关务英语

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报关常用英语词汇大全

报关常用英语词汇大全

报关常用英语词汇大全1. 报关(Customs Declaration)2. 海关(Customs)3. 进出口(Import and Export)4. 货物(Cargo)5. 发票(Invoice)6. 装箱单(Packing List)7. 提单(Bill of Lading)8. 申报价值(Declared Value)9. 税率(Tariff Rate)10. 原产地(Country of Origin)11. 检验检疫(Inspection and Quarantine)12. 海关编码(HS Code)13. 通关(Customs Clearance)14. 报关行(Customs Broker)15. 报关单(Customs Declaration Form)16. 保税区(Bonded Area)17. 退税(Tax Refund)18. 货物分类(Commodity Classification)19. 贸易方式(Trade Terms)20. 最惠国待遇(MostFavoredNation Treatment)21. 普惠制(Generalized System of Preferences)22. 关税(Customs Duty)23. 增值税(Value Added Tax)24. 消费税(Consumption Tax)25. 航空货运单(Air Waybill)26. 集装箱(Container)27. 散货(Bulk Cargo)28. 货运代理(Freight Forwarder)29. 货物保险(Cargo Insurance)30. 贸易术语(Trade Terms,如FOB、CIF等)掌握这些报关常用英语词汇,有助于提高报关工作效率,确保进出口业务的顺利进行。

在实际操作中,还需不断积累经验和专业知识,以便更好地应对各种报关难题。

报关常用英语词汇大全(续)31. 清关(Customs Clearance)32. 海关查验(Customs Inspection)33. 知识产权(Intellectual Property Rights)34. 禁限物品(Prohibited and Restricted Items)35. 货物申报(Cargo Declaration)36. 临时进口(Temporary Import)37. 临时出口(Temporary Export)38. 转关(Transit)39. 保税仓库(Bonded Logistics Center)40. 保税加工(Bonded Processing)41. 通关单证(Customs Documents)42. 贸易便利化(Trade Facilitation)43. 自由贸易区(Free Trade Zone)44. 跨境电商(CrossBorder ECommerce)45. 海关特殊监管区域(Special Customs Supervision Area)46. 关税减免(Tariff Concession)47. 补税(Supplementary Duty)48. 滞报金(Late Declaration Fee)49. 货物放行(Cargo Release)50. 海关行政处罚(Customs Administrative Penalty)在准备报关资料时,务必确保所有单证齐全、信息准确,以免因小失误导致大问题。

船务、关务的专业英语

船务、关务的专业英语

船务,关务的英语专业术语船公司 carrier无船公共承运人N Vocc N On Vesse10 perating Commn Carrier订舱单 Booking Sheet装货通知书 S O Shipping Order发货人 Shipper出口商 Exporter收货人 Consignee通知人 Notify Party卸货港 Bort of Discharge交货地 Place of Delivery提单 B L Billof lading正本提单 Original B L副本提单 Copy B/L收迄待运提单或待运提单Beceivedfor shipping B L直达提单 Direct B/L联运提单或转运提单Through B L多式联运提单M T B/L Multimode Transport B/L班轮提单 Liner B/L清洁提单 Clean B L不清洁提单 Fonl B l货运提单 House Bill of Lading船东提单 M B L Master Bill of Lading多式联运单据M T D Multimode Transport Document重量吨 W/T Weight Ton即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费W/M Weightor Measurenention尺码吨 M/T Measurement Ton预计开船时间 E T D Estimated time of departure预计到达时间 E T A Estimated time of arrival油污民事责任书civil liability for oil certificate载重线证书load line document.免于除鼠证书derat document.航海健康证书maritime declaration of health船舶登记证书certificate of registry船用物品申报单ship's stores declaration出口许可证申请表export licence, application出口许可证export licence出口结汇核销单exchange control declaration, exprotT出口单证(海关转运报关单)(欧共体用) dispatch note moder TT1出口单证(内部转运报关单)(欧共体用) dispatch note model T1 T2出口单证(原产地证明书) despatch note model T2T5管理单证(退运单证)(欧共体用) control document.nbspT5铁路运输退运单re-sending consigment noteT2L出口单证(原产地证明书)(欧共体用) despatch note model T2L出口货物报关单goods declaration for exportation离港货物报关单cargo declaration(departure)货物监管证书申请表application for goods control certificate货物监管证书申请表goods control certificate植物检疫申请表application for phytosanitary certificate植物检疫证书phytosanilary certificate卫生检疫证书sanitary certificate动物检疫证书veterinary certificate商品检验申请表application for inspection certificate商品检验证书inspection certificate原产地证书申请表certificate of origin, application for原产地证书certificate of origin原产地申明declaration of origin地区名称证书regional appellation certificate优惠原产地证书preference certificate of origin普惠制原产地证书certificate of origin form GSP领事发票consular invoice危险货物申报单dangerous goods declaration出口统计报表statistical document, export国际贸易统计申报单intrastate declaration交货核对证明delivery verification certificate进口许可证申请表import licence, application for进口许可证import licence无商业细节的报关单customs declaration without commercial detail有商业和项目细节的报关单customs declaration with commercial and item detail 无项目细节的报关单customs declaration without item detail有关单证related document.海关收据receipt (Customs)调汇申请application for exchange allocation调汇许可foreign exchange permit进口外汇管理申报exchange control declaration (import)进口货物报关单goods declaration for importation内销货物报关单goods declaration for home use海关即刻放行报关单customs immediate release declaration海关放行通知customs delivery note到港货物报关单cargo declaration (arrival)货物价值申报清单value declaration海关发票customs invoice邮包报关单customs declaration (post parcels)增值税申报单tax declaration (value added tax)普通税申报单tax declaration (general)催税单tax demand禁运货物许可证embargo permit海关转运货物报关单goods declaration for customs transitTIF国际铁路运输报关单TIF formTIR国际公路运输报关单TIR carnet欧共体海关转运报关单EC carnetEUR1欧共体原产地证书EUR 1 certificate of origin暂准进口海关文件ATA carnt欧共体统一单证single administrative document.海关一般回复general response (Customs)海关公文回复document.nbspresponse (Customs)海关误差回复error response (Customs)海关一揽子回复package response (Customs)海关计税/确认回复tax calculation /confirmation response (Customs)配额预分配证书quota prior allocation certificate最终使用授权书end use authorization政府合同government contract进口统计报表statistical document.import跟单信用证开证申请书application for document.ry creditrevocable L/C/irrevocable L/C可撤销信用证/不可撤销信用证confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C 保兑信用证/不保兑信用证sight L/C/usance L/C 即期信用证/远期信用证transferable L/C(or)assignable L/C(or)transmissible L/C /untransferable L/C 可转让信用证/不可转让信用证divisible L/C/indivisible L/C 可分割信用证/不可分割信用证revolving L/C 循环信用证L/C with T/T reimbursement clause 带电汇条款信用证without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C 无追索权信用证/有追索权信用证documentary L/C/clean L/C 跟单信用证/光票信用证deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C延付信用证/预支信用证back to back L/Creciprocal L/C对背信用证/对开信用证traveler’s L/C(or: circular L/C)旅行信用证1 C&F(cost &freight)成本加运费价2 T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇3 D/P(document against payment)付款交单4 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证6 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制7 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱8 PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等9 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元10 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打11 PKG(package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等12 WT(weight)重量13 G.W.(gross weight)毛重14 N.W.(net weight)净重15 C/D (customs declaration)报关单16 EA(each)每个,各17 W (with)具有18 w/o(without)没有19 FAC(facsimile)传真20 IMP(import)进口21 EXP(export)出口22 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的23 MIN (minimum)最小的,最低限度24 M 或MED (medium)中等,中级的25 M/V(merchant vessel)商船26 S.S(steamship)船运27 MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨28 DOC (document)文件、单据29 INT(international)国际的30 P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表31 INV (invoice)发票32 PCT (percent)百分比33 REF (reference)参考、查价34 EMS (express mail special)特快传递35 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传37 RMB(renminbi)人民币38 S/M (shipping marks)装船标记39 PR或PRC(price) 价格40 PUR (purchase)购买、购货41 S/C(sales contract)销售确认书42 L/C (letter of credit)信用证43 B/L (bill of lading)提单44 FOB (free on board)离岸价45 CIF (cost, insurance &freight)成本、保险加运费价。

关务英语缩写大全

关务英语缩写大全

英语缩写大全缩写英文中文aa ALWAYS AFLOAT 保持漂浮,永远漂浮ACCT ACCOUNT 帐目,帐户ACPT ACCEPTANCE 接受ADCOM ADDRESS COMMISSION 订舱佣金,租船佣金M ADDRESS COMMISSION 订舱佣金,租船佣金ADFT AFT DRAFT 艉吃水ADV. ADVISE OR ADVANCE 通知或提前A.F. ADVANCED FREIGHT 预付运费A.F.B. AIR FRIGHT BILL 空运运单AGRD AGREED 同意AGRT AGREEMENT 协议AGW ALL GOING WELL (取决于)一切顺利A.H. AFTER HATCH 后舱AIR DRAFT LENGTH BETWEEN WATER LEVEL AND VESSEL'S RAIL 水平面至船弦的高度AM ANTE MERIDIEM=BEFORE NOON 上午AMT AMOUNT 金额,数额A.N. ARRIVAL NOTICE 到达通知A/R ALL RISKS 一切险ASAP AS SOON AS POSSIBLE 尽快,尽速ASF AS FOLLOWS 如下ATTN ATTENTION 由...收阅A.V. AD VALOREM ACCORDING TO VALUE 运价标记,根据商品的价值(计算运费),从价费率a.a.r. against all risks 一切险AC account current 一切险A/C for account of 费用由...负担acc. acceptance;accepted 已接受acc.cop. according to the custom of the port 按照...港口惯例a.c.v. actual cash value 实际现金价值a.d. a/d after date ...日期以后Add-on .tariff(also proportional rate or arbitrary in US) 费率标记(在美国也指按比例或仲裁决定)ad val.(a/v) ad valorem (according to value) 从价费率(按离岸价格)ADP automated data processing 自动数据处理ADR European Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by roadAETR European Agreement concerning the work of crews of vehicles engaged in international road transportAFRA average freight rate assessment 运费费率平均运价Agcy agency 代理公司,代理行Agt. agent 代理人a.g.w.t. actual gross weight 实际毛重,实际总重量AMT Air Mail Transfer 航空邮寄A.O. account of ...的帐上A/or and/or 和/或A/P account paid 已付帐款approx. approximately 大约arr. arrival 到达,抵达arrd. arrived 到达,抵达a/s after sight 见票后...A/S alongside 靠码头,并靠他船asap as soon as possible 尽快,尽速ass. associate 准会员,公司ATA actual time arrival 实际到达时间ATD actual time of departure 实际出发时间ATP Agreement for the International Carriage of Perish able Foodstuffs Atty attorney 律师(美),代理人auth. authorized 授权的,认可的aux. auxiliary 辅助的,辅助设备AWB Air Waybill 空运单BA BALE CAPACITY 包装容积BAL BALANCE 平衡BALTIME UNIFORM TIME CHARTER 统一定期租船合同,巴尔的摩期租合同BDL BUNDLE 捆BEAM BREADTH OF THE VESSEL (船舶)型宽BENDS BOTH ENDS 装卸港BIMCO BALTIC INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONFERENCE 波罗的海国际航运公会BIZ BUSINESS 业务B/L BILL OF LADING 提单BL BALE 包(装)BLADING BILL OF LADING 提单BLFT BALE FEET 包装尺码(容积)BLK BULK 散装BLKR BULKER 散装船BREAKDOWN AN ITEMIZED ACOUNT OF...'ITEM BY ITEM 细目分类B.RGDS BEST REGARDS 致敬,致意BS/L BILLS OF LADING 提单(复)B.T. BERTH TERMS 班轮条款B.A.C. bunker adjustment charge 燃油附加费B.A.F. bunker adjustment factor 燃油附加费系数Bags/Bulk part in bags,part in bulk 货物部分袋装,部分散装B.C. bulk cargo 散装货B/D bank(er's) draft 银行汇票b.d.i. both dates (days) inclusive 包括始末两天bdth breadth 宽度,型宽Bdy boundary 边境,界线B/G bonded goods 保税货物Bk. bank 银行Bkge brokerage 佣金,经纪费brl. barrel 桶,分英制美制两种B.W. bonded warehouse 保税仓库bxs. boxes 合,箱CABLEADD CABLE ADDRESS 电报挂号CC CARBON COPY 抄送C.F. CUBIC FEET 立方英尺C&F COST AND FREIGHT 货价加运费CFS CONTAINER FREIGHT STATION 集装箱货运站CIC CHINA INSURANCE CLAUSE 中国保险条款CIF COST,INSURANCE AND FRIEHGT 到岸价格(货价,保险费,加运费价)CIF & C COST,INSURANCE,FREIGHT AND COMMISSION 到岸价格加佣金CL.B/L CLEAN BILL OF LADING 清洁提单CO. COMPANY 公司C/O (IN) CARE OF 由...转交COA CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENT 包运合同COMM. COMMISSION 佣金CONBILL CONFERENCE BILL OF LADING 公会提单CONGENBILL CONFERENCE GENERAL CARGO BILL OF LADING 公会杂货提单CO-OP CO-OPERATION 合作CORP. CORPORATION 公司COSCO CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING COMPANY 中国远洋运输总公司C/P CHARTER PARTY 租船合同CQD CUSTOMARY QUICK DESPATCH 按港口惯常速度快速装卸CUB CUBIC 立方CUFT CUBIC FEET 立方英尺CUM CUBIC METER 立方米CY CONTAINER YAND 集装箱堆场CAC currency adjustment charge 货币贬值附加费CAConf Cargo Agency Conference(IATA) 货运代理公会( )C.A.F. currency adjustment factor 货币贬值附加费系数C.A.S. currency adjustment surcharge 货币贬值附加费CASS Cargo Accounts Settlement System(IATA) 货运费用结算系统C.B. container base 集装箱底c.&d. collection and delivery 运费收讫,货物交毕c.b.d. cash before delivery 交货前付现cbm cubic meter 立方米cc charges collect 收取运费CCL customs clearance 清关CCS consolidated cargo(container) service 集中托运业务C/D customs declaration 报关单CEM European Conference on goods train timetables 欧洲货运列车时刻表会议CFR Cost and freight (Incoterms) 成本加运费价C.H. carriers haulage 承运业C.H.C. cargo handling charges 货物装卸费Ch.fwd charges forward 运费到付c.i.a. cash in advance 交货前付现款c.i.f.& e. cost,insurance,freight and exchange 成本,保险费,运费,加汇费价格c.i.f.i.& e. cost,insurance,freight,interest and exchange 成本,保险费,运费,利息,加汇费价格c.i.f.& i. cost,insurance,freight and interest 成本,保险费,运费,加利息价格c.i.f.c.& i. cost,insurance,freight,commission and interest 成本,保险费,运费,佣金,加利息价格c.i.f.c.& e. cost,insurance,freight,commission and exchange 成本,保险费,运费,佣金,加汇费价格c.i.f.i.c. cost,insurance,freight,interest and commission 成本,保险费,运费,利息,加佣金价格c.i.f.L.t. cost,insurance,freight,London terms 伦敦条款到岸价格c.i.f.w. cost,insurance,freight/war 到岸价加战争险CIM International Convention concerning the carriage of Goods by RailwayCIP Carriage and insurance paid to (Incoterms) 运费和保险费付至...(指定目的地) CIV International Convention on the Carriage of Passenger and Luggage by Railway CKD completely knocked down (unassembled) 完全分解的cm centimetre(s) 厘米cm3 cubic centimetre(s) 立方厘米CMR Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road C/N consignment note 发货通知书cnee consignee 收货人cnmt/consgt. consignment 发运cnor consignor 发货人C/O certificate of origin 原产地证明C.O.D. cash on delivery 货到付款C.O.F.C. Container-on-Flat-Car(rail flatcar) (铁路)装运集装箱的平板车COMBITERMS Delivery terms for int'l groupage traffic 国际成组运输交货条款(货运代理人之间)COP customs of port 港口惯例C.O.S. cash on shipment 装船付船COTIF Convention concerning Int'l Carriage by Rail (CIM-CIV) 国际铁路运输公约C.P. Customs of Port 港口惯例CP carriage paid 运费已付C/P blading charter party bill of lading 租船提单CPLTC Conference Port Liner Term Charges 港口班轮装卸条款公会CPT Carriage paid to (Incoterms) 运费付至(...指定目的地)CSC Container service charge 集装箱运输费用CSC Int'l Convention of the Safe Transport of Containers 国际集装箱安全公约CSConf Cargo Service Conference(IATA) 货运业公会CST Container Service Tariff 集装箱运输费率C/T Container Terminal 集装箱码头C.T. conference terms 公会条款CT combined transport 联合运输CTD combined transport document 联合运输单证CTO combined transport operator 多式联运经营人CTPC Cargo Traffic Procedures Committee(IATA)cu.ft. cubic foot(feet) 立方英尺cu.in. cubic inch(es) 立方英寸CVGK customs value per gross kilogram (毛重)每公斤海关价值CVGP customs value per gross pound (毛重)每磅海关价值CWE cleared without examination 未经查验过关的cwt hundredweight 担,(英制)等于112磅,(美制)等于100磅CWO CASH WITH ORDER 订货时预付款cy currency 货币D DIESEL OIL 柴油D300 DIESEL OIL 300 TONS 柴油300吨D/A DOCUMENT AGAINST ACCEPTANCE 承兑交单DEM DEMURRAGE 滞期费DEP DEPARTURE (船舶)离港DEPT DEPARTURE 离港,处部DESP DESPATCH MONEY 速遣费DESPONENT OWNER SECOND OWNER OF THE SAME VESSEL 二船东D.F DEAD FREIGHT 空舱费DFT DRAFT 吃水DHD DEMURRAGE AND HALF DESPATCH 滞期费,速遣费为滞期费的一半DHDWTS DESPATCH HALF DEMURRAGE AND FOR WORKING TIME SAVED 速遣费按滞期费的一半,并按节省的工作时间计算D/O DELIVERY ORDER 提货单D/P DOCUMENT AGAINST PAYMENT 付款交单D.T.A. DEFINITE TIME OF ARRIVAL 确报,船舶确切到港时间DWC DEADWEIGHT CAPACITY 受载量DWCT DEADWEIGHT CARGO TONNAGE 载重吨,受载量DWT DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE 载重吨DWTC DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE OF CARGO 货物载重吨DAF Delivery at frontier(Incoterms) 边境交货(...指定地)D.A.S. delivered alongside ship 船边交货Dbk drawback 退(关)税DCAS Distribution Cost Analysis System 分拨费用分析系统DDP Delivered duty paid(Incoterms) 完税后交货DES Delivered ex ship(Incoterms) 目的地船上交货(...指定目的港)DEQ Delivered ex quay(duty paid)(Incoterms) 目的港码头交货(关税已付)DDU Delivered duty unpaid(Incoterms) 未完税交货dia diameter 直径dir. direct 直接dm3 cubic decimetre(s) 立方分米DOCIMEL Electronic Cim Document 电子单证DWCC dead weight cargo capacity 载重量DWT dead weight ton 载重吨E.G. EXAMPLE GRATIA=FOR EXAMPLE 例如EIU EVEN IF USED 即使使用(也不算)E/M EXPORT MANIFEST 出口载货清单,出口舱单ENCL ENCLOSURE OR ENCLOSED 附件或所附的E.& O.E. ERRORS AND OMMISIONS EXCEPTED 有错当查(错误和遗漏不在此限)ETA ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL (船舶)预计抵港时间ETAD EXPECTED TIME OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE (船舶)预计到达和离开时间ETB EXPECTED TIME OF BERTHING (船舶)预计靠泊时间ETC EXPECTED TIME OF COMMENCEMENT 预计开始时间ETCD ESTIMATED TIME OF COMMENCING DISCHARGING (船舶)预计开始卸货时间ETD ESTIMATED TIME OF DEPARTURE (船舶)预计离港时间ETL ESTIMATED TIME OF LOADING (船舶)预计开装时间ETS ESTIMATED TIME OF SAILING (船舶)预计开航时间EXP EXPORT 出口EXPS EXPENSES (费用)支出ECE International Convention for the Harmonization of Frontiers Controls of Goods ECU European currency unit 欧洲货币单位EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换EDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport EDP electronic data processing 电子数据处理e.g. for example 例如EIR equipment interchange receipt(containers) 设备交接单(集装箱)excl. excluding 不包括,除...外EXW Ex works(Incoterms) 工厂交货(...指定地)F FUEL OIL 燃油F300 FUEL OIL 300 TONS 燃油300吨FAS FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP 船边交货FCL FULL CONTAINER LOAD (集装箱)整箱货FDFT FORE DRAFT 艏吃水FEU FOURTY EQUIVALENT UNIT 40'标准集装箱FI FREE IN (船方)不负担装货费用FILO FREE IN AND LINER OUT (船方)不负担装货费用,但负担卸货费用F.I.L.S.D. FREE IN LASHED,SECURED AND DUNNAGED (船方)不负担装货,捆扎,加固,隔垫(料)等费用FIO FREE IN AND OUT (船方)不负担装,卸费用FIOST FREE IN AND OUT,STOWED AND TRIMMED (船方)不管装,不管卸,不管积载和平仓FLT FULL LINER TERMS 全班轮条款F/M EXPORT FREIGHT MANIFEST 出口载货运费清单,运费舱单FM FROM 从...,来自...FOB FREE ON BOARD 离岸价格(船上交货0FPA FREE FROM PARTICULAR AVERAGE 平安险FRT FREIGHT 运费FT FOOT OR FEET 英尺FWD FORWARD 前部FWDFT FRESH WATER DRAFT 淡水吃水FRG FOR YOUR GUIDANCE 供你参考,供你掌握情况F.A.A. free of all average 一切海损不赔险f.a.c. fast as can (loading or discharge) 尽快(装卸)F.A.C. forwarding agent's commission 货运代理人佣金FAK freight all kinds (不分品种)同一费率FALPRO Special Programme on Trade Facilitation(UNCTAD) 简化贸易手续特别计划F.and D. freight and demurrage 运费和滞期费f.a.q. fair average quality 中等质量货物FAS Free alongside ship(Incoterms) 船边交货(...指定装运港)FBL FIATA Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading(FIATA Document) FIATA 多式联运提单FCA Free carrier(Incoterms) 货交承运人FCR Forwarders Certificate of Receipt (FIATA Document) 货运代理人收讫货物证明FCSR & CC free of capture,seizure,riots and civil commotions 掳获,捕捉,暴动和内乱不赔险FCT Forwarders Certificate of Transport(FIATA) 货运代理人运送证明FFI FIATA Forwarding Instructions(FIATA form) 国际货运代理协会联合会代运说明f.g.a. free of general average 共同海损不赔险FHEX Friday and holidays excepted 节假日除外f.i.a.s. free in and stowed 船方不负担装货费和理舱费f.i.o.s. free in and out stowed 船方不负担装卸费和理舱费F.I.B. free into barge 驳船上交货f.i.c. freight,insurance,carriagef.i.h. free in harbour 港内交货firavv first available 最有效的FIS freight,insurance and shipping chargesf.i.w. free into waggon 船方不负担装入货车费FLT forklift truck 叉车F.O.C. flag of convenience 方便国旗F.O.D. free of damage 损坏不赔f.o.w. first open water 第一解冻日(保)F.P.A. free of particular average 单独海损不赔FPAD freight payable at destination 目的地付运费FR flat rack(container)Frt.fwd. freight forward 到付运费ft.ppd. freight prepaid 运费预付frt.ton freight ton 运费吨FWC full loaded weight & capacity(container) 满载重量和容积fwdr. forwarder 货运代理人FWR FIATA Warehouse Receipt(FIATA Document) FIATA仓储收据GA GENERAL AVERAGE 共同海损GENCON UNIFORM GENERAL CHARTER 统一杂货(程)租船标准合同,"金康"程租合同GMT GREENWICH MEAN TIME 格林威治标准时间GR GRAIN CAPACITY OR GROSS (船舶)散装容积或毛(重)GRD GEARED 带吊杆的GRT GROSS REGISTER TONNAGE 总登记吨GSP GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCE 普惠制GW GROSS WEIGHT 毛重G.A. general average 共同海损(保)G.A.A. General Average Agreement(bond) 共同海损协议(合同)G.A.C. general average contribution 共同海损分摊额(保)G.B.L. Government Bill of Lading 政府海运提单G.C. general cargo 杂货G.C.R. general cargo rates 杂货费率GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值GFA general freight agent 货运总代理GNP gross national product 国民生产总值GSA General Sales Agent 销售总代理HA HATCH 舱口HA DIM HATCH DIMENSION 仓口尺寸HATUTC HALF TIME USED TO COUNT (AS LAYTIME) 实际所使用时间的一半应计算(为作业时间)HD HEAVY DIESEL 重柴油HO HOLD 货仓HRS HOURS 小时HAWB House Air Waybill 货运代理运单,分运单hdlg handling 处理,手续HERMES Handling European Raiway Message Exchange-System 欧洲铁路运输信息交换系统hgt height 高度h/lift heavy lift 重件货H.Q. headquarters 总部h.p. horse power 马力ICC INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES,LONDON 伦敦协会货物条款(保险)I.E. ID EST=THAT IS 即是...,那就是...IMP. IMPORT 进口INC. INCLUDING 包括INST INSTANT 本月的INT INTENTION 意下,企图IOP IRRESPECTIVE OF PERCENTAGE 不管百分比IU IF USED 如果使用i.a.w. in accordance with 按照IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code 国际海运危险品编码in. inch(s) 英寸incl. including 包括INCOTERMS Standard condition for sale and delivery of goods 国际贸易术语解释通则INMARSAT International Convention on the International Maritime Satellite OrganizationINTRM intermediate point 中转点inv. invoice 发票I.P.A. including particular average 包括单独海损(保)i.o.u. I owe you 借据,欠条 LADEN DRAFT THE DRAFT WHEN VESSEL IS LADEN (船舶)满载吃水LBP LENGTH BETWEEN PERPENDICULARS (船舶)垂线间高L/C LETTER OF CREDIT 信用证LCL LESS THAN CONTAINER LOAD (集装箱)拼箱货LD LIGHT DIESEL 轻柴油LDT LRNGTH DEADWEIGHT 轻载重吨L/G LETTER OF GUARANTEE 保证书,保证信LH LOWER HOLD 底舱L/L LOADING LIST 装货清单LOA LENGTH OVER ALL 船舶全长LOADREADY READY FOR LOADING,READY TO LOAD 已备妥,可装货L.T. LOCAL TIME 当地时间L/T LONG TON 长吨LT LINER TERMS 班轮条款LTD LIMITED 有限(公司)L/A Lloyd's agent 劳埃德保险公司代理人,劳埃德船级社代理人LASH lighter aboard ship 子母船Lat.,lat. latitude 纬度lb(s) pound(s) 磅LDG leading 导航的,主要的l.& d. loss and damage 损失与残损l.& u. loading and unloading 装卸leg. legal 法律上的,合法的LEL lower explosive limit 最低爆炸极限LFL lower flammable limit 最低燃烧极限lgt. long ton;long tons 长吨liq. liquid 液体(的)Lkg/Bkg leakage & breakage 漏损与破损LNG Liquefied natural gas 液化天然气L.O.A. lenghth over all 全长LO/LO lift on,lift off 吊上吊下,吊装load loading 装货loc. local;location 当地;位置Long.,long longitude 经度LPG Liquefied petrochemical gas 液化石油气LSD loading,storage and delivery charges 装船,仓储和交货费用LT letter telegram 书信电报L/T liner terms 班轮条款LTA lighter than air system(airships)ltge lighterage 驳运费ltr. lighter 驳船lump lump sum 包干金额,总数M. MEASUREMENT 按货物的体积计算运价MAX MAXIMUM,THE MOST 最大(多)MDM MADAME 夫人,女士MIN MINIMUM,THE LEAST 最小(少)MME MADAME 夫人,女士MOLOO MORE OR LESS AT OWNER'S OPTION 溢短装由船东选择MOLSO MORE OR LESS AT SELLER'S OPTION 溢短装由卖方选择MR. MISTER 先生M/R,M.R. MATE'S RECEIPT 大副收据MRS MISTRESS 夫人M.S. MOTOR SHIP 内燃机船MS MISS,MISTRESS 小姐,夫人,女士M/T,MT METRIC TON OR MOTOR TANKER 公吨或内燃机油轮MTON MEASUREMENT TON 尺码吨MV MOTOR VESSEL 内燃机船M minimum(rate classification) 最低(运费)m metre(s) 米m3 cubic metre(s) 立方米MACH modular automated container handlingMFN Most Favoured Nation 最惠国M.H. Merchants Haulage 商船运输M/R mate's receipt 大付收据M+R maintenance and repair(centre) 维护修理MAWB Master Air Waybill 总运单(空)Mdse merchandise 商品msbl missing bill of lading 丢失提单msca missing cargo 灭失货物MT motor tanker 内燃机油轮MTD multimodal transport document 多式联运单证MTO multimodal transport operator 多式联运经营人M/S Motor ship 内燃机船M/V Motor Vessel 内燃机船N/M NO MARK 无麦头NOR NOTICE OF READINESS 装卸准备就绪通知书N/R NOTICE OF READINESS 装卸准备就绪通知书NR NUMBER 数字,号码NRT NET REGISTER TONNAGE 净登记吨NT.WT. NET WEIGHT 净重NVOCC NON-VESSEL OPERATIONS COMMON CARRIER 无船公共承运人N normal(rate classification) 普通货(运价)NAABSA not always afloat but safely aground 不经常漂浮但安全坐浅NAOCC Non Aircraft Operating Common Carrier 无航空器公共承运人NAWB Neutral Air Waybill(forwarders Air Waybill) 货运代理人空运分运单n.c.v. non customs (commercial) value 无商业价值n.e.s. not elsewhere specified 不另说明n.f.o. not free out 不管卸货NGO non governmental organization 非官方组织n.l.t. not later than 不迟于,不晚于n/n non-negotiable 不可转让的N.,No.,Nr. number 编号N/O no order 无定单n.o.e. not otherwise enumerated 不另编号n.o.p. not otherwise provided 未另列出N.O.R. not otherwise rated 未列名N.O.S. not otherwise specified 未列名Nt. net weight 净重n.v.d. no value declared 未声明价值NVOCC Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier 无船公共承运人OCP OVERLAND COMMON POINTS 内陆共同点OBO Ore Bulk Oil(carrier) 矿石,散货和石油多用途船O.B.S. Oil Bunker Surcharge 燃油附加费Oc.B/L Ocean Bill of Lading 海运提单O/D on deck 甲板上ODS operating differential subsidy 经营差别补贴OFA ocean freight agreement 海运运费协议O.R. owner's risk 船舶所有人或货主承担风险O.R.B. owner's risk of breakage 破损风险由货主承担O.R.D. owner's risk of damage 损失风险由货主承担O.R.F. owner's risk of fire 火灾风险由货主承担OT open top(container) 开顶式集装箱o.t.o.r. on truck or railway 经公路或铁路 PA PARTICULAR AVERAGE 单独海损PCT PERCENT 百分比PDPR PER DAY OR PRORATA 按天计算,不足一天者按比例计算PENAVICO CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING AGENCY 中国外轮代理总公司P & I CLUB PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY CLUB 船东保赔协会PKG PACKAGE 包装PM POST MERIDIEM=AFTERNOON 下午PRO RATA IN PROPORTION 按比例(计算)PROX PROXIMO,NEXT MONTH 下个月PWWD PER WEATHER WORKING DAY 每晴天工作日p.a. per annum(per year) 每年P.A. particular average 单独海损Para paragraph 文章的段或节P.B.A. paid by agent 由代理支付P & D pick up and deliveryP.& I. Protection and Indemnity Association 船东报赔协会P.& I.clause Protection and Indemnity clause 保护和赔偿条款P.& I.Club Protection and Indemnity Club 船东保赔协会P.& L. profit and loss 收益和损失payt. payment 支付,赔偿P/C Paramount Clause 最重要条款p.c.f. pounds per cubic foot 每立方英尺...镑P.chgs particular charges 特别费用(保)pd. paid 已付款p.d. partial delivery 部分交付p.h.d. per hatch per day 每天每舱口(租船)pkge package 包装P.L. partial loss 部分损失(保)PLP parcel post 包裹邮寄PLTC port liner term chargespmt prompt 即时的P/N promissory note 期票;本票P.O.B. post office box 邮政信箱P.O.D. payment on delivery;paid on delivery 交货时付讫POD port of discharge 卸港POL port of loading 装港POR port of refuge 避难港pp/ppd prepaid/prepaid 预付p.t. per ton 每吨pt/dest port of destination 目的港pt/disch port of discharge 卸港PTL partial total loss 部分和全部损失ptly pd partly paid 已付部分款p.t.w. per ton weight 按吨计 Q Quantity (rate classification) 数量Q.c.o. quantity at captain's option 数量由船长决定Qn Quotation 引述,引用q.v. quod vide(which see) 见本项** SAFE BERTH 安全泊位SHEX SUNDAYS,HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED 星期日和节假日除外SHINC SUNDAYS,HOLIDAYS INCLUDED 星期日和节假日包括在内SINOCHART CHINA NATIONAL CHARTER CORPORATION 中国租船公司SINOTRANS CHINA NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE TRANSPORTATION CORP. 中国对外贸易运输总公司S/O SHIPPING ORDER 装货单,关单,下货纸SOONEST AS SOON AS POSSIBLE 尽快,尽速SOS SAVE OUR SHIP,A MESSAGE FOR HELP (船舶遇难)呼救信号S/P STOWAGE PLAN,CARGO PLAN 货物积载图,船图SPACETONS MEASUREMENT TONS INCLUDING BROKEN STOWAGE SPACE 包括亏舱在内的尺码吨SRCC STRIK,RIOTS AND CIVIL COMMOTION 罢工,暴乱,内哄(险)SS STEAM SHIP 蒸汽机船SUB-CHARTERER THIRD OWNER OF THE SAME VESSEL 再租人,三船东SUBLET TRANSFER THE CHARTERSHIP 转租SUBS SUBSTITUTE 代替SWAD SALT WATER ARRIVAL DRAFT 抵港海水吃水SWDFT SALT WATER DRAFT 海水吃水S surcharge(rate classification) 附加费S/C surcharge 超载s & c shipper and carrier 托运人与承运人S.& F.A. shipping and forwarding agent 运输代理SHEX sundays and holidays excluded 星期天和例假日除外SCR specific commodity rate 列名商品费率S/D sailing date 启航日期S.d. small damage 小量损坏S/d sight draft 即期SDR Special Drawing Rights 特别提款权SDT Shipper Declatation for the transport of dangerous goods (FIATA FORM) s.l.& c. shippers' load and count 发货人装船和计数S.L./N.L. ship lost or not lost 船舶灭失与否SLI shippers letter of instruction 发货人说明S.O.L. shipowner's liability 船舶所有人的义务S.P.A. subject to particular average 平均分担单独海损sq.cm(s) square centimtre(s) 平方分米sq.in(s) square inch(es) 平方英寸SRCC strike,riots,civil commotions 罢工,暴动和内乱S/S steamship 汽船,轮船stvdrs stevedores 码头装卸工人sub L/C subject to letter of credit being opened 按照开立的信用证sub licence subject to licence being granted 按照批准的许可 TB TO BE 将要... TBN TO BE NOMINATED 待派(船),待指定TC TYPE CRANES 单杆吊(船舶吊杆类型)T/C TIME CHARTER 期租T.C.T. TIME CHARTER ON TRIP BASIS 航次期租船TD TYOE DERRICKS 双杆吊(船吊类型)T.D. TWEENDECK 二层柜TDY TODAY 今天TEU TWENTY EQUIVALENT UNIT 20'标准集装箱TKS THANKS 感谢TLX TELEX 电传TPI TON PER INCH 每一英寸载重吨TPNP THEFT,PILFERAGE AND NONDELIVERY 偷,盗和提货不着(险)T/T TURBINE TANKER OR TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFER 汽轮机油轮或电汇T.A. telegraphic address 电报挂号TACT the air cargo tariff(IATA) 空运货物费率TBL through bill of lading 联运提单TBN to be named 待指定TC traffic conference area(IATA)TC transcontainerTD time of departure 开航时间TDO telegraph delivery order 电报交货单TEEM Trans-Europe-Express Merchandises (rail service) 横贯欧洲快运货物TIF international transit by rail 国际铁路运输TIR Customs Convention on the int'l transport of goods under cover of TIR carnets(int'l road transport)TL total loss 全损TLF tariff level factor 费率水平系数tnge tonnage 吨位T.O.D. time of discharge 卸货时间TOFC Trailer on board flatcar 平板车载运带拖车的集装箱T.O.R. time of receipt 收到时间TOT time of transmission 传递时间tot. total 总共TOW tier on weight(container stacking according to wightT.T. terms of trade 贸易条款ULCC ULTRA-LARGE CRUDE CARRIER 特大型油轮ULT ULTIMO,LAST MONTH 上月的UU UNLESS USED 除非使用u.c. usual conditions 通常情况下U.D. under deck 下层甲板U.DK. upper deck 上层甲板ULD unit load device(aircraft) 成组货载装置U/w Underwriter 保险人V VOYAGE 航程,航次V/C VOYAGE CHARTER 程租船VLBC VERY LARGE BULK CARRIER 大型散装船VLCC VERY LARGE CRUDE CARRIER 大型油轮val. value 价值VAT value added tax 增值税V.C. vessels convenienceVes. Vessels 船舶VIC Very Important Cargo 非常重要货物VIO Very Important Object 非常重要目标VOCC Vessel Operating Common carrier 有船公共承运人v.v. vice versa 反之亦然 W GROSS WEIGHT 按货物的毛重计算运价WA WITH PARTICULAR AVERAGE 水渍险WIBON WHETHER IN BERTH OR NOT (船舶)不管靠泊与否WICCON WHETHER IN CUSTOMS CLEARANCE OR NOT (船舶)不管通关与否WIFPON WHETHER IN FREE PRATIQUE OR NOT (船舶)不管检疫与否WIPON WHETHER IN PORT OR NOT (船舶)不管抵港与否W/M GROSS WIGHT OR MESUREMENT 按货物重量与体积分别计算,按高者收费WOG WITHOUT GUARANTEE 没有保证W.P. WERTHER PERMITS 如果气候条件许可WPA WITH PARTICULAR AVERAGE 水渍险WRITING WE(I) SHALL WRITE TO YOU ABOUT IT LATER 详情函告WT WEIGHT 重量WTON WEIGHT TON 重量吨WTS WORKING TIME SAVED 节省的工作时间WT**ENDS WORKING TIME SAVED AT BOTH ENDS 装卸港均以节省的工作时间计算(速遣费) WWD WEATHER WORKING DAY 晴天工作日WWDSHEX WEATHER WORKING DAY SUNDAYS,HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED 晴天工作日,星期日和节假日除外WWDSHING WEATHER WORKING DAY SUNDAYS,HOLIDAYS INCLUDED 晴天工作日,星期日和节假日包括在内W.A. with average (Institute Cargo Clause) 承保单独海损,水渍险W/B Way-bill 运货单w.b.d. will be donew.c. with costs 付费的w.c.c.o.n. weather cleared customs or not 无论清关与否W/d working day 工作日wdt/wth width 宽度w.e.f. with effect fromWG working groupwhf wharfage 码头搬运费Whse Warehouse 仓库wk. week 周,星期W/O.w/o without 没有,不WP weather permitting 天气许可的条件下w.p.a. with particular average 担保单独海损W.R. Warehouse Receipt 仓库收据W.R.I. War Risk Insurance 战争险wt. weight 重量w/t weight tons 重量吨w/v weight/volume 重量或体积WW warehouse warrant 仓库栈单ww world-wide 世界性的 X,X. extra 额外的x l & u l exclusive of loading and unloading 不包括装卸xp express paid 快递费付讫的x pri without privileges 无例外YC YOUR CABLE 你电YLET YOUR LETTER 你信YTLX YOUR TELEX 你的电传yday yesterday 昨天y/l your letter 你信y/o your order 你的定单。

职位英语

职位英语

人力资源类人力资源总监(人事总监 HR总监)Human Resource (HR) Director人力资源经理 Human Resource (HR) Manager人事主管主管 Human Resource (HR) Supervisor 人力资源专员 Human Resource (HR) Specialist 人事行政经理 HR & Administration Manager人事行政主管 HR & Administration Supervisor 人事行政专员 HR & Administration Specialist 人力资源专家 HR Specialist招聘总监 Recruiter Director招聘经理 Recruiter Manager招聘主管 Recruiter Supervisor招聘专员 Recruiter Specialist培训经理 Training Manager 培训主管 Training Supervisor培训专员 Training Specialist行政总监 Administration Director行政经理 Administration Manager行政主管 Administration Supervisor行政专员 Administration Specialist薪酬福利经理(C&B经理)Compensation & Benefits (C&B) Manager员工关系经理 Staffing Manager薪酬福利主管 Compensation & Benefits Supervisor 员工关系主管 Staffing Supervisor薪酬福利专员 Compensation & Benefits Specialist 员工关系专员 Staffing Specialist绩效考核专员 Performance Appraisal Specialist财务类财务总监 Finance Director(CFO)财务经理 Finance Manager(Commodity Manager/ Purchasing Manager/Procurement Manager)财务主管 Finance Supervisor财务专员 Finance Specialist审计经理 Audit Manager审计主管 Audit Supervisor审计专员 Audit Specialist会计经理 Accounting Manager会计主管 Accounting Supervisor会计专员 Accounting Specialist税务经理 Tax Manager 税务主管 Tax Supervisor税务专员 Tax Specialist总账经理 GL Manager总账主管 GL Supervisor成本经理 Cost Manager成本主管 Cost Supervisor成本分析师 Cost Analyst财务分析经理 Financial Analysis Manager财务分析主管 Financial Analysis Supervisor 成本分析经理 Cost Analysis Manager应收应付账经理 AP&AR Manager研发类研发经理 R&D Manager硬件经理 Hardware Manager软件经理 Software Manager测试经理 Test Manager结构经理 Mechanical Manager研发主管 R&D Supervisor硬件主管 Hardware Supervisor 软件主管 Software Supervisor测试主管 Test Supervisor结构主管 Mechanical Supervisor 研发工程师 R&D Engineer硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer软件工程师 software Engineer 测试工程师 Test Engineer结构工程师 Mechanical Engineer外观工程师(造型工程师)PCB设计工程师(PCB设计师) PCB Layouy Engineer/PCB Design Electronic Circuit Engineer高级硬件工程师 Senior Hardware Engineer高级软件工程师 Senior Software Engineer高级测试工程师 Senior Test Engineer软件测试工程师 Software Test Engineer硬件测试工程师 Hardware Test engineer高级结构工程师(可以包括研类的机械工程师)Senior Mechanical Engineer设备类设备经理 Facility Manager模具经理 Tooling Manager设备主管 Facility Supervisor 模具主管 Tooling Supervisor 设备工程师 Facility Engineer 模具工程师 Tooling Engineer 电气工程师 Electrical Engineer SMT工程师 SMT Engineer自动化设备工程师生产类厂长(营运经理/生产经理/工厂经理/运作经理/制造经理) Factory Manager/Production Manager/Factory Manager/ Operation Manager /Manufacturing Manager /Ops Manager /Plant Manager项目经理 Project Manager新产品导入经理 New Production Introduction (NPI) Manager生产主管 Production Supervisor项目主管 Project Supervisor 工艺主管 Process Supervisor生产工程师 Production Engineer项目工程师 Project Engineer工艺工程师 Process Engineer工业工程师(IE工程师) Industrial Engineer/IE Engineer 新产品导入工程师New Production Introduction Engineer 机械工程师结构工程师 Mechanical Engineer工业设计工程师(ID工程师) ID Engineer销售类销售总监 Sales Director销售经理 Sales Manager销售主管 Sales Supervisor销售工程师 Sales Engineer区域销售经理 Regional Sales Manager 销售代表 Sales Representative渠道经理 Channel Manager分销经理 Istribution ManagerFAE经理 Field Application ManagerFAE工程师(现场应用工程师) Field Application Engineer物料/采购/物流物料总监 Material Director物料经理(PMC经理/物控经理) Material Manager/PMC Manager/PMC Supervisor物料主管 Material Supervisor物料专员 Material Specialist采购总监 Purchasing Director采购经理 Purchasing Manager采购主管 Purchasing Supervisor采购专员 Purchasing Specialist采购工程师 Purchasing Engineer计划经理 Planning Manager计划主管 Planning Supervisor供应链总监 Supply Chain Director供应链经理 Supply Chain Manager 供应链主管 Supply Chain Supervisor 供应链专员 Supply Chain Specialist 物流总监 Logistics Director物流经理 Logistics Manager物流主管 Logistics Supervisor物流专员 Logistics Specialist仓库经理 Warehouse Manager仓库主管 Warehouse Supervisor报关经理 Customs Manager关务专员 Customs Specialist船务经理 Shipping Manager船务主管 Shipping Supervisor船务专员 Shipping Specialist品质类品质总监 Quality Director品质经理(品质保证经理/ QA经理) Quality Manager 品质专家 Quality Specialist品质主管 Quality Supervisor品质工程师 Quality Engineer 实验室经理 lab Manager实验室工程师 lab Engineer六西格玛经理 Six Sigma Manager六西格玛主管 Six Sigma SupervisorISO质量体系经理 Quality System ManagerISO质量体系主管 Quality System Supervisor ISO质量体系工程师 Quality System Engineer 供应商品质经理 Supplier Quality Manager供应商品质主管 Supplier Quality Supervisor 供应商品质工程师(供应商质量工程师) Supplier Quality Engineer (SQE) 黑带大师 MBB黑带 Black Belt (BB)绿带 Green Belt (GB)总务类环境健康安全经理 Environment Health Safety (EHS) Manager环境健康安全主管 Environment Health Safety (EHS) Supervisor环境健康安全工程师 Environment Health Safety (EHS) Engineer知识产权经理(专利经理/IP经理) Patent Manager/IP Manager/Intellectual Property Manager 工程类工程经理 Engineering Manager工程主管 Engineering Supervisor工程机械经理 Engineering Mechanical Manager机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer制造工程经理 Manufacturing Engineering Manager 生产工业工程部 (PIE)制造工程主管 Manufacturing Engineering Supervisor 包装工程师 Packing Engineer 工艺工程经理 Engineering Process Manager工艺主管 Process Supervisor工艺工程师 Process Engineer/PE Engineer产品经理 Product Manager产品工程师 Product Engineer项目经理 Project Manager/PM/Program Manager 项目主管 Project Supervisor项目工程师 Project Engineer测试类测试经理 Test Manager测试主管(TE工程师) Test Supervisor测试工程师 Test Engineer认证经理 Certification Manager认证主管 Certification Supervisor认证工程师 Certification Engineer可靠性测试经理 Reliability Test Manager可靠性测试主管 Reliability Test Supervisor 可靠性测试工程师 Reliability Test Engineer 安规经理 Safety Manager安规主管 Safety Supervisor安规工程师 Safety Engineer电路工程师 Electronic Circuit Engineer 电声工程师 Acoustic Engineer射频工程师(RF工程师) RF Engineer基带工程师 Baseband Engineer电子工程师 Electrical Engineer市场类市场总监 Marketing Director 市场经理 Marketing Manager 市场主管 Marketing Supervisor 市场专员 Marketing Specialist 营销总监 Marketing Director营销经理 Marketing Manager公关经理 Public Relation Manager (PR) 媒介经理 Media Manager客户服务类客服总监 Customer Service (CS) Director客服经理(客户服务经理) Customer Service (CS) Manager 客服专员 Customer Service (CS) Specialist 技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager 技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer附录工厂常见术语:PE (生产工程师)IE (工业工程师)(必须懂IE七大手法) ME (制造工程师)TE (测试工程师) AE (应用工程师)R&D (研发工程师或部门) FAE (坏品分析工程师)品质部门:QE (品质工程师)QA (品质保证工程师或人员,部门)QC (品质控制检查)(必须懂QC七大手法) IQC (来料检查人员) OQC (出货检查人员) SQE (物料品质工程师) IPQC (在线品质巡检)生产管理部门:PMC (物料计划控制) PC (生产计划控制) 常用管理系统或术语:5S (也叫五常法:整理、整顿、清洁、清扫、素养) 6S (增加:习惯)7S (增加:坚持)6西格玛 (美国通用公司发展的工程分析方法) ISO9000 (国际质量标准)QS9000 (汽车行业通用标准)ERP (企业资源计划)MRP (物料资源计划) ADV (德国汽车行业标准)JIT (日本丰田的准时生产管理模式) CPK (工程能力分析值)VQA (供应品保)DQA (设计品保)MQA (制造品保)OQA (出货品保)SSQA (售后品保)。

公司管理系统职位名称英文及缩写

公司管理系统职位名称英文及缩写

公司职位英文及缩写大全公司高层职位的英文缩写:CEO :Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官CFO : Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官COO :Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官CTO : Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官CMO :Chief Marketing Officer 首席营销官CEO(Chief Executive Officer),即首席执行官,是美国人在20世纪60年代进行公司治理结构改革创新时的产物,它的出现在某种意义上代表着将原来董事会手中的一些决策权过渡到经营层手中。

在我国,CEO这个概念最早出现在一些网络企业中。

在那里,CEO往往是自封的,也很少有人去研究这一称谓对企业到底意味着什么。

但是,当“CEO”在中国叫得越来越响的时候,我们应该认识到,高层人员称谓的改变不是一件小事,设立CEO职位不应仅仅是对时尚的追赶。

CFO(Chief Financial Officer)意指公司首席财政官或财务总监,是现代公司中最重要、最有价值的顶尖管理职位之一,是掌握着企业的神经系统(财务信息)和血液系统(现金资源)灵魂人物。

做一名成功的CFO需要具备丰富的金融理论知识和实务经验。

公司理财与金融市场交互、项目估价、风险管理、产品研发、战略规划、企业核心竞争力的识别与建立以及洞悉信息技术及电子商务对企业的冲击等自然都是CFO职责范围内的事。

在一个大型公司运作中,CFO是一个穿插在金融市场操作和公司内部财务管理之间的角色。

担当CFO的人才大多是拥有多年在金融市场驰骋经验的人。

在美国,优秀的CFO常常在华尔街做过成功的基金经理人。

COO (chief Operation officer )首席营运官的职责主要是负责公司的日常营运,辅助CEO 的工作。

一般来讲,COO负责公司职能管理组织体系的建设,并代表CEO处理企业的日常职能事务。

国际货运代理英语

国际货运代理英语

国际货运代理英语
1.Bill of Lading(提单):一种用于证明海上运输货物收讫的单据,通常由承运人签发。

2.Container(集装箱):一种用于装载货物的封闭箱体,可以重复使用,方便装卸和运输。

3.Freight Forwarder(货运代理):提供货物运输服务的人或公司,负责安排货物的运输、
装卸、报关等事宜。

4.Customs Clearance(报关):向海关申报货物的价值、数量、种类等信息,并支付相应
的关税和增值税等费用。

5.Inspection(检验):对货物进行质量、数量、规格等方面的检查,确保货物符合要求。

6.Insurance(保险):为货物运输过程中可能出现的损失提供保障。

7.Quarantine(检疫):对进口或出口的动植物进行疾病、疫情等方面的检查,确保符合
相关法规要求。

8.Manifest(舱单):列出货物的详细清单,包括货物品名、数量、重量、体积等信息。

9.Port of Destination(目的港):货物运输的目的地港口。

10.Shipping Documents(运输单据):用于证明货物运输的单据,如提单、装箱单等。

各系列职称的翻译

各系列职称的翻译(一)研究系统研究员[正高]professor , professor +学科副研究员[副高]associate professor; associate professor of 学科。

助理研究员[中]research associate;研究实习员[初]research assistant.(二)大学教师系列教授[正高]professor副教授[副高]associate professor; associate professor of 学科。

讲师[中]lecturer助教[初]assistant(三)中等专业学校、技工学校教师系统高级讲师[副高]senior lecturer;讲师[中]lecturer;助理讲师[初]assistant lecturer;教员[初]teacher;高级实习指导教师[副高]senior instructor;一级实习指导教师[中]first-grade instructor;二级实习指导教师[初]second-grade instructor;三级实习指导教师[初]third-grade instructor.(四)中学教师系列中学高级教师[副高]可译为senior teacher (secondary school);中学一级教师[中]first-grade teacher(secondary school);中学二级教师[初]second-grade teacher (secondary school);中学三级教师[初]third-grade teacher (secondary school)。

(五)小学教师系列小学高级教师[中] senior teacher(primary school);小学一级教师[初]first-grade teacher(primary school);小学二级教师[初] second-grade teacher (primary school);小学三级教师[初]third-grade teacher (primary school)。

海关相关英语单词

海关相关英语单词1.account for 占比率;报账2.assign 转让3.a brokerage firm 报关行4.a consumption entry 消费商品进口报关5.Automated clearing ----house 自动化结算系统6.anti -dump 反倾销7.abate 减轻,撤销(法令等)8.accompanying article 携带物品9.accord to 给予10.according to 按照11.ad valorem duty 从价税12. bond 担保13.bulletin 告示14.breach 违犯15.bonus 律贴16.bond 保税17.customs sub --office 海关分关18.conductive 有助于的19.consist of 由组成20.consumer taste 消费税2关于海关的英语单词21.confiscate 没收22.credit 贷方23.client representative 客户代理人24.pliance area 海关遵守法律范围25.charge 收税、收费27.disburse(pay out money) 支付28.debit(left hand side of an account ) 借方29.declaration form 报关单30.dutiable goods 应税货物31.Duty Assessment Office 征税部门32.ensure 使必发生33.electronic invoices 电子发票34.establish the entered value 确立报关单价格35.economic interests 经济利益36.EDI(Electronic Data Interchorge) 电子数据交换37.enterprise 企业单位38.enter in to 与订约,开始39.entrus t委托,信托40.entry 报关手续,报单,进入,入口3有关海关的英语词汇41.forge 伪造42.Foreign Trade Zone 对外贸易区43.fees 规费44.fill in 填写45.final clearance 结关放行46.final decision 最后决定47.fine 罚金、罚款48.fixed duty 固定关税49.General Customs Administration 海关布暑50.general deduction 一般减税51.General lits(of cargo) 总货单52.general rules 通用规则53.general system of preferences 普遍优惠制54.general tariff rate 一般税率55.hand baggage 手提行李56.half - duty 半税57.high duty 高关税58.identify 认为一致60.in terms of(in respect to) 在方面。

关务英语

關務英語1、報關單 Customs Sheet2、商檢單 Commodity Inspection Certificate3、外商投資企業稅務登記證Tax Registration for enterprises with foreign investment4、品質證書 Certificate of Quality重量證書 Certificate of Weight數量證書 Certificate of Quantity包裝證書 Certificate of Packing健康證書 Certificate of Health檢疫證書 Certificate of Quarantine產地證書 Certificate of Origin熏蒸證書 Certificate of Fumigation熏蒸/消毒證書 Fumigation/ Disinfection Certification衛生證書 Sanitary Certificate獸醫證書 Veterinary Certificate動物衛生證書 Animal health Certificate植物檢疫證書 Phytosanitary Certificate植物轉口檢疫證書 Phytosanitary Certificate for re-export運輸工具檢疫證書 Quarantine Certificate for conveyance6、無木質包裝聲明Declaration of no-wood packing material7、機電產品進口申請表 Import ApplicationForm of mechanical and electronic products8、中華人民共和國外商投資企業批准證書Certificate of Approval forEstablishment of enterprises with foreignInvestment in the People’s Republic of China9、無汞確認書 No Mercury Certificate10、營業執照 Business Licence11、許可證Licence 進口許可證 Import Licence12、加工貿易Improvement Trade13、進料加工 Processing with (of) imported materials14、來料加工 Processing with (of) supplied materials15、來件加工 Processing according to supplied sample18、征稅優惠 Tax Incentives19、優惠稅率 Preferential tax rates20、特惠關稅 Preferential duties / tariff21、外商獨資企業Wholly-foreign-owned enterprise22、公司(所得)稅 corporate (income)tax23、地方附加稅 local surtax24、暫行條例 interim regulations25、收貨單mate’s receipt26、倉庫棧單 warehouse certificate27、倉庫收據 warehouse receipt28、入庫單 warehouse entry29、倉儲費 warehousing charges30、轉口貿易 transit trade31、過境稅 transit duties32、營業額 volume of business33、銷售量 volume of sales34、已納稅證明 clearance documents35、銀行擔保 bank surety36、保稅區 Bonded area37、報關 Entry38、轉關費 trans-customs fee39、公司簡介 company profile40、運輸條件/成本 shipping term/cost41、報關行 a brokerage firm42、消費商品進口報關 a consumption entry43、從價稅 ad valorem duty44、報關單 declaration form45、確立報關價格 establish the entered vale46、電子發票 electronic invoice47、應稅貨物 dutiable goods48、企業單位 enterprise49、報關手續、報單、進入 entry50、結關放行 final clearance51、對外貿易區 foreign trade zone52、固定關稅 fixed duty53、海關總署 general customs administration54、一般減稅 general deduction55、通用稅則 general rules56、普遍優惠制 general system of preference57、普遍稅率 general tariff rate58、半關稅 half-duty59、高關稅 high-duty60、進口稅或關稅 import taxes or duties61、國家統計 national statistics62、國境 national territory63、海關無紙化報關paperless summary program64、出口後復審 post entry review65、常規稽查 regulatory audit66、財務報表 statement (a brif record of a business account)67、處罰 sanction68、法規 statute69、扣留 withhold70、取回 withdraw71、故意過錯 willful failure72、押金、保證金 deposit73、完稅價格 duty-paying value74、免稅價格 duty-free price75、暫緩納稅 duty suspension76、完稅憑證 duty paid proof77、收稅單 duty paid certificate78、傾銷稅 dumping duty79、貨物明細單 detail freight list80、交貨單、出貨單 delivery order81、提貨 delivery and customs agent82、申報貨物 declare goods83、報關 declare at the customs84、報關手續 declaration formalities (customs formalities)85、過境貨物出境報關單 declaration for the exit of transit cargo86、過境貨物入境報關單 declaration for entry of transit cargo87、海關(退稅)憑單 debenture(customs drawback certificate)88、海關封志 seals affixed by the customs89、應納稅商品進口報關單 entry for dutiable goods90、免稅貨物進口報關單 entry for free goods91、免稅 free duty92、破損的包裝 faulty packing93、進口稅 import duty94、進口許可證 import permit95、在海關查驗期間 in the course of customs examination96、殘損貨物檢驗證書 inspection certificate on damaged cargo97、國內加工 inward processing98、進口轉運 inward transit99、發還退稅 issue a drawback100、滯納金 late payment fee101、提貨單報書 letter of guarantee for production of bill of lading102、賠償保證書 letter of indemnity103、稅則號碼 numbered series in the tariffs104、漏稅 off duty105、逃避外匯(管理) off foreign exchange control106、進口地海關 office of entry107、出口地海關 office of exit108、單證、證件 papers109、存入保稅倉 places in bond110、海關監管區 places which call for concentrated customs operations111、報價單 quotation sheet112、報關員 radio officer113、商品出口退稅 commodity export refund114、罰款 levy a fine115、抗拒從嚴 severity to resistors (severe punishment to those who do not confess) 116、走私、私運 smuggle117、商品交易會 commodity fair118、海關署長 director of the customs general administration119、出口信用證 export letter of credit120、平等互利 equality and mutual benefit121、最惠國 most favored nation122、以我方最後確認為准 subject to our final confirmation123、貿易壁壘trade barrier124、核銷科 contracts verification cancellation section125、調查處 investigation division126、中國商品檢驗局 China Commodity Inspection and Testing Bureau (CCITB)127、國家稅務總局 States Taxation Bureau(STB)128、國家外匯管理總局 the State General Administration of Exchange Control (SGAEC)129、中國國際貿易促進委員會 China Council for the Promotion of International Trade(CCPIT) 130、散裝 in bulk131、重點檢查 extensive search132、包銷exclusive sales133、代理 agency134、補償貿易 compensation trade135、加工貿易 processing trade136、租賃貿易 leasing trade137、合資經營 joint venture138、寄售貿易 trade by consignment139、拍賣 auction140、獨家代理 sole agency141、以進養出 exporting on basis of import142、對等貿易 counter trade143、易貨貿易 barter trade144、投標與招標 call for tenders145、貨值 cost 運費 freight保險費 insurance 倉儲費storage關稅 customs duties 傭金 commission折扣 discount146、國際貨幣基金組織 International Monetary Fund-IMF147、國際復興開發銀行 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-IBRD or World Bank 148、商標 mark 牌號 brand149、風險與所有權 risk and property150、象征性交貨 symbolic delivery151、信用證 letter of credit 托收collection152、保險單 policy 索賠claim 替代貨物 substitute goods 保險利益 insurable interest153、習慣包裝 customary packing 任意港 optional ports 結匯 settlement of exchange不可抗力 force majeure 仲裁 arbitration備注 remarks154、不可撤銷的 irrevocable 可轉讓的 transferable 保兌的 confirmed 議付 negotiation155、跟單信用證 documentary letter of credit 不可撤銷信用證 sight irrevocable L/C 循環信用證revolving L/C 遠期信用證 usance letter of credit156、商檢單 inspection certificates of commodities 重量單 weight memo 尺碼單 measurement note 157、商業發票 commercial invoice 錯誤與遺漏不在次限 errors and omission excepted--E.& . 保險憑證insurance certificate 海關發票 customs invoice 傾銷 dumping 反傾銷稅 anti-dumping duty 證明人witness158、皮重 tare weight 毛重 gross weight 淨重 net weight 以毛作淨 gross for net159、憑指示 to order160、空白背書 endorsement in blank167、按協商 as arranged168、承運貨物收據 cargo receipt169、整箱貨 TEU 拼箱貨 LCL170、集裝箱堆場 container yard-CY 貨運站 container freight station-CFS171、fumigation/disinfection certificate 煙燻證明172、kunshan entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau 昆山檢驗檢疫局173、kunshan city commodities inspection bureau 昆山市商檢局171、配額quotas 184、反傾銷法(規則) antidumping laws(rules)172、多邊貿易組織 Multilateral trade organization 185、outsource exchange173、“龍頭”國家(能帶來較多利潤的國家) pilotcountry 186、核銷單the sheet of contracts verification cancellation179、烏拉圭協議 Uruguay agreement174、處理貿易爭端 tackle trade dispute 180、降低關稅tariff reductions175、貿易壁壘 trade barriers176、協商機制 negotiation mechanism177、世貿非歧視原則 WTO principle of nondiscrimination178、互利互惠 reciprocity and mutual benefit181、貿易自由條款 trade-liberalizing provisions 182、出口補貼 export subsidies。

跨境电商必须了解的通关名词

跨境电商必须了解的通关名词跨境电商行业的快速发展,使得越来越多的人涉足其中。

然而,与之相应的是一系列的跨境贸易术语和通关名词。

了解这些名词及其含义对于经营跨境电商业务至关重要。

在本文中,将为您详细介绍一些跨境电商必须了解的通关名词。

第一,关务(Customs Affairs)关务是指负责管理和监督国家和地区之间货物的进出口的政府部门。

关务部门负责执行商品的报关和通关手续,确保贸易合规性和货物安全。

第二,报关(Customs Declaration)报关是指向关务部门提交文件,详细描述出口或进口货物的内容和价值、原产地以及其他相关信息。

报关是进行国际贸易的必备程序,通过报关可以实现合法的货物流动。

第三,进出口报关单(Customs Declaration Form)进出口报关单是提交给关务部门的一种文件,用于报告和申报货物的基本信息和价值。

报关单上需要填写货物的品名、数量、规格、价值等,以便关务部门进行核实和审核。

第四,原产地证明(Certificate of Origin)原产地证明是一种文件,用于证明货物的生产或制作地。

这个证明对于享受优惠关税或免关税待遇非常重要。

原产地证明的内容包括货物的生产地、生产日期和生产商的相关信息。

第五,合规性(Compliance)合规性是指跨境电商企业要遵守国际贸易法规和相关标准,进行合法的商业活动。

合规性也包括与关务部门的合作,确保报关和清关手续的正确性和合法性。

第六,清关(Customs Clearance)清关是指完成报关手续后,货物被允许进入或离开国家或地区的程序。

通过清关,货物获得进出口的许可,可以顺利进行国际贸易活动。

第七,关税(Customs Duty)关税是进口或出口货物根据关务部门的规定需要缴纳的税费。

关税标准根据货物的种类和价值而不同。

了解关税的规定,可以帮助跨境电商企业合理规划成本,并预估商品的销售价格。

第八,禁止进出口物品(Prohibited Goods)禁止进出口物品是指根据国家法律法规或国际协议禁止进口或出口的货物。

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1、報關單Customs Sheet2、商檢單Commodity Inspection Certificate3、外商投資企業稅務登記證 Tax Registration for enterprises with foreign investment4、品質證書Certificate of Quality重量證書Certificate of Weight數量證書Certificate of Quantity包裝證書Certificate of Packing健康證書Certificate of Health檢疫證書Certificate of Quarantine產地證書Certificate of Origin熏蒸證書Certificate of Fumigation熏蒸/消毒證書Fumigation/ Disinfection Certification衛生證書Sanitary Certificate獸醫證書Veterinary Certificate動物衛生證書Animal health Certificate植物檢疫證書Phytosanitary Certificate植物轉口檢疫證書Phytosanitary Certificate for re-export運輸工具檢疫證書Quarantine Certificate for conveyance6、無木質包裝聲明 Declaration of no-wood packing material7、機電產品進口申請表Import ApplicationForm of mechanical and electronic products8、中華人民共和國外商投資企業批准證書Certificate of Approval forEstablishment of enterprises with foreignInvestment in the People’s Republic of China9、無汞確認書No Mercury Certificate10、營業執照Business Licence11、許可證 Licence 進口許可證Import Licence12、加工貿易 Improvement Trade13、進料加工Processing with (of) imported materials14、來料加工Processing with (of) supplied materials15、來件加工Processing according to supplied sample18、征稅優惠Tax Incentives19、優惠稅率Preferential tax rates20、特惠關稅Preferential duties / tariff21、外商獨資企業Wholly-foreign-owned enterprise22、公司(所得)稅corporate (income)tax23、地方附加稅local surtax24、暫行條例interim regulations25、收貨單mate’s receipt26、倉庫棧單warehouse certificate27、倉庫收據warehouse receipt28、入庫單warehouse entry29、倉儲費warehousing charges30、轉口貿易transit trade31、過境稅transit duties32、營業額volume of business33、銷售量volume of sales34、已納稅證明clearance documents35、銀行擔保bank surety36、保稅區Bonded area37、報關Entry38、轉關費trans-customs fee39、公司簡介company profile40、運輸條件/成本shipping term/cost41、報關行a brokerage firm42、消費商品進口報關a consumption entry43、從價稅ad valorem duty44、報關單declaration form45、確立報關價格establish the entered vale46、電子發票electronic invoice47、應稅貨物dutiable goods48、企業單位enterprise49、報關手續、報單、進入entry50、結關放行final clearance51、對外貿易區foreign trade zone52、固定關稅fixed duty53、海關總署general customs administration54、一般減稅general deduction55、通用稅則general rules56、普遍優惠制general system of preference57、普遍稅率general tariff rate58、半關稅half-duty59、高關稅high-duty60、進口稅或關稅import taxes or duties61、國家統計national statistics62、國境national territory63、海關無紙化報關paperless summary program64、出口後復審post entry review65、常規稽查regulatory audit66、財務報表statement (a brif record of a business account)67、處罰sanction68、法規statute69、扣留withhold70、取回withdraw71、故意過錯willful failure72、押金、保證金deposit73、完稅價格duty-paying value74、免稅價格duty-free price75、暫緩納稅duty suspension76、完稅憑證duty paid proof77、收稅單duty paid certificate78、傾銷稅dumping duty79、貨物明細單detail freight list80、交貨單、出貨單delivery order81、提貨delivery and customs agent82、申報貨物declare goods83、報關declare at the customs84、報關手續declaration formalities (customs formalities)85、過境貨物出境報關單declaration for the exit of transit cargo86、過境貨物入境報關單declaration for entry of transit cargo87、海關(退稅)憑單debenture(customs drawback certificate)88、海關封志seals affixed by the customs89、應納稅商品進口報關單entry for dutiable goods90、免稅貨物進口報關單entry for free goods91、免稅free duty92、破損的包裝faulty packing93、進口稅import duty94、進口許可證import permit95、在海關查驗期間in the course of customs examination96、殘損貨物檢驗證書inspection certificate on damaged cargo97、國內加工inward processing98、進口轉運inward transit99、發還退稅issue a drawback100、滯納金late payment fee101、提貨單報書letter of guarantee for production of bill of lading102、賠償保證書letter of indemnity103、稅則號碼numbered series in the tariffs104、漏稅off duty105、逃避外匯(管理) off foreign exchange control106、進口地海關office of entry107、出口地海關office of exit108、單證、證件papers109、存入保稅倉places in bond110、海關監管區places which call for concentrated customs operations111、報價單quotation sheet112、報關員radio officer113、商品出口退稅commodity export refund114、罰款levy a fine115、抗拒從嚴severity to resistors (severe punishment to those who do not confess) 116、走私、私運smuggle117、商品交易會commodity fair118、海關署長director of the customs general administration119、出口信用證export letter of credit120、平等互利equality and mutual benefit121、最惠國most favored nation122、以我方最後確認為准subject to our final confirmation123、貿易壁壘trade barrier124、核銷科contracts verification cancellation section125、調查處investigation division126、中國商品檢驗局China Commodity Inspection and Testing Bureau (CCITB)127、國家稅務總局States Taxation Bureau(STB)128、國家外匯管理總局the State General Administration of Exchange Control (SGAEC) 129、中國國際貿易促進委員會China Council for the Promotion of International Trade(CCPIT) 130、散裝in bulk131、重點檢查extensive search132、包銷 exclusive sales133、代理agency134、補償貿易compensation trade135、加工貿易processing trade136、租賃貿易leasing trade137、合資經營joint venture138、寄售貿易trade by consignment139、拍賣auction140、獨家代理sole agency141、以進養出exporting on basis of import142、對等貿易counter trade143、易貨貿易barter trade144、投標與招標call for tenders145、貨值cost 運費freight保險費insurance 倉儲費 storage關稅customs duties 傭金commission折扣discount146、國際貨幣基金組織International Monetary Fund-IMF147、國際復興開發銀行International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-IBRD or World Bank148、商標mark 牌號brand149、風險與所有權risk and property150、象征性交貨symbolic delivery151、信用證letter of credit 托收 collection152、保險單policy 索賠claim 替代貨物substitute goods 保險利益insurable interest 153、習慣包裝customary packing 任意港optional ports 結匯settlement of exchange不可抗力force majeure 仲裁arbitration備注remarks154、不可撤銷的irrevocable 可轉讓的transferable 保兌的confirmed 議付negotiation 155、跟單信用證documentary letter of credit 不可撤銷信用證sight irrevocable L/C 循環信用證revolving L/C 遠期信用證usance letter of credit156、商檢單inspection certificates of commodities 重量單weight memo 尺碼單measurement note157、商業發票commercial invoice 錯誤與遺漏不在次限errors and omission excepted--E.& O.E. 保險憑證insurance certificate 海關發票customs invoice 傾銷dumping 反傾銷稅anti-dumping duty 證明人witness158、皮重tare weight 毛重gross weight 淨重net weight 以毛作淨gross for net159、憑指示to order160、空白背書endorsement in blank167、按協商as arranged168、承運貨物收據cargo receipt169、整箱貨TEU 拼箱貨LCL170、集裝箱堆場container yard-CY 貨運站container freight station-CFS171、fumigation/disinfection certificate 煙燻證明172、kunshan entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau 昆山檢驗檢疫局173、kunshan city commodities inspection bureau 昆山市商檢局171、配額 quotas 184、反傾銷法(規則) antidumping laws(rules) 172、多邊貿易組織Multilateral trade organization 185、outsource exchange173、“龍頭”國家(能帶來較多利潤的國家) pilotcountry 186、核銷單the sheet of contracts verification cancellation179、烏拉圭協議Uruguay agreement174、處理貿易爭端tackle trade dispute 180、降低關稅tariff reductions 175、貿易壁壘trade barriers176、協商機制negotiation mechanism177、世貿非歧視原則WTO principle of nondiscrimination178、互利互惠reciprocity and mutual benefit181、貿易自由條款trade-liberalizing provisions 182、出口補貼export subsidies。

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