浅析《飘》中女性意识
《飘》中斯嘉丽女性意识的觉醒
《飘》中斯嘉丽女性意识的觉醒摘要:玛格丽特·米切尔，美国作家，1937凭借《飘》获得普利策奖。
这既是她一生中唯一也是最著名的作品。
玛格丽特·米切尔出生于亚特兰大，在这儿她听说了许多有关美国南北方故事。
当她因伤在家时，她决定写一部有关这场战争的作品。
这是第一部以女性的角度描述有关美国内战的作品。
玛格丽特将视角放在了因遭受战乱而困于家中的女性。
纵观许多关于内战的作品，将重心放在了战争上。
而不是关于战争的主角人，而作为人类组成重要的一部分，女性也罕为许多作品所重视。
而这部作品，以女性的角度来观察内战。
许多批评家认为这是仅仅只是一部爱情故事。
然而，如果你带着对玛格丽特，对斯嘉丽，以及我们自己的一份思考，你会了解其背后的内涵。
本文将会从女性主义的角度分析这部作品。
第一部分是对作品的一个简单介绍，第二部分是对于女性主义的介绍，最后是关于作品中女性主义的具体分析。
关键词：内战；女性角度；女性主义The awakening of female consciousness of Scarlett's character inGone with the WindAbstractAs the first novel which describe American Civil War from women’s perspective, Margaret focuses on the suffering from the war of those women who stay at home and their difficult journey of reconstruction. Literary critics, on the basis of their respective knowledge and understanding have given different evaluation about this novel. Most of their researcher concentrates on the historical background of American Civil War, the abolitionist though, Scarlett’s particular character and the cultural discrepancy between the North and the South. Many critics question the literary value and outdated racial issue of Gone with the Wind. Some consider the novel superficial while treated it only a simple love story. However, the author thinks that the novel is most valuable if read with an understanding of three historical backgrounds, our own, Mitchell’s, and Scarlett’s. On the base of perspective of feministic, this paper wound analyzes the awakening of female self-consciousness reflected in this novel and its positive effect on the cause of women liberation. The first part of this paper is a general introduction to the work. Then the following chapter is introduction of the female consciousness, Chapter three is feminist analysis of Gone with the Wind and of Scarlet’s characteristic.Key words:Margaret; Scarlett; Civil War.AcknowledgementsFirst of all, I want to express my great gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Ge Youjin, both for her valuable advice and critical comments during the process of writing this essay. With patience and courage , he guided me this essay and discovered defects in my theorizing. Thought I know that the thesis might still contain some errors, for which I bear the whole responsibility.My thanks also go to all the teachers in the Department of English, whose scholarship has impressed me during my college years.I am also very grateful to my friends, who have given me useful help and courage when I am writing this essay.Finally, I greatly appreciate my parents's support and endless love. My heart swells with gratitude to all the people who helped me.Contents中文摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)1. Gone with the wind1.1 The introduction of the author (3)1.2 The brief introduction of the story (5)2.The Female Consciousness ················································································2.1 The definition of the Female consciousness (5)2.2 The background of the Female consciousness (7)2.3 The development and influence of the Female consciousness (8)3.Specific analysis (8)3.1 The analysis of the characters in the novel character (8)3.2 The specific examples and analysis of the awakening of the consciousnes of the novel (9)3.3 The great significance of the female consciousness of Gone withthe Wind (9)4.Analyzing the novel's theme and its significance and enlightenment for the modern society (14)5.Conclusion (17)6.Notes Bibliography (14)introduction1.1 The introduction of the authorMargaret Mannerly Mitchell, an American author, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 for her novel Gone with the Wind. It was the only and best book she wrote in her all life, Margaret Mitchell was born in Atlanta, where she can hear many stories about the war between the northern and southern states in American, and when she was wounded in home, she decided to write a book about the war .This work is one of the most popular books of all time.1.2 The brief Introduction of the storyThe novel Gone with the Wind was set the times of the Civil War in Atlantic. At that time, the South is a new reclaimed land where the industrial civilization has not yet penetrated it. Soon or later, the American Civil War broke out. Ashley and Charles joined the war. Unfortunately, Charles died in the war. Scarlett became a widow, but she has been in love with Ashley.2.The female consciousness2.1 The definition of the female consciousnessFeminism is the belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities int ended to achieve this state. Hundred years ago, women’s social statue was quite low, women was treated as appendage to men, they only had rights of living, their manner, speaking and behavior were regulated by a series of serious rules and discipline. With the education spreading among women and the awakening of female self-consciousness, they came to realize that they should defend their economic, political and other rights and pursue equal treatment like men. Then there appear feminism. Feminism is a series of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women. Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues.2.2 The background of the female consciousnessHundred years ago, women’s social statue was quite low, women was treated as appendage to men, they only had rights of living, their manner, speaking and behavior were regulated by a series of serious rules and discipline. With the education spreading among women and the awakening of female self-consciousness, they came to realize that they should defend their economic, political and other rights and pursue equal treatment like men.2.3 The development and influence of the Female consciousnessFirst-wave feminism was a series of activities during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. In the U.K. and U.S., it focused on promoting equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused mainly on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's voting, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's sexual and economic rights at this time.Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to the 20th and it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality not only suffrage, but things like ending discrimination. Second-wave feminists treat women's cultural and political inequalities as its main purposes that to be deal with. During this period, feminist encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives deeply by means of public promoting. The feminist activist and author Carol Hamish came up with the slogan for the first time "The Personal is Political", which became synonymous with the second wave.Third-wave feminism is start from 1900 to the present. It arose as a response toward failures of the second wave and also as a response to the movements created by the second wave. Third- wave feminism often correct the second wave’s ideas and movements that are not good for females. It accommodates contradictions; conflict and changes. The third wave has its origins in the mid-1980.3.Specific analysis3.1 The analysis of the characters in the novel character3.2 The specific examples and analysis of the awakening of the consciousnes of the novelScarlett’s mother Ellen, a typical noble and elegant female character, is a faultless woman with selfless love. Although she abides by the traditional conventions, she is also a girl with flesh and blood, thought and love. When her love is against ethical codes, she also flares resistant sparks, showing her self-consciousness. At the age of fifteen, Ellen irrevocably falls in love with her cousin Philip, a playboy. Her father firmly objects to it and manage to extrude Philip. Later Philip dies of a bar rioting. His death takes away all of Ellen’s hope. She adopts the only way a gir l can take to fight against her father’s autocracy——forcing her father to agree with her own choice of marriage with the threat of being a nun. She buries her desperation down in her heart and exhausts her life in selfless dedication to her family. However on her deathbed, what she calls out are not the names of her daughters or her husband, but her beloved Philip. Although her fight dose not make her live with her lover, it reflects women’s longing and pursuit for free love and self-directed marriage. This obviously oversteps the meaning of love and marriage themselves and extends to the pursuance of human rights and women’s independence.Scarlett O’Hara, the heroine, is an artistic character that has strong, clear-cut, and rebellious individuality. As t he apple of her parents’ eyes, she comes on the stage from the age of 16 to 28, during which she has married three husbands, been a widow twice, given birth to three babies and also has spared no efforts to revive the family business. When creating this female image, the author places her under the wild social background of American Civil War and the background of the reconstruction after the war, demonstrates her disposition and manners in multi-aspects of her life in love, war and family with a full reflection of her winding and changing psychological journey; thus brings about for the readers a female who is brave enough to face life, unwilling to be indifferent, and persistent in the pursuit of self-value.In the patriarchal society, Scarlett opposes to the gender discrimination from the bottom of her heart; she is neither reconciled to the passive position nor to the failure; besides, she keeps being herself, and always directly expresses and immediately takes action for what she wants. All of these are the epitomes of her strong sense of feminism. It can be said that she, form beginning to end, is against sexism and the fetters imposed on her by the gender attribution, and does her utmost to look for women’s rights which are equal to or even more than those of men’s with her own practices. She is the perfect embodiment of Virginia Woolf’s “androgyny” thought governed by two kinds of power at the same time: the feminine power, soft on theoutside while staunch on the inside; and the masculine power, tender inside despite a hard shell. She overthrows the images of “angels” or “lamias” in the patriarchal literature, and becomes a masculine woman——a woman with men’s wisdom, indomitable will and wild ambitions. As an image with the ideal personality of “androgyny” which is the deconstruction of gender binary opposition, Scarlett announces Margaret’s strong protest against male-centered values.French famous sociologist Julia Kristeva once said that “God” in patriarchal religion creates the world: he separates light from darkness, land from ocean, and a variety of animals and human beings from himself, putting over the original chaotic connection. Through similar separation, humans are divided into two categories: men and women. Women are departed from men, turning into wives, daughters, mothers, or being the three at the same time with the function of multiplication (Julia Kristeva, 1974). God seldom talks to women and most of religions in western cultures oppress women’s consciousness. In patriarchal society, Go d stands up for men, the evidences of which can be traced in the Holy Bible “But I want you to understand that Christ is the head of every man, and the man is the head of a woman, and God is the head of Christ” (Bible, 2008). Therefore women’s rebellion against “God” who defends male rights is an exhibition of their self-consciousness. Scarlett, the heroine, is such a woman who is afraid of neither “God” nor men.For Scarlett, religion is just a thing on the lips. When the whole family is praying, her disappointment and sadness have indeed gone with the wind, and she gains a sense of hope; however such comfort is not from God but from her mother’s peaceful face as she is praying. In Scarlett’s eyes, her mother Ellen rather than God is her real spiritual backbone and source of wisdom. Therefore when Scarlett leaves her mother, her religious convention becomes quite weak. “Scarlett’s conscience smote her at this last, for it had been months since she had been to church.”(Margaret Mitchell, 2008). In addition, the misery later brought by the war further stops Scarlett from going to the church, praying or communicating with God, for she feels that asking for God’s blessing dose little good to relieve her sufferings. She even questions God’s power and justice in her heart “For some time she had felt that God was not watching out for her, the Confederates or the South, in spite of the millions of prayers ascending to Him daily” (Margaret Mitchell, 2008). After pushing through the flames of the war and going through thick and thin, Scarlett return home Tara only to find her mother’s death and the devastated house with nobody and nothing to rely on. The death of her mother completely cuts off the contact between God and her, and becomes the symbol of her non-believing. The so-called “Omniscient and omnipotent” God cannot give her strength, nor can he be the one that can be counted on. Hence, she dose what she wants to do, says what she wants to say, and creates her own life with her own hands, regardless of the God’s wil l.From the very beginning she denies accepting the marriage proposed by her father. At the barbeque in the Twelve Oaks, she casts off lady’s style, takes the initiative to reveal her true love to Ashely and even proposes the idea of elopement. She throws off family bondage, steps out of the cave of “home” into society and no longer blindly sacrifices herself to fulfill others. Instead she courageously quests fortrue self and her value. Through her numerous anti-conventional behaviors, Scarlett demonstrates her outstanding judgments and courage. Her behavior outdoes what the patriarchal society has set for women, expressing women’s desire for self-consciousness and independent rights.3.3 The great significance of the female consciousness of Gone with the WindAs for the marriage in the traditional patriarchal society, men occupy the positive role while women are passive. However, Scarlett actively keeps searching for her own marriage and true happiness. She chooses to express her deep love to Ashely instead of accepting the marriage selected by her father. Although her later marriages are resulted from life forces, they are her own decisions. She is the rare master of her love and marriage in that era.For many years, there is only one man in her heart——Ashely. In order to win his love, she simpers, pretends to be innocent and shows her off with every means which she despises so much. For this blind love, she would rather to raise Ashely’s whole family. Furthermore, she is even willing to give up her lumber mill’s half profits just for Ashely’s stay. After Ashely’s return from the war, he has nothing except depression and inability. However Scarlett, who always disdains the weak and the coward, shows her great tolerance and understanding to him, taking every possible measure to support him materially. Lost in her love, Scarlett considers Ashely as a deity. She would give everything even her life to do what he wants. But when she stands a chance to get Ashely, she miserably finds that he is not her “Mr.Right”. “He never really existed at all, except in my imagination” (Margaret Mitchell, 2008). She realizes her real beloved is Rhett, the man who stands behind her but quietly supports and loves her. But unfortunately it is too late to realize it because Rhett, with a deeply broken heart, decides to leave her. Although Scarlett is at her wits’ end for a while, she regains her fighting spirit. She makes up her mind to get him back. She believes that she can make it as long as she has determined to do. She will not and neither can she admit failure. Her fate and her happiness are in her own hands. Therefore in Scarlett’s sub-consciousness, she has strong awareness of male conquest.4.Analyzing the novel's theme and its significance and enlightenment for the modern societyBefore the Civil war, the South is a new reclaimed land where the industrial civilization has not yet penetrated it. The residents rest on the rolling money gained by cotton planting and picking. There, within the shadow of chivalry, keeps the skin-deep grace and splendor. Women living on the red soil are delicate flowers, tightly clinging to men and decorating men’s world. They have no rights to vote. Nor can they control their belongings or children after they get married, let alone draw a will or make a treaty without their husbands’ permission. Their social status is parallel to “that of a minor or a slave” (Deborah L.Madsen, 2006). They endure dualoppression not only from men but also from themselves, lying in the subordinate social position without the privilege to manage their own lives. In this male-dominated world, men stifle women’s development from every aspect.5. ConclusionGone with the Wind, an American novel by Margaret Mitchell is one of the most popular of all time. The author of Gone with the Wind is Margaret Mitchell, an American modern woman writer. She is frequently neglected by critics. Many people neglect the value of feminist learning contained in her work. So in her novel, we can find her idea of women’s equality and independence with men.Gone with the Wind is a very successful commercial novel; however it doesn’t get enough attention from the literary critics accordingly. If we focus on the limited critiques of Gone with the Wind, we can find that the novel was discussed only as a realistic romance. Few scholars analyze the novel from the feminist perspective. Actually, Gone with the Wind turns out turns out to be a valuable target to be studied and analyzed from the feminist perspective. The value of feminist leaning contained in the novel is very obvious.The author of Gone with the Wind is a woman who was deeply influenced with Feminism. The story of Gone with the Wind is set during the American Civil War and Reconstruction period. At that time, in the South, men were the dominance of women. In order to obey the passive femininity, the Southern women needed to appear timid, helpless, and feeble. They didn’t have the fundamental political and civil rights. And their economic and educational opportunities were also very limiter. This paper has analyzed the awakening of female self-consciousness reflected in this novel by analyzing the changes Scarlett gone through before the war, during the war and after the warThere are many lively and vivid characters in Gone with the Wind, and the most important one is Scarlett O’Hara. She is an extraordinarily energetic woman. Scarlett has the courage to survive the horrors and chaos of the war years. Her transformation is closely associated with the changing Southern culture and society. What impress the reader most is her constant feminist leanings which become and more noticeable in the novel. According to the analysis done by the thesis, it is found that Gone with the Wind is a valuable work which contains feminist leanings. We should read it and study it from different perspectives.At last, as the limitation of the thesis, the paper ends here, but it is obvious that researches on Gone with the WindWorks CitedAbraham, M Francis.,and P Subhadra, ed. Women, Development and Change: The Third World Experience. U.S.A: Wyndham Hall Press,1988.Bodin, Jeanne.,and Beth Millstein, ed. We, the American Women. U.S.A: Publisher, 1977.Chatham, New Jersey. Citizen Politics in Western Democracies . U.S.A:House Publisher Inc,1988.Norton, Mary Beth. Major Problem in American Women’s History. Canada:D.C.Heath and Company,1989.Zheng, Daqun[郑大群].女性主义美国学派[J].吉首大学学报,2007(1):51-54 Wang,Huijun,etc[王惠君等].世界文学名著英汉对照全译精选[M].奎屯：伊犁人民出版社，2001.。
《飘》分析
二、独立的人格、坚强的性格和现实的人生态度
• 女性的独立首先在于经济上的独立。南北战争的飓风横扫 过思嘉的世界,将她扫出了生活的安乐窝。“黑人都走了, 田亩荒废了,仓库烧光了,母亲死了,父亲痴了,丈夫丧命了,两 个妹妹病了。于是,自出世以来从来没有不戴帽,不披纱罩 在太阳里走过路的她,无可推卸地担起了生活的 重担,成了 一家之主”。 孤独和身心的疲惫虽时时袭击着她。她觉 得 很累,想有人替她挑起,但最终还是自己担负起所有重担, 没有逃避,没有退缩,靠自己坚强的毅力解决生平从来没有 经历的一切问题,并且都做得很成功,这表现出她顽强的拼 搏精神和非凡的生活能力。思嘉的行为方式既源于她内心 的生命力和坚强的性格,也取决于她相对独立的观念。
好莱坞影史上最值得骄傲的一部 旷世巨片，影片放映时间长达4小 时，观者如潮。其魅力贯穿整个 20世纪，因此有好莱坞“第一巨 片”之称。影片当年耗资400多万 美元，历时三年半完成（挑选演 员+拍摄），其间数换导演，银幕 上出现了60多位主要演员和9000 多名配角演员。在1939年的第12 届奥斯卡奖中一举夺得八项金像 奖，轰动美国影坛。这部耗资巨 大，场景豪华，战争场面宏大逼 真的历史巨片，以它令人称道的 艺术成就成为美国电影史上一部 经典作品，令人百看不厌。
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“面对这个完全陌生而又极其严酷的生存环境,思嘉清楚 地认识到只有理智地面对,才能保全她自己、她的家人和 她的塔拉,所以思嘉以‘举世皆蚀我独清’的姿态,以‘敢 为天下先’的大智大勇顽强地开辟着自我 生存空间”。 在这种观念的支配下,金钱对她来说显得越来越重要 了。 为了能赚取更多的钱,她公开在亚特兰大与摧毁他们家园 的北方佬做生意,也毫不在意作为丈夫的弗兰克会无地自 容。她丢开妇女足不出户的规矩,抛头露面地经营木材厂, 即使在她怀孕时也照样出入。但事实证明,她是很优秀的, 她把木材厂经营的条条有紊。
《飘》中的女性主义分析
《飘》中的女性主义分析作者：孙天怡来源：《青年文学家》2019年第03期摘要：《飘》通过斯嘉丽在爱情、事业、生活上的经历和转变来阐明女性主义的立场，唤醒人们对于女性主义的思考。
斯嘉丽有着鲜明的固执叛逆的性格，造成她这种性格的主要原因是外部环境、家庭影响以及内心的冲突等方面。
本文对其中女主人公的性格矛盾，在爱情和婚姻上追求独立和自由的诉求，以及对于家庭我行我素的态度进行全面深入的分析。
总之，通过对女性主义浪潮的解读，分析其对作者的影响，并以此来解读这部作品中的女性主义思想，分析女性对男权统治的突破。
关键词：女性主义浪潮；矛盾性格；女性主义；女性意识[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2019）-03--02米切尔耗费了接近十年的时间，才在1936年出版了《飘》。
米切尔在这本书中给予寄托了自己非常大的希望，在20世纪30年代到四十年代中的妇女解放以及觉醒运动受到了这本书的极大影响，肯定了小说对妇女解放的重要意义，引导着许多国家的人民和女性的女性主义意识的觉醒，对世界妇女的解放有着重要的积极影响，加速了女性主义在世界上的发展，在书中表达了主人公渴望独立与自由，并且也在一定程度上暗示了妇女意识的觉醒。
一、女性主义对玛格丽特·米切尔创作的影响女性主义它可以说是一种文学的批判理论或者有关于哲学的社会思潮，在文学中的主要表现是女性追求女性意识，并且用女性的观点来解读文学作品，研究女性的特有的书写的方式。
由于米切尔良好的教育以及自身的婚姻，加之当时美国的女性主义运动，在这种内外环境下以及正处于世界大变动中而形成的女性主义思想，由此才创造了斯嘉丽这一位女性主义中的代表人物。
二、分析《飘》中的女性主义（一）斯嘉丽的矛盾性格可能也正因为斯嘉丽对于强者崇尚的价值观念，导致在斯嘉丽各种自私贪婪、虚荣、叛逆等性格形成的时候，也形成了在艰难困苦的情况下化悲痛为力量，能够不屈不挠的在艰难的生活中战斗。
浅析《飘》中塑造的女性形象
浅析《飘》中塑造的女性形象文/韦佳杏摘要：《飘》是一部旷世巨作，小说中郝思嘉表现出来的独立的人格、自由的精神、坚强的性格和现实的人生态度，媚兰妮表现出来的温柔善良，宽厚待人、坚定信念，黑人奶妈表现出来的忠诚守护、温暖安全的形象都是对女性形象的美好诠释。
小说中的女性、形象不仅促成了小说的经典流传，打破了世间对女人的认知，更激励了一代代有思想、有热情的女性突破传统枷锁、追求自由平等、展现自我价值。
关键词：《飘》；女性形象一、《飘》的故事梗概《飘》是一部以美国南北战争为题材的现实主义长篇小说。
它以女主人公郝思嘉的爱情生活为主线，反映了南北战争以来，南方的战败和重建，通过郝思嘉的经历，展现了女性一种敢于面对现实，不向命运低头，坚强不屈的精神，给人以极大的心灵震撼。
故事以1861年南北战争爆发为起点，塔拉庄园的千金小姐郝思嘉爱上了另一庄园主的儿子艾希利，但艾希利却心系郝思嘉温柔善良的表妹媚兰妮。
郝思嘉处于嫉妒和报复的心理下，抢先嫁给了媚兰妮的弟弟查尔斯。
不久，艾希利和查尔斯作为士兵参加美国南北战争，战争无情的夺去了查尔斯的生命，郝思嘉成了寡妇。
世人对寡妇言行上的教条式规则，让郝思嘉无法忍受，不断突破世俗的约束，体现了她敢于突破世俗，挣脱旧时枷锁的精神。
在战争中，郝思嘉和表妹媚兰妮自愿加入护士行列照顾伤兵。
当北方军快打过来时，混乱中郝思嘉举枪击毙了凶恶的强盗，勇敢的捍卫了自己的家园。
在所有人都因为战争开始迁移时，媚兰妮却临盘在即，郝思嘉果断的留下来为她接生，用自己仅有的知识挽救了媚兰妮母子的生命，随后独自勇敢地驾驶马车回到塔拉庄园。
战争结束后，为了要重振破产的家业，她骗取自己妹妹的未婚夫弗兰克和自己结婚，以此获得了经营锯木厂的机会。
弗兰克和艾希利因加入了反政府的秘密组织，在一次集会时遭北方军包围，弗兰克中弹死亡，艾希利负伤逃亡，郝思嘉再次成为寡妇。
此时，一直爱着郝思嘉的白瑞德前来向她求婚，她权衡利弊之后终于与白瑞德结了婚。
浅析《飘》中斯嘉丽形象对21世纪女性的启示
二 、斯 嘉 丽 女 性 意识 的 觉醒
《飘 》 中女主人 公斯嘉 丽 出生在一 个奴 隶制 崩 溃 、资本 主义开始萌芽 、资产阶级逐渐 兴起 的历史 转 折 时期 ，这个 时代背景赋予斯嘉丽不一样的性格 。她 一 生都在努力追 求幸福 、追 求爱情 ，也 追求 自我价值 的实现。从 故事开头我们就可 以看 出，斯 嘉丽不是 一 个安分守 己的女孩 ，她不肯被动 接受父亲为她一 手 安排 的婚 姻 ，也不肯接受男性 的挑 选 ，当她爱上卫希 里之后 ，她主动 向他表达爱情。斯嘉丽的行为已经超 越 了 当时社会对妇 女的定位 ，充分展 现出斯嘉丽 自 我 意 识 的 张 扬 。
在 １９世 纪 中期 的南 方社会 里 ，妇女一直被男 性 压制 着 ，吃饭 、睡觉 、参加 宴会 都要征求 男性的意见 。 但是斯嘉 丽是一个勇敢 的斗 士 ，她力争冲破传统 社 会套在女性身上的重重枷锁。她不再委 曲求全 ，不再 忍气 吞声 ，不再 压制 自己 ，在寻 求 自主权 利 、自身价 值 的过程中 ，体现 了女 性强大 的魄 力和勇气。 当然 ， 斯 嘉丽的勇敢 、坚强不是 出生就有 的，而是 循序渐 进 、慢 慢 发展 的 。
浅析 中斯嘉丽形象 对 ２ １世 纪 女性 的 启示
◎孙 凤 杰
论《飘》中斯佳丽的女性意识
108论《飘》中斯佳丽的女性意识文/邓建波摘要：《飘》是美国女作家玛格丽特·米切尔的一本小说。
作者成功塑造了斯佳丽这位具有女性意识的独特人物形象：独立、勇敢、顽强等。
关键词：《飘》；斯佳丽；女性意识《飘》(Gone with the Wind)，也被译为《乱世佳人》，是美国著名女作家玛格丽特·米切尔创作的小说。
小说以塔拉庄园的奥哈拉家与十二棵橡树庄园的威尔克斯家及两家的奴隶、亲朋好友为主要背景，展开佐治亚人在美国内战全过程中的宏伟画面。
主要人物是塔拉庄园的大小姐斯佳丽·奥哈拉、瑞特·巴特勒、阿什礼·威尔克斯及其妻子梅拉妮。
阿什礼与梅拉妮代表的是古老的社会传统，而斯佳丽与瑞特敢于向古老南方传统挑战，不让社会道德规范束缚他们的个人自由。
他们知道在社会大动荡中如何生存。
斯佳丽是作者在该小说中成功塑造的一个鲜明、生动、复杂的人物形象。
本文试图从女性主义视角来解读小说主人翁斯佳丽的性格特征及其独立意识。
斯佳丽虽然骄傲、自私、虚荣、任性，但独立、坚强、勇敢。
一、女权主义的理论和背景西蒙·波娃认为：“女性主义是指独立于阶级斗争之外，专门为女性问题而奋斗的主义。
”吉尔曼将女性主义定义为：“女性主义是全世界妇女的社会觉醒。
”凯特则认为：女性主义是“反抗举世用法律或习俗强行阻扰妇女享有一切人为障碍”。
由于不同时代、地域、文化情境下产生的女性主义理论受到主流思潮的影响不同，女性主义衍生出了各种流派。
[1]20世纪60年代中后期，西方出现了日益高涨的妇女解放运动，提出男女平等和妇女解放，把性别问题视为社会政治问题，被称为“激进的女权主义”，后来逐渐形成了“文化的女权主义”。
“文化的女权主义”强调把妇女从“男性价值”的压迫下解放出来，根据“女性价值”创造一种替代性文化，旨在改变妇女形象。
大部分女权主义者认为，由于妇女解放运动，她们才开始注意她们的作品与生活的联系，注意到她们作为小说的女主人翁、女作家或者学者有限的、第二位的作用。
《飘》中郝思嘉的女性主义解析
- 238 -校园英语 /《飘》中郝思嘉的女性主义解析安徽广播电视大学滁州分校 /顾翰翊【摘要】《飘》是美国女作家玛格丽特•米切尔创作的描写美国南北战争时期的经典作品。
本文从女性主义视角解析女主人公郝思嘉，从战前到战后郝思嘉的女性意识在不断增强。
她突破传统，追求爱情和自我价值，她的乐观、勇敢、坚强使她成为新女性代表。
【关键词】《飘》 郝思嘉 女性主义《飘》是美国女作家玛格丽特•米切尔一生中创作的唯一一部作品。
自1936年首次出版后，这部美国南北战争时期的罗曼史便打破了美国出版界的记录，成为美国小说中最畅销的作品。
1937年小说获得普利策奖，三年后根据小说而改编的电影一举轰动了电影届，成为了美国电影史上不可多得的经典之作。
作者玛格丽特于1900年出生在美国南方城市亚特兰大，是个典型的南方姑娘。
虽然她没有经历过美国南北战争，但从小经常听到许多有关这段历史的谈论，因此玛格丽特萌发了创作一部以美国南北战争为题材的小说的想法。
《飘》以19世纪60年代美国南北战争和战后重建时期为背景，以女主人公郝思嘉的爱情经历和生活境遇为主线，描述女主人公郝思嘉从无忧无虑的南方种植园主的女儿逐渐成长为一个资产阶级新女性的过程。
小说再现了美国南部种植园经济由兴盛到衰败，奴隶制经济最终转为资本主义经济这一美国历史。
出身种植园主家庭的郝思嘉年轻漂亮、争强好胜、任性贪婪、为达目的不择手段。
思嘉十六岁时遭遇情场失意，她一心爱慕着的邻居卫希礼将和善解人意的媚兰结婚。
接着战争爆发，战火蔓延至整个南方社会。
郝思嘉在残酷的战争和艰辛的生活之中，坚韧不屈地进行抗争，历经各种磨难之后成为了一位成熟女性。
l9世纪末至20世纪初，正是第一次女性主义浪潮兴起时期。
女性主义最早出现在法国，后在其他欧美国家流传开来。
女性主义(Feminism)，“是女性观察、审视任何事物的思想、主张，是一种基于反父权制政治利益的结盟，是一种在具有特殊政治目标中女性思维方式、行为方式的总和。
《飘》中的爱情、战争与女性意识觉醒
《飘》是美国作家玛格丽特·米切尔所著的一部经典小说，于1936年出版。
这
部小说以南北战争时期的美国为背景，以主人公斯嘉丽·奥哈拉的故事展开，描绘了爱情、战争和女性意识觉醒等重要主题。
首先，让我们来关注小说中的爱情主题。
斯嘉丽是一个坚强而独立的女性角色，她与阿希利、约翰和雷特三位男子之间有着不同的感情纠葛。
阿希利是她深爱
但无法得到的男人，他代表着斯嘉丽追求未曾拥有过的爱情；约翰则是一个可
靠却平淡的伴侣选择；而雷特则是斯嘉丽最后嫁给的男人，在相濡以沫中找到
了彼此成长与扶持。
其次，战争主题贯穿整个小说。
南北战争对于人物命运产生了巨大影响。
小说
中刻画了南方庄园文化在战火中逐渐衰落与破灭，同时也反映了战争对个人生
活的冲击。
斯嘉丽及其他人物不得不适应战争的残酷现实，付出巨大牺牲并面
对无法挽回的损失。
最后一个重要主题是女性意识觉醒。
在男性主导的社会背景下，斯嘉丽通过战
争和生活中的种种困境逐渐觉醒，并展示出无与伦比的进取精神。
她放弃了传
统女性角色的束缚，使用自身智慧和勇气来改变自己的命运。
同时，小说也揭
示了其他女性角色如梅兰妮和苏尔文特等人的成长与觉醒过程。
总结一下，《飘》中爱情、战争和女性意识觉醒是该小说中凸显的重要主题。
通过斯嘉丽等形象丰满而复杂的角色，作者成功地揭示了这些主题所承载的深
刻内涵。
《飘》在文学史上具有重要地位，并对读者们提供了关于个人抗争、
追求幸福以及超越社会期望的思考与启示。
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浅析《飘》中的女性意识摘要:性别意识是人类对男女两性社会中的关系、地位、价值、权利、责任、使命的一种认识和评价。
郝思嘉的女性意识特点是她的女权主义思想,是对性别意识的无意识流露。
她追求平等、独立;渴望得到真正的爱情,暗示了女性的自我意识开始觉醒。
关键词:女性意识; 女权主义; 反叛; 性格Abatract:Gender consciousness is the recognition and evaluation about two sexes in their social relation ,status,value,right,responsibilidy and duty in the society. The main characteristic of Scarlett female consciousness is her ideas of feminism, namely her unconscious reflection to it. She pursues equality and independence.What she eagerly seeks in her life is genuine love.Indicating the self-awareness of women wake up.Key words:Female consciousness, Feminism, Rebellion, Character《飘》是美国著名作家玛格丽特·米切尔所著的一部以美国南北战争为题材的现实主义小说。
主人公郝思嘉表现出来的独立的人格、自由精神、坚强的性格和现实的人生态度、身处逆境而不甘沉沦的精神、顽强的生活能力、对爱情的执著追求和为所爱的人做出牺牲的善良等。
她生活在社会大动荡中的一系列反常行为超越了社会对妇女的定位(“女性被限制在家庭有限的空间,她们必须温柔、被动、须从、忠诚”)。
【1】(P36)郝思嘉自我意识的张扬,这实际上是对19世纪美国社会中传统女性的叛逆,更是对男权社会道德模式的一种挑战,同时,也体现了她对个体生命价值的尊重和珍惜,体现了经济社会中人的价值和美国独立自由精神的真正内涵,展现了女性的勇气和魄力，更展现了耀眼的女性风采。
一、一、对爱情的执著追求《飘》的读者,也许都会感觉得到思嘉一生都在追求两样东西：一是卫希礼的爱；一是金钱。
前者是精神的；后者是物质的。
但是，读者也会或多或少地感动于思嘉对卫希礼的那份执著的痴恋,她把他视为少女梦中的白马王子,毫无保留地奉献出盲目而纯真的爱。
尽管一直没有得到他,却一如既往地爱他,历尽一切磨难都不改初衷。
思嘉多年来一直依恃希礼的爱为生,种种努力和冒险都是因希礼而起的。
总之不得不承认，思嘉对希礼的爱堪称忠贞不渝的、执著的、包含着自我牺牲的爱,犹如作者所说,是“神圣的”,“美丽到莫可名状”。
为了希礼“我是可以牺牲任何东西的”“无论你要求我做什么，我都可以答应”。
【2】(P329)当希礼上前线之际,托她照顾媚兰时,她虽然感到一阵残酷的失望,但还是答应了希礼。
为忠于对希礼的诺言,思嘉付出了极大的代价,为了照顾即将分娩的媚兰,她放弃了逃离危险的机会, 而当她历尽艰辛,终于带着媚兰和孩子九死一生回到塔拉时,她的精神支柱,她日夜思念的母亲却已在她回来的前一天,被夺去了生命。
“郝思嘉小时候,曾把她母亲与圣母—玛丽亚混同一起,其他凡人无法相比的,而也长大以后,却仍然没有改变原来的观点”。
【2】(P72 )由此可见,她对母亲是何等的崇拜。
在这种不能不说是伟大的牺牲精神中,既有女性的善良,更有深沉的爱情的驱使。
在看护媚兰的过程中,崇高的感情战胜了卑鄙的私欲。
思嘉一生都主动地追求爱情,追求幸福,也追求自我价值。
思嘉不肯被动地接受男性的挑选,也不接受父亲为她选择的婚姻,而是像《简爱》中的简一样敢于向阿希礼表达自己的爱,敢于打破旧的传统观念—“最美的婚姻就是父母作主的”。
这正是她的叛逆所在。
他父亲代表的是旧的思想观念,正是这种旧思想阻碍着她对爱情的追求。
因此,在思嘉的内心里,这种礼教更厌恶了。
思嘉认为“做祈祷的年代已经过去了,宗教信仰对她而言无非是一种交易。
上帝时不时地违反交易规则,所以她觉得什么也不欠上帝的了”。
【2】(P613)思嘉这一形象,也因此而闪耀出人性中至美的光辉!值得深思的是,正当思嘉对希礼的爱由于媚兰的去世而终于获得实现之时,思嘉却在刹那间惊异地发现,不但希礼从来就没有爱过自己,而自己其实并不爱希礼!这时她在内心痛苦地剖析到,原来是自己做起一套美丽的衣服给他(希礼)穿上,就对他爱起来了。
“我一直爱着我自己那套漂亮的衣服—我其实并不爱他”。
【2】(P1249)希礼—那个“有女人气的男人”【3】(P176)的确不同于那些日夜沉湎于功能享受或不谙世故、头脑简单的贵族弟子。
他独特的乐趣是读书、做诗、听音乐、凡遇闲暇,他总爱默默地思索、幻想、制造梦境……希礼的这些品性,是思嘉这个充满世俗生气的少女所不能理解、更不具备的。
于是在思嘉的眼里,希礼是那样的“神秘”和“漂亮”,不由对这个她不理解的青年男子生出一种崇拜和爱,而且将这个爱,视为自己“一生中惟一美丽而神圣的一桩事”。
【4】(P87)直到媚兰去世,她才蓦然地打开了希礼的大门,发现希礼只不过是个可伶虫、十足的懦夫,根本不值得自己去爱。
思嘉鄙视这个萎靡不振的幻想家,开始醒悟到过去自己之所以爱希礼,只是因为他身上寄托着自己的理想,她所爱的这个人实际上并不存在。
而白瑞德身上那种坚定不拔的精神才是自己多年追求的。
她向白瑞德忏悔,表示以后要深爱他,但白瑞德因媚兰的死而心情沉重,他向来尊重媚兰,认为她是他所结识的唯一完美的女人。
现在,他仿佛已看到一场话剧的最后一幕,他已厌倦与思嘉的共同生活,不愿相信她,毅然离去。
思嘉和瑞德之间曲折绵转的爱情故事让我震憾不已。
思嘉和瑞德是作者着力刻画的两个人物，他们有相同的性格，相似的缺点，他们都属于投机商，对金钱有一定的痴迷性，所不同的是瑞德的投机更艺术一点，而思嘉一直不敢正视自已人性的缺点。
瑞德是一个明智的人，他在十二橡树看到思嘉就知道他与她是同路人，所以自终他对思嘉都保有一种爱情，这样的爱情包容了思嘉的一切错误和缺点，就是他最后离开她，这段情缘也未剪断。
因瑞德的离去，思嘉痛定思痛,觉得世上万物皆空了。
这时,耳边响起父亲的遗言:“世界虽大,不及故土,世界唯有土地是与日月同在的”。
【2】(P43)她决定守在她的土地上，重新创造新的生活,她期盼着美好明天的到来。
很显然，思嘉的两种追求一个实现了，一个则在另一个的实现过程中不自觉地失去了。
透过思嘉，我们看到，人毕竟是人，在不断追求物质利益、创造物质文明的同时，始终不会放弃对精神的追求或为自己寻找灵魂的归宿。
在米切尔看来，这似乎是一个难以两全的奢望。
随着物质的增长和物质欲望的满足，人的失落感日亦加深，失去的比得到的更多、更有价值。
于是便永远处在这种无法解脱的二元对立的心理冲突中，它所导致的精神痛苦远甚于灾难和贫穷本身所带给人类的痛苦。
思嘉是一个能主宰自己命运的强者,但是她也无法摆脱人的这一悲剧状况。
正是贯穿在思嘉整个形象中的这种强烈而深沉的人生悲剧意识,使郝思嘉形象获得了真实的艺术生命力和强烈的艺术感染力。
也正是这种人生悲剧意识使读者透过郝思嘉形象反现自己时激起了心灵的强烈震憾与共鸣。
二、二、独立的人格、坚强的性格和现实的人生态度女性的独立首先在于经济上的独立。
南北战争的飓风横扫过思嘉的世界,将她扫出了生活的安乐窝。
“黑人都走了,田亩荒废了,仓库烧光了,母亲死了,父亲痴了,丈夫丧命了,两个妹妹病了。
于是,自出世以来从来没有不戴帽,不披纱罩在太阳里走过路的她,无可推卸地担起了生活的重担,成了一家之主”。
【4】(P86)孤独和身心的疲惫虽时时袭击着她。
她觉得很累,想有人替她挑起,但最终还是自己担负起所有重担,没有逃避,没有退缩,靠自己坚强的毅力解决生平从来没有经历的一切问题,并且都做得很成功,这表现出她顽强的拼搏精神和非凡的生活能力。
思嘉的行为方式既源于她内心的生命力和坚强的性格,也取决于她相对独立的观念。
在19世纪，“女人在生活中享受的悠闲程度是她们丈夫的社会地位高低的标志”。
【5】(P53)思嘉没有因这样恶劣的社会环境和女人只能做男人的附庸的传统观念的束缚而消沉、沦落,她坚定地认为:她的担子她得自己来挑,没有回头路,只能往前走。
她正视现实,努力适应新的世界并奋力拼搏,为自己在其中求得一块立足之地。
与卫希礼的消沉和她自己可走的另一条路—沦为社会的寄生虫、男人的附属品相比,她这种努力去掌握自己命运的生活态度无疑是一种非常可贵、独立的人格。
她的独立性还体现在她对本阶层的道德规范的蔑视,对生活清醒而深刻的认识和对现实理智的态度。
在那个急剧变化的时代,旧的社会秩序已被打破,旧的价值观和道德体系也因受到强烈的冲击而摇摇欲坠,新的社会秩序尚未建立,弱小个体的命运更是漂浮不定,变幻莫测。
“内战后的南方人前所未有地向往过去,在南方人眼中只有过去是美好的,他们像面朝后坐在飞奔的车里,过去看得很清楚,现在则十分模糊,而将来则根本看不见”。
【6】(P154)但思嘉却清楚地看到,昔日的辉煌已消逝,旧的上等人的自尊心和价值观念,不能让她一家人的生活过得充实富足。
“面对这个完全陌生而又极其严酷的生存环境,思嘉清楚地认识到只有理智地面对,才能保全她自己、她的家人和她的塔拉,所以思嘉以‘举世皆蚀我独清’的姿态,以‘敢为天下先’的大智大勇顽强地开辟着自我生存空间”。
【7】(P149)在这种观念的支配下,金钱对她来说显得越来越重要了。
为了能赚取更多的钱,她公开在亚特兰大与摧毁他们家园的北方佬做生意,也毫不在意作为丈夫的弗兰克会无地自容。
她丢开妇女足不出户的规矩,抛头露面地经营木材厂,即使在她怀孕时也照样出入。
但事实证明,她是很优秀的,她把木材厂经营的条条有紊。
为了提高效率,获得更多的利益,她又一次不顾众人的非议,排除种种阻碍雇犯人到工厂来做工,她这一系列行为颇有了些离经叛道的意味。
这遭到了许多人的鄙视和憎恶,但思嘉自己却坦然地走着这条路。
这体现了一句话“走自己的路,让别人去说吧!”不管这体现了一种什么人生态度,至少显示出潇洒的风度和一定的执着精神。
不在乎如何开始,不在意如何结束,经过是荡气回肠的,有了那份自信、坚强、潇洒与执着,就有了这句不失宠的格言＂Tomorrow is another day!″《飘》中一处让我感触深刻的是思嘉的创业精神。
她对塔拉，对土地的热爱。
一场莫名其妙的战争带走了她的一切，当她回到塔拉时，面对的绝不仅仅是饥饿，刚分娩后的媚兰，刚出生的婴儿，自己的孩子，生病的妹妹，还有战后的塔拉。