国际贸易重点缩印版本
(完整版)国际贸易实务_第五版_黎孝先复习要点整理
国际贸易实务第一章贸易术语与国际贸易惯例1.国际贸易惯例含义：国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则。
2.国贸惯例与习惯的区别与联系：联系：国贸惯例是在国贸习惯做法的基础上产生的。
区别：国际贸易惯例层次高于贸易习惯；惯例被编撰成文的规则，未成文的习惯不是惯例；国贸惯例必须是国际上普遍接受和广为使用的规则。
3.国贸惯例的作用、性质和法律地位：性质：具有国际社会民间性质的行为规范地位：不是法律，不具有强制性；不可随意修改；一写进合同就具有法律效力，强制性。
作用：减少贸易争端；提高效率；弥补法律的不足；规范贸易行为。
4.国贸遵循准则：（密切联系和特征履行)恪守合同；缔约自由；诚实信用；当事人法律地位平等；遵守法律；公平交易5.贸易术语（1）概念：长期国贸实践中产生的，表明商品价格构成，交接过程中有关责任风险和费用划分问题的专门用语。
（2）作用：简化交易手续，缩短时间，节约费用开支；有利妥善解决贸易争端。
有利交易双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
6.国际贸易惯例及其性质和作用：惯例：（1）《1932年华沙—牛津规则》，国际法协会专门为解释CIF合同而制定。
（2）《1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本》，EXW/FOB/FAS/CFR/CIF/DEQ（3）《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》扩大适用范围（注：2010通则对2000的变化：术语删改；改变分类标准；使用说明；排列方法调整）第二章适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语第三章适用于水上运输的贸易术语*选用贸易术语应该考虑的因素：运输条件、货源、运费、风险、结关手续。
第四章合同的主体与标的1.约定合同当事人条款注意事项：合同当事人具有缔约能力；名称表述准确；地址正确详细。
2.品名条款主要内容：无统一格式，名称、商标、规格、等级、型号。
3.约定品名条款注意事项：需妙用处根据需要约定商品名称；合理描述商品；正确使用成交商品名称；内容具体清楚明确。
4.关于产品的质量体系评审和认证制度：（1）ISO9000系列标准：国际标准化组织为适应国贸发展制定的品质管理和品质保证标准。
国际贸易考试重点缩印
国际贸易：世界各国（或地区）之间商品和服务的交换活动对外贸易：一个特定国家（或地区）同其他国家（或地区）之间所进行的商品和服务的交换活动贸易差额：是一国在一定时期内出口总值与进口总值之间的差额贸易条件：一个国家或地区以出口交换进口的条件，即出口与进口的交换比例对外贸易依存度：一国或地区对外贸易额在其GNP（或GDP）中所占比重国际分工：世界上各国或地区之间的劳动分工，它是社会分工向国际范围内扩展的结果世界市场：世界各国商品和服务交换的场所或领域调拨价格：跨国公司内部母公司与子公司、子公司与子公司之间进行交易时采用的价格重商主义：一国的国力基于通过贸易的顺差，即出口额大于进口额，所能获得的财富比较成本：两国生产同一产品所耗费的劳动量的比例比较优势陷阱：一国（尤其是发展中国家）完全按照比较优势，生产并出口初级产品和劳动密集型产品，则在与技术和资本密集型产品出口为主的经济发达国家的国际贸易中，虽然能获得利益，但贸易结构不稳定，总是处于不利地位，从而落入“比较优势陷阱”。
要素禀赋：已过拥有各种生产要素的状况，是个相对概念，不是绝对数量投资乘数理论：反映投资增长和国民收入扩大之间的依产业内贸易：指一个国家或地区，在一段时间内，同一产业部门产品既进口又出口的现象产品生命周期：产品的市场寿命，即一种新产品从开始进入市场到被市场淘汰的整个过程对外贸易政策：一国根据本国的政治及经济状况指定的管理对外贸易活动的条例、法律、法规等原则和制度的总和关税：一国或地区海关针对越过其关境的货物而向本国有关进出口商征收的一种捐税非关税措施：除了关税以外的一切限制进口的各种措施进口配额：它是一国政府在一定时间内，对于某些商品一定时期内的进口数量或金额，事先加以规定的限额。
超过规定限额的不准进口。
外汇管制：政府或中央银行为避免该国货币供给额的过度膨胀，或外汇准备的枯竭，对於外汇之持有，对外贸易或资金流动所采取的任何形式的干预。
出口补贴：是一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇商品倾销：指出口商以低于正常价格的出口价格，集中地或持续大量地向国外抛售商品外汇倾销：指一国政府利用本国货币对外贬值的手段来达到提高出口商品的价格竞争能力和扩大出口的目的区域经济一体化：两个或两个以上的国家和地区，通过相互协商制定经济政策和措施，并缔结经济条约或协定，在经济上结合起来形成一个区域型经济联合体的过程跨国公司:以本国为基地，通过对外直接投资，在世界各地设立分支机构或子公司，从事国际化生产和经营活动的垄断企业。
国贸实务缩印三号小二号
More or less clause: The more or less clause is a clause which stipulates that the quantity delivered can be more or less within certain extent. It is often used in the trading of agricultural or mineral products. The most commonly used way is allowing some percentage more or less.Documents against acceptance: D/A calls for delivery of documents against acceptance of the draft drawn by the seller. In D/A terms the collecting bank is permitted to release the documents to the buyer against acceptance of a bill of exchange.Documents against payment: D/P calls for actual payment against the transfer of documents. In D/P term, the collecting bank releases the documents to buyer only upon full and immediate cash payment.Offer: An offer is a promise conditioned on acceptance which, no matter whether from a seller or a buyer, must be communicated to the offeree and must clearly undertake a performance definite as to all essential terms.Counter Offer: is reply to an offer in which contains additions, limitations or other modifications. Counter offer is a rejections of the offer and therefore constitutes a new offer. Once a counter-offer is made, the original offer made by the offeror loses it’s effectiveness.Processing and assembling trade : Processing and assembling trade refers to the business activity of importing all or part of the raw and auxiliary materials, parts and components, accessories, and packaging materials from abroad, and exporting the finished products after processing or assembly.Ocean (Marine) bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier which is evidence of receipt of the goods, and is a contract of carriage. It describes the goods, the details of the intended voyage, and it specifies the conditions of transportation.Enquiry is a document issued by a party interested in the purchase of goods specified therein and indicating particular, desirable conditions regarding delivery terms, etc., addressed to a prospective supplier with a view to obtaining an offer. Acceptance: Acceptance is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer.Fairs and sales is a trade means that combines the fair or exhibition with sales. The seller can sell goods on fairs or exhibitions.Transport packing is also called big or outer packing. It means that we put the individual or several commodities into container during the process of transport. Its main functions are to protect goods, and make the goods easy to store and ship. Selling packing: is also called small or inner or immediate packing. It’s mainly used to protest products, make the products convenient to use, and to promote sales. Distribution is a kind of international trade forms that based on a certain agreement. The seller (the supplier) authorizes the rights of purchase, sale and allocation to the buyer (the distributor) within specific areas or regions and periods.The multimodal transport document (MTD) is a document which evidences the combined transport contract and indicates that the multimodal transport operator shall take over the goods and shall be responsible for delivering the goods according to the clauses in the contract.1. Please explain the meaning and features of B/L.A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier which is evidence of receipt of the goods, and is a contract of carriage. Features of B/L: a receipt for goods, signed by a duly authorized person on behalf of the carriers; a document of title to the goods described therein, the holder can have the right to control goods; evidence of the terms and conditions of carriage agreed upon between the two parties.2.Please summarize the conditions ……offer as per CISG：The offer shall be made to one or more specific person; The offer shall be the definite expression in which the offeror expresses that he shall conclude the transaction on the terms and conditions stipulated therein, the offer shall indicate theintention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance; Contents of the offer must be definite; The offer must reach the offeree.3. Please explain the meaning and characteristics of trade ：Trade terms refer to the division of responsibilities between parties to a contract, by using abbreviation of English letters, between a buyer and a seller in a sale including selling prices, the payment of costs such as shipping, insurance and customs; the arrangement of the performance of these activities; and the determination of the transfer of title to goods. In a word, the use of trade terms considerably facilitates negotiation and signing of contracts. Characteristics of trade terms: Trade terms clearly divide the costs, risks and responsibilities of buyers and sellers with regard to the movement of goods between both parties; Trade terms clearly set out the structure of price6. explain the meaning and characteristics of docL/C.Documentary Credit means any arrangement acting at the request and on the instruction of a customer(the applicant) to pay a determinable sum, provided that the terms and conditions are compiled with according to the documents. Characteristics of documentary L/C: the issuing bank takes primary liabilities for payment; L/C serves as self-sufficient; L/C follows pure documents principle.5. Please explain the main procedures in import business.For the importer, the importing business procedure covers applying for opening letter of credit, arrangement for transportation an insurance(in case of FOB), examination of documents and making payment, applications for custom clearance, and inspection for importing cargos. Importer should open letter of credit according to the contract and make appropriate amendment if it is needed. Under FOB import contract, importer should fulfill his obligation to send ship or book space accept goods at pointed place. Then importer’s bank would examine the documents and drafts according to the L/C, decide whether or not the bank will make the payment or make an acceptance against it. After the main steps mentioned above, the importer would take up the goods at the discharging place or at destination.4. Please explain the main procedures in export business.：For the exporter, the main procedures in export business include preparation of goods, arrangement for letter of credit, arrangement for transportation and insurance, applying for the inspection of goods before shipment, application for custom clearance, making documents and settlement of exporting proceeds. The seller prepare for the goods according to the time limit stipulated in the contract and in accordance with the latest date of shipment in L/C. If the buyer fails to establish the L/C, or it does not reach the seller in time, the seller can urge him to expedite opening the L/C. The seller must examine carefully the L/C to make sure that it is in conformity with the sales contract. After receiving the relevant L/C, the seller should contact the ship’s agents or the shipping company for booking shipping spaces and prepare for the shipment in accordance with the buyer’s shipping instruction. Then the seller would submit the documents to banks for negotiating before the maturity and presenting date of L/C.1.(1)在国际贸易买卖中，确定合同的性质是至关重要的。
国际贸易 两章重点 速记小本
一、铸币平价(mint par)理论在金本位制下，各国每单位货币都规定了一定的含金量，因此各国货币的兑换比率就取决于各国货币所包含的含金量，两种货币的含金量之比即为铸币平价。
汇率就在黄金输送点内进行波动。
其基本表达式为：黄金输送点=铸币平价±运费二、购买力平价理论购买力平价理论的基本思想是：对于货币持有者而言，货币的价值在于其所具有的购买力，因此各国货币之间的兑换比率应取决于它们各自具有的购买力。
由于货币的购买力可以通过物价水平来加以表现，因此不同货币的兑换率（即汇率）就是各国物价水平的比率。
一价定律（the law of one price）:同一件产品在不同国家出售，在按相同货币衡量时，应该有相同的价格。
一价定律成立的前提条件：①无交易成本；②无贸易壁垒和限制；③产品同质。
1、绝对购买力平价理论（说明在某一时点上，汇率的决定基础）绝对购买力平价（Absolute PPP）：在某一时点上，两国的一般物价水平之比决定两国货币的均衡汇率。
基本表达式为：e=p/p*2、相对购买力平价理论基本内容：相对购买力平价（Relative PPP）理论是考虑到两国出现通胀对汇率的影响。
当两国通胀出现差异时，就会使两国货币购买力之比发生变化，进而使汇率发生变动。
相对购买力平价也可用相对通胀率来表示。
即期汇率在两个时点间的变动率等于这段时间的两国通货膨胀率的差异。
结论：如果本国货币供给相对于外国货币供给的增长超过了本国实际收入相对于外国实际收入的增长，那么本国货币将贬值；反之，本国货币将升值。
三、利率平价（interest rate parity, IRP）理论基本思想：当货币可以在各国间自由兑换时，货币持有者会面临持有哪国货币的选择，选择的原则就是持有哪国货币的收益率高，就会选择持有哪国货币，选择所引起的各国货币间不断兑换的结果使得持有各国货币的收益率最终趋于一致，在这种情况下，汇率的预期变化率就会等于两国国内利率之差。
张二震《国际贸易学》(第5版)笔记和课后习题详解
张二震《国际贸易学》（第5版）笔记和课后习题详解目录第一章国际贸易学的研究1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解第二章国际贸易的利益2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解第三章国际贸易分工理论3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解第四章世界市场4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解第五章贸易条件5.2课后习题详解第六章国际贸易政策的理论分析6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解第七章国际贸易政策措施7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解第八章从GATT到WTO8.1复习笔记8.2课后习题详解第九章国际资本流动与国际贸易9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解第十章国际贸易与经济发展10.2课后习题详解本书是张二震《国际贸易学》（第5版）教材的学习辅导书，严格按照张二震《国际贸易学》（第5版）教材内容进行编写，共分10章，主要包括以下内容：（1）整理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以张二震和马野青所著的《国际贸易学》（第5版）为主，并结合国内其他国际贸易学经典教材对各章的重难点进行了整理，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
（2）解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书参考大量相关辅导资料对张二震和马野青所著的《国际贸易学》（第5版）的课后习题（名词解释和思考题）进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
资料下载地址：/Ebook/965119.html来源：【弘博学习网】或关注公众号【hbky96】获取更多学习资料。
考点一：国际贸易的一些基本概念1国际贸易与对外贸易（1）国际贸易又称世界贸易，是指世界各国或地区之间在商品和服务方面的交换活动，它是各个国家或地区在国际分工的基础上相互联系的主要形式。
（2）对外贸易又称进出口贸易，是指一个特定的国家或地区同其他国家或地区所进行的商品和服务的交换活动。
对于一些海岛国家或地区以及对外贸易活动主要依靠海运的国家或地区，这些国家或地区之间的商品和服务的交换活动也可称为海外贸易。
2024版国际贸易操作核心知识与技巧一览
编号：__________2024版国际贸易操作核心知识与技巧一览甲方：___________________乙方：___________________签订日期：_____年_____月_____日2024版国际贸易操作核心知识与技巧一览合同编号_________一、合同主体甲方：____________________地址：____________________联系人：___________________联系电话：_________________乙方：____________________地址：____________________联系人：___________________联系电话：_________________二、合同前言2.1 背景和目的鉴于甲方具备丰富的国际贸易操作核心知识与技巧，乙方希望借助甲方的优势，提高自身在国际贸易领域的竞争力，双方本着平等、自愿、互利的原则，签订本合同，共同开展国际贸易业务。
2.2 合同依据本合同依据《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国国际货物运输代理条例》等相关法律法规，结合双方实际情况制定。
三、定义与解释3.1 专业术语（1）国际贸易操作：指在国际贸易过程中，为实现货物买卖、货物运输、货款支付等环节所进行的一系列业务活动。
（2）核心知识：指在国际贸易操作过程中，为实现业务目标所需的关键性、专业性的知识。
（3）技巧：指在国际贸易操作过程中，为实现业务目标所采用的巧妙、有效的操作方法。
3.2 关键词解释（1）货物买卖：指甲方与乙方之间进行的国际贸易货物的购买和销售活动。
（2）货物运输：指甲方与乙方之间就货物从产地到目的地的运输、仓储、配送等业务活动。
（3）货款支付：指甲方与乙方之间按照约定的时间和方式，进行货款的支付和收取。
四、权利与义务4.1 甲方的权利和义务（1）甲方负责为乙方提供国际贸易操作核心知识和技巧的培训，确保乙方能够掌握相关业务知识。
国际服务贸易复习资料改版,缩印.doc
系到国家经济命脉，任何国家政府都希望保持本国在政治、文化上的独立性。
92.国际核心服务贸易是国际市场需求和供给的核心对象是因为（1）这类国际服务贸易，其所在服务业在形成初期就具有独立于商品贸易的特点，而进行贸易的服务产品本身又具有相对独立性。
因此，在国际市场上, 受布•形商品国际投资和国际贸易的影响极小。
2）从国际产业结构的发展趋势来看，具有独立性贸易的产业最终会成为产业结构中的主体部分。
随着国际分工的细化，与有形商品的国际投资和国际贸易有宜接美联的国际服务贸易在国际贸易中所占比重会不断5降。
93 .服务的基本特征是（1）服务的无形性或不可感知性（2）服务的生产和消费的不可分离性（3）服务的不可贮存性（4）服务的差异性。
94.劳动力输出国主要采取以下措施鼓励劳动力输出：（1）设立专门的劳动力输出管理机构（2）健全有关劳动力输出的法律（3）加强国际合作, 实行多渠道的劳动力输出（4）加强技术培训，为劳动力输出提供税务、外汇等优惠（5）加强对劳动力输出的金融支持。
95.服务产品的使用价值具有哪些一般特征。
（I）具有满足人们某种需要的功能。
（2）非实物使用价值也是构成社会财富的重要内容。
（3）非实物使用价值在市场经济中也是交换价值的物质承担者。
96.国际间接投资的种类有（1）民间国际信贷（2）国际金融机构的信贷（3）政府间信贷97.发达国家国际服务贸易的发展特点是（I）国际服务贸易呈现以欧美为主的格局。
（2）区域性国际服务贸易得到迅速发展。
（3）发达国家的服务贸易壁垒有所降低。
（4）国际服务贸易对象的技术含推越来越高。
99.影响服务产品国际市场价格变动的因素有1）国际价值是国际市场价格变动的基础和中心。
2）货币价值是影响国际市场价格变动的基本因素。
3）商品市场供求关系直接影响国际巾场价格。
100.服务产品使用价值的-般特征是（1）具有满足人们某种需要的功能，包括满足人们某种物质或精神需要的功能2）非实物使用价值也是构成社会财富的重要内容。
国际贸易第五版薛荣久重点
国际贸易第一章导论●对外贸易或国际贸易：是指世界各国之间商品、效劳和生产要素的互换的活动。
●对外贸易产生的条件：有可供互换的剩余产品，显现了政治实体。
●今世国际贸易进展态势：一、国际贸易进展速度超过历史水平；二、发达国家一直是国际贸易的主体；3、国际分工向纵深进展；4、国际贸易结构向高科技、效劳业进展；五、对外贸易依存度在不断提高；六、跨国公司成为国际贸易的重要角色；7、科学技术在国际贸易中的作用日趋增强；八、世界贸易体制增强，贸易自由化成为贸易政策的主流；九、世界市场竞争向综合化、集团化和有序化进展；10、显现国际物流“革命”；1一、中国贸易地位崛起。
●对外贸易的分类：一、按交易内容：货物贸易，效劳贸易，国际技术贸易。
二、按商品的移动方向：出口贸易，入口贸易，过境贸易，复出口与复入口，净出口与净入口。
3、按交易对象：直接贸易，间接贸易，转口贸易。
4、按运输方式：海运贸易，陆运贸易，空运贸易，多式联运贸易，邮购贸易。
●总贸易体系：是以国境作为统计货物进出口的方式。
●专门贸易体系：是以关境作为统计进出口货物的方式。
●总对外贸易额：是指以金额表示的一国对外货物贸易值与效劳贸易值相加上和。
●对外贸易量：按不变价钱计算的贸易额。
●对外贸易差额：是一按时期内一国出口总额与入口总额之间的差额，用来讲明一国对外贸易的收支情形。
出口>入口，贸易顺差；出口<入口，贸易逆差。
出口=出口，贸易平稳。
（当显现贸易顺差时，本币会升值，从而致使拉动内需，国内企业产业调整，减少出口，就业压力，外汇贬值等）●对外贸易地理方向：说明一国出口货物和效劳的去向地和入口货物和效劳的来源地。
计算公式：（对某国的出口或入口贸易额/对世界出口或入口贸易额）*100%。
●对外贸易地域散布：是指世界各洲、各国或地域在国际贸易中所占的比重。
计算公式：（对世界出口或入口/整个世界贸易额）*100%。
●对外贸易依存度：指一国对外贸易额占国内生产总值（GDP）或国民生产总值（GNP）的比重。
国际贸易实务复习重点26页word
国际贸易实务复习重点第一章国际贸易绪论一判定贸易“国际性”的标准在判定一笔贸易是否具有国际性时，通常从三个方面判断：1）主体，即买卖双方当事人的营业地是否处于不同的国家；2）客体，即货物是否由一国运往另一国；3）法律关系，即订立合同的行为是否完成于不同的国家，当事人是否具有不同的国籍按照英国《1977年不公平合同条约法》，合同当事人如果营业地在不同的国家，而且符合货物由一国运往另一国、订立合同的行为完成于不同国家、货物交付第三国三个情况之一，即可认为贸易具有国际性。
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》（即1980年公约）采用单一的营业地标准判断贸易的国际性。
即如果合同当事双方的营业地不同（属于不同国家），则认为贸易具有国际性。
如果当事人有多处营业地，则公约规定采用最密切联系原则，之后再判定其国际性的问题。
二我国在1986年加入《联合国货物销售合同公约》时提出的两项重要保留（一）关于国际货物买卖合同书面形式的保留《公约》规定，国际货物买卖合同无需以书面订立或书面证明，在证明方面不受任何其它条件限制，各国可以通过包括认证在内的各种方法证明，即国际货物买卖合同可以用口头或书面的方式成立。
我国提出，出于买卖关系复杂性以及解决纠纷的便利性，国际货物买卖合同应以书面形式为宜。
（二）关于《公约》适用范围的保留《公约》规定，如果合同双方当事人的营业地点处于不同的缔约国，该公约就适用于其订立的货物买卖合同。
我国对此条款表示完全同意。
《公约》还规定，双方当事人营业地处于不同国家时，即使他们的营业地所在国都不是《公约》的缔约国，或一方所在国是公约的缔约国而另一方不是，如果按照国际私法规则导致使用某一缔约国法律的法律，则该公约同样适用于这些当事人之间订立的货物买卖合同。
对此，我国提出保留，认为此规定扩大了《公约》的适用范围，限制了缔约国有关国内法的使用并容易使《公约》的使用产生不确定性。
三目前主要的国际贸易惯例当前主要的国际贸易惯例包括：《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》、《托收统一惯例》、《1932年华沙——牛津规则》、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》等。
服务贸易1-5缩印
Chapter 1General Agreement on Trade in Services服务贸易总协议Domestic regulation国内监管Individual service providers个人服务供应商Non-preferential treatment非优惠待遇MFN 最惠国待遇Public monopolies公共垄断Natural monopoly自然垄断Inadequate information信息不充分Externality 外部性Universal access普遍获得性Regulatory harmonization 监管协调Temporary migration 临时性移民NAFTA北美自由贸易区Chapter 2Business services 商业服务Communication services 通信服务Construction services建筑服务Distribution services 分销服务Educational services教育服务Environmental services 环境服务Financial services金融服务Health-related and social services健康与社会服务Tourism and travel-related services旅游服务Recreational, cultural and sporting services娱乐、文化与体育服务Transport services运输服务Government-mandated regulators 政府委托的监管部门Schedule of commitment承诺表Non-scheduled sectors非承诺部门Market access 市场准入National treatment 国民待遇Quota-type limits 数量限制Joint venture requirements合资企业要求Foreign capital participation外国资本参与Foreign equity ceilings 外国股权限制Foreign land ownership外国土地所有权Discriminatory training requirements歧视性培训要求Regulatory disciplines监管纪律Competitive safeguards竞争保护Transparency and institutional obligations透明性和制度性义务Horizontal Commitments水平承诺Sector Commitments部门承诺Discriminatory restrictions 歧视性限制Phase-in Commitments阶段性承诺Modification or Suspension of Commitments承诺的修改与取消Council for Trade in Services 服务贸易委员会Balance-of-payments difficulties国际收支困难Conditional obligations & unconditional obligations 有条件和无条件承诺Objective and transparent criteria客观性与透明性标准Market failure 市场失灵Natural monopolies or oligopolies自然垄断与寡头垄断Asymmetric information信息不对称Modalities and Procedures模型与程序Chapter 3Discriminatory taxes 歧视性税Domestic regulations 国内管制Trade barriers贸易壁垒Physical proximity物理靠近comparative advantage比较优势increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增lock-in锁定market-niche effect市场定位效应Agglomeration effect集聚效应A general concentration综合性集聚The specialized concentration专业性集聚Cores and peripheries structure中心外围结构spillover effects溢出效应labor-intensive services劳动密集型服务Modes of Supply as Substitutes供给模式的替代性Modes of Supply as Complements供给模式的互补性The Instruments of Protection保护的工具NTBs非贸易壁垒Government procurement policies政府采购政策lack of transparency of domestic regulations国内监管缺乏透明性Licensing and certification requirements许可和证书要求the firm-specific fixed costs 企业特定固定成本The plant-level fixed costs工厂固定成本Chapter 4The Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services国际服务贸易统计手册BOP statistics 国际收支平衡统计EBOPS扩展的国际收支平衡统计IMF Balance of Payments Manual国际货币基金国际收支手册Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics外国附属机构服务贸易统计Residents and non-residents Transactions 居民与非居民交易A product-based classification以产品基础分类Geographical allocations of the statistics按地理分类统计Trading partners贸易伙伴Resident affiliates of foreign firms (inward FATS)外国企业的国内附属机构Affiliates abroad of resident firms (outward FATS)本国企业的国外附属机构In establishment-level statistics 分支机构层面的统计In enterprise-level statistics企业层面的统计Net operating surplus营业盈余净额Gross fixed capital formation固定资本形成总值The geographical breakdown 地理分类The industrial activity breakdown 产业分类Services Product breakdown服务产品分类Temporary nature of the movement of natural persons暂时性人没流动I ntra-corporate transferees公司内部转移Chapter 5Tariff equivalent关税等价Measurements of trade barriers贸易壁垒测量Price and quantity measurements价格与数量测量Ad valorem tax从价税Entry regulations 进入限制Operations regulations经营限制Discriminatory and nondiscriminatory regulations 歧视性与非歧视性规制Regulations of ongoing operations对经营的规制Ownership and control restrictions所有权与控制权限制1.What are the four modes of services supply? Please give examples of each mode.2.What are the active(or benefits) and negative effects(or flaws) of services tradeliberalization?3.What are the three problems caused to market failure in services liberalization, and how tosettle these problems?4.What types of measures covered by the GATs?5.What are the services excluded from the GATS?6.What are the restrictions of Market Access?7.In what conditions the commitments can be modified or suspended, and what is theprocedure of modification or suspension of commitments.8.What are the causes of trade in services?9.Please give examples to explain the complements and substitutes of different modes ofSupply.10.What are the two statistic sources based upon internationally agreed standards in MSITS?11.Please introduce these two statistic sources.12.What is concept of the residence in statistics of international trade in services?13.How to understand the concept of tariff equivalent in international services trade?14.Please introduce the types of service barriers.15.How to understand the differences between service trade barriers and regulations.1．The four modes of services supply：(1)Cross-border (mode 1): services supplied from the territory of one Member into the territory of another. An example is software services provided by a supplier in one country through mail or electronic means to consumers in another country. (2)Consumption abroad (mode 2): services supplied in the territory of one Member to the consumers of another. Examples are tourism or education services.(3)Commercial presence (mode 3): services supplied through any type of business or professional establishment of one Member in the territory of another. The example is an domestic company establishing a foreign branch by means of FDI. (4)Presence of natural persons (mode 4): services supplied by nationals of one Member in the territory of another. This mode includes both independent service suppliers and employees of the services supplier of another Member. Examples are a doctor of one country supplying through his physical presence services in another country, or the foreign employees of a foreign bank providing services on a temporary basis.2．The active effects: (1)SECTORAL EFFECTS:Removing barriers to trade in services in a particular sector is likely to lead to lower prices,improved quality, and greater variety.(2) ECONOMY-WIDE EFFECTS: Estimates of benefits vary for individual countries-from under 1 per cent to over 50 per cent of GDP-depending on the initial levels of protection and the assumed reduction in barriers.The gains from liberalizing services may be substantially greater than those from liberalizing trade in goods. Liberalization would create spillover benefits from the required movement of capital and labor. The negative effects: (1)flaws in reform programs, if privatization of state monopolies is conducted without concern to creating conditions of competition, the result may be merely transfers of monopoly rents to private owners (possibly foreigners). Similarly, if increased entry into financial sectors is not accompanied by adequate prudential supervision and full competition, the result may be insider lending and poor investment decisions. (2) Adverse Effects on the poor: Opening up essential services to foreign or domestic competition could have an adverse effect on the poor—which is often cited as a reason for the persistence of public monopolies.If a country is a relatively inefficient producer of a service, liberalization and the resultant foreign competition are likely to lead to a decline in domestic prices and improvement in quality.Liberalization such as elimination of restrictions on entry implies an end to cross-subsidization because it is no longer possible for firms to make extra-normal profits in certain market segments.3．market failure is attributable to three kinds of problems: natural monopoly; inadequate consumer information; and considerations of equity and protecting the poor. The settlement of natural monopoly depends on trade-off between the scale economy and monopoly inefficiency, the expansion of the market or market access through regionalism can conduct competition and at the same time keep the scale economy.The settlement of inadequate consumer information usually through domestic regulation. The settlement of social equity and protecting the poor can accommodate universal-service obligations by imposing requirement on new entrants in a non-discriminatory way. However, subsidies have often proved more successful than direct regulation in ensuring universal access. 4．Measures affecting trade in services taken by governments and public authorities, as well as by non-governmental bodies in the exercise of delegated powers (e.g.government-mandated regulators or licensing bodies). This implies that purely commercial decisions without government interference are beyond the scope of the Agreement.5． There two types are excluded from the GATS, the governmental servicesand air transport services.6．All the restrictions on Market Access can be classified into 6 types, four of them are quota-type limits(what are these?), two of them are non-quantity limits(what are these?).7． In what conditions the commitments can be modified or suspended, and what is the procedure of modification or suspension of commitments.Answers: Once a country made a commitment, its costly to revoke. This does not imply, however, that governments are locked in for good,usually,the commitments can be modified or suspended in the event of serious balance-of-payments and other financial difficulties.And GATT provides cover for measures necessary to protect public morals and/or human, animal or plant life and health, the security exceptions and to accommodate some other situations.The procedure of modification: The first step is member concerned would need to notify the Council for Trade in Services of its intentions, the second is preparing to negotiate compensatory adjustments, the third is preparing to resort to arbitration in case of all attempts fail. Only once all procedural steps have been exhausted in full, the commitment concerned can be modified or withdrawn.8. There are two major explanations for trade between countries: comparative advantage, and gains from specialization arising from increasing returns to scale or agglomeration effects. The first explanation relies on fundamental differences between countries to generate trade. The second approach can explain trade between similar countries: differences may emerge because of trade, but the differences need not have been present at the outset to generate trade.4.Please give examples to explain the differences of the two types of theories: the comparative advantage and specialization trade theories in services.Answer: The first explanation is comparative advantage theory, the examples such as : call centers in India provide customer contact services for US firms; nannies from the Philippines move to Canada temporarily to provide childcare services; and Europeans travel to Peru for a week in the jungle as part of an eco-tourism package. In each of these examples, trade takes place via a different mode. However, each of these examples has something in common: trade is driven by differences between countries. The trade in both child care and call center services is driven by differences in labor costs across countries; and the Amazon has unique attributes that are not available at home to the European tourists. The second approach is specialization arising from increasing returns to scale or agglomeration effects. The differences need not have been present at the outset to generate trade. One way to think about how trade can emerge between similar countries is to consider a labor-market example. Think of two students starting university who are equally bright and talented. However, suppose one chooses to study medicine and the other chooses to study engineering.Ten years later, each student will have very different skills and they can trade with each other via the labor market, withthe doctor selling medical services and the engineer selling engineering services. 9．For some types of services, different modes of supply are substitutes. For example, a specialized surgical team could come from a foreign country to perform surgery in the home country; or the patient could go to the foreign country to receive treatment. Some different modes of supply are complementary. For example, if a firm chooses to have a physical presence in a foreign market, then the effectiveness of their operation may be enhanced if personnel are allowed to move between the home and foreign establishments.10．One is BOP statistics and the EBOP statistics; another is Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics.11．BOP statistics is under IMF Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5) which displays data on trade in services between residents and non-residents (within the current account) into 11 items. MSITS proposes further breakdowns of these 11 items based on product classification in the Extended BOP statistics to respond to needs for more detailed information. Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics is about the measurement of services supplied by foreign affiliates. In fact, all the data displayed in these two statistic sources can be classified by country(the data of trading partners), by activity (by industry) and by product.FATS statistics is mainly about mode 3 and BOP statistics is mainly about the three other modes of supply.12． The residence concept is not based on nationality or legal criteria but on a transactor’s center of economic interest. An enterprise has a center of economic interest in an economy when it engages or intends to engage in economic activities within the economic territory of that country. A household has a center of economic interest where it maintains one or more dwellings within the country that members of the household use as their principal residence. A period of one year or more is suggested as a flexible guideline (the ‘‘one-year rule’’)for determining residence (center of economic interest).13.The tariff equivalent is thought of as the equivalent tax on foreign suppliers in their competition with domestic suppliers—is a useful way of quantifying a barrier to trade in services. Both price and quantity measurements are also often converted into, and reported as, tariff equivalents.14.The types of service barriers are regulations that apply to entry or establishment of firms versus their operations; and regulations that are nondiscriminatory versus discriminatory. That is, most barriers to trade in services can be placed in one of the four cells.15. Services trade is highly regulated, most of the service trade barriers come from domestic regulations. But, not all regulations of services should be viewed as protectionist, even when they do serve to reduce service imports. Many regulations serve legitimate purposes, such as protecting health and safety or preventing fraud and other misconduct. Such a regulation, if applied in a nondiscriminatory manner, is not protectionist and should not be viewed as a barrier to service trade, even though it may maintain a higher standard than prevails abroad and thus reduce imports compared to what they would be without the regulation.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
国际贸易重点缩印版本
1、对外贸易额：以货币表示的一国的出口
额和进口额的总和。
2、国际贸易额：仅各国出口额的总和或
进口额的总和。
3、对外贸易依存度=对外贸易额／GNP(或
CDP)×100%
4、进口依存度=进口额／GNP(或CDP)×
100% ，反映市场开放度。
5、传统的国际分工类型：①垂直型国际分
工，经济发展水平不同的国家之间的分工②水平型国际分工，经济发展水平大体相同的国家之间的分工③混合型型国际分工，包括水平和垂直型国际分工。
6、重商主义把货币看作是财富的唯一形
态。
7、古典国际贸易理论：亚当斯密，绝对成
本理论，国际贸易的基础是各国之间生产技术的绝对差别，各国间存在的劳动生产率和生产成本的绝对差别。
各国应该集中生产并出口其具有劳动生产率和生产成本“绝对优势”的产品，进口不具有“绝对优势”的产品。
8、绝对优势贸易模型：劳动是唯一的生产
要素，生产技术是给定的外生要素，生产规模报酬不变。
9、李嘉图的比较优势贸易理论：技术是造
成国际分工的原因，每个国家都应集中生产并出口具有“比较优势”的产品，进口其具有“比较劣势”的产品。
评价：在历史上曾起过进步作用，但理论的出发点是一个静态均衡的世界，分析方法属于静态分析未能揭示出国际分工形成与发展的主要原因。
10、产品A的相对劳动生产率=产品A的劳动生产率÷产品B的劳动生产率 11、产品A的相对成本
=单位产品A的要素投入量÷单位产品B的要素投入量12、小麦的机会成本=减少的大米产量
÷增加的小麦产量 13、新古典国际贸易理论：要素丰裕
度：一国拥有经济资源相对丰富程度。
即一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。
要素密集度：指生产某种产品所投入两种生产要素的比例。
14、赫克歇尔-俄林：一国
应出口该国相对丰裕和便宜的要素密集型的商品，进口该国相对稀缺和昂贵的要素密集型的商品，但是国内还是会生产.即两个国家，两种商品，劳动和资本两种生产要素。
15、里昂惕夫之谜的解释：生产要素密集型逆转，贸易壁垒，技能和人力资本，自然资源。
16、罗伯津斯基定理：当一种生产要素供给增加时，如果密集使用这种要素的产品是比较优势产品，那么该国的对外贸易量会增加，反之。
17、对外贸易政策的基本类型：①自贸易政策：国家取消对商品进出口贸易和服务贸易的限制和障碍，取消对本国商品进出口贸易和服务贸易的各种特权和优待，使商品自进出口、服务贸易自经营，国家对贸易活动不加以或少加以干预，任凭商品、服务和有关要素，在国外市场公平、自地竞争②保护贸易政策：国家广泛利用各种限制进口和控制经营领域与范围措施，保护本国的产品与服务在本国市场上免受竞争，并对本国出口的产品和服务给予优待与补贴。
18、普雷维什：中心—外围论：发达国家为中心，发展中国家为外国的体系。
贸易条件恶化论=出口价格指数÷进口价格指数 19、李斯特的保护贸易政策：主张以保护贸易为过度，扶持有前途的幼稚工业，促进社会生产力发展，实现自贸易。
保护对象：刚刚开始发展且遭遇国外强有力的竞争对手的产业。
保护时间：以30年为最高期限。
保护对象：通过禁止输入与征收高额关税的办法来保护幼稚工业或征收少量进口关税的方式鼓励复杂机器进口。
20、订约人：①按照活动的目的性质可分为：企业与企业主联会组织，②政府机构：直接采购方或卖方，专门设立的干预机构，促进出口机构获得市场
信息，直接帮企业达成交易③其他机构：国际商品协定下设定的干预基金。
21、世界市场上的商品流通渠道：①有固定组织形式的市场：商品交易所，国际商品拍卖，博览会和展览会。
②无固定组织形式的市场交易方式：单纯的商品买卖交易形式，包销、代理、寄售、招标与投标、加工贸易、补偿贸易、租货。
22、影响世界市场价格变动的因素：供求关系的影响；竞争的影响；垄断的影响；经济周期的影响；政府政策的影响；政府动乱；市场结构；商品销售中的各种因素。
23、“封闭市场”价格：是买卖双方在一定的特殊关系下形成的，人为制度的。
①调拨价格：跨国公司内部价格。
目的：减轻税负，加强公司的竞争地位，资金调拨货币贬值，逃避物价管制。
②垄断价格：跨国公司内部交易采用调拨价格，外部交易采用垄断价格。
③国家垄断价格或管理价格。
④区域性经济贸易集团内部价格。
⑤国际商品协定下的协定价格。
24、关税的种类：①按征收对象或商品流向分：进口关税②按征税目的分：财政关税、保护关税。
③按差别待遇和特定的实施条件：进口附加税、反补贴税、反倾销税、紧急关税、特惠税） 25、关税保护度：名义保护率=／国际价格×100%
有效保护率=／自增值
有效保护率=／ 1-投入所占产品价格的比例
26、传统非关税措施：进口配额制：指一国政府在一定时期内对某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接的限制，在规定的配额内，商品可以进口超过的则不准进口或征收较高的关税，甚至罚款。
27、出口补贴：含义：一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，加强其在国外市场的竞争力，在出口某种商品时给予出口厂商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇。
方式：①直接补贴：价格补贴和收入补贴。
②间接补贴：给
予财政优惠。
28、最惠国待遇条款：基本形式：①无条件的最惠国待遇②有条件的最惠国待遇：等价交价
29、贸易条件：一个国家出口单位与其从贸易伙伴换取进口商品的比率。