新闻翻译 经济学人
英语专业不同方向的毕业论文题目
英语专业不同方向的毕业论文题目我们在开始写作论文时，第一步就是选题，而选题是否热门、实用，直接影响着论文的质量，那么我们该如何选题呢?下面小编给大家带来英语专业不同方向的毕业论文题目参考，希望能帮助到大家!最新英语专业论文题目1、女性主义视角下《倾城之恋》与《飘》中女主人公的比较研究2、从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译3、从翻译美学看《名家散文选读》中译本的审美再现4、教材中的词汇输入频率对二语词汇习得的影响5、美国总统奥巴马就职演说的隐喻学分析6、背诵在高中英语写作中的应用7、英语幽默的语用研究8、语篇中的词汇衔接模式及其连贯建构功能9、语音意识和阅读能力相关性实验研究10、交替传译中自我监控机制与自我修正模式研究11、中国英语专业学习者形容词型式评价取向研究12、艾丽丝·默多克小说中女性自我身份的解构与重构13、转喻在新闻语篇中的组织功能14、词汇同义关系在语境中的构建：词汇语用学视角15、推而行之：《中庸》英译研究16、建国以来英语专业主导教材发展走向及其启示17、语言维度里的哈罗德·品特戏剧18、交替传译中笔记的心理语言学研究19、论菲利普·罗思后期小说的历史解读与文学话语20、过渡语语用学视角下的我国大学生语用能力评估研究21、美学视角下的文学翻译艺术研究22、《人民日报》中(1987-2007)农民工的话语再现23、英语专业研究生学术能力的认知情感阐释与多维发展研究24、法庭审判话语的批评性分析25、信息型文本中长句的翻译26、国内三套高中英语教材对比评价分析27、中国初中生英语语法学习成效调查分析28、视觉语法视角下电影《当幸福来敲门》的多模态话语分析29、从翻译美学角度看张培基英译散文《故都的秋》30、从功能对等角度浅析英语广告中双关语的运用和翻译策略31、字幕翻译中文化因素的处理32、《混血儿》(21-23章)翻译实践报告33、文学伦理学批评视角下的《紫颜色》34、《野草在歌唱》的生态女性主义解读35、英汉饮食习语中的概念隐喻36、铁路机车技术资料英译汉翻译实践报告37、从目的论视角分析电影《孔子》的字幕翻译38、中英外交语言中模糊语的比较研究39、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究40、操纵理论视角下字幕组的翻译41、基于顺应论的英语商务谈判中模糊限制语研究42、目的论和接受美学指导下的电影字幕翻译43、从目的论视角看外交口译中国特色词汇英译44、高中英语课堂教学中学生参与情况调查研究45、从葛浩文英译《红高粱》看文学翻译中的文化误读46、高中英语写作教学问题调查研究47、中美公益广告文化价值观对比48、英若诚及其戏剧翻译研究49、高三学生英语课堂焦虑状况及其与英语学习策略和英语成绩的关系50、英汉新词对比研究最新旅游英语专业论文题目1.语用翻译与文化语境差异Pragmatic Translation and Contextual Difference BetweenCultures2.谈汉语普通话对英语发音的影响The Influence of Chinese Common Speech on English Pronunciation3.英汉新词语折射的社会文化心态The Projection on Social Cultural Psychology in E-C Neologisms4.浅析英汉新词语产生的特征 A Preliminary Analysis on Special Features in the Development of E-C Neologism5.谈英语听力能力的培养On Cultivation of Listening Comprehension Competence6.浅谈英语方言的形成与发展A Brief Talk on English Dialects' Formation and Development7.英汉词语翻译的形象转换The Conversion of Images in E-C Idioms Translation8.英汉新词语双向转换的语义确立The Semantic Construction of English-Chinese Neologisms Translation9.英汉习语的喻体形式对比A Contrastive Studies on Vehicles of E-Idioms10.英汉谚语的语言结构与修辞The Structural Form and Language Rhetoric of E-C proverbs11.浅谈莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》A Brief Comment on Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice12.哈姆雷特人物性格分析Hamlet's Characters as a Humanist13.狄更斯《雾都孤儿》的社会意义The Social Significance of Dickens' Oliver Theist14.马克。
2021年《经济学人》杂志原版英文(整理完整版)
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(6-7)欧阳光明（2021.03.07）Hard to digestA wealth of genetic information is to be found in the human gutBACTERIA, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this week's Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces of two volunteers. Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identify—the bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered withpublished databases of genes whose functions are already known.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probable enzymatic processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complex carbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion of a superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora. Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonise the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora asthey pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mother's vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Zapping the bluesThe rebirth of electric-shock treatmentELECTRICITY has long been used to treat medical disorders. As early as the second century AD, Galen, a Greek physician, recommended the use of electric eels for treating headaches and facial pain. In the 1930s Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, two Italian psychiatrists, used electroconvulsive therapy to treat schizophrenia. These days, such rigorous techniques are practised less widely. But researchers are still investigating how a gentler electric therapy appears to treat depression.Vagus-nerve stimulation, to give it its proper name, was originally developed to treat severe epilepsy. It requires a pacemaker-like device to be implanted in a patient's chest and wires from it threaded up to the vagus nerve on the left side of his neck. In the normal course of events, this provides an electrical pulse to the vagus nerve for 30 seconds every five minutes.This treatment does not always work, but in some cases where it failed (the number of epileptic seizures experienced by a patient remaining the same), that patient nevertheless reported feeling much better after receiving the implant. This secondary effect led to trials for treating depression and, in 2005, America's Food and DrugAdministration approved the therapy for depression that fails to respond to all conventional treatments, including drugs and psychotherapy.Not only does the treatment work, but its effects appear to be long lasting. A study led by Charles Conway of Saint Louis University in Missouri, and presented to a recent meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, has found that 70% of patients who are better after one year stay better after two years as well.The technique builds on a procedure called deep-brain stimulation, in which electrodes are implanted deep into the white matter of patients' brains and used to “reboot” f aulty neural circuitry. Such an operation is a big undertaking, requiring a full day of surgery and carrying a risk of the patient suffering a stroke. Only a small number of people have been treated this way. In contrast, the device that stimulates the vagus nerve can be implanted in 45 minutes without a stay in hospital.The trouble is that vagus-nerve stimulation can take a long time to produce its full beneficial effect. According to Dr Conway, scans taken using a technique called positron-emission tomography show significant changes in brain activity starting three months after treatment begins. The changes are similar to the improvements seen in patients who undergo other forms of antidepression treatment. The brain continues to change over the following 21 months. Dr Conway says that patients should be told that the antidepressant effects could be slow in coming.However, Richard Selway of King's College Hospital, London,found that his patients' moods improved just weeks after the implant. Although brain scans are useful in determining the longevity of the treatment, Mr Selway notes that visible changes in the brain do not necessarily correlate perfectly with changes in mood.Nobody knows why stimulating the vagus nerve improves the mood of depressed patients, but Mr Selway has a theory. He believes that the electrical stimulation causes a region in the brain stem called the locus caeruleus (Latin, ironically, for “blue place”) to flood the brain with norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter implicated in alertness, concentration and motivation—that is, the mood states missing in depressed patients. Whatever the mechanism, for the depressed a therapy that is relatively safe and long lasting is rare cause for cheer.The shape of things to comeHow tomorrow's nuclear power stations will differ from today's THE agency in charge of promoting nuclear power in America describes a new generation of reactors that will be “highly economical” with “enhanced safety”, that “minimise wastes” and will prove “proliferation resistant”. No doubt they will bake a mean apple pie, too.Unfortunately, in the world of nuclear energy, fine words are not enough. America got away lightly with its nuclear accident. When the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania overheated in 1979 very little radiation leaked, and there were no injuries. Europe was not so lucky. The accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 killed dozens immediatelyand has affected (sometimes fatally) the health of tens of thousands at the least. Even discounting the association of nuclear power with nuclear weaponry, people have good reason to be suspicious of claims that reactors are safe.Yet political interest in nuclear power is reviving across the world, thanks in part to concerns about global warming and energy security. Already, some 441 commercial reactors operate in 31 countries and provide 17% of the planet's electricity, according to America's Department of Energy. Until recently, the talk was of how to retire these reactors gracefully. Now it is of how to extend their lives. In addition, another 32 reactors are being built, mostly in India, China and their neighbours. These new power stations belong to what has been called the third generation of reactors, designs that have been informed by experience and that are considered by their creators to be advanced. But will these new stations really be safer than their predecessors?Clearly, modern designs need to be less accident prone. The most important feature of a safe design is that it “fails safe”. For a re actor, this means that if its control systems stop working it shuts down automatically, safely dissipates the heat produced by the reactions in its core, and stops both the fuel and the radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactions from escaping by keeping them within some sort of containment vessel. Reactors that follow such rules are called “passive”. Most modern designs are passive to some extent and some newer onesare truly so. However, some of the genuinely passive reactors are also likely to be more expensive to run.Nuclear energy is produced by atomic fission. A large atom (usually uranium or plutonium) breaks into two smaller ones, releasing energy and neutrons. The neutrons then trigger further break-ups. And so on. If this “chain reaction” can be controlled, the energy released can be used to boil water, produce steam and drive a turbine that generates electricity. If it runs away, the result is a meltdown and an accident (or, in extreme circumstances, a nuclear explosion—though circumstances are never that extreme in a reactor because the fuel is less fissile than the material in a bomb). In many new designs the neutrons, and thus the chain reaction, are kept under control by passing them through water to slow them down. (Slow neutrons trigger more break ups than fast ones.) This water is exposed to a pressure of about 150 atmospheres—a pressure that means it remains liquid even at high temperatures. When nuclear reactions warm the water, its density drops, and the neutrons passing through it are no longer slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedback stabilises the reaction rate.Can business be cool?Why a growing number of firms are taking global warming seriously RUPERT MURDOCH is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annual gathering of executivesof Mr Murdoch's News Corporation—which last year led to a dramatic shift in the mediaconglomerate's attitude tothe internet—will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-president turned climatechangemovie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellite-television company chaired by Mr Murdoch and run by hisson, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral”, having taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carboninto the atmosphere.The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that itwas carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman Sachs, aninvestment bank, in waging war on climate-warming gases (of which carbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last yearGeneral Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination” strategy, aiming to cut its output ofgreenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (ie, carbon-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced aseries of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade.Tesco and Sainsbury, two of Britain's biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June 7thsome leading British bosses lobbied Tony Blair for a more ambitious policy on climate change, even if that involvesharsher regulation.The greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Ford and General Motorshelped pay for television advertisements aired recently in America by the CompetitiveEnterprise Institute, with thedaft slogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life”. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firmsare eng aged in superficial “greenwash” to boost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, themost prominent corporate advocate of action on climate change, with its “Beyond Petroleum” ad campaign, highprofileinvestments in green energy, andev en a “carbon calculator” on its website that helps consumers measuretheir personal “carbon footprint”, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain, BP's recent record profits arelargely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latestattempt at “regulatory capture”, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of the ManhattanInstitute, a conservative think tank, not es darkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, becauseit was good for its business”.Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisanpolitical issues, such as Darfur or gay marriage. That criticism, at least, is surely wrong. Most of the corporateconverts say they are acting not out of some vague sense of social responsibility, or even personal angst, butbecause climate change creates real business risks and opportunities—from regulatory compliance to insuringclients on flood plains. And although theseconcerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can besure of remaining unaffected.Testing timesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws mayincrease the number of experiments neededIN AN ideal world, people would not perform experiments on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For theanimals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection fromthe toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, the European Commission isforging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the EuropeanUnion, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the union's borders in the past 25years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 of theseto be examined right away, and plans to spend between €4 billion-8 billion ($5 billion-10 billion) doing so. Thenumber of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple from just over 1m a yearto about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment,roughly 10% of European animal tests are forgeneral toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs andvaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the hunt for substitutes continues, and lastweekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to reviewprogress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liver—the organ responsible for breaking toxicchemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told themeeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances forlong-term toxic effects.PrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substanceunder investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in theirmicroanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cellnumbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical inquestion is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, drugs (and, in the case of PrimeCyte,food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has its way: those 140,000screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knowswhether the new tests will be ready for use by2009, when the commission proposes that testing should start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed anartificial version of the liningof the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelix's researchers, the firm'scultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural lung linings, and respond in the same way tovarious chemical messengers. Dr Huang says that they could be used in long-term toxicity tests of airbornechemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based in Berlin, is developing anartificial human lymph node which, it reckons, could have prevented the near-disastrous consequences of a drugtrial held in Britain three months ago, in which (despite the drug having passed animal tests) six men sufferedmultiple organ failure and nearly died. The drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive.Such a response would, the firm's scientists reckon, have been identified by their lymph node, which is made fromcells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGen's lymph node could thus work better than animaltesting.Another way of cutting the number of animal experiments would be tochange the way that vaccines are tested, according to CoenraadHendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At themoment, allbatches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. DrHendriksen argues that this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine culturesare made, belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if abatch of vaccine is derived from an existing culture, he suggests that itneed be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which itis derived. That would require fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there is still some way to go before drugs,vaccines and other substances can be tested routinely on cells ratherthan live animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see ishow the use of animals might be banished from fundamental research.Anger managementTo one emotion, men are more sensitive than womenMEN are notoriously insensitive to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by athousand women's magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, in Australia,confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestiveexception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men.Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study has just been published in Current Biology, looked at the way aperson's sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agreeon what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear,joy,sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally—which suggests that the expressions involved areinnate, rather than learned.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions inmixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, andmeasured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies,that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was morequickly identified on a male face than a female one.Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eightphotographs as when it was part of a group of four. That was in stark contrast to the other five sorts of expression,which took more time to find when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in thebrain is attuned to picking out angry expressions, and that it is especially concerned about angry men. Also, thishighly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men pickedout the angry expressions faster than women did, even though women were usually quicker than men to recognizeevery other sort of facial expression.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly hasa survival advantage—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than inwomen, the abilityto spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable.As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely to getkilled by it. Most murders involve men killing other men—even today the context of homicide is usually aspontaneous dispute over status or sex.The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allowthe sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, thisstudy also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you wantattention, get angry.The shareholders' revoltA turning point in relations between company owners and bosses?SOMETHING strange has been happening this year at company annual meetings in America:shareholders have been voting decisively against the recommendations of managers. Until now, mostshareholders have, like so many sheep, routinely voted in accordance with the advice of the people theyemploy to run the company. This year managers have already been defeated at some 32 companies,including household names such as Boeing, ExxonMobil and General Motors.This shareholders' revolt has focused entirely on one issue: the method by which members of the boardof directors are elected. Shareholder resolutions on other subjects have mostly been defeated, asusual.The successful resolutions called for directors to be elected by majority voting, instead of by thetraditional method of “plurality”—which in practice meant that only votes cast in favour were counted,and that a single vote for a candidate would be enough to get him elected.Several companies, led by Pfizer, a drug giant, saw defeat looming and pre-emptively adopted a formalmajority-voting policy that was weaker than in the shareholder resolution. This required any director whofailed to secure a majority of votes to tender his resignation to the board, which would then be free todecide whether or not to accept it. Under the shareholder resolution, any candidate failing to secure amajority of the votes cast simply would not be elected. Intriguingly, the shareholder resolution wasdefeated at four-fifths of the firms that adopted a Pfizer-style majority voting rule, whereas it succeedednearly nine times out of ten at firms retaining the plurality rule.Unfortunately for shareholders, their victories may prove illusory, as the successful resolutions were all“precatory”—meaning that they merely advised management on the course of action preferred byshareholders, but did not force managers to do anything. Several resolutions that tried to imposemajority voting on firms by changing their bylaws failed this year.Even so, wise managers should voluntarily adopt majority voting, according to Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen &Katz, a Wall Street law firm that has generally helped managers resist increases in shareholder powerbutnow expects majority voting eventually to “become universal”. It advises that, at the very least,managers should adopt the Pfizer model, if only to avoid becoming the subject of even greater scrutinyfrom corporate-governance activists. Some firms might choose to go further, as Dell and Intel have donethis year, and adopt bylaws requiring majority voting.Shareholders may have been radicalised by the success last year of a lobbying effort by managersagainst a proposal from regulators to make it easier for shareholders to put up candidates in boardelections. It remains to be seen if they will be back for more in 2007. Certainly, some of the activistshareholders behind this year's resolutions have big plans. Where new voting rules are in place, they plancampaigns to vote out the chairman of the compensation committee at any firm that they think overpaysthe boss. If the 2006 annual meeting was unpleasant for managers, next year's could be far worse.Intangible opportunitiesCompanies are borrowing against their copyrights, trademarks and patentsNOT long ago, the value of companies resided mostly in things you could see and touch. Today it liesincreasingly in intangible assets such as the McDonald's name, the patent for Viagra and the rights toSpiderman. Baruch Lev, a finance professor at New York University's Stern School of Business, puts theimplied value of intangibles on Americancompanies' balance sheets at about $6 trillion, or two-thirds ofthe total. Much of this consists of intellectual property, the collective name for copyrights, trademarksand patents. Increasingly, companies and their clever bankers are using these assets to raise cash.The method of choice is securitisation, the issuing of bonds based on the various revenues thrown off byintellectual property. Late last month Dunkin' Brands, owner of Dunkin' Donuts, a snack-bar chain, raised$1.7 billion by selling bonds backed by, among other things, the royalties it will receive from itsfranchisees. The three private-equity firms that acquired Dunkin' Brands a few months ago have used thecash to repay the money they borrowed to buy the chain. This is the biggest intellectual-propertysecuritisation by far, says Jordan Yarett of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, a law firm that hasworked on many such deals.Securitisations of intellectual property can be based on revenues from copyrights, trademarks (such aslogos) or patents. The best-known copyright deal was the issue in 1997 of $55m-worth of “Bowie Bonds”supported by the future sales of music by David Bowie, a British rock star. Bonds based on the films ofDreamWorks, Marvel comic books and the stories of John Steinbeck have also been sold. As well asDunkin' Brands, several restaurant chains and fashion firms have issued bonds backed by logos andbrands.Intellectual-property deals belong to a class known as operating-asset securitisations. These differ fromstandard securitisations of future revenues, such as bonds backed by the payments on a 30-yearmortgage or a car loan, in that the borrower has to make his asset work. If investors are to recoup theirmoney, the assets being securitised must be “actively exploited”, says Mr Yarett: DreamWorks mustcontinue to churn out box-office hits.The market for such securitisations is still small. Jay Eisbruck, of Moody's, a rating agency, reckons thataround $10 billion-worth of bonds are outs tanding. But there is “big potential,” he says, pointing out thatlicensing patented technology generates $100 billion a year and involves thousands of companies.Raising money this way can make sense not only for clever private-equity firms, but also for companieswith low (or no) credit ratings that cannot easily tap the capital markets or with few tangible assets ascollateral for bank loans. Some universities have joined in, too. Yale built a new medical complex withsome of the roughly $100m it raised securitising patent royalties from Zerit, an anti-HIV drug.It may be harder for investors to decide whether such deals are worth their while. They are, after all,highly complex and riskier than standard securitisations. The most obvious risk is that the investorscannot be sure that the assets will yield what borrowers promise: technology moves on, fashions changeand the demand for sugary snacks may collapse. Valuing intellectual property—an exercise based。
从语义翻译和交际翻译角度浅析英语新闻标题特征及翻译策略——以《经济学人》、《纽约时报》等外刊为例
从语义翻译和交际翻译角度浅析英语新闻标题特征及翻译策略——以《经济学人》、《纽约时报》等外刊为例摘要：作为对人类社会和自然界客观存在的真实反映，新闻主要有提供信息和宣传引导两大功能，英语新闻亦是如此。
标题作为外刊新闻的门面，不仅起到提纲挈领的作用，有时还会直接决定该条新闻是否可以起到应有的宣传效果。
深入体会外刊新闻标题，对英语写作、翻译甚至整个双语思维能力的提升都有很大帮助。
本文从彼得·纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译理论角度出发，以《经济学人》、《纽约时报》等国外主流媒体的部分标题为例，分析英语新闻标题的特点及翻译策略。
关键词：外刊新闻；标题特点；语义翻译；交际翻译一：语义翻译和交际翻译理论简介英国著名翻译理论家彼得·纽马克在著作《翻译问题讨论》中提出了语义翻译和交际翻译原则。
语义翻译注重保留源语文化，尽最大可能传达源语精确的语境意义。
交际翻译则强调关注译文读者，让读者获得的效果与源语读者获得的效果尽可能接近。
虽然面临争议，但该理论一直被后人沿用。
该理论对英语新闻标题的翻译起到了一定帮助作用。
二：英语新闻标题特点归纳该部分通过分析《经济学人》、《纽约时报》等外刊标题，对英语新闻标题特点进行大致总结概括，利于我们学习借鉴地道语言表达，提升写作水平。
1、用词简洁，精炼概括汉字所占空间小，含义丰富，同样空间可以包含较多内容，标题可以较长。
而英文字母占空大，要想完全表达含义，需要借用占空小的词语。
（1）Scottish independence：UK Rip? 苏格兰独立：英国分裂？（2）Mutual Suspicion Mars Tech Trade with China 中美技术交易：疑虑重重谈及分裂，一般会想到secession，但考虑到前面已有长单词，为节省空间，此处改用rip，简单易懂。
例（2）中的mar意为损伤，简明扼要地表达出两国技术贸易之间的障碍问题。
不失为小词大用的典例。
英语财经新闻编译报告
英语财经新闻编译报告《经济学人》财经新闻英汉翻译实践报告：奈达功能对等理论的视角随着全球化的深入，财经新闻在人们的生活中变得越来越重要。
作为一种重要的跨文化交流方式，翻译在财经新闻的传播中起着关键的作用。
本报告以《经济学人》财经新闻为研究对象，从奈达功能对等理论的视角探讨英汉翻译的实践。
奈达功能对等理论是翻译理论中的一种重要思想，强调在翻译过程中实现源语言和目标语言之间的功能对等。
奈达认为，翻译不仅仅是词汇和语法的对应，更重要的是语义和文化的对等。
因此，在翻译过程中，译者需要根据目标语言的语境和文化背景，对源语言进行适当的调整，以实现翻译的交际功能。
在本次翻译实践中，我们从《经济学人》选取了多篇财经新闻，包括股市分析、宏观经济数据报道和财经人物专访等。
通过对比分析，我们发现奈达功能对等理论在翻译过程中具有很强的指导作用。
词汇层面的对等。
在翻译过程中，我们需要注意词汇的表面意义和隐含意义的对应。
对于专业术语，如“GDP”、“物价指数”等，我们需要在目标语言中找到对应的术语，以实现词汇层面的对等。
句子层面的对等。
由于英语和汉语的语法结构存在较大差异，因此在翻译过程中需要注意句子结构的调整。
例如，“The stock market is volatile today”（今天股市波动很大）可以翻译成“今天股市的波动很大”。
文化层面的对等。
财经新闻中常常涉及到文化背景和价值观的差异。
在翻译过程中，我们需要这些差异，并尽可能在目标语言中寻找相应的表达方式。
比如，在描述股市行情时，英语中常用“upside down”表示下跌趋势，而中文则用“一片绿”表示同样的意思。
通过本次实践，我们发现奈达功能对等理论对《经济学人》财经新闻的英汉翻译具有很强的指导作用。
在翻译过程中，我们需要词汇、句子和文化层面的对等，并根据目标语言的语境和文化背景进行适当的调整。
只有这样，才能实现翻译的有效性，使读者更好地理解和掌握财经新闻的内容。
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析——以《经济学人》和《人民日报》为例
现代商贸工业２０１９年第１８期１６５㊀作者简介:赵园园(１９９５－),女,汉族,江西九江人,硕士,上海大学在读研究生,研究方向:外国语言学及应用语言学.英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析以«经济学人»和«人民日报»为例赵园园(上海大学,上海２００４４４)摘㊀要:标题是新闻的重要组成部分,它可以传达新闻主题并吸引读者阅读.新闻,作为信息传递的渠道,其语言特色鲜明,而新闻标题作为新闻语言的表现平台,也具有独特的语言特点.由于中西方语言文化背景的不同,中英文新闻标题在句法结构㊁词汇选择等方面存在差异.理解中英文新闻标题的差异对于深入了解新闻内容和价值,提高语言文字研究能力是必要的.从词汇层面入手,主要以«经济学人»和«人民日报»的中英文标题为例,对中英文新闻标题的词汇特点进行对比分析,对于理解英汉新闻标题的差异,提高英语翻译技能,了解中西方文化具有重要的指导作用.关键词:新闻标题;词汇特点;对比分析中图分类号:G ４㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标识码:A㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀d o i :１０．１９３１１/j ．c n k i ．１６７２Ｇ３１９８．２０１９．１８．０７９１㊀引言现代社会瞬息万变,无论是有意观察还是无意吸取,我们每天自然少不了会接收到各式各样的消息.新闻,作为一种传播的媒介,是我们日常生活中重要的信息来源.面对蜂拥而至的新闻,人们倾向于先查看新闻标题,然后决定是否阅读它们.标题是新闻的灵魂,正如唐朝诗人贾岛所言: 题者,诗家之主也;目者,明目也.如人之眼目,眼目俱明,则全其人之相,足可坐窥万象 (贾岛«二南密旨 论题目所由»).这句诗句不仅阐明了标题作用,也反映出标题的重要性.随着社会生活节奏不断加快,内容简短而含义丰富的新闻标题越来越受到读者的青睐.作为传递信息的渠道,新闻语言具有独特性,而新闻标题作为新闻的重要概括,也具有其独特的语言特点.由于中英文语言上的差异,中英文新闻标题便在句法结构㊁词汇选择等方面存在差异.自上世纪８０年代以来,有很多专家学者进行了新闻标题语言方面的研究,成果也颇丰富.而纵观目前国内研究形势,进行新闻标题的英汉语言比较研究还存在较大的研究空间,尤其是英汉新闻标题的词汇特征对比.因此,本文从英汉新闻标题分析入手,以«经济学人»和«人民日报»的中英文标题为主要语料,进行英汉新闻标题词汇特征对比研究,以期进一步丰富现有研究,也为跨文化交际和汉英翻译提供一定的指导.２㊀新闻标题２．１㊀概念作为新闻不可分割的一部分,新闻标题总是最为先映入人们眼帘,它是新闻内容的缩影,是新闻是否具有吸引力的关键.不少字典和书籍对新闻标题进行了解释,如«辞海»中的定义为:报纸新闻标题用来概括,评价新闻的内容,帮助读者阅读和理解新闻.彭朝丞(２００５)认为新闻标题是用大于正文字号以及精警的词语来浓缩和概括新闻内容和中心思想.它是新闻报道的延续和最后的完成.因此,我们可以知道,新闻标题是对新闻内容总结式的评价,言简意赅,通俗易懂,足够让读者了解到新闻的中心要点.２．２㊀研究概况在国外,研究人员对英语新闻标题的研究颇丰.例如,I n g r i d M a r d h (１９８０)调查研究了大量的英语新闻,归纳并总结了英语新闻标题的词汇和语法特征;I a r o v i c i 和A m e l (１９８９)分析了新闻标题的语用功能和词汇特点;S t e p h e n W．L i t t l e j o h n (２００３)曾指出,新闻标题不仅能给予我们直接的字面意思,它还具有一定的隐含意义,等等.在国内,学者对新闻标题的研究也可以找到一些相关的作品或文献.例如,韩书庚(２０１４)从语言学角度出发,全面系统地回顾和分析了新闻标题,其中包括词汇㊁语法㊁修辞等,并对汉英新闻标题进行了比较研究;郭可(１９９５)对中英新闻标题语言进行了比较;陈丽昭(２００２)从语法和修辞上对比较汉英新闻标题;张鑫(２０１２)从关联理论出发,结合«中国日报»的语料,对新闻标题的生成和理解进行研究,等等.从上述研究来看,学者主要集中于本体语言的研究,对于英汉新闻标题的比较研究还存在一定的研究空间,尤其是对于中英新闻标题词汇特点上的对比研究比较少,因此,本研究便具有一定的研究价值.３㊀英汉新闻标题语言共性新闻标题的作用在于帮助读者选择新闻㊁阅读新闻和理解新闻(刘其中,２００４).因此,无论是中英新闻标题,都力求使用最简短的语言来最大程度地增强读职业教育与培训现代商贸工业２０１９年第１８期１６６㊀㊀者的阅读性,同时传递给读者更多的信息量.具体到语言特点上,它们之间的共同点主要有:(１)总的来说,无论是汉语新闻标题还是英语新闻标题语言,都具有言简意赅的共性,它们都用简练的文字浓缩了新闻中最主要的内容,如:①L i g h t s ,c a m e r a ,i m po r t s !(«经济学人»,２０１８)这则新闻的背景是在中美贸易战下的中国进口博览会.在这标题里,只用了三个名词并列,但已经足够勾勒出进博会非常盛大㊁吸引了广泛关注的情形:l i gh t s 展现出会场灯火通明的盛大景象, c a m e r a 就可以想象出媒体拿着相机狂拍照㊁发报道的场面,而 i m po r t s 则直接揭示了主题,因此这三个词就很好地概括了所要报道的内容.在中文新闻中也有同样的共性,如:②再见,玉米你好,蔬菜.(«人民日报»,２０１７)这短短几个字就清晰地表达了文章的主题,即一个东北农民的种植转型记.(２)二者都重点突出核心词汇,以求最大程度上地节省空间,常常删略某语法成分的词语.如:①正风肃纪久久为功(«人民日报»,２０１９).②W h e r en e x t ?D i v i d e d g o v e r n m e n t f o r ad i v i d e dc o u n t r y(«经济学人»,２０１８).在这两例中,汉英新闻标题都灵活运用了这一省略手法来节省空间.(３)中英文新闻标题都需要一目了然,能够选择一些简单日常词汇,既能表达出整篇新闻又能避免生僻词汇.如:①习总书记办的,都是俺们盼的(«人民日报»,２０１７).②D i s n e ygo e s b a c k t o t h e f u t u r e («经济学人»,２０１９).４㊀英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比在语言表达上,英汉新闻标题都应遵循言简意赅㊁突出重点㊁使用简单词的规范.但在具体的新闻报道中,也存在着一定的区别.由于英汉两种文字文化背景的不同,在具体语言表达及使用上,英汉新闻标题便在词汇特点㊁句法结构㊁修辞偏好等方面存在着明显区别.下面,将主要对英汉新闻标题在词汇上的特点进行对比分析.经过分析,中英新闻标题词汇主要在提炼程度㊁词类选择以及简短词使用上具有差异.４．１㊀提炼程度不同中英文新闻标题的词汇都能够简要概括出新闻重点,但在概括程度也即词汇提炼程度上两者有着显著差异.汉语新闻标题具有 全面性 ,即力求全面综合新闻要点.而英语新闻标题则倾向于 重点化 ,即精炼地概括要点,以点带面来吸引读者.这种精炼程度上的区别,主要是由于中英两种语言文字特点形成的.我们知道,汉语是单音节语言,是表意文字,每个字不仅能够单音多义,而且长短均同,易于新闻内容的编排.因此,中文新闻标题是多层次的,尽可能详尽完整地囊括新闻内容.而英语,作为表音文宇,其单词大多是多音节的,每个词的长短不一且语法结构复杂,因此,英文标题只能以精炼的词汇概括出新闻中的要点来吸引读者.此外,英语重形合,主要是通过形态以及形式词来表示词间或句子间的关系,以形显义;而汉语重意合,主要是靠词语与句子的连贯性与逻辑顺序来实现连接,以意统形(连淑能,１９９３).因此,英语句子结构相对严密,而汉语句子结构则较为松散.如:(１)M o v i e s t a r s a n d s o yb e a n s C h i n a s p u b l i cw o r r i e s p o i n t l e s sa b o u tGM f o o d ．(T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１８)这一新闻标题的背景是转基因食品的安全性以及某一娱乐明星逃税事件.在这一标题中, m o v i e s t a r s 指的便是该娱乐明星, s o y b e a n s 是转基因作物的一大代表,因此,这一主标题便将新闻的重点表达出来了,而副标题中的GM 是个缩写,全称是g e n e t i c a l l y mo d i Ｇf i e d,通过缩写,便有效地节省了版面.(２)Af a s h i o n a b l e a e s t h e t i c c o n f o u n d sC h i n e s e p a r Ｇe n t s a n do f f i c i a l s (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１８)这一标题的中文意思为 流行审美让中国家长和官员都困惑不已 ,这一标题,便直接揭示了文章的中心,也就是中国公众对当前男性审美存在的争议.(３)科技工作者热切关注,各行各业广泛关心.成果令人振奋,精神让人感动(«人民日报»,２０１９)这一标题详细完整地讲述了２０１８年度国家科学技术奖的揭晓场景,体现了我国科技创新成果丰富,也强调了科技工作者不懈拼搏的风采,是科技站线乃至各个行业的学习榜样,它将进一步激发创新㊁激励奋斗.(４)中央政法委牵头成立联合调查组调查 千亿矿权案 卷宗丢失等问题.(«人民日报»,２０１９)同样,这一则中文新闻标题也详尽完整地综合了新闻要点.４．２㊀词类选择不同不论是英语还是汉语,动词和名词都是句子的重要组成成分.然而,汉语语法虽以名词为重点,在使用频率上动词占主导,为动态语言;英语语法虽侧重动词,在使用频率上名词占主导,为静态语言.因此,具体到英汉新闻标题,这两者句子中动词和名词的使用频率便大不相同.在汉语新闻标题中,动词的使用频率要远高于其他词类,而在英语新闻标题中,动词使用的频率却远低于名词.词频上的区别原因在于,对于英语而言,名词不仅表意功能强大,语法兼容性也更广泛,使用简单的名词结构也能表达出完整的句法结构,而且,在一定的情况下,英语名词也可充当形容词㊁副词㊁动词等不同词类.名词连用是英语中普遍的现象,而动词连用在汉语中则更为普遍.这是因为,动词是汉语句子的主要支撑,并且由于词类划分明确,动词的位置也是无法替代的.现代商贸工业２０１９年第１８期１６７㊀为了更直观体现这一区别,下面便对«经济学人»中的英文标题以及相应的中文译文进行分析比较.如:(１)英:F a s t e r g r o w t h i s n o t a s i l v e r b u l l e t (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１０)中:增长更快并非灵丹妙药(２)英:T h e l i qu e f a c t i o no f h a r d w a r e ,t h e r i s eo f t h e v i r t u a l c o m pu t e r (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１５)中:硬件溶解,虚拟计算机兴起(３)英:T h e c o m p e l l i n g c a s e f o r w o r k i n g a l o t l e s s ?(T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１７)中:大幅减少工作量都有哪些好处?(４)英:T w oo fA m e r i c a sm o s t i n v e n t i v er e gi o n s a r e g r o w i n g cl o s e r (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１７)中:美国最具创造力的两大地区联系日益紧密(５)英:T h es e a r c hf o r l i f eo n M a r s (T h eE c o n o Ｇm i s t ,２０１８)中:搜寻火星生命在以上例子中,英文新闻标题都是尽量不选用动词,若有要选择动词的情况,都会将其转换成其他形式,如:g r o w t h ,l i q u e f a c t i o n ,g r o w i n g 等等.因此,大多数情况下英语新闻标题都以动词的非谓语形式或转化成名词的形式来替换动词.而中文新闻标题则不同,动词的频率非常高,如 减少㊁兴起㊁搜寻 等等.４．３㊀简短词使用不同中英文新闻标题都喜欢使用简短词,但也存在一些差异.英文由于语言特性的限制,为了适合有限的版面,英文新闻标题大量使用 小词 .小词与大词相反,长度较短,表意更为细化,多是字形短小而词义广的单音节词或双音节词,而非多音节词.如英语标题中大多用a i m 来替代g o a l ,o b j e c t ,d e s i g n ,t a r g e t ,p u r Ｇp o s e 或i n t e n t i o n ,b a n 来替代r e s t r a i n t ,pr o h i b i t i o n 或e m b a r g o ,b i d 来替代t r y ,o f f e r ,a t t e m pt 或e n d e a v o r ,c u t 来替代f a l l ,d e c r e a s e 或d e c l i n e 等(许明武,２００３).这些简洁的小词不仅易读,还能节省版面,已经成为英语新闻标题词汇的一大特色.正如E v a n (１９７２)认为,新闻记者应该首选短小简单㊁词义具体㊁有盎格鲁－撒克逊起源的词,而非字形长㊁复杂㊁抽象的外来词.与英语相比,汉语是每个字单音多义,既能节省版面又便于编排,便不需要去选取和斟酌小词就可达到简练的效果,汉语新闻标题的简短词主要是通过简称或昵称来表示所指.如 中美两国互征关税 ,其原本的语句应该写为 中国和美国两国互相征收关税 ,但是如果全称全部写出,就会让新闻标题更为繁杂,从而影响新闻标题的语言效果.因此,在不影响信息传达的基础上,汉语一般会缩写一些名称,使用简称来表达新闻标题.而对英语而言,往往会为了表达出新意造出新词,尤其是产生以上小词.总而言之,英语新闻标题更多使用小词,而汉语新闻标题则更多简化词语.如:(１)At a l eo f t w ot e c hh u b s (T h eE c o n o m i s t,２０１７)(２)T h eM e r k e l e r ah a s c o m e t o a n e n d (T h eE c o n Ｇo m i s t ,２０１８)在(１)中, h u b 指的是某地或活动的中心,小词 h u b 便替代了 c e n t e r 这一较长的单词.在(２)中,选用了相对短的小词 e r a 来表达时代的意思,而没有选用相对较长的单词如t i m e ,e po c h 等等.(３)个税改革,关注 账面 ,更关注 全面 («人民日报»,２０１８)(４)老乡不脱贫老韩不走人 第一书记韩献良的驻村扶贫路(«人民日报»,２０１９)在(３)中, 个税 是一个抽象的概念来表达个人所得税,随着越来越多的读者已经知道个人所得税,因此只需要用 个税 就行.而在(４)中, 脱贫 和 驻村 便是简称汉语,但都能表达出原本的意思.５㊀结语新闻标题,作为报道全文的浓缩,是新闻内容的高度概括,统领着整条新闻的主导思想.它以精炼的文字浓缩了新闻中的要点,并在第一时间提供给受众最需要的信息,吸引读者的注意,进而激发读者的阅读兴趣,使之产生继续阅读新闻全文的欲望.而中英文语言之间存在的差异使得汉英新闻标题在词汇㊁句法㊁编排形式等方面各具特点.本文基于对新闻标题的理解,进行了中英新闻标题词汇特点的对比.对比发现,在新闻标题的语言规范方面,由于版面空间和布局的限制,中英文标题都以简练且信息含量大的词汇进行表达.在词汇特点上,中英文新闻标题在提炼程度㊁词类选择以及简短词使用上具有差异.通过对比,有利于提高我们阅读新闻的能力,在一定程度上也能提高英汉翻译的水平.因此,研究和对比英汉新闻标题词汇特点有其现实意义.参考文献[１]E v a n s ,H．N e w s m a nE n gl i s h [M ]．L o n d o n :H e i n e m a n n ,１９７２．[２]i a r o v i c i ,e ．&r ．a m e l ．t h es t r a t e g y o f t h eh e a d l i n e [J ]．s e m i o t i c a ,１９８９,７７(４)．[３]m a r d h ,i ．o n t h e g r a m m a r o f e n g l i s h f r o n t p a g e h e a d l i n e [M ]．c a l i Ｇf o r n i a :l i b e r l a r o m e d e l /g l e e r u p,１９８０．[４]陈丽昭．中英新闻标题对比研究[D ]．福州:福建师范大学,２００２．[５]郭可．中英新闻标题语言比较[J ]．上海外国语大学学报,１９９５,(４)．[６]韩书庚．新闻标题语言研究[M ]．北京:知识产权出版社,２０１４．[７]连淑能．英汉对比研究[M ]．北京:高等教育出版社,１９９３．[８]刘其中．新闻翻译教程[M ]．北京:中国人民大学出版社,２００４．[９]彭朝丞㊁王秀芬．标题的制作艺术巨[M ]．北京:新华出版社,２００５:２．[１０]许明武．新闻英语与翻译[M ]．北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,２００３．[１１]张鑫．关联理论视角下新闻标题的生成和理解[D ]．太原:山西师范大学,２０１２．。
大学英语四级强化智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下哈尔滨理工大学
大学英语四级强化智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下哈尔滨理工大学哈尔滨理工大学第一章测试1.《卫报》(The Guardian)是（）的全国性综合内容日报。
答案:英国2.《新闻周刊》是（）时政杂志中因评论优秀而获得荣誉最多的周刊。
答案:美国3.《大西洋月刊》是（）最受尊敬的杂志之一。
答案:美国4.着重财经新闻报道的是（）。
答案:《华尔街日报》5.被称为“灰色女士”(The Gray Lady)的是（）。
答案:《纽约时报》6.大学英语四级笔试每年的考试时间是六月和十二月。
（）答案:对7.大学英语四级考试听力部分包括短对话。
（）答案:错8.《经济学人》是一份，由纽约经济学人报纸有限公司出版的杂志。
（）答案:错9.《洛杉矶时报》（Los Angles Times）是美国西部最大的对开日报。
（）答案:对10.《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)，是美国华盛顿最大、最老的报纸。
（）答案:对第二章测试1.If the physical, psychological and environmental demands on workers （）their capabilities, hazards arise.答案:exceed2.If you don’t （） what may happen, you will find yourself at a loss whensomething crops up.答案:anticipate3.But a new study suggest s that constant instant messaging (IM’ing) andtexting among teens may also provide benefits, particularly for those who are （）.答案:introverted4.Emailing the neuroscientist and memory researcher Jim McGaugh one day,she （） that she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12.答案:claimed5.The program will offer patients several bags of food （） for their condition,along with intensive training in how to cook it.答案:prescribed6.Elaborate既是形容词也是动词。
140517经济学人本周时政要闻译文
Note ：English article from The Economist is for study and reference only. Chinese translation is copyrighted by Daniel Tian . Your comments are welcome and appreciated. For more information pls visit my blog site : /ecotrans注意：本译文英文内容取自《经济学人》杂志，仅供学习参考使用；中文内容版权归Daniel Tian 本人所有，欢迎批评指正和吐槽。
更多内容请访问博客网站：/ecotrans 微博：Live2BurnPolitics this weekMay 17th 2014本周时政要闻2014年5月17日An explosion at a pit in Turkey killed more than 280 coalminers with scores more missing. It is the world ’s worst recorded mining disaster in 40 years. With every passing hour the hope of finding more survivors faded. Trade union called a one-day strike to protest at the government ’s recent privatization of mines. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the prime minister, visit the scene to pay his respects, but a crowd angry at the poor safety record of Turkey ’s mining industry jostled his official car.土耳其矿井爆炸事故造成280名煤矿工人丧生以及数十名矿工失踪。
economist经济学人文摘(中英双语)：If only it were that easy
If only it were that easy不当家不知柴米贵，不生孩子不知肚子痛American comments about T urkey betray a lack of understanding of the European Union美国对欧盟拒绝接纳土耳其的指责纷纷扬扬，反而暴露出其对欧盟缺乏理解Jun 17th 2010SHUT up, please, you are not helping. That, with respect, would be Charlemagne’s advice to America’s foreign-policy establishment, as its big guns nag the European Union into admitting Turkey swiftly, so as to anchor Turks to “the West”.闭嘴吧，你们是在帮倒忙。
这就是查理曼对美国外交当局的建议，但绝无不敬之意。
美国外交界的大人物们喋喋不休，催促欧盟出于将土耳其拴在西方阵营的目的迅速接纳土耳其入盟。
It is no pleasure to offer such advice. Successive American governments have been right to say that EU membership for Turkey—a dynamic, officially secular, youthful Muslim nation, sitting astride vital trade and energy routes—is in the strategic interests of Europe. The very process of negotiating membership has promoted reform inside Turkey. Americans are right that such advances are imperilled when leaders like Nicolas Sarkozy of France say Turks have no place in the EU. Americans are also right to point out that EU leaders have already pledged to admit Turkey if it meets a long list of legal requirements.查理曼提出如此建议实为不得已之策。
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Less may be more
Changing course certainly worked as far as restoring external balance was concerned. On average, the surplus narrowed by 5.1 percentage points of GDP. The contribution of net exports to GDP growth fell by 1.6 percentage points, mainly because imports increased sharply whereas exports were on average unchanged. Oddly enough, however, shifting out of surplus did not affect growth appreciably in either direction (see chart). The IMF economists reckon that it was a few tenths of a percentage point higher in the three years after countries started tackling their surpluses than in the three preceding years, but this difference is so small that it is wellwithin the statistical margin of error.
Surplus ça change
多变的盈余
By The Economis
翻译：周婷婷金嘉栋
摘自《经济学人》周刊
What would happen ifChinarevalued the yuan? The past offers some clues
Countries do not, however, tend to rely on only one tool to get rid of their surpluses. That the declines were much smaller on average was because the effects of the appreciation were offset by demand-boosting fiscal, monetary and structural policies. For instance, South Korea and Taiwan in the 1980s, which are two of the surplus countries of the past that look most like China today, also significantly liberalized their domestic financial sectors when they let their currencies rise. In some countries that had exchange-rate appreciations exports moved up the value chain: this also helped. These countries did not so much export less after they revalued as export different, more expensive things. But they saved less and consumed and imported more, contributing more to global demand.
All this might suggest thatChinahas little to fear from a revaluation of the yuan. But that conclusion is slightly tempered by another of the fund’s findings. Countries that engineered a reversal primarily by revaluing their currency fared differently from those that relied on fiscal or monetary stimulus. Growth declined in the former case and rose slightly in the latter. Once again, neither effect was large enough that it lay outside the margin of error. But the economists find that, all else being equal, a 10% appreciation in the exchange rate reduces GDP growth by around one percentage point. Given actual exchange-rate movements, the IMF reckons that if the only thing surplus countries had done was to let their currencies rise, then growth might have ended up declining by between two and four percentage points.
如果人民币贬值了，中国将何去何从？让我们以史为鉴。
A BIG export-oriented economy is booming but its trading partners are livid. Year after year, they point out, it runs largecurrent-account surpluses.The country regards itself as an export powerhouse whose goods are prized abroad. Others castigate it for mercantilism. Some argue that it subsidizes its exports unfairly by giving exporters credit at cheap rates and by keeping its currency artificially undervalued. Pressure builds on the country to revalue its currency and boost domestic consumption, which makes up an unusually small share of itsGDP.
That is because increased contributions to growth from private consumption and investment, which boosted expansion by an additional 1.0 and 0.7 percentage points respectively, were enough to offset the declining contribution of net exports. Economic growth simply came from different sources. Foreign demand was replaced by local demand. Likewise, fewer workers were employed in the parts of the economy that produced goods for sale abroad, but just as many more found work making things that were consumed within the country’s borders. On average, there was “full rebalancing”.