英国工业革命 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
The ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Europe in the 15th a nd 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the development of new institutions of finance and credit (see commercial revolution). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectively ch allenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commercial entrepreneu r developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Many machines were already kno wn, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories. As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better g oods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engines w ere introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of t he Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point in this development. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Harg reaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and Ed mund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous increase in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close proximity in Britain was a dec isive factor in its rapid industrial growth. The use of coke in iron production had far-reac hing effects. The coal mines from the early 1700s had become paramount in importance, and the Black Country appeared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshi re were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories and indu strial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the railroad and th e steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Bessemer process made a gi gantic contribution, for it was largely responsible for the extension of the use of steam an d steel that were the two chief features of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemi cal innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machines played an important part in the vast changes. The Industrial Revolution did not in fact end in B ritain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline engine. By
1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was accomplished, in that i ndustry had become a dominant factor in the nation's life.。
工业革命英文介绍~讲诉
➢ A revolution in transportation
railroads
➢ The industrial factory
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
The great exhibition:
Nonindustrialized World
The social impact
➢ Population growth ➢ The growth of cities ➢ The social classes:
the industrial middle class ➢ The social classes:
workers in the industrial age ➢ Effort at change:
the workers ➢ Effort at change:
reformers and government
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Conclusion
➢ the Industrial Revolution led western civilization into the industrial era that has characterized the modern world. Europe experienced a shift from a traditional, labor-intensive economy to a more capital-intensive economy.
in 1851, the British organized the world’s first industrial fair.
英国工业革命：历史上科技与工业进步的里程碑
英国工业革命：历史上科技与工业进步的里程碑The Industrial Revolution in Britain: Milestones in Technological and Industrial ProgressThe Industrial Revolution, which occurred from the 18th to the19th century, was a pivotal moment in human history. It marked a significant shift from traditional handmade methods to machine production and ushered in an era of technological advancements that would shape the modern world. The revolution began in Britain and can be attributed to several key milestones that propelled the country to the forefront of industrialization.One of the earliest milestones in the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the spinning jenny by James Hargreaves in 1764. This simple yet ingenious device allowed one person to spin multiple threads simultaneously, greatly increasing the efficiency of textile production. This innovation laid the foundation for the mechanization of the textile industry and initiated a wave of further inventions and improvements in manufacturing processes. Another milestone in this period was the invention of the steam engine by James Watt in 1776. Watt's steam engine was more efficient and versatile than its predecessors, and it became a key factor in powering the industrial machinery of the time. The steam engine revolutionized transportation, enabling the development of railways, steamships, and factories. It also marked a transition from using traditional sources of energy, such as water and wind, to harnessing the power of steam, which could be applied in various industries.The development of the factory system was another significant milestone during the Industrial Revolution. Prior to this period, production was primarily done in small workshops or homes. However, with advancements in machinery and the need for large-scale production, centralized factories became more prevalent. Factory workers, often including women and children, labored long hours in cramped conditions. This new system allowed for mass production on a previously unimaginable scale, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.The introduction of the spinning mule by Samuel Crompton in 1779 was yet another milestone in the textile industry. The spinning mule combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame, producing strong and fine yarns. This innovation further propelled the textile industry, making Britain the world leader in textiles and prompted rapid urbanization around factory towns.In addition to advancements in manufacturing, the Industrial Revolution also saw improvements in transportation and communication. The construction of canals and later, the development of railways, significantly reduced transportation costs and improved connectivity between regions. This facilitated the movement of goods and people, stimulating trade and opening up new markets. The invention of the telegraph in the 1830s further revolutionized communication, allowing for almost instantaneous long-distance communication for the first time in human history. The Industrial Revolution had profound social and economic impacts. It led to the growth of cities, population expansion, andthe rise of the working class. The living conditions for many workers were harsh, with overcrowding, pollution, and poor sanitation. However, this period also saw the emergence of labor movements and the fight for workers' rights, leading to improvements in working conditions and labor laws.In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution in Britain was marked by several key milestones that propelled the country to the forefront of industrialization. The inventions of the spinning jenny, steam engine, spinning mule, and the development of the factory system revolutionized manufacturing processes and unleashed the potential of mass production. The advancements in transportation and communication further fueled economic growth and connectivity. Although the process was not without its hardships, the Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for the modern world and set the stage for further technological advancements that would shape human society as we know it today.The Industrial Revolution in Britain: Economic and Social TransformationsThe Industrial Revolution in Britain brought about significant economic and social transformations, creating a new era of productivity and prosperity. As the country underwent rapid industrialization, it experienced the emergence of new industries, changes in the workforce, urbanization, and advancements in living conditions. These developments were not without their challenges, but they laid the groundwork for the modern world we live in today.One of the primary effects of the Industrial Revolution was the growth and diversification of industries. The mechanization oftextile production, made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny and spinning mule, transformed the textile industry into a major economic force. It propelled the country to become the world leader in textiles, leading to increased exports and wealth generation. Additionally, other industries such as iron and coal mining, pottery, and transportation also experienced significant growth during this period.With the rise of factories and the need for skilled workers, there was a shift in the workforce composition. Small workshops and cottage industries could not keep up with the demands of mass production, leading to the migration of workers from rural areas to urban centers. The rural to urban migration created a surplus of labor, which resulted in lower wages and exploitation. Many workers, including women and children, endured harsh working conditions and long hours to sustain themselves and their families.The urbanization caused by the Industrial Revolution led to the rapid growth of cities and the creation of factory towns. Cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, and Leeds witnessed a population explosion as people flocked to urban centers in search of employment opportunities. However, this rapid urbanization was accompanied by overcrowding and insufficient infrastructure. Many workers and their families lived in slums, characterized by poor housing, inadequate sanitation, and high levels of pollution. These adverse living conditions contributed to the spread of diseases and social problems.The emergence of factories and the factory system brought about significant changes in the organization of work. In the pre-industrial era, skilled craftsmen produced goods in small workshops or at home. However, the factory system concentrated production in centralized locations, employing unskilled workers who performed repetitive tasks. This shift from skilled craftsmanship to mass production marked a fundamental change in the nature of work.The advancements in transportation played a crucial role in fueling the Industrial Revolution and facilitating economic growth. The construction of canals, such as the Bridgewater Canal, and the development of the railway network greatly reduced transportation costs and increased the ease of moving goods and raw materials. This resulted in improved connectivity between regions, stimulated trade both domestically and internationally, and opened up new markets for British goods.The Industrial Revolution also had profound social implications. The harsh working conditions and low wages led to the emergence of labor movements and the fight for workers' rights. Workers began organizing and advocating for improved working conditions, higher pay, and shorter working hours. Gradually, labor laws were implemented to protect workers and regulate labor practices. These movements paved the way for the establishment of trade unions and the creation of rights and benefits for workers that are still enjoyed today.Furthermore, the Industrial Revolution brought about a fundamental shift in society. It accelerated the process of urbanization and led to the growth of a new working class, comprised of individuals who depended on factory work for theirlivelihood. The industrial working class became distinct from the rural agricultural society that existed before, leading to new social dynamics and the rise of class consciousness.In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution in Britain had far-reaching economic and social consequences. It fueled the growth of new industries, transformed the composition of the workforce, urbanized the country, and improved transportation infrastructure. However, these changes also brought about challenges such as poor living conditions, exploitation of workers, and social inequality. Nevertheless, the Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for the modern industrial society and set the stage for further technological advancements and social progress.。
TheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain
The Industrial Revolution in BritainFrom the second half of the 18th century Britain went through many changes. Several influences came together at the same time: an expanding colonial market, an increase in population and a greater demand for goods, new machines worked by power, efficient transport, more money to invest and workforce to employ in factories.Agriculture played a central role in bringing about the change. Newscientific techniques were being applied to work in the fields. Newmethods form Flanders were introduced in draining and land reclaiming.The use of fertilisers and a more effective crop rotation were applied bythe 1730s. New agricultural machinery was invented, such as the seeddrill, the threshing machine and a new type of iron wheeled plough.Sheep rearing was partly replaced by cattle rearing and the cultivation ofcereals managed to supply the food needs of an increasing population.By 1750, when the population in Britain began to rise, population growthwas sustained by new agricultural technology and methodology.Bountiful crops and low food prices allowed ordinary people to spendmore money on manufactured goods.The increase in population led to more demand from the people formanufactured items such as everyday tools and clothing. Landless peoplestarted to make a living by producing cloth and other goods. Craftsmenand their apprentices made most of tools and cloth in small workrooms.At home women used simple machinery by hand or foot to spin wool andcotton and a loom for clothmaking. All this changed dramatically withthe invention of larger machines driven by water and steam power whichintroduced the new factory production system.To supply continually growing demand for cotton and woolen cloth, new machinery was invented which replaced handwork. In 1775 a spinning machine called “spinning jenny” was invented that could do the work of several hand spinners. Other improved spinning machines, such as the water frame and the spinning mule, were made. These machines either worked by human strength or by water wheel. With the great production of cotton thread, the slowest part of the textile industry became weaving. In 1769 James Watt patented the steam engine, which he perfected by adding a turning motion made of iron. In 1783 the steam engine was applied to weaving machines, thus allowing fast and cheap clothmaking. The textile industry boosted.These inventions contributed to destroy the old domestic spinning and weaving systems and introduced the methods of factory production. People who had lost their land with the enclosures and those deprived of the old domestic production system began to abandon the countryside and migrated with their families to look for work in the new manufacturing districts. In the industrial and mining areas small villages suddenly grew into large towns, like Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Birmingham, Newcastle.Britain’s fast-developing commercial activity was augmented by its colonial empire, the West Indies and India. Britain had the monopoly of the slave trade in the Atlantic. The colonies provided both plenty of raw materials from the plantations and a growing market for British manufactured goods.It was the improvement of transport for carrying goods across the country that developed the industrial system. In the 1770s an extensive network of canals greatly enhanced goods shipping across the country. In 1801 the steam engine was developed so that it could be used in vehicles. The first steam locomotive was devised in 1812. This had significant effects on the transport of goods.The decline of domestic industries brought about increased poverty and suffering in the countryside in the period 1790 to 1830. The old “cottage industry” turned into a factory industry. In factories workers had to keep work hours and rules and factory conditions were dirty and dangerous. The skilled artisans who had controlled all the phases of production in their workrooms or at home turned into labourers dealing repetitively with only one phase of production. Working people worked in factories in appalling conditions of hygiene and safety. Men, women and even children worked in factories up to 15 hours a day, insufficiently paid, to the limits of physical endurance.When the increase in production called for more workforce, masses of labourers began to crowd into the towns where new factories were built. Immigration to the new industrial districts brought many evils, such as overpopulation and lack of the most elementary principles of sanitation in houses, which were overcrowded slums.However, the situation of working people slowly improved only when the public authorities began to regulate hours of work, wages and conditions of work.THE STEAM ENGINEThe first working steam engine was Thomas Newcomen’s atmospheric engine first used in a mine in 1712. He used the vacuum created by condensing the steam to power a piston.In 1763 James Watt, a Scottish instrument maker, was given the job of repairing a Newcomen engine for the University of Glasgow. To make the engine more efficient, Watt worked on the idea of a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine and eventually produced a steam engine that cooled the used steam in a condenser separate from the main cylinder.The separate condenser greatly improved the Newcomen engine. However, Watt could not perfect a marketable engine as he was not a wealthy man. As a result, he entered into partnership with Matthew Boulton, an avid entrepreneur, that agreed to fund development of a test engine. At last, Watt managed to get the first engine working. The fully developed engine was four times more powerful and used about 75% less fuel than a Newcomen one. Eventually Boulton and Watt licensed the idea to the Newcomen engine owners. In order to compensate for the development cost Watt and Boulton took a share of the cost of fuel they saved.This earlier machine, with its up-and-down pumping action, was ideal for draining mines. The engine was mainly sold to coal mine owners who used them to pump water from collieries.Watt continued to experiment and in 1781 he produced a rotary-motion steam engine. This new steam engine could be used to drive many different types of machinery. In 1783 Watt's steam-engine began to beused in textile factories. By 1800 there were over 500 of Watt's machines in Britain's mines and factories.WARM-UPTime 10 minutesProcedure Write the questions on the board. Ask questions to the whole class.Before reading the text, give your own answers to the following questions.-What does the word Industrial refer to? Does it involve the use of any machines? Provide examples of industrial production or factories in the area where you live.-Why is it called Revolution? Does it imply a dramatic change? Refer to revolution as a dramatic event in arts, science, social behaviour and give examples.GENERAL COMPREHENSIONTime 20 minutesMaterials The Industrial Revolution in Britain – TEXTPhotocopies of WORKSHEET 1Procedure Students work in pairs and report the outcomes.WORKSHEET 1Find a subtitle for each text paragraph marked with a number.The development of manufacturing areasModern agricultureThe improvement in transport The rising of the capitalThe effects of the enclosuresA new humanitarian concern Domestic industry: the cottage systemThe exploitation of the labourIndustrial technology and the use of steam powerMatch the above subtitles with the following statements.-People made clothes and other items at home.-Institutions were founded to relieve worker’s conditions.-18th century agriculture in England could provide food for more people.-People worked in very bad factory conditions.-Larger machines driven by steam power were invented to supply demand for goods.-The act of enclosing common land compelled small farmers to find a new job.-People abandoned the countryside and migrated to the new industry districts.-More efficient transport supported the development of industrial system.-Money was invested in the new industry.COMPARISON TABLETime 20 minutesMaterials The Industrial Revolution in Britain - TEXTPreparation Ask students to draw the following table in their exercise books.Procedure Students read the TEXT and work in pairs to fill in the table.Fill in the table comparing the old cottage system and the new industrial system in the Industrial Revolution. In pairs discuss the outcomes in the table and organize your oral report.Domestic system Industrial system Production amountWho made goodsHow goods were madeProductive systemWhere goods were madeWorking conditionsQUESTIONSTime 30 minutesMaterials The Industrial Revolution in Britain - TEXTProcedure Divide the class into four groups. Group A asks the questions. Group B andC have to answer the following questions. GroupD check their answers andgives a point for each right answer. The group that gets the highest scorewins.WORKSHEET 5Answer the following questions.(specimen questions)How did people produce goods before the new technology was introduced?What new machines were invented to speed up and increase production?How did machines change manufacturing production?Where were new factories set up? Why?Who could give financial support to the new industry?What social effects did the Industrial revolution have?Why did people leave the countryside? Where did they go?What were the conditions of working people in factories? (working hours; health; housing; wages) What were children’s working conditions like during that period?What measures were taken by humanitarian movements?。
英国第一次工业革命
对社会环境的影响： 工业社会时代的平民更加贫困、环境污染、犯罪等 新的社会问题。
马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中指出：“ 由于机器的推广和分工的发展，……工人变成了 机器的单纯的附属品，要求他做的只是极其简单 、极其单调和极容易学会的操作。因此，花在工 人身上的费用，几乎只限于维持工人生活和延续 工人后代所必需的生活资料。……挤在工厂里的 工人群众就像士兵一样被组织起来。他们是产业 军的普通士兵，受着各级军士和军官的层层监视 。他们不仅是资产阶级的、资产阶级国家的奴隶 ，并且每日每时都受机器、受监工、首先是受各 个厂主资产者本人的奴役。”
羊毛通常由四类人来加工： 第一类是资本雄厚的呢绒商人，他在出产羊毛的各郡收购羊毛，预先购进一年用的羊毛储存在仓库里， 到了冬季，便利用自己的女纺工来纺、织工来织、制毡工来毡，而这些工人所得到的工资是极其微薄的 ……
第二类是资本较少的呢绒商，他很少或者根本不到产羊毛的地区去收购羊毛，而是在市场上赊购大部分 羊毛，交给许多穷人去加工织成粗呢，就在德文郡和约克郡这带地方销售，另一些人则将粗呢加以整修 杆制，拿到伦敦去卖现钱……这类呢绒商人中很多人有大量的储蓄，生活优裕，变成富人，给成千上万 的人以工作。
3.激发国人探求新知，向西方学习，提出了 “师夷长技以制夷”。思想
英语2班：
徐增磊 杨凯 刘婧苹 欧阳春梅 杨雪菲 赵金莲 杨代~19世纪中期
想一想： 工业革命为什么最早发生在英国？
英国最早具备了开展工业革命的前提条件。
二、英国工业革命的背景： 1、政治：君主立宪政体确立 2、经济： 1）新航路开辟后，世界市场扩大 2）圈地运动，提供了自由劳动力 3）海外殖民，积累资本，开拓市场。 4）发达的工场手工业 3、思想：科学技术的发展
蒸汽时代
专八人文知识之英国概况
练习题：1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except _____.英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家，原因有很多.但英国是从17世纪以后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的.A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade。
B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport.C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected.D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power. 英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。
3。
the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them? 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。
大致来说，保守党是中上层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党，主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是中产阶级和知识分子。
4。
On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament，began。
The British Industrial Revolution 英国工业革命
工 Economic 作 The development of workshop handicraft industry trained a large number of skilled workers ,creating the conditions for the invention and application of the 成 machine. 绩
工 作 成 绩
工 Enclosure Movement 作 After the late 15th century, with the new air route opened up, Britain's foreign trade has been developing greatly.The wool and wool industry developed rapidly and 成 wool prices continue to rise. Sheep industry become a lucrative career. So in the southeast England countryside which has developed industry and commerce, the 绩 landlord began enclosure at first .工 成 绩Geography
Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power.
工 作 成 绩
Political
工 作 成 绩
After the 1688 Glorious Revolution established constitutional monarchy, Parliament secured the dominant position in political life in Britain. This helped the way for rule of law and peaceful development.
人教版六年级英语历史事件时间练习题20题含答案解析
人教版六年级英语历史事件时间练习题20题含答案解析1. The Pyramids in Egypt were built around _.A. 2500 BCB. 1500 BCC. 500 BC答案解析：A。
古埃及金字塔大约建造于公元前2500年左右，这是一个被广泛认可的历史时间。
选项B公元前1500年和选项C公元前500年都不符合金字塔实际的建造时间。
2. The Roman Empire was established in _.A. 27 BCB. 127 ADC. 227 AD答案解析：A。
罗马帝国于公元前27年建立，这是罗马历史上的一个重要时间节点。
选项B公元127年和选项C公元227年都不是罗马帝国建立的时间。
3. Columbus discovered America in _.A. 1492B. 1592C. 1692答案解析：A。
1492年哥伦布发现美洲大陆，这是航海史上非常著名的事件。
选项B 1592年和选项C 1692年不符合这一历史事实。
4. The Great Wall of China began to be built in _.A. 7th century BCB. 3rd century BCC. 1st century BC答案解析：A。
中国的长城始建于公元前7世纪，虽然长城的修建持续了很长时间，但最早开始于公元前7世纪。
选项B公元前3世纪和选项C公元前1世纪都不是长城开始修建的时间。
5. The Industrial Revolution in the UK started around _.A. 1760B. 1860C. 1960答案解析：A。
英国的工业革命大约开始于1760年，这一时期英国的工业生产方式发生了巨大变革。
选项B 1860年和选项C 1960年不符合工业革命开始的时间。
6. The French Revolution began in _.A. 1789B. 1889C. 1989答案解析：A。
英语作文 英国工业革命
The Industrial Revolution,a pivotal period in British history,marked a significant shift from agrarian to industrial society.It began in the mid18th century and continued into the19th century,transforming not only the economic landscape but also the social and cultural fabric of the nation.Origins and Key Innovations:The Industrial Revolution started in Britain due to a confluence of factors,including abundant natural resources,a growing population,and the availability of capital.Key innovations such as the steam engine,developed by James Watt,revolutionized transportation and manufacturing.The mechanization of the textile industry,with inventions like the spinning jenny and the power loom,drastically increased production efficiency.Urbanization and Demographic Shifts:As industries grew,so did the need for labor.People moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of work,leading to rapid urbanization.Cities like Manchester and Birmingham expanded rapidly,becoming hubs of industrial activity.However,this growth also led to overcrowding,poor living conditions,and public health challenges. Economic Impact:The Industrial Revolution had a profound economic impact.It led to the rise of capitalism and the factory system,where workers were employed in large numbers to operate machinery.The increase in production and trade contributed to Britains economic dominance,earning it the moniker the workshop of the world.Social and Cultural Changes:The revolution also brought about significant social changes.The emerging working class faced harsh conditions,leading to the rise of labor movements and calls for social reform. The middle class,on the other hand,grew in prominence and influence,shaping cultural norms and values.Environmental Consequences:The Industrial Revolution had a considerable environmental impact.The increased use of coal for steam power led to air pollution and contributed to the onset of climate change. The landscape was altered by industrial development,with natural habitats being replaced by factories and urban sprawl.Technological Advancements:Technological advancements during this period were not limited to the textile and steam engine industries.Innovations in transportation,such as the development of the railwaysystem,facilitated the movement of goods and people,further integrating the national economy.Cultural Expression:The Industrial Revolution also influenced cultural expression.The Romantic movement, for instance,was partly a reaction to the industrialization,with poets and artists celebrating nature and rural life in contrast to the mechanized urban world. Legacy:The legacy of the Industrial Revolution is still felt today.It set the stage for modern industrial economies and continues to influence patterns of work,urban development, and global trade.The period also serves as a reminder of the need to balance industrial progress with social welfare and environmental sustainability.In conclusion,the British Industrial Revolution was a complex and transformative period that reshaped the nation and laid the groundwork for the modern world.Its effects were multifaceted,touching every aspect of society and leaving a lasting impact on the global stage.。
英国工业革命【外文翻译】
原文：The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain IntroductionIndustrial Revolution, term usually applied to the social and economic changes that mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying on complex machinery rather than tools. It is used historically to refer primarily to the period in British history from the middle of the 18th cent. to the middle of the 19th cent.Nature of the Industrial RevolutionThere has been much objection to the term because the word revolution suggests sudden, violent, unparalleled change, whereas the transformation was, to a great extent, gradual. Some historians argue that the 13th and 16th cent. were also periods of revolutionary economic change. However, in view of the magnitude of change between 1750 and 1850, the term seems useful.Dramatic changes in the social and economic structure took place as inventions and technological innovations created the factory system of large-scale machine production and greater economic specialization, and as the laboring population, formerly employed predominantly in agriculture (in which production had also increased as a result of technological improvements), increasingly gathered in great urban factory centers. The same process occurred at later times and in changed tempo in other countries.The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainThe ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Europe in the 15th and 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy.Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the development of new institutions of finance and credit (see commercial revolution). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectively challenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commercial entrepreneur developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Many machines were already known, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories.As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engines were introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point in this development. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and Edmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous increase in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close proximity in Britain was a decisive factor in its rapid industrial growth.The use of coke in iron production had far-reaching effects. The coal mines from the early 1700s had become paramount in importance, and the Black Country appeared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories and industrial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the railroad and the steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Bessemer process made a gigantic contribution, for it was largely responsible for the extension of the use of steam and steel that were the two chief features of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemical innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for makingmachines played an important part in the vast changes.The Industrial Revolution did not in fact end in Britain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline engine. By 1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was accomplished, in that industry had become a dominant factor in the nation's life.The Worldwide RevolutionFrance had in the 17th and most of the 18th cent. kept pace with Britain, but it later lagged behind in industrial development, and the British victory in their long-standing commercial rivalry kept markets away from France. The revolution did not make the rapid progress that it did in Britain, but after 1830 it developed steadily. The railroad and improved transportation preceded the introduction of the revolution into Germany, which is conventionally said to have accompanied the formation of the Zollverein; industrial Germany was created after 1850.The United States made some contributions to the early revolution, notably the cotton gin (1793) of Eli Whitney. But the transformation of the United States into an industrial nation took place largely after the Civil War and on the British model. The textile mills of New England had long been in existence, but the boom period of industrial organization was from 1860 to 1890. The Industrial Revolution was introduced by Europeans into Asia, and the last years of the 19th and the early years of the 20th cent. saw the development of industries in India, China, and Japan. However, Japan is the only country of E Asia that may be said to have had a real Industrial Revolution. The Russian Revolution had as a basic aim the introduction of industrialism.Its EffectsThe Industrial Revolution has changed the face of nations, giving rise to urban centers requiring vast municipal services. It created a specialized and interdependenteconomic life and made the urban worker more completely dependent on the will of the employer than the rural worker had been. Relations between capital and labor were aggravated, and Marxism was one product of this unrest. Doctrines of laissez-faire, developed in the writings of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, sought to maximize the use of new productive facilities. But the revolution also brought a need for a new type of state intervention to protect the laborer and to provide necessary services. Laissez faire gradually gave way in the United States, Britain, and elsewhere to welfare capitalism. The economic theories of John Maynard Keynes reflected this change. The Industrial Revolution also provided the economic base for the rise of the professions, population expansion, and improvement in living standards and remains a primary goal of less developed nations.本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain出处作者: T. S. Ashton译文：英国工业革命地面被准备被探测航行从西欧在15，16世纪——导致贵金属的一个广大辐辏从新世界，提高价格，刺激业，培育一个货币经济。
高二英语英语国家历史与文化背景介绍练习题50题
高二英语英语国家历史与文化背景介绍练习题50题1.The Industrial Revolution in Britain started in which century?A.The 16th centuryB.The 17th centuryC.The 18th centuryD.The 19th century答案：C。
英国工业革命始于18 世纪。
16 世纪英国还未开始工业革命；17 世纪主要是英国资产阶级革命时期；19 世纪工业革命已经进行了一段时间并产生了深远影响。
2.Who is known as the “Iron Lady” in British history?A.Queen Elizabeth IB.Margaret ThatcherC.VictoriaD.Diana, Princess of Wales答案：B。
玛格丽特·撒切尔被称为“铁娘子”。
伊丽莎白一世是英国都铎王朝的女王；维多利亚女王是英国历史上的重要君主；戴安娜王妃并非“铁娘子”。
3.What is the traditional British dish on Christmas Day?A.PizzaB.HamburgerC.Roast turkeyD.Sushi答案：C。
英国圣诞节传统食物是烤火鸡。
披萨是意大利美食；汉堡是美国常见食物；寿司是日本美食。
4.In British history, which war is known as the “War of the Roses”?A.The Hundred Years' WarB.The War of IndependenceC.The Civil War between the Houses of Lancaster and YorkD.The Napoleonic Wars答案：C。
英国历史上兰开斯特家族和约克家族之间的内战被称为“玫瑰战争”。