美国电视体制介绍
美国新一代数字电视ATSC 3.0标准技术体系介绍
美国新一代数字电视ATSC 3.0标准技术体系介绍Richard Chernock;Jerry C. Whitaker;上海交通大学未来媒体网络协同创新中心;数字电视国家工程研究中心【期刊名称】《广播与电视技术》【年(卷),期】2015(042)0z2【摘要】尽管当前的地面数字电视广播系统（现在被称为ATSC1．0）非常普及，也相当成功，但是，其基础性的构成技术已经使用了20年。
技术在不断演进。
观众的期望也在日益提升。
由于监管和频谱问题，以及提升观众关注度的竞争日益加剧，电视广播机构面对的压力越来越大。
【总页数】9页(P11-19)【作者】Richard Chernock;Jerry C. Whitaker;上海交通大学未来媒体网络协同创新中心;数字电视国家工程研究中心【作者单位】美国高级电视系统委员会(ATSC) 美国;美国高级电视系统委员会(ATSC) 美国【正文语种】中文【相关文献】1.美国地面数字电视广播从ATSC 1.0向ATSC 3.0标准的过渡 [J], 徐孟侠2.ATSC3.0物理层技术介绍与讨论 [J], 王慧敏;杨明3.美国新一代数字电视ATSC 3.0标准技术体系S32物理层介绍 [J], Luke Fay;上海交通大学未来媒体网络协同创新中心;数字电视国家工程研究中心4.美国新一代数字电视ATSC 3.0标准技术体系S33协议层介绍 [J], YoungkwonLim;上海交通大学未来媒体网络协同创新中心;数字电视国家工程研究中心5.美国新一代数字电视ATSC 3.0标准技术体系S34应用与表述层介绍 [J], Madeleine Noland;上海交通大学未来媒体网络协同创新中心;数字电视国家工程研究中心因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
中外电视发展史
第八节中外电视发展史一世界电视发展史1电视的发明（1）硒的“光电效应”1817年，瑞典科学家布尔兹列斯发现了化学元素硒Se。
1865年，英国工程师约瑟夫·梅发现硒有“光电效应”。
1884年德国科学家保罗•尼普柯运用硒的光电效应发明了一种用机械的方法来实现分割图象和轮流传送的器械，即圆盘机械电视。
（2）贝尔德—机械式扫描电视发明者1926年贝尔德完成电视画面的完整组合及播送，1月26日在伦敦作公开示范表演，被称为“电视之父”。
1928年贝尔德将电视画面由伦敦发送到格拉斯和纽约。
1930年，英国广播公司和贝尔德合作，试验成功了有声的电视图像及其传送。
然而，机械电视具有设备太笨重、噪音太大、不易操作等缺点。
（3）电子（全电动）电视的出现1923年俄国人佐里金（1919年移民美国）发明电子摄像管——是全电动电视的关键部分。
1927年，美国科学家菲洛·法恩斯沃斯展示了他的图像分解仪。
1929年7月，他研制出第一个全电动电视系统，同年9月，他终于成功传送了静止图像——幅黑色三角形的图案，1946年，美国第一次播出全电子扫描电视，从此，电视由机械扫描时代进入到电子扫描时代。
（4）机械电视与电子电视的区别第一，一是现代电视图像的摄像和显示不再靠机械转动，而是用电子束扫描靶标。
被摄的影像通过摄像机的镜头，投射在摄像管底部的硒板上，通过电子束扫描，记录下图像映射在硒板上的光线变化。
显像时再通过电子束扫描，在荧光屏上还原光线的变化，形成图像。
第二，二是现代电子扫描技术的扫描方式不再是螺旋形，而改为从上到下、从左到右一行一行地进行扫描，每一行都包括数以千计的扫描点。
而且摄取和显示图象的扫描运动完全同步进行。
第三，是电子扫描比机械扫描快得多，而且电子扫描可以做到行多、点多，将图象分解的颗粒更细，并进行精确控制，因此它产生的图象要更清晰、稳定。
（5）电视的成型1936年英国在伦敦亚历山大宫建立世界上第一座电视台BBC。
NTSC与PAL电视制式的介绍
NTSC & PAL电视信号的标准也称为电视的制式。
电视制式就是用来实现电视图像信号和伴音信号，或其它信号传输的方法，和电视图像的显示格式，以及这种方法和电视图像显示格式所采用的技术标准。
制式的区分主要在于其帧频（场频）的不同、分解率的不同、信号带宽以及载频的不同、色彩空间的转换关系不同等等。
世界上有13种电视体制，三大彩电制式，兼容后组合成30多个不同的电视制式。
但根据对世界200多个国家和地区的调查，仅使用其中的17种：8种PAL，2种NTSC，7种SECAM。
使用最多的是PAL/B、G，有60个国家和地区使用；NTSC/M，有54个国家和地区使用；SECAM/K1，有23个国家和地区使用。
所以多制式电视机都不是全制式，但只要能接收PAL/D、K、B、G、I，NTSC/M，SECAM/K、k1、B、G、制式，就能收到世界上80%以上国家和地区的电视节目。
彩色电视制式，是在满足黑白电视技术标准的前提下研制的。
为了实现黑白和彩色信号的兼容，色度编码对副载波的调制有三种不同方法，形成了三种（模拟）彩色电视制式；1. National Television Systems Committee (NTSC)正交平衡调幅制(对两个”色副载波信号”进行正交调幅)。
同时制，帧速率为29.97fps（简化为30fps）, 每帧525行262线，标准分辨率为720×480。
日本、韩国，东南亚地区, 我国台湾与美国、加拿大、墨西哥等大部分美洲国家等使用NTSC制式。
香港部份电视公司也采用NTSC制式广播。
由选用的色副载波的频率不同，还可分为NTSC 4.43和3.58两种, 后者是美国较常用的制式。
2. Phase-Alternative Line (PAL)正交平衡调幅逐行倒相制 (对两个色副载波信号轮流倒相，但调制方式仍是正交调幅)。
同时制, 帧速率为25fps，每帧625行312线，标准分辨率为720×576。
美国各大电视台的英文介绍和电视专业术语(the appreciation of American Series)
The Appreciation of American TV SeriesPart I. American TV StationNBC•The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City’s Rockefeller Center.•It is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network due to its stylized peacock logo, created exclusively for color broadcasts.•Formed in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), NBC was the first major broadcast network in the United States. In 1986, control of NBC passed to General Electric (GE), with GE’s $6.4 billion purchase of RCA.•NBC is available in an estimated 112 million households, 98.6% of those with televisions. NBC has 10 owned-and-operated stations and nearly 200 affiliates in the United States and its territories.ABC•American Broadcasting Company•Created in 1943 from the former NBC Blue radio network, ABC is owned by The Walt Disney Company and is part of Disney-ABC Television Group. It first broadcast on television in 1948.•Corporate headquarters are in Manhattan in New York City, while programming offices are in Burbank, California adjacent to the Walt Disney Studios and the Walt Disney Company corporate headquarters.•The network is sometimes referred to as the Alphabet Network, due to the letters "ABC" being the first three letters of the Latin alphabet, in order.2004 -- Present•Determined not to lose its prominence on TV, ABC was able to find success in ratings beginning in 2004. In the fall of that year, ABC premiered two highly anticipated series Desperate Housewives, and Lost. Immediately, the network’s ratings skyrocketed to unprecedented levels.•It followed up its prosperity with the premieres of Grey’s Anatomy in 2005, and in 2006, the dramedy Ugly Betty, which are all popular among viewers and critically acclaimed.•ABC continues to place second in ratings thanks to its highly popular shows, mainly Desperate Housewives, Lost, Grey's Anatomy, Ugly Betty, and Dancing with the Stars, although it has slipped to third since 2007.•In April 2009, ABC announced that they will bring Who Wants to be a Millionaire back into Primetime for a 2-week lifespan in response to the popularity of the 2008 Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire.•There have been attempts to broaden the ABC brand name. In 2004, ABC launched a news cha nnel called “ABC News Now”. Its aim is to provide round-the-clock news on over-the-air digital TV, cable TV, the Internet, and mobile phones.•Good Morning America (GMA) is an American news Morning show and talk show that isbroadcast on the ABC television network, debuting on November 3, 1975.•The show features news, talk, weather, and special interest stories. It is produced live from Times Square Studios in New York City and fed to all network affiliates. The program is currently hosted by Diane Sawyer and Robin Roberts.TNT•TNT (originally Turner Network Television) is an American cable TV channel created by media mogul Robert Edward “Ted” Turner III and currently owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner.•On June 12, 2001, TNT relaunched itself, with a new logo and tagline, "We Know Drama.", which emphasized the channel’s new focus on programming with drama and energy, such as sports and network TV dramas like Angel, Law & Order, Charmed, NYPD Blue, ER, Without a Trace, Alias, Judging Amy, Las Vegas, Leverage and Cold Case.•In 2004, TNT became the first Turner channel to begin broadcasting in High Definition. TNT is also one of the Turner-owned channels which now shows the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.•On December 7, 2008, TNT unveiled a new ad campaign with a newly stylized update of its logo, mainly in shiny silver but sometimes in gold.•The campaign will continue to use the channel’s tagline “We Know Drama” but with more of a focus on its original series and its plan to have three nights of original primetime programming starting in 2009.CBS•CBS Broadcasting Inc. is an American television network, which started out as a radio network.•The name is derived from the initials of the network’s former name, Columbia Broadcasti ng System. The network is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network or more simply The Eye, in reference to the shape of the company’s logo.•The CBS Building in New York City, also known as “Black Rock”, is the 38-story headquarters of the CBS Corporation.2002 -- Present•The turning point for CBS came in the summer of 2000 when it debuted the summer reality show Survivor, which became a surprise summer hit for the network.•In January 2001, CBS debuted the second season of the show after its airing of the Super Bowl, and moved the police procedural C.S.I. to Thursdays and was both able to chip away at and eventually beat NBC’s Thursday night lineup, and attract younger viewers to the network.•CBS has had additional successes with police procedurals Cold Case, Without a Trace, Criminal Minds, NCIS, and The Mentalist, along with CSI: Miami and CSI: NY, and sitcoms Everybody Loves Raymond, Two and a Half Men, How I Met Your Mother, The Big Bang Theory and The New Adventures of Old Christine.•During the 2007-2008 season, Fox ranked as the top-rated network, primarily due to itsreliance on American Idol. However, according to Nielsen, CBS ended up as the top-rated network for the 2008-2009 season.FOX•The Fox Broadcasting Company (FBC), commonly referred to as FOX, is owned by Fox Entertainment Group, part of Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation.•The network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studio’s predecessors, Fox Film.1986 -- 2009•Launched on October 9, 1986, from 2004 to 2009 FOX was the highest-rated broadcast network in the 18–49 demographic. In the 2007–08 season, FOX became the most popular network in America in household ratings for the first time in its history, replacing CBS. CBS took back the top spot in the 2008-09 season, though FOX remains a solid runner-up.2000s: The Idol Effect•FOX arguably hit a few bumps in its programming during 1999 and the early 2000s. Many staple shows of the 1990s had ended or were on the decline. During this time, FOX put much of its efforts into producing reality fare with subjects often seen as extravagant, shocking, and/or distasteful.•Between 2000 and 2009, FOX added the cable channels FOX College Sports, Fuel TV, FOX Reality Channel and FOX Business Network.•After shedding most of these shows, FOX regained a ratings foothold with acclaimed dramas such as 24, The O.C., House and Bones.•By 2005, FOX’s most popular show by far was the talent search American Idol, peaking at up to 37 mill ion viewers on certain episodes and being the nation’s highest-rated program in the 2004–05 season. House, airing after Idol on Tuesday nights and having had a successful run of summer repeats in 2005, positioned itself as a top-ten hit in the 2005–06 season.•FOX hit a milestone in February 2005 by scoring its first-ever sweeps victory among all viewers. This was largely due to the broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIX, but also on the strength of American Idol, 24, House, and The O.C.•By the end of the 2004–05 television season, FOX ranked No. 1 for the first time in its history among the 18–49 demographic most appealing to advertisers.•Another milestone came on May 21, 2008, FOX took the #1 general households rating crown for the first time, based on the strength of Super Bowl XLII and American Idol.Syfy•Syfy is an American cable television channel launched on September 24, 1992, that specializes in science fiction, fantasy, horror, and paranormal programming. The name Syfy was officially adopted on July 7, 2009.Sci Fi Syfy•On March 16, 2009, Sci Fi announced that it would be changing its name to Syfy as part of an on-going rebranding effort. Network officials also noted that, unlike the generic term “sci-fi” which represents the entire science fiction genre, the term “Syfy” can be protected by trademark and therefore would be easier to market on other goods or services without fear of confusion with other companies’ products.•Syfy's programming includes original television movies, miniseries, and series. In the past, the channel has also aired many canceled "cult classic" science fiction TV shows.•It gained national prominence in 2003 with the airing of Steven Spielberg Presents: Taken, which won the Emmy Award that year for best miniseries. In 2006, it also began including several non-sci-fi programs in its line-up, such as Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, WWE's ECW and WCG Ultimate Gamer.HBO•Home Box Office (HBO), a premium television programming owned by Warner Brothers Entertainment subsidiary of Time Warner, offers two 24/7 pay television services (HBO and Cinemax) to over 38 million U.S. subscribers in the United States.•HBO programming is broadcast into over 150 countries worldwide.SHOWTIME•Showtime is a subscription television brand used by a number of channels and platforms around the world, but primarily refers to a group of channels in the United States. As of August 2005, Showtime's programming is available to around 13 million subscribers in the United States. •Showtime primarily shows motion pictures as well as some original programming and occasional boxing and MMA matches.Part II. Explanation of TermsA.PilotB.EpisodeC.SeasonD.TeleplayE.Spin-offugh Trackedy-drama H.CliffhangerI.RerunJ.HiatusK.Audience Measurement L.WGAM.ATASN.Emmy AwardA. Pilot•Pilot (or Television Pilot) is a test episode of an intended television series, also, it’s an early step in the development of a television series.•Functions:works use pilots to discover whether an entertaining concept can be successfullyrealized.2.After seeing this sample of the proposed product, networks will then determine whetherthe expense of additional episodes is justified.Variety estimates that only a little over a quarter of all pilots made for American television succeed to the series stage.B. Episode•An episode is a part of a dramatic work such as a serial television or radio program.•Episodes which end in the middle of a climatic moment are often called cliffhangers, after the name used for early movie serials. Such episodes are frequently used in season finales of many prime time shows.•Shows usually have numbers or codes (aka, Production codes/numbers) for each episode.The X-Files, for example, assigned a code in the format "sXnn", with 's' identifying the season number and 'nn' being a two-digit number for each show, starting with '01'.C. Season•In North America and Australia, the term used to describe a regular run of episodes is a television season or simply, season. For example, a season of a television series might consist of 20–26 episodes broadcast regularly between September and May with a hiatus during the (Christmas/New Year’s Eve) holidays.•Alternatively, it may comprise 20–26 consecutive episodes between September and December or January and May. The latter is often referred to as a "non-stop season", which are usually used for serial television series (e.g., 24 and Lost). Another example might be a series that airs only a 6–13 episode season during the summer.•In the United States, most regular television series have 20 to 26 episodes per season. In general, dramas usually last 44 minutes (an hour with advertisements), while comedies last 22 (30 with advertisements).D. Teleplay• A teleplay is a play written or adapted for television. The term surfaced during the 1950swith wide usage to distinguish a TV script from stage plays for the theater and screenplays written for films.•In modern usage, a "teleplay" generally refers to a script written for a television series.Formats vary depending on the type of show.•The format for the average one-hour drama, however, at first glance looks virtually identical to a screenplay. The main difference between a screenplay and a teleplay, aside from length, is that a teleplay is split into acts. This allows the writer to control when commercial breaks will occur; commercials are placed between the acts.E. Spin-off• A spin-off is a new organization or entity formed by a split from a larger one, such as a television series based on a pre-existing one.•The term sub-series is generally used instead of spin-off, but with essentially the same meaning.F. Laugh Track• A laugh track, (laughter soundtrack, laughter track, LFN “Laughter From Nowhere”, canned laughter or a laughing audience) is a separate soundtrack invented by Charles Douglass, with the artificial sound of audience laughter, made to be inserted into TV comedy shows and sitcoms.•The first American television show to incorporate a laugh track was the American sitcom The Hank McCune Show in 1950.G. Comedy-drama•Comedy-drama, also called dramedy or seriocomedy, is a style of television, theatre and film in which there is an equal or nearly equal balance of humor and serious content.H. Cliffhanger• A cliffhanger (or cliffhanger ending), is a plot device in fiction which features a main character in a precarious or difficult dilemma, or confronted with a shocking revelation. A cliffhanger is hoped to ensure the audience will return to see how the characters resolve the dilemma.I. Rerun• A rerun (or repeat), is a re-airing of an episode of a radio or television broadcast.•There are two types of reruns—those that occur during a hiatus, and those that occur when a program is syndicated.•Reruns can also be, as the case with more popular shows, when a show is aired outside of its timeslot (e.g. in the afternoon).J. Hiatus•In television scheduling, a hiatus refers to a break of at least several weeks in the normal schedule of a television program. It can occur during a season of a television program, or can be between television seasons (usually starting in June and ending in August whenshooting starts for the next season).•In recent years, some television shows have been placed “on hiatus” by their networks for long periods of up to several years, effectively canceling them while leaving viewers and producers with the possible hope of the shows’ eventual return.K. Audience Measurement•Audience Measurement measure how many people are in an audience, usually in relation to radio listenership and television viewership, but also newspaper and magazine readership, and increasingly, usage of websites.•It is, to help broadcasters and advertisers determine who is listening, rather than just how many. This broader meaning is called audience research.L. WGA•The Writers Guild of America is a generic term referring to the joint efforts of two different US labor unions:•The Writers Guild of America, East (WGAE), representing TV and film writers around New York City.•The Writers Guild of America, West (WGAW), representing TV and film writers in Hollywood and southern California.M. ATAS•The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences was founded in 1946; just one month after network television was born.•It is a nonprofit organization devoted to the advancement of telecommunications arts and sciences and to fostering creative leadership in the telecommunications industry.•The Television Academy is the only major organization devoted entirely to television and is made up of more than 15,000 members representing 28 professional peer groups, including performers, directors, producers, art directors and various other artisans, technicians and executives.N. Emmy Award•The Emmy Award, also known as the 'Emmy', is a television production award, and is considered the television equivalent to the Academy Awards (for film), Grammy Awards (for music) and Tony Awards (for stage).•They are presented in various sectors of the television industry, including entertainment programming, news and documentary shows, and sports programming. As such, the awards are presented in various area-specific ceremonies held annually throughout the year. The best known of these ceremonies are the Primetime Emmy Awards.Why call it “Emmy”?•The name “Emmy” was derived from “Immy,” a nickname for the image orthicon camera tube (图像正析像管) , which was instrumental in the development of modern television.What’s meaning of the statuette?•The word was feminized as “Emmy” to complement the design chosen for the statuette, which depicted a winged, idealized woman holding an atom.•It become the symbol of the TV Academy's goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television: The wings represent the muse of art; the atom the electron of science.•In 1949, the Television Academy held the first Emmy Awards ceremony, an annual event created to recognize excellence in television programming.Part III. GenreA.Situation ComedyB.Medical DramaC.Sci-fi DramaD.Crime DramaE.Legal DramaF.Teen DramaG.Historical DramaH.Reality Show & Reality CompetitionI.Talk ShowJ.Miniseries & TV MoviesPart IV. Television Content Rating Systems•Television Content Rating Systems give television viewers an idea of the suitability of a television program for children and/or adults.•Many countries have their own television rating system and each country's rating process may differ due to local priorities.•Programs are rated by either the organization that manages the system, the broadcaster or by the content producers themselves.• A rating is usually set for each individual episode of a television series. The rating can change per episode, network, rerun and per country.TV Parental Guidelines•The system was first proposed on December 19, 1996 by the United States Congress, the television industry and the FCC, and went into effect by January 1, 1997 on most major broadcast and cable networks in response to public concerns of increasingly explicit sexual content, graphic violence and strong profanity in television programs.•It was established as a voluntary-participation system, with ratings to be determined by the individually-participating broadcast and cable networks.•But the guidelines themselves have no legal force, and does not apply to news or sports programming.RatingsTV-Y➢(All Children)•This program is designed to be appropriate for all children. Whether animated or live-action, the themes and elements in this program are specifically designed for a very young audience, including children from ages 2-6. This program is not expected to frighten younger children.TV-Y7➢(Directed to Older Children)•This program is designed for children age 7 and above. It may be more appropriate for children who have acquired the developmental skills needed to distinguish between make-believe and reality. Themes and elements in this program may include mild fantasy violence or comedic violence, or may frighten children under the age of 7. Therefore, parents may wish to consider the suitability of this program for their very young children.TV-G➢(General Audiences)•Most parents would find this program suitable for all ages. Although this rating does not signify a program designed specifically for children, most parents may let younger children watch this program unattended. It contains little or no violence, no strong language and little or no sexual dialogue or situations.•Many programs on Disney Channel use the TV-G rating instead of the TV-Y7 rating, as the programs aim more toward a family audience.TV-PG➢(Parental Guidance Suggested)•This rating signifies that the program may be unsuitable for children under age 10 or 12, without the guidance of a parent. Various game shows and most reality shows are rated TV-PG for their suggestive dialog, suggestive humor, and/or coarse language.•The TV-PG rating may be accompanied by one or more of the following sub-ratings:D for some suggestive dialogueL for infrequent coarse languageS for some sexual situationsV for moderate violenceTV-14➢(Parents Strongly Cautioned)•Programs issued the TV-14 rating are usually unsuitable for children under the age of 14 without the guidance of a parent or guardian.•Many programs that air after 9:00 pm are rated TV-14. Live programming like televised awards ceremonies, concerts, and some specials will be issued a general TV-14 rating, because of the possibility that profanity, nudity, or suggestive dialogue may occur.TV-MA➢(Mature Audience Only)• A TV-MA rating means the program may be unsuitable for those below 17 without parental guidance. The program may contain extreme graphic violence, strong profanity, overtly sexual dialogue, very coarse language, nudity and/or strong sexual content.Although not a very large number of shows carry this rating, South Park is a popular example of a show that carries a TV-MA rating.•This rating may be accompanied by any of the following sub-ratings:L for crude indecent languageS for explicit sexual situations/nudityV for graphic violence•For the first 15 seconds of every rated program lasting a half-hour or less, a large rating icon appears in the upper-left hand corner of the screen. For every rated program running an hour or longer, a rating appears in the upper-left hand corner of the TV screen at the beginning of each half hour.•Starting in June 2005, many networks now display the ratings after every commercial break. ABC was one of the first television networks to display the program's rating after every commercial break in addition to at the beginning of the program.。
电视传播概论考试题(含答案)
电视传播概论考试题（综合版含答案）一、名词解释广播电视: 泛指通过无线电波或导线向广大地区或特定范围传播声音、图像节目的大众传播媒介。
其中只播送声音的称为“电声广播”简称广播，同时播出声音和图象的，称为“电视广播”简称“电视”。
有线电视：是指利用宽频线缆组成传输分配网络，把电视节目传送给观众的电视广播方式。
蒙太奇: 在影视制作的后期，将拍摄下来的许多镜头按照一定的要求，重新排列、组织、编辑在一起的一种镜头组接。
被人称为蒙太奇。
两方面意思：一是镜头组接的技巧手段，二是视听语言的思维方式。
收视率：是指特定电视覆盖区内观众收视具体节目的数量标志，是描述电视节目拥有观众数量多寡的一种相对的统计指标，通常用百分比表示。
电视制度：或称电视体制，是一国电视事业所赖以建立和组成的所有制形式和结构方法二、简答题1．介绍三个有世界影响的电视机构？（1）CBS—哥伦比亚广播公司。
美国三大商业广播电视公司之一，经费来自广告收入。
节目以新闻和娱乐性节目为主，收视率长时期占三大广播公司首位。
（2）CNN—有线电视新闻网。
最具有当前电视即时化、全球化传播特点的频道。
节目以直播为主，24小时不间断地重复部分新闻内容，世界各地的电视观众随时都能对当天的要闻及时地了解。
（3）BBC—英国广播公司。
被看作是全世界广播的典范。
1927年创立，为各阶层广大听众提供高质量服务，拥有高水平的节目主持人，被认为是一个“深孚众望、才华横溢的完美的群体。
” BBC的信誉主要来自它的新闻报道，报道一直遵循准确与公正的准则并在国际上成为准确与公正准则的代名词。
英国广播公司世界台（BBC—WORLD）是英国广播公司集团的子公司，是美国有线新闻网的一个强有力的竞争对手。
它的节目几乎覆盖了五大洲。
它每天24小时不间断地播出新闻节目。
英国广播公司世界台不收取用户特许权使用费，也不接受国家的补贴，完全靠商业收入来支持自己的运营费用。
（4）NBC——全国广播公司（National Broadcasting Company），简称NBC，美国三大商业广播电视公司之一，原为美国无线电公司（RCA）子公司。
美国广播电视体制
“公众利益、便利和必需”的商营 公众利益、便利和必需” 公众利益 体制基础
这句从19世纪公用事业立法中借 这句从 世纪公用事业立法中借 用的空洞词语根本无法平衡公共广 播和私营广播的地位。 播和私营广播的地位。 一方面， 一方面，商营广播声称自己有满足 美国观众全部需要的能力。 美国观众全部需要的能力。 另一方面， 另一方面，公共广播却因为资金匮 乏无法进入。 乏无法进入。
（一）NBC和它的红蓝网 和它的红蓝网 NBC
在1926年的夏末，完全由 年的夏末， 年的夏末 完全由RCA拥有 拥有 的子公司——全国广播公司 的子公司 全国广播公司 （TheNational Broadcasting Company）宣告成立。实际上这家 ）宣告成立。 公司是由RCA出资 出资50%，通用电气 公司是由 出资 ， 出资30%和西屋电子的 和西屋电子的20%组成。 组成。 出资 和西屋电子的 组成
福特基金会的开创之功
首先，福特基金会资助了一系列对电视与学 校教育关系的研究，这些研究后来导致儿童 电视网和《芝麻街》的开发。 其次，在FCC解除对电视的“冻结”政策时， 福特基金会还游说FCC通过了一项有利于教 育电视的政策——预留教育电视频道 最终，促成了全国教育电视台的诞生
卡内基基金会的突破之劳
美 国 广 播 电 视 体 制
本节主要内容
一、美国商营广播体制的建立 二、美国商营广播电视体制的发展 三、公共广播电视体系的建立 四、电视网的黄金时代及其结束
前言
美国广播电视媒介的商业性质在世界 上是表现最为突出的。这来自于美国 独特的媒介运营模式，即以商业经营 的好坏来定义文化表现的优劣。在这 种由“消费者”决定的媒介民主中， 受教育最少的人数量最多，因此他们 的趣味占据统治地位。
广播电视概论
第四章 广播电视节目
一、广播电节目的分类
电视新闻节目
• 一、界定 • 电视新闻是以现 代电子技术为传 播手段， • 以声音，画面为 传播符号， • 对新近或正在发 生、发现的事实 的报道。
二、电视新闻节目分类
1、消息类新闻：指的是迅速、广泛、简要地报道国内外新发生 的事态的新闻报道的节目形式。
2、节目主持人特点 西方： • 普遍年龄较大，在成名之前，他们都有着丰富的从 业经验。 • 他们往往入行时间早，从业时间长，但成名晚 • 新闻节目主持人影响力大，拥有较大的权力 • 拥有超群的采访报道能力和写作功底
中国： 电视节目主持人来源多层 次性； 中国主持人发展进入良性 发展阶段。
电视节目主持人来源： • 科班出身，毕业于播音与主持专门院校和专业的学 生。 • 以记者为主的采编等媒体从业人员转为主持人。 • 演员、歌手、模特、运动员等文体明星。 • 向社会上各行各业以及大学生公开招考的主持人。
语言风格：
李咏：猖狂 崔永元：平和、幽默 刘仪伟：老百姓的憨厚 张越：亲和力与文化底蕴
追求主持个性化的误区： 1、盲目追求个性化，忽视了 节目的内涵塑造 2、节目风格和主持人风格不 相配 怎样保持主持人的个性魅力： 1、与时俱进的形象包装 2、注重学习 3、个性发展与节目风格相统 一
二、记者
（一）广播电视采访的特点
第二章 广播电视的管理
• 广播电视体制概述 • 体制就是指所有制形式和结构方法，包括制度和体系。 • 世界上广播电视体制一般有三种，公共服务，私营商业，公 有国营。 • 私营商业制 • 以营利为目的，要实现利润最大化，追求最高的收视率，迎 合低级趣味，以赢得广告收入。 • 以美国广播电视体制为例，NBC大卫.萨尔诺夫，CBS威廉.佩 利，ABC爱德华.诺贝尔，FOX默多克
美国高清电视频道介绍
丘
－ 已
圃
ｌ
＿＿＿＿－
维普资讯
－Ｔ ｕ ｈ Ｏ ｃ
Ａ ｃ Ａ 恬 ｌ Ｂ０ｄ ８啮 Ｃ ｍｐ Ｂ （ Ｈ ｃ ｒ目 ｆ ｃ ￣ｙ
《 美国发明 ｃ ｃ ｅｃ ｖｎ ｒ 《 尊》 Ａ ｒａ Ｉｅｔ 单身 ｍ ｉｎ ｎ ｏ Ｉ
维普资讯
Ｔ Ｏｕｃ ｈ－
Ｎ Ｃ Ｎ ｔｒ ｌ ０妇 日１ 州 Ｂ ｌｅｃｅ ｌ 日 ｔ 口ｃ ｎ
Ｃ ｕ ｓ ．《 ｒ ｍｂ ） 与星共舞》 （ ａｃｎ ｔ ｈ Ｄ ｎ ｉ ｗｉ ｔ ｏ ｇ ｈ Ｓ￣ ） 《 ｔｓ 证据》（ Ｅ ｉ ｒ ｅ 《 ＇ ｎ ｖ ｅｗ 】 美害救兵》 ｄ ： 《ｘｒ Ｅｔ ｍｅ￣ ｋｏ ｅ ） 《 ｅ ｅ ｖｆ 美窖救兵 蔼庭版》 ｃ
（ｘＥｒ Ｅ￣ ｅＭ￣ ｏｅ ． 口 Ｅ ｉ ｎ 《 ｖｒ Ｈ ｄＬ ）可没．丈 霄迪》 ｌ ｅ ｄｅ 、 乔活 洛佩 兹 ｅｅ ｒｅ Ｆ ｄ ｉｌ ｒ Ｇ ｏｇ
Ｌ ｝ 实习医生 《 格薷》Ｉ ｓ ｎｔ ｙ ａｍ） Ａ ｏ 《 希望与值 仰》 ｃ ｏ ｅ ＆ Ｆ ｉ Ｈｐ ａｔ 《 ｈ） 人慢》
ｆ ｙ ｓｏ ） 脱 口秀节 目 Ｉｉ Ｉ ａ ｎ ｎ Ｆ ｍｍｙ ｛ Ｊ Ｋｍｍｅ
可以在Ｋ Ｍ Ｏ Ｏ电视节目 中看到 黄 盎 毒 段 新闻和体育节 目大部丹采用 Ｈ Ｔ ＤＶ 格攒放 ．并且在深 在蒹些 收舞 电 节 目 视 （ａｄ ｒｇａ Ｐｉ Ｐｏ ｍ｝ ｛ ｒ 鞲常是成人节 目．也攫 采用 Ｈ Ｄｒ Ｖ措放 ．
清 电视频道 撂ｆ 的比较受 玫迎的 节目 ｝ ５
Ｋ ＭＯ高清电视轴谨的节 目在２ ０ 有：《 Ｏ ０３ 周一晚 足球》 ｛ ｎ 日 Ｎ ９ Ｉ Ｍｏ ｖ ｄ －ｈ 年８ 月被通过 Ｃ ｍ ａ 青线公司免费向 ｏ ｃｓ ｌ Ｆ ｏｂ ｌ） 林 ０ ｅ ｓ （ ｏｔｗｅｔ ｏ ｌａ１ Ｍ０ ４ Ｎ ｗ ￣ Ｎ ｒ ｓ ｈ 其 用户开播 采用 １ ｎ ｉ Ｏ Ｏ 视频格式和杜 Ａｆ ｒ ｏ ￣ 千面女间谍》 （ ｌ ＝ 《 ｔ ｎ ｎ ．《 ｅｏ Ａ ｉ Ｉ 和 ａ 比５ ｔ 环境 立 声 体 膏 格式 Ｏ 离 Ｋ ＭＯ 拽 女儿约会的 条常规》８Ｓ ｐ ｕ ｓ 八 《 ｉ ｌ Ｒｉ ） ｍ ｅ ｏ 和 《 妇约重 案组》 ｛ Ｙ Ｄ Ｂｕ ）等 ．我们 Ｎ Ｐ ｌ ｅ
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
一、美国电视的发展
1、1920年，KDKA开始播音，标志着美国进入电子媒介时代。
2、1928年，美国开始建立第一个电视实验广播的实验台。
3、1946年美国第一次播出全电子扫描电视。
4、1950年，美国首次播出彩色电视节目
二、体制（美国是资本主义国家民营体制的代表）
1、美国电视的高度商业化运作
美国私营商业电视占主体地位，具有完整的商业竞争机制
三、美国对广播电视的管理
1、美国主要通过立法对广播电视进行规制管理，其中影响最大的是《1934年通信法》和《1996
年电信法
2、1934年，美国制定通信法，成立联邦通信委员会（FCC），FCC控制广播电视执照的发
放和频道分配
3、《1996年电信法》对目前美国的广播电视格局有最深影响的法律，大大放宽对广播电视
的限制。
四、没有主要的电视台
公共电视网（PBS）
全国广播电视（NBC）
哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）
美国广播公司（ABC）
有线新闻广播公司（CNN）
福克斯电视台（FOX）
帕克森传播公司（PAXON）
五、各个电视台的相关节目
PBS(公共电视网)：《麦克尼尔和莱尔新闻时间》、《新闻小时》、《前线》、《新星ＮＯＶＡ》、《芝麻街》（历史上最长寿的电视节目）
ABC：《ABC今晚世界新闻》、《夜线》真人秀《谁想成为百万富翁》电视剧：《绝望的主妇》、《迷失Lost》
CBS：《60分钟》、真人秀《幸存者》电视剧《犯罪现场调查》
NBC：《今日》、《日界线》、《会见新闻界》电视剧：《急诊室的故事》、《六人行》《法律与秩序》、《白宫群英》娱乐节目《交易不交易》、商业真人秀《学徒》
FOX：《福克斯星期日新闻》早期情景剧《已婚并有孩子》，电视剧《X档案》、《24小时》《越狱》真人秀节目《谁想嫁给千万富翁》、《欲望岛》、《美国偶像》益智类游戏节目《你比五年级生聪明吗？》动画片《辛普森一家》（历史上播出时间最长）
CNN（有线电视新闻网）：《美国早晨》、脱口秀节目《拉里金现场》
美国电视节目的特点
1、内容丰富;
2、竞争激烈，重视编排;
3、受众分类明确
4、流水线生产。