为一般现在时或是一般 过去时。如: 门开着呢。 The door is open. 他闭着眼装睡。 He closed his eyes, pretending to be asleep. 书桌上放着许多书。 There are many books on the desk. 他在那儿默默的站着,静静地想着心事。 He stood there silently, lost in mind. 他在床上直挺挺的躺着,像个死尸一样。 He lay stiff on the bed, like a corpse.
Lecture 6 句法翻译1

2011-5-4
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English College
Try to translate the following sentences: 今天食堂吃饺子。
叉子吃不好吃筷子吧。
吃食堂味道不好。
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到底 “谁” 吃“谁”?! 这种紊乱的施事(Agent Agent)与受事(Object Object)关系在 Agent Object 英语中简直是离经叛道,却在汉语里显得那么自然。 (今天食堂有 Jiaozi are served in the canteen today. ( 饺子吃) ) Eat with chopsticks if you can’t (do it well) with a fork. ( (用叉子吃不好就用筷子吃吧) ) The food served in the canteen doesn’t taste (在食堂吃的饭菜味道不好) good. ( ) 英语上述各句中的“吃”都隐含有逻辑主语(即施事 者)“人”,而原文句中的主语功能都变成了施事的 方式或场所。 2011-5-4 6 English College
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2).问遍千家成行家。 Learn from numerous advisers , and you will become a master.
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English College
2.汉语的散点思维 2. 他有个女儿,在北京工作,已经打电话去了,听说明天就能回来。 , , , Version A :His daughter works in Beijing has been called, His and she would come back tomorrow. B:He Version B He has a daughter, working in Peking, who we have given a call and we hear of that she will come back tomorrow. 汉语句子变换了主语,并将其省略。补出主语后句子是这样的: 他有个女儿,(她)在北京工作,(有人)已经打电话去了,( 人们)听说(她)明天就能回来。 可以看出两例的译文基本没有摆脱原文形式的束缚,主语选择不 符合英语表达习惯。 It is heard of that his daughter who works in Beijing will come back tomorrow. 2011-5-4 16 English College
翻译理论与实践[汉译英]4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题1
![翻译理论与实践[汉译英]4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题1](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7e4e375aa45177232f60a29d.png)
汉语隐性谓语的翻译
B. 名词性谓语 (nominal predicate )的翻译 例:今天星期五。 Today is Friday.
汉语隐性谓语的翻译
C. 数量词隐性谓语的翻译 例:她的未婚夫都60了。 Her fiancéis already 60 years old.
I 英汉语谓语的差异
?主语谓语系动词表语?主语谓语不及物动词?主语谓语及物动词宾语?主语谓语宾语宾语补足语?主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语在将句子译成英语时若主要成分的顺序一致则可套用对应的英语句型所选择的谓语也大致可以与原文对应
4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题
*汉语谓语(predicate)相对呈隐性,在表达 上具有多样性:谓语动词可省略;同时形容 词、名词、数量词可兼任谓语的功能。
巨,困难不少,但潜力很大,前景广阔。
Truly speaking, China has had great difficulty in solving her problem with food provision. But she also has great potential and prospects for having her people well fed.
连动式谓语的翻译
[例3] 她哼着曲子走进卧室去。 [译文] Humming a tune she went into the
bedroom.
兼语式 (pivotal construction) 的翻译
虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
The held several meetings to consider counter-measures.
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Lecture 10 汉译英中谓语的处理一.汉英语言谓语的差异1.英语谓语的基本特征1)英语谓语必须以动词为基础和核心,除了动词,任何其它次类都不能取代谓语动词这个主体成分。
2)英语谓语动词和主语必须一致认,即concord(或agreement,指动词的形式和主语的人称和数必须一致)。
构成英语主谓一致这一规范的原则包括:A.语法原则(Grammatical Principle)例:Trousers often bag at the knees.裤子常在膝盖处松垂得像个袋子。
B.逻辑原则(Logical Principle)例:Half the boys are here.(可数)Half the vehicle has been damaged.(不可数)C.靠近原则(Principle of Proximity)谓语动词的人称和数可以与最靠近它的词语取得一致。
例:Not only the students but the teacher objects to the plan.例:Either my children or I am going.D.惯用法原则(Principle of Idiomaticness)例:There is more than one opinion in this case.例:Five times eight is forty.例:Only one out of five were present.2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强所谓“独立性”,指谓语可以不受主语人称与数的支配,保持形态上的“原形”。
所谓“自足性”,指汉语的谓语不必非与主语搭配,不论有没有主语,谓语本身的句法功能自能显现。
就以上两点而言,汉语谓语远强于英语。
3.汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样汉语谓语不必是动词性的,很多词类都可以充当谓语。
汉语中可以构成谓语的词统称谓词,分为三大类:动词性谓词形容词性谓词代词性谓词例:诚招天下客。
(招:动词)Honesty wins over wider patronage. (patronage: customers’support for a shop, restaurant, etc.)例:这种行为很不道德。
(不道德:形容词)This conduct is immoral.例:你们厂里情况怎么样?(怎么样:不定代词)What do you think of your factory?例:七月二十二日她生日。
(她生日:名词词组)July 22 is her birthday.例:老秤一斤十六两。
(十六两:数量词组)Sixteen “liang”makes one “jin”by the old system of weights.例:那个侦探足智多谋。
(足智多谋:联合词组)The detective is very resourceful.例:河畔草青青。
(青青:修饰语)The grass is green by the riverside.二.汉译英中谓语转换的对策1.对应汉译英中谓语对应式翻译的情况并不少见,在公文、经贸、科技文体中尤其如此。
其得以实现的依据是人类感知的共性,这种共性使思维——语言形式获得了同构。
例:中华文明历来注重以民为本。
The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to the people.例:耶鲁大学是中美教育合作的先行者。
Yale is a forerunner in Sino-US educational exchanges.2.调整例:令行禁止Orders and prohibitions are made to be enforced.(语态调整)例:包袱放不下,工作就搞不好。
The load must be taken off your mind before you can work well.(语态调整)例:红脸好唱,白脸不好唱。
Positive characters are easy to be performed while the negatives ones difficult.例:纪律松懈The discipline is weak.(词类调整)例:银根奇紧Money is getting tighter and tighter. (词类调整)3.补充汉语缺乏形态标定,句子可以非常简约(或缺主,或缺谓,或主谓皆缺)。
这就迫使我们添词补义,从汉语原文中引出主谓来。
例:“说我?那当然,过去够意思。
可以把人逗得如痴如醉。
如今,变了,不是我,是人。
喜怒哀乐天天变。
”(“你说的是我吗?那当然,我过去是够意思的。
我可以把人逗得如痴如醉。
如今,情况变了。
不是我变,而是人变了:人们的喜怒哀乐天天在变。
”)“You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but otherswho have changed. People’s moods change everyday.”三.汉译英中谓语的处理由于缺乏形态标记,汉语动词在句子中占明显优势。
许多汉语句子中包括多个谓语动词。
而英语动词由于所受约束多,在句子中不占优势。
除少数并列句外,大多数英语句子只包含一个谓语动词,其他动态语义由动词的分词、不定式等非谓语形式表达,或由其他词类替代。
1.汉语连动谓语句的翻译连动谓语指在同一主语下,谓语部分由两个或两个以上的动词构成。
这两个或多个谓语可以表现出并列、从属或链接等关系。
在翻译汉语的连动谓语句时,首先要判断原句谓语动词结构关系,并选择响应的英语连接词、不定式、分词、介词短语、副词等词汇或语法手段进行英译。
A.并列式连动句英译比较简单,一般情况下,两个或多个谓语动词按时间顺序先后出现,译成英语时只需加上并列连接词and,or,then等;或者采用融合的方法,力求动态对应。
例:看一步,走一步wait and see例:大吃大喝eat and drink to one’s heart’s content例:刷牙洗脸上床睡觉brush one’s teeth, wash oneself and go to bed例:丢人现眼(融合)make a fool of oneself例:动手动脚(融合)get fresh with somebody例:他每天都是会客赴宴。
He receives visitors and attends dinner parties as a routine.但对于那些看似并列的谓语形式要多加小心,按时间顺序并列出现的汉语谓语动词在英译时只需一个谓语动词,其他动词以分词或不定式的形式表达。
例:他们设法吸引大家,留住他们,使他们充分发挥才能。
They seek to attract, retain and develop other people to their full abilities.例:我批上衬衫,带上门,悄悄离开了。
Putting on my shirt, I left the room quietly, leaving the door closed.例:我站在他旁边,手指放在按钮上,等候命令。
I stood by him, my finger on the button, waiting for the order.例:总裁一读报告,就铁青着脸,带着我急冲冲地朝工厂赶去。
On seeing the report, the president became livid with rage and hurried to the workshop accompanied by me.课堂练习:1.他特别喜欢吃面条,一天三顿也不厌。
He loved noodles and was never tired of them.B.从属式连动句汉语连动谓语句动词之间可以存在多种逻辑关系,如条件、目的、方式、对象等。
这些关系很难从动词形式上判断,其逻辑关系取决于语义判断。
例:你做完作业就回家吧。
(条件关系)You may go home as soon as you finish your homework.例:他每天早上都开窗换气。
(目的关系)He opens the window to let in the fresh air every morning.例:被警察用枪指着,劫匪只有举手投降了。
(方式关系)Being aimed at by the police, the robber had to put up his hands to surrender.例:你找我干什么?(对象关系)What do you ask me for?课堂练习:1.我知道多少就告诉你多少。
I will tell you as much as I know.2.我今天早起赶头班车。
I got up early today to catch the first bus.3.她从来不用筷子吃饭。
She never uses chopsticks when dining.4 她的丈夫是某酒店的点心师,每天清晨4点便起床上班。
(pastry cook)Her husband was a pastry cook working for a hotel. Every morning he had to get up at four o’clock to go to work.C.链接式连动句这是较为复杂的谓语连动形式。
它是指同一主语按一定顺序或逻辑关系实施多个行为的结构。
此类机构结构英译的关键,仍然是确定一个或两个动词为谓语动词,其他部分用分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等结构表达。
例:她请假坐飞机回家探亲去了。
She has asked for a leave to go home by air to see her family.例:咱们哪天打电话约个时间见面谈谈好吗?Why don’t we fix an appointment over the phone to meet for a chat some time?例:每星期天一早,从七点开始,人们就起身上馆子,边喝茶,边吃早饭,边和朋友聊天。
On Sunday people in Guangzhou are up since 7 o’clock and are already chatting with friends while sipping tea and having breakfast in resturuants.课堂练习:1 我放下笔,三步两步奔到厨房。