英语文体学 1
英语文体学Chapter1Introduction
❖Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."
(Qian Yuan)
第十三页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖English Stylistics is often regarded as a discipline that is “both old and young”.
第十五页，共43页。
1.2 Emergence of Stylistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study
❖Dating back to 5 B.C., Greek orators and sophists regarded rhetoric as oratory.
❖The second revolution is the one in literary criticism.
❖Ivor Armstrong Richards ❖Practical Criticism ❖He called for a more objective
approach to literary texts, and established an approach to poetry which depended on close reading of the text.
新编英语文体学教程(董启明)第一章要点
第一章文体和文体学综述1.1引言母语使用者知道在什么地方选用什么样的词,而外语使用者就不知道,因为没有在相关的地方长大,因此需要培养一种风格,也就是文体。
文体学可以帮助我们在合适的地方选用合适的词,使我们的语言更加符合当地的语言特色;还可以帮助我们更加理解语言的变体，更好地使用它们；还可以帮助我们更好的翻译文学作品；还可以帮助我们理解和鉴赏文学作品。
1。
2风格的定义把如何来定义风格呢?许多人给出的定义都各不相同，有人从修辞学的角度来解读它，强调它的“有效使用";有人从结构语言学的角度来解读它,强调语言系统内各语言单位之间的关系；还有人从转换成语言学的角度来看待它，强点不同层次语言结构转换所产生的文体效应；韩立的对风格的定义是以他的系统功能语言学为基础的。
而本书中使用的风格定义是一个通用的、面向语言的定义:表现出现显著的语言特征、装置或模式的方式，大多数(或至少）经常出现在特定语言的特定文本中.1。
3文体学的定义说完了文体,我们来说说文体学，有人说文体学就是研究文体的学科，这是不准确的。
文体学在本书中所使用的定义是：文体学语言学的一个分支，他研究不同层次的语言的不同变体的礼貌、语言特征的系统的研究方法.1.4文体学的发展史下面我们来了解一下文体学的发展史。
文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。
现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（索绪尔的学生）。
1。
4.1西方的文体学发展史先谈一谈西方的文体学发展。
西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究，早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著.但在20世纪之前，对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论，而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中，文体研究没有自己相对的地位.20世纪初以来，在采用现代语言方法之后,文体分析方法逐渐深入和系统化、科学化.现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（索绪尔的学生），他借用索绪尔的结构主义语言学反思传统修辞学，力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来，使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。
英语教材 应用文体学-Chapter III 文体学(1)
• • • • •
The common words foresee and outline are appropriate when one is talking or writing to one’s colleagues, but the literary words visualize and adumbrate are used instead on a formal occasion
• Take the following sentence for example,
• “The repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister very angry.”
All the words in the sentence are common words, and so this sentence could be used in both speech and writing, and on formal and informal occasions.
• Below are two poems using poetic words:
• • • • • • • • • •
When I am dead, my dearest, Sing no sad songs for me; Plant thou no roses at my head, Nor shady cypress tree: Be the green grass above me With showers and dewdrops wet; And if thou wilt, remember, And if thou wilt, forget.
[英语学习]文体学1
![[英语学习]文体学1](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c651884bddccda38376baf9b.png)
• •
• Implication: (Assumptions) • A.Linguistics should be most helpful in analyzing and interpreting literary texts. • B) literature is a type of communicative discourse.
• The Purposes for study of stylistics • To appreciate the English literature works • To master some general knowledge about variations of English • To improve English level • To construct a critical view towards matter • To build a new way of thinking
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• 1 Definition of Stylistics • Stylistics=style+ linguistics • STYLE: Chapter Two • Linguistics: the study of language in which theories on languages have been fully investigated • Take some language theories as example • Cooperative principles • Politeness principles • Ambiguity of languages
• Implication: stylistic features do not occur randomly in it but form patterns. And stylisticians can account for literary texts not just intrasententially but also intersententially, not only in terms of linguistic facts and theory but also in terms of sociolinguistic facts and theory.
英语文体学1答案
英语文体学1答案一、单项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D二、填空题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1、knowl edge2、bilabial3、morphol ogy4、sentence5、compl ete三、判断改错题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1、FActually mod ern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.2、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.3、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to d o with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "red coat".4、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.5、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dial ects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For exampl e, within British English, "girl" is call ed "lassie" in Scottish dial ect, and "liquor" is call ed "whishey" in Irish dial ect .四、名词解释题（本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分）1、One of the major d efining features of human language. Human language consists of two l evels.At the l ower l evel, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningl ess whil e at the higher l evel there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known asd ouble articulation.2、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.3、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principl e is to use one l etter to indicate onesound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.4、The rul es that govern which affix can be add ed to what type of stem to form a new word,e.g.-ly can be ad d ed to a noun to form an adjective.5、a rewrite rul e that allows for the possibl e combinations of words to form phrases andsentences五、论述题（共20分）1、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes includ e changes in vowel sounds,sound l oss, sound ad dition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has und ergone the systematic and regular change in the vowelsounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Mid dl e English period and which involved seven l ong, or tense vowels. These changes l ed to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middl e English)→/faiv/(Mod ern English)2) Sound l oss: Sounds can change by the l oss of phonemes. In the history of English the velarfricative /x/ was l ost. This sound existed in Ol d English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Mod ern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includ es the gain or insertion of a sound. For exampl e, theword l eisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was add ed to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the mid dl e of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinl e--spindl e.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesisinvolves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is l ess common, but it d oes exist. In some dial ects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, brid d ("bird") is an Ol d English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Mod ern English counterpart "bird".。
1-英语文体学
Today we have naming of parts. Yesterday, We had daily cleaning. And tomorrow morning, We shall have what to do after firing. But today, Today we have naming of parts. Japonica Glistens like coral in all of the neighboring gardens, And today we have naming of parts. This is the lower sling swivel. And this Is the upper sling swivel, whose use you will see, When you are given your slings. And this is the piling swivel, Which in your case you have not got. The branches Hold in the gardens their silent, eloquent gestures, Which in our case we have not got.
An Introduction to Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature
英语文体学
What is style? What is stylistics?
Is the writing distinctive,and how?
华夏河山，可以是尸横遍野的疆场，也可以是 车来船往的乐土；可以一任封建权势者们把生命 之火燃亮和熄灭，也可以庇佑诗人们的生命伟力 纵横驰骋。可怜的白帝城多么劳累，清晨，刚刚 送走了李白们的轻舟，夜晚，还得迎接刘备们的 马蹄。只是，时间一长，这片山河对诗人们的庇 佑力日渐减弱，他们的船楫时时搁浅，他们的衣 带经常熏焦，他们由高迈走向苦吟，由苦吟走向 无声。中国，还留下几个诗人？
英语文体学第一单元
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Course Description & Requirements
Course Description Requirements:
A) Doing a lot stylistics analysis is of great necessity for learning this course. B) Regular attendance，class performance, assignments
“亲，快车道很危险哦！”“亲，红灯伤不 起哦！” 警察对一名罪犯连连发问，“亲，为什么 要犯罪呢亲?”“您这罪给十年已经是最优惠 了哦亲!”“现在入狱包吃包住还送双手连体 银手镯哦亲。”罪犯满头大汗，而警察满 脸笑容:“刑满释放了哦亲，欢迎下次光 临。”“出去后要给五星好评哦亲。”最 后刑满释放的罪犯忍无可忍地说:“再也不 犯罪了!”
A Taste of Style
Example 2 Part of a casual conversation between friends of Peter get 1) When his dad had died, peter had toBrown another job. Fairly natural style 2)After his father‟s death, Peter had to change his job. Very formal , stilted, would only occur in written father, Mr. Brown was 3)On the deceaseaof hisreport obliged to seek alternative employment. (Leech & Svartvic, 1975: 24)
新编英语文体学教程
新编英语文体学教程摘要：一、引言1.英语文体学的重要性2.新编英语文体学教程的目的和特点二、英语文体学的基本概念1.文体与文体学2.英语文体学的分支和研究方法三、英语文体学的主要内容1.语篇分析2.语义分析3.语法分析4.修辞分析四、英语文体学的实际应用1.写作技巧的提升2.阅读理解的提高3.口语表达的优化4.翻译质量的保证五、英语文体学的教学方法1.理论教学与实践相结合2.教师引导与学生自主学习相结合3.课程设置与实际需求相结合六、结论1.新编英语文体学教程对英语学习者的帮助2.对未来英语文体学发展的展望正文：在新编英语文体学教程中，我们旨在介绍英语文体学的基本概念、主要内容和实际应用，以及教学方法。
英语文体学是研究英语表达形式的学科，它关注英语在不同语境下的使用，以及如何使用英语来达到特定的交际目的。
英语文体学包含许多分支，如语篇分析、语义分析、语法分析和修辞分析。
这些分支相互关联，共同构成了英语文体学的理论体系。
语篇分析主要研究篇章的结构和组织，以及篇章在不同语境下的功能。
语义分析则关注词汇和句子的意义，以及如何在不同语境下进行合适的表达。
语法分析涉及句子结构和成分之间的关系，以及如何在不同语境下使用合适的语法手段。
修辞分析则强调如何在英语表达中运用各种修辞手法，以增强表达效果和吸引力。
英语文体学的实际应用广泛，包括写作、阅读理解、口语表达和翻译等方面。
通过学习英语文体学，学习者可以提升自己的写作技巧，使文章更具表达力和说服力。
同时，英语文体学也有助于提高阅读理解的准确性和速度，使学习者能够更好地理解文章的深层含义。
在口语表达方面，英语文体学可以帮助学习者优化自己的语言表达，使之更加得体、自然。
此外，英语文体学还能提高翻译质量，使翻译作品更符合原文的文体特点。
在英语文体学的教学方法上，我们主张理论教学与实践相结合，以培养学习者的实际应用能力。
教师应引导学习者进行自主学习，培养他们独立分析和解决问题的能力。
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English Stylistics英语文体学Course IntroductionCourse title: English StylisticsCourse hours: 2 per week, 34 in totalAssessment:1. Attendance2. After-class preparation for related topics3. In-class performance and involvement4. Quiz5. Final examTeaching Objectives:Have a systematic knowledge of the features of different varieties of languageMake appropriate use of language in our communicationFamiliarize ourselves with the stylistic features of the different genres of literatureDeepen our understanding and appreciation of literary worksOffer useful ideas on translation and language teachingTextbook: English Stylistics(英语文体学)Other reference books:Introduction to English Stylistics《英语文体学引论》（丁往道王佐良）Essentials of English Stylistics 《英语文体学要略》（王守元）Practical English Rhetoric《实用英语修辞》（吕煦）English Stylistics: A New Course book 《新编英语文体学教程》（董启明）Course content:本课程从英语学习的实际要求出发介绍有关英语文体和语体的基础知识，属于普通文体学的范畴。
我们讨论的重点是英语中已经形成的各种变体，例如因交际媒介不同而形成的口语语体和书面语体；因语言的使用领域不同而形成的各种功能变体（广告语体、新闻语体、法律语体、会话语体、科技语体等）；因交际者双方关系不同而形成的正式语体和非正式语体等。
Chapter 1 The Concern of StylisticsDefinition of StyleOrigin: Style originates from a Latin word stilus, it means:An instrument made of metal, bone, etc., having one end sharp ended for incising letters on a wax tablet, and the other flat and broad for smoothing the tablet and erasing what is written: = stylusDifferent understandings of style nowadays:Style may refer to a person’s distinctive language habits. Eg. ‘Shakespeare’s style’, ‘Hemingway’s style’, ‘Lu Xun’s style’, etc..Style may refer to a set of collective characteristics of language use, i.e. language habits shared by a group of people at a given time, as‘Elizabethan style’, ‘Yankee humor’.Style may refer to the effectiveness of a mode o f expression. “Saying the right thing in the most effective way”.Style may refer solely to a characteristic of ‘good’ or ‘beautiful’ literary writing.Style may be seen as the various characteristic uses of language that a person or group of persons make in various social contexts.文体又可理解为风格，既可指一个作家运用语言的特色，又可指某个时代盛行的文风；既可指某种语篇体裁的语言特征，又可指某篇作品的语言格调和表现风格。
狭义的文体指文学文体；广义的文体则指包括文学文体在内的各种语言变体。
Definition of StylisticsIt is a discipline that studies the sum of stylistic features characteristic of the different varieties of language. It includes:The situational features that influence variations in language useThe criterion for the classification of language varietyThe description and interpretation of the linguistic features and functions of the main varieties of languageStylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners and linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.英语文体学是一门运用现代语言学的理论和方法，结合文学理论知识，研究各种英语变体的学科。
Modern stylistics has two subdivisions: general stylistics and literary stylistics. ‘Stylistics’ in this book, is general stylistics. (普通文体学和文学文体学)The relationship between general stylistics and literary stylistics. (see the figure on page2)Langue and parole(语言和言语):Langue is the system of rules common to speakers of a particular language.Parole is the particular uses of this system, or selections from this system, that a person or group of persons will make on this or that occasion. Style belongs to parole.It consists in choices from the total linguistic repertoire of a particular language.语言：语言是人类重要的交际工具，也是正常人赖以思维的工具，语言是一种符号系统，它包括语音系统、词汇系统、语法系统。
言语：是人们在交际和活动中应用言语的过程和产物。
语言是社会生活的客观现象，有规则性；同时，语言的语音系统、词汇系统和语法系统是从全体社会成员言语交际中抽像概括出来的，一经产生就有较大的稳定性，随社会的发展而发展。
言语是心理物理现象，具有个体性和多变性，不仅每个人都有自己的言语风格，而且同一个人在不同的场合其言语的表达方式也不同。
联系：语言和言语又是密切联系的。
言语不可能离开语言而存在。
离开语言这种工具，人就无法表达自己的思想或意见，也就无法进行交际活动。
语言也离不开言语，因为任何一种语言都必须通过人们的言语活动才能发挥其交际工具的作用；一旦某种语言不再被人们用来进行交际，终究要从社会上消失掉。
总之：语言是全民的、概括的、有限的、静态的系统（知识）；言语是个人的、具体的、无限的、动态的现象（话语）。
More terms defined:LanguageSpeech acts(言语行为)Actions as carried out through language.Speech events(言语活动/言语事件):Social activities in which language plays an important role such as conversation, discussion, lecture, etc..Aspect of speech events: substance, form and situationText(文本)Verbal communication (either spoken or written) seen as a message coded in a linear pattern of sound waves, or in a linear sequence of visible marks on paper.Language functions:Ideational or referential function(表达说话者经验的概念功能) Interpersonal or expressive/social function(表达说话者态度、评价以及交际角色之间关系的人际功能) Textual function(组句成篇的语篇功能)。