动词不定式(基础讲解)

动词不定式(基础讲解)
动词不定式(基础讲解)

动词不定式

【概念引入】

1. 动词不定式名言:

(1)动词不定式作表语

To lose is to learn. 失败就是学习。

(2)动词不定式作主语

It is better to give than to take. 给予比接受更好。

(3)不定式作宾语

Expect to be treated as you have treated others.

你怎样待别人,就指望别人怎样待你。

(4)不定式作宾补

Adversity causes some men to break,others to break records.

逆境使一些人崩溃,也使一些人破记录。

(5)不定式作定语

There is a time to talk and a time to act.

该说的时候说,该做的时候做。

(6)不定式作目的状语

To find the exact answer,one must first ask the exact question.

要找到确切的答案,首先必须提出确切的问题。

2. 动词不定式定义:

动词不定式是一种非谓语形式(不能作谓语),基本形式是to do形式(to是不定式符号的标志,无意义,可以不翻译)

肯定式:to + 动词原形

否定式:not to + 动词原形

【用法讲解】

1.动词不定式的特征

动词不定动式是一种非谓语动词形式,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以作除谓语之外的其它任何句子成分(主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语);动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,同时还保持动词的某些特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语,动词不定式和它的宾语和状语构成不定式短语。

2. 动词不定式在句子中的作用

动词不定式是由to+动词原形构成,在句中起名词,形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。

(1)动词不定式作主语。例如:

To master a language is not an easy thing.

掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。

To teach English is my favorite. 教英语是我的爱好。

It's my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你。

(2)动词不定式作宾语。

某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语,这些动词有decide, begin, help, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask等。例如:

I like to help others if I can. 如果有可能的话,我喜欢帮助别人。

I want to buy a new car when I have enough money.

我有钱时想买一辆新车。

(3)动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如:

We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。

Please ask him to come here quickly. 请叫他快过来。

(4)动词不定式作表语。例如:

What I should do is to finish the task soon.

我应该做的是赶快完成任务。

The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.

当务之急是马上去找孩子。

(5)动词不定式作定语。例如:

There are many ways to solve the problem.

有许多方法能解决这个问题。

I have something important to tell you.

我有重要的事情要告诉你。

(6)不定式作状语。例如:

We went to the hospital to see our teacher.

我们去医院看了我们的老师。

She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.

她在做试验,从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物

3.不定式后接特殊疑问词的用法

不定式可以和疑问代词who, what, which及疑问副词when, how, where等连用,构成不定式短语,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。例如:

I don't know what to say. 我不知道说什么。

Can you tell me how to make a paper boat 你能告诉我怎样做一只纸船吗

I don't know which topic to choose. 我不知道选哪个题目。

Where to stay for the night is a problem. 晚上在哪儿过夜还是个问题。

4.不定式的重要句型

(1)It’s+adj.+for (of)sb. to do sth.

当不定式作主语时,通常用it作为形式主语,而把真正的主语不定式结构后置。例如:To meet you is a great pleasure. =It is a great pleasure to meet you.

非常高兴见到你。

To plant trees every year is necessary.= It is necessary to plant trees every year.

每年植树是必要的。

这种结构往往还要有一个逻辑主语。一般使用下面的结构:

1)It is +adj. +of sb.+to do sth.

It is selfish of you to eat the whole birthday cake.

你真是太自私了,吃光了整个蛋糕。

2)It is +adj. + for sb. + to do sth.

It is difficult for me to learn English well.

对我来说学好英语太难了。

【注意】

for和of引导的不定式结构的区别

表语形容词的语义不同是区别 for 结构和 of 结构的最重要标志。

1)在“It is(was)+adj.+for sb.+to do sth.”的句式中,作表语的形容

词大多是表事物性质的静态形容词,如:essential,easy,difficult, important,necessary,possible,hard等等,这类形容词与for后面的名词(代词)关系不密切,无意义上的主表关系。例如:

It is necessary for us to practise speaking English every day.

每天练习说英语对我们来说是很有必要的。

2)在“It is(was)+adj.+of sb.…”的句式中,作表语的形容词大多是表示人物特征的形容词。如:brave,careless,careful,clever,cruel,foolish,good,honest,(un)kind noble,polite,right,rude,sweet,silly,stupid,wrong等等。这些表示人物特征的形容词与of后的名词关系十分密切,有意义上的主表关系。例如:It is kind of you(=You are kind)to send me a nice present.

谢谢你送我这么好的礼物。

It was stupid of her(=She was stupid)to make such a mistake.

出这样的错她真是太蠢了。

(2)主语+动词+too+形容词/副词+(for+sb.)+to+动词原形

表示“……太……而不能……”。例如:

He walked too slowly to catch up with me.

他走得太慢而不能跟上我。

It is too dark in this room for me to read a book.

房间太暗,使我无法看书。

This problem is too difficult for them to settle.

这对他们来说真是一个难解的问题。

(3)主语+动词+……形容词/副词+enough+(for sb.)+to+动词原形表示“……对某人足以……”。例如:

We need several men strong enough to do the work.

我们需要几个强壮得足以做这件工作的人。

They bought a house large enough for ten persons to live in.

我们买了一栋房子,大得足以供十个人住。

He is competent enough to fill that position.

他足以胜任那职位。

(4)主语+动词+enough+名词+to+动词原形

表示“……对某人足以……”。例如:

He has enough money (=money enough) to buy a car.

他有足够的钱买一辆汽车。

He hasn’t enough sense to realize his mistakes.

他没有足够的辨别力去认识自己的错误。

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