Cardinal Vowels
语言学chapter 2 phonetics
To make a speech sound visible so that we can measure its components objectively we must then go into the domain of acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
3.1.2 Places of articulation
In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types:
bilabial
labiodental
j
4. Vowels (refer to Poole, 2000: 60)
4.1 cardinal vowels 基本元音(refer to Poole, 2000: 50-51)
British phonetician Daniel Jones first fixed the qualities of the two vowels which were produced with the tongue is as high and as far forward as possible in [i]. Another, represented by [a], is the sound produced when the tongue is as low as possible at the back. The other six vowels have been plotted down between these two extremes, the front vowels being plotted at equal acoustic distances as are the back vowels.
语言学 考研真题
语言学考研真题和答案第一章语言学Fill in the blanks1. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _______it is associated with. （人大2007研）meaning 语言有任意性，其所指与形式没有逻辑或内在联系2. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _______. （北二外2003研）displacement 移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点3. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _______ level are composed of elements of the __________ level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （北二外2006研）primary, secondary 双重性指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则4. The features that define our human languages can be called _______ features. （北二外2006）design人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
chapter 2 speech sounds
3 声腔
声腔包括口腔、鼻腔和咽腔三部分。 口腔可分为上下两个部分，上面部分包括上唇、上 齿、齿龈(alveolar ridge)、硬腭(hard palate)、软腭(soft palate/velum)和小舌 (uvula)。齿龈是上腭前段凸出的部分，硬腭是齿 龈之后口腔上壁坚硬的部分，软腭是硬腭后面的柔 软部分。软腭后面连接的是小舌，软腭与小舌可以 上下移动。口腔的下面部分包括下唇、下齿和舌头。 舌头是口腔里最重要、最灵活的器官，它可以分为 舌尖(tip)、舌叶(blade)、舌面三部分。舌尖位 于舌头的最前端，舌头自然平伸时，舌尖后面与齿 龈相对的部分叫舌叶。舌叶之后的部分叫舌面，又 可以分为前、中、后三部分。其中相对于硬腭的部 分是舌面前和舌面中，相对于软腭的部分是舌面后， 舌面后又可以叫舌根（root)。
physiological property physical features psychological property
Three ways of approaching phonetics:
Articulatory Phonetics (发音语音学): The study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学): The study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual / Auditory Phonetics (听觉语音学): is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Classification of Speech sounds
cardinal vowels名词解释
cardinal vowels名词解释Cardinal Vowels: A Noun ExplanationIntroductionIn the world of phonetics, the study of speech sounds, cardinal vowels serve as a fundamental concept. Cardinal vowels are a set of reference points that linguists use to describe and analyze vowel sounds across languages. This article aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of cardinal vowels, their significance, and their applications in the study of phonetics.What are Cardinal Vowels?Cardinal vowels are a set of specific vowel sounds that are considered the basic building blocks of all vowel sounds produced by humans. These vowels are specifically chosen and defined to cover the entire range of possible vowel sounds and are not necessarily found in any particular language. They are used as reference points to compare and describe vowel sounds across different languages and dialects.Origin and DevelopmentThe concept of cardinal vowels was first proposed by Daniel Jones, a prominent British phonetician, in the early 20th century. Jones believed that by identifying and describing a set of universal vowel sounds, researchers could establish a common ground for discussing and analyzing vowel systems in various languages. He conducted extensive research and experimentation to determine the precise articulation of each cardinal vowel.Description of Cardinal VowelsJones identified and classified the cardinal vowels based on their articulatory features. He based his classification on the position and movement of the tongue and the lips, each vowel being represented by a distinct symbol. The cardinal vowel chart, also known as the vowel quadrilateral, visually represents these vowels. The chart displays the positions of the tongue and the lips in relation to each other and includes symbols to represent each cardinal vowel sound.Significance of Cardinal Vowels1. Standardized Reference Points: Cardinal vowels provide a standardized system for describing and comparing vowel sounds across languages. Linguists and phoneticians use these reference points to study vowel systems in different languages, facilitating cross-linguistic comparisons and analysis.2. Articulation Training: Cardinal vowels serve as a valuable tool for language learners and speech therapists. By mastering the cardinal vowel sounds, learners can improve their overall pronunciation and speech intelligibility. Speech therapists may also use cardinal vowels as a reference during articulation therapy to address speech inconsistencies.3. Phonetic Transcription: Cardinal vowels play a crucial role in phonetic transcription. Phonetic symbols are used to represent each cardinal vowel, allowing linguists to accurately transcribe and analyze spoken language. This transcription system enables precise documentation and comparison of vowel sounds in different languages.Applications in Linguistics1. Comparative Phonetics: Cardinal vowels are used to compare vowel systems across different languages. By analyzing the similarities and differences in the articulation of vowel sounds, linguists can gain insights into language evolution, dialectal variations, and potential language contact.2. Phonological Analysis: By contrasting the phonemic inventories of different languages with the cardinal vowels, linguists can identify phonological patterns and constraints. This analysis helps understand the distribution and variation of vowel sounds within and across languages.ConclusionIn summary, cardinal vowels are universally recognized reference points used to describe and analyze vowel sounds in phonetics. They provide a standardized system for discussing vowel systems across languages and play a significant role in speech training, phonetic transcription, and linguistic analysis. By establishing a common framework, cardinal vowels contribute to our understanding of the rich diversity of human speech sounds.。
Vowels
a™
a
Front vowels
i y I Y e P E { œ a ” High front unrounded High front rounded Lowered high front unrounded Lowered high front rounded Higher mid front unrounded Higher mid front rounded Lower mid front unrounded Lower mid front rounded Raised low front unrounded Low front unrounded (IPA value of symbol) Low front rounded
Additional vowel symbols? • The cardinal vowel system does not include any central vowel prototypes - additional symbols (and auditory types) are required for these. • Separate phonetic symbols are also useful for some frequently encountered or ‘politically important’ vowel sounds that are different from cardinal qualities. • Each symbol represents vowels produced in a particular area of the ‘vowel space’.
Cardinal Vowels recorded by Jones in 1965 when he was 75.
Vowels 音标
• 上述八个元音称作主要定位元音（primary cardinal vowels），即用舌的前部但不圆唇的发音， 从高到低依次排列为[i]、[e]、[]和[a]；用舌的后 部产生的元音从低到高依次排列为[]、[]、[o]和 [u]，其中[]为非圆唇音，其余三个为圆唇音。这八 个元音可依次用1--8来表示。 • 在主要元音位置保持不变的基础上，如果改变舌的 形状，又能产生一个元音类的次要（secondary） 系列，即次要定位元音（secondary cardinal vowels）。其中，前元音由非圆唇变为圆唇，从高 到低分别生成[y]，[]，[]和[]；在后元音中， []是对应于5号基本元音[]的圆唇音，[]，[]和 []则分别对应于6，7，8号基本元音[]，[o]和[u]， 为非圆唇音。如图3–5所示：
• 从声音的共振作用看，共振腔或曲或直对共 振频率的影响不不大，成年男子的共振腔， 从声源处的声带开始，到声腔的终端双唇为 止，共约17厘米（成年女子略短一些）。 • 人们可以把这段距离比作一端封闭、一端开 放的管子，封闭的一端为声带，气流通过声 带时引发声带颤动，产生声带音，而后进入 这条管子，声带音在管子里发生共振，从管 子的开放一端释放出去，这样就形成了元音。 管子形状不同，起到的作用也不同，生成的 元音音质也就不同。图1是汉语普通话[]和 []的舌位图示：
Unit 3 Vowels
3.1 语音概述 3.2 国际音标 3.3 元音系统 3.4 英语元音 3.5 汉语元音
3.1 语音概述
• 话语成分总是构成于若干不断变化的最小音段 （segment）。根据发音动作的不同状态，人们把 这些最小的音段分为开放型和封闭型。开放型音段 指的是气流经过喉腔、咽腔、口腔和唇腔时，声腔 通道完全处于开放的状态，气流没有任何阻碍，能 够顺利通过。封闭型音段指的是声腔通道某一部分 封闭，气流受阻，不能畅通。在话语结构中，“开 放型音段和封闭型音段总是交替出现，形成音质各 不相同的、连续不断的最小音段”。 • 一般说来，开放型的最小音段称为元音，封闭型的 最小音段称为辅音。元音发音时响度较高，且音段 较长，总是处于音节的核心地位。与此相反，辅音 发音时音段一般较短，或虽能延长但响度较低，在 音节构成中总是处在从属的地位。
胡壮麟语言学修订版笔记(3)
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds2.1 Speech production and perceptionPhonetics is the study of speech sounds. It includes three main areas:1. Articulatory phonetics – the study of the production of speech sounds2. Acoustic phonetics –the study of the physical properties of the soundsproduced in speech3. Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech soundsMost phoneticians are interested in articulatory phonetics.2.2 Speech organsSpeech organs are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The speech organs can be considered as consisting of three parts: the initiator of the air stream, the producer of voice and the resonating cavities.2.3 Segments, divergences, and phonetic transcription2.3.1 Segments and divergencesAs there are more sounds in English than its letters, each letter must represent more than one sound.2.3.2 Phonetic transcriptionInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): the system of symbols for representing the pronunciation of words in any language according to theprinciples of the International Phonetic Association. The symbols consists ofletters and diacritics. Some letters are taken from the Roman alphabet, someare special symbols.2.4 Consonants2.4.1 Consonants and vowelsA consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract atsome places to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in theoral cavity.A vowel is produced without obstruction so no turbulence or a totalstopping of the air can be perceived.2.4.2 ConsonantsThe categories of consonant are established on the basis of several factors. The most important of these factors are:1. the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way inwhich the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract (mannerof articulation);2. where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or theobstruction of the air (place of articulation).2.4.3 Manners of articulation1. Stop/plosive: A speech sound which is produced by stopping the airstream from the lungs and then suddenly releasing it. In English,[] are stops and[] are nasal stops.2. Fricative: A speech sound which is produced by allowing the airstream from the lungs to escape with friction. This is caused bybringing the two articulators, e.g. the upper teeth and the lower lip,close together but not closes enough to stop the airstreamscompletely. In English,[] arefricatives.3. (Median) approximant: An articulation in which one articulator isclose to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to suchan extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. In English this classof sounds includes [].4. Lateral (approximant): A speech sound which is produced bypartially blocking the airstream from the lungs, usually by thetongue, but letting it escape at one or both sides of the blockage. []is the only lateral in English.Other consonantal articulations include trill, tap or flap, and affricate. 2.4.4 Places of articulation1. Bilabial: A speech sound which is made with the two lips.2. Labiodental: A speech sound which is made with the lower lip andthe upper front teeth.3. Dental: A speech sound which is made by the tongue tip or blade andthe upper front teeth.4. Alveolar: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip or bladeand the alveolar ridge.5. Postalveolar: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip andthe back of the alveolar ridge.6. Retroflex: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip orblade curled back so that the underside of the tongue tip or bladeforms a stricture with the back of the alveolar ridge or the hardpalate.7. Palatal: A speech sound which is made with the front of the tongueand the hard palate.8. Velar: A speech sound which is made with the back of the tongueand the soft palate.9. Uvular: A speech sound which is made with the back of the tongueand the uvula, the short projection of the soft tissue and muscle atthe posterior end of the velum.10. Pharyngeal: A speech sound which is made with the root of thetongue and the walls of the pharynx.11. Glottal: A speech sound which is made with the two pieces of vocalfolds pushed towards each other.2.4.5 The consonants of EnglishReceived Pronunciation (RP): The type of British Standard English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige variety and which shows no regional variation. It has often been popularly referred to as “BBC English” or “Oxford English” because it is widely used in the private sector of the education system and spoken by most newsreaders of the BBC network.of articulation. These pairs of consonants are distinguished by voicing, the one appearing on the left is voiceless and the one on the right is voiced.Therefore, the consonants of English can be described in the following way:[p] voiceless bilabial stop[b] voiced bilabial stop[s] voiceless alveolar fricative[z] voiced alveolar fricative[m] bilabial nasal[n] alveolar nasal[l] alveolar lateral[j] palatal approximant[h] glottal fricative[r] alveolar approximant2.5 Vowels2.5.1 The criteria of vowel description1. The part of the tongue that is raised – front, center, or back.2. The extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate.Normally, three or four degrees are recognized: high, mid (oftendivided into mid-high and mid-low) and low.3. The kind of opening made at the lips –various degrees of liprounding or spreading.4. The position of the soft palate – raised for oral vowels, and loweredfor vowels which have been nasalized.2.5.2 The theory of cardinal vowels[Icywarmtea doesn’t quite understand this theory.]Cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intending to provide a frame of reference for the description ofthe actual vowels of existing languages.By convention, the eight primary cardinal vowels are numbered from one to eight as follows: CV1[], CV2[], CV3[], CV4[], CV5[],CV6[], CV7[], CV8[].A set of secondary cardinal vowels is obtained by reversing thelip-rounding for a give position: CV9 – CV16. [I am sorry I cannot type outmany of these. If you want to know, you may consult the textbook p. 47. –icywarmtea]2.5.3 Vowel glidesPure (monophthong) vowels: vowels which are produced without any noticeable change in vowel quality.V owel glides: V owels where there is an audible change of quality.Diphthong: A vowel which is usually considered as one distinctive vowel of a particular language but really involves two vowels, with one vowelgliding to the other.2.5.4 The vowels of RP[] high front tense unrounded vowel[] high back lax rounded vowel[] central lax unrounded vowel[] low back lax rounded vowel2.6 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription2.6.1 CoarticulationCoarticulation: The simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two successive phonological units.Anticipatory coarticulation: If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamp, it is known as anticipatorycoarticulation.Perseverative coarticulation: If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound, as in the case of map, it is perseverative coarticulation.Nasalization: Change or process by which vowels or consonants become nasal.Diacritics: Any mark in writing additional to a letter or other basic elements.2.6.2 Broad and narrow transcriptionsThe use of a simple set of symbols in our transcription is called a broad transcription. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detailis referred to as a narrow transcription. The former was meant to indicateonly these sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a givenlanguage while the latter was meant to symbolize all the possible speechsounds, including even the minutest shades of pronunciation.2.7 Phonological analysisPhonetics is the study of speech sounds. It includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. On the other hand, phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. There is a fair degree of overlap in what concerns the two subjects, so sometimes it is hard to draw the boundary between them. Phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds while phonology studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning. That is to say, phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.2.8 Phonemes and allophones2.8.1 Minimal pairsMinimal pairs are two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning. E.g. theEnglish words tie and die are minimal pairs as they differ in meaning and intheir initial phonemes /t/ and /d/. By identifying the minimal pairs of alanguage, a phonologist can find out which sound substitutions causedifferences of meaning.2.8.2 The phoneme theory2.8.3 AllophonesA phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal adifference in meaning. Any of the different forms of a phoneme is called itsallophones. E.g. in English, when the phoneme // occurs at the beginningof the word like peak//, it is said with a little puff of air, it isaspirated. But when // occurs in the word like speak//, it issaid without the puff of the air, it is unaspirated. Both the aspirated [] inpeak and the unaspirated [=] in speak have the same phonemic function, i.e.they are both heard and identified as // and not as //; they are bothallophones of the phoneme //.2.9 Phonological processes2.9.1 AssimilationAssimilation: A process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.Regressive assimilation: If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation.Progressive assimilation: If a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, we call it progressive assimilation.Devoicing: A process by which voiced sounds become voiceless.Devoicing of voiced consonants often occurs in English when they are at theend of a word.2.9.2 Phonological processes and phonological rulesThe changes in assimilation, nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are all phonological processes in which a target or affected segmentundergoes a structural change in certain environments or contexts. In eachprocess the change is conditioned or triggered by a following sound or, in thecase of progressive assimilation, a preceding sound. Consequently, we cansay that any phonological process must have three aspects to it: a set ofsounds to undergo the process; a set of sounds produced by the process; a setof situations in which the process applies.We can represent the process by mans of an arrow: voiced fricative →voiceless / __________ voiceless. This is a phonological rule. The slash (/)specifies the environment in which the change takes place. The bar (calledthe focus bar) indicates the position of the target segment. So the rule reads: avoiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound whenit appears before a voiceless sound.2.9.3 Rule ordering[No much to say, so omitted – icywarmtea]2.10 Distinctive featuresDistinctive feature: A particular characteristic which distinguishes one distinctive sound unit of a language from another or one group of sounds from another group.Binary feature: A property of a phoneme or a word which can be used to describe the phoneme or word. A binary feature is either present or absent. Binary features are also used to describe the semantic properties of words.2.11 S yllablesSuprasegmental features: Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are syllables, stress, tone, and intonation.Syllable: A unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.Open syllable: A syllable which ends in a vowel.Closed syllable: A syllable which ends in a consonant.Maximal onset principle: The principle which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. E.g. The correct syllabification of the word country should be //. It shouldn’tbe // or // according to this principle.2.12 StressStress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, a raised vertical line [] is used just before the syllable it relates to.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
英语学科知识与教学能力考点必背(语音部分)教师资格证
学科知识与教学能力笔记（英语）一、语音考点（一）元音Vowels考点1：元音的舌位图我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图（P70）。
图的左方为口腔的前部，右方为其后部。
竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分；横线音标描述汇总：[i:] h igh front tense unrounded vowel[?] high front lax unrounded vowel[u:] high back tense rounded vowel[?]即[u] high back lax rounded vowel[З:]或[?:] central tense unrounded vowel[?] central lax unrounded vowel[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel[?] low front lax unrounded vowel [Λ] mid-low back lax unrounded vowel [?:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel [?] low back lax rounded vowel [ɑ:] low back tense unrounded vowel考点2：专有名词基本元音 Cardinal Vowels纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音 Monophthong Vowels如：[aI] 中[a 考点1：Manners of articulation 发音方式 stops 爆破音 [p, b, t, d, k, g] nasal 鼻音 [m, n, ?]fricative 摩擦音 [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ∫, ?, h]、approximant近似音[w, r, j ]、lateral边音[l]、affricate塞擦音[ts, dz, tr, dr]考点2：Places of articulation发音部位[p][b][t][d][k][g][m][n][?][f][v][?][e][s][z][∫] voiceless postalveolar fricative[?] voiced postalveolar fricative[h] glottal fricative[t∫] voiceless postalveolar affricate [d?] voiced postalveolar affricate[l ] alveolar lateral[r] alveolar approximant[w] bilabial approximant[j] palatal approximant（三）Assimilation同化现象：a process by which one sound takes on some or all characteristics of a neighboring sound.Nasalization鼻音化、cap canDentalization齿音、tent tenthVelarization软腭since sinkVoiced frication有声擦音→voiceless无声擦音/__voiceless清音重音。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Difficulty of Describing Vowels
Three factors for the description of vowels: The position of the soft palate:raised for oral vowels, lowered for nasalized vowels. The kind of aperture formed by the lips:degrees of spreading or rounding. The part of tongue which is raised and the degrees of raising.
The End
Thank you
The Cardinal Vowel Diagram
C.1 [i] C.2 [e] C.3 [ε ] C.4 [a] C.8 [u]
C.7 [o]
O
C.6 [ ] C.5 [ɑ]
From this diagram, the front, center, and back of the tongue are distinguished, as are four levels of tongue height: The highest position the tongue can achieve without producing audible friction; The lowest position the tongue can achieve; Two intermediate levels,dividing the intervening space into auditorily equivalent areas.
Therefore, a vowel description will usually be based on auditory judgments of sound relationships, together with some articulatory information, especially as regards the position of the lips. (Cruttenden 2001:34)
The Cardinal Vowel Diagram
The cardinal vowel diagram is a set of standard reference points based on a combination of articulatory and auditory judgments.
The Cardinal Vowel Diagram
C.1 [i] C.2 [e] C.3 [ε ] C.4 [a] C.8 [u]
Hale Waihona Puke C.7 [o]OC.6 [ ] C.5 [ɑ]
The eight cardinal vowels are numbered as CV1[i], CV2[e], CV3[ε ], CV4[a], CV5[ɑ], CV6[ ], CV7[o], and CV8[u]. The first five are unrounded, while the other three are rounded. Textbook p.200
Cardinal Vowels
According to Daniel Jones, the cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging,intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
References
Cruttenden, A. 2001. Gimson’s Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. London: Edward Arnold. Roach, P. 1991. English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. 戴炜栋，1989，《简明英语语言学教程》，上海： 上海外语教育出版社。 何善芬, 1992, 《实用英语语音学》,北京:北京 师范大学出版社。 胡壮麟，2001，《语言学教程》﹙修订版﹚，北 京：北京大学出版社。