英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉词语对比与翻译
言内意义（intralingual meaning)或语篇意义是句子成分与 句子成分之间或句与句之间的关系，它决定着行文的韵律节 奏，如何衔接连贯，达到何种修辞效果等。
“三包”：包修、包退、包换
The three guaranteed R’s: repair, replacement and refund.
三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
Orient/gear educational work to the needs of modernization, the world, and the future
①She can be scornful of those ②who are not tough in either performance or philosophy, ③ reserving for them her ultimate pejorative, “wet”, ④which in her lexicon is an accusation of gutlessness.
三围
bust, waist and hips vital statistics 三资企业
Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises或 Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China
英汉成语对比与翻译
英汉成语对比与翻译爱屋及乌 love me, love my dog.百闻不如一见 seeing is believing.比上不足，比下有余 "worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst笨鸟先飞 a slow sparrow should make an early start.不眠之夜 white night不以物喜，不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best不打不成交 "no discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙 rob peter to pay paul辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new大事化小，小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener国泰民安 the country flourishes and people live in peace过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little功夫不负有心人 everything comes to him who waits.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more好事不出门，恶事传千里 good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.和气生财 harmony brings wealth活到老，学到老 one is never too old to learn.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones金无足赤,人无完人 gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.金玉满堂 treasures fill the home脚踏实地 be down-to-earth脚踩两只船 sit on the fence君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green老生常谈，陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché礼尚往来 courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 "where there is life, there is hope."马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened没有规矩不成方圆 nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.每逢佳节倍思亲on festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.it is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.谋事在人，成事在天 "the planning lies with man, the outcome with heaven. / man proposes, god disposes. "弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; cunning outwits itself.拿手好戏 masterpiece赔了夫人又折兵 throw good money after bad抛砖引玉 a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale破釜沉舟 cut off all means of retreat；burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities巧妇难为无米之炊 if you have no hand you can't make a fist./ one can't make bricks without straw.千里之行始于足下a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step前事不忘,后事之师 past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.前人栽树,后人乘凉 one generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.one sows and another reaps.前怕狼,后怕虎 fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind/ hesitate in doing something弱龙容易压地头蛇 even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies.强强联手 win-win co-operation瑞雪兆丰年 a timely snow promises a good harvest.人之初,性本善 man's nature at birth is good.人逢喜事精神爽 joy puts heart into a man.人海战术 huge-crowd strategy世上无难事，只要兹登山 "where there is a will, there is a way. "世外桃源 a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;死而后已 until my heart stops beating岁岁平安 peace all year round上有天堂，下有苏杭 "just as there is paradise in heaven, ther are suzhou and hangzhou on earth."塞翁失马，焉知非福 misfortune may be an actual blessing.三十而立 "a man should be independent at the age of thirty.at thirty, a man should be able to think for himself."升级换代 updating and upgrading (of products)四十不惑 life begins at forty.谁言寸草心，抓得三春晖 "such kindness of warm sun, can't be repaid by grass. "水涨船高 when the river rises, the boat floats high.时不我待 time and tide wait for no man.杀鸡用牛刀 break a butterfly on the wheel实事求是 seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts说曹操,曹操到 talk of the devil and he comes.实话实说 speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is实践是检验真理的唯一标准 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.山无此低，存有仙则名 "no matter how high the mountain is, its name will spread far and wide if there is a fairy; "韬光养晦 hide one's capacities and bide one's time糖衣炮弹 sugar-coated bullets天有不测风云 anything unexpected may happen. a bolt from the blue团结一致就是力量 unity is strength.“跳进黄河洗不清” "eve if one jumped into the yellow river, one can not wash oneself clean--there's nothing one can do to clear one's name "歪风邪气 unhealthy practices and evil phenomena物以类聚，人以群分 birds of a feather flock together.追忆例如风 "the past has vanished (from memory) like wind.; what in past, is past."望子成龙 hold high hopes for one's child屋漏又可逢连阴雨 misfortunes never come singly. when it rains it pours.文韬武略 military expertise; military strategy唯利是图 draw water to one's mill无源之水,无本之木 water without a source, and a tree wiithout roots无中生有 make/create something out of nothing无风不起浪 there are no waves without wind. there's no smoke without fire.徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends新官上任三把火 a new broom sweeps clean虚心并使人进步,自豪并使人滞后 modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.蓄势而发 accumulate strength for a take-off心想事成 may all your wish come true心照不宣 have a tacit understanding; give tacit consent; tacit understanding先入为主 first impressions are firmly entrenched.先下手为强 catch the ball before the bound像是热锅上的蚂蚁 like an ant on a hot pan现身说法 warn people by taking oneself as an example息事宁人 pour oil on troubled waters喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear循序渐进 step by step一路平安，一路顺风 speed somebody on their way; speed the parting guest严以律己,宽以待人 be strict with oneself and lenient towards others鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey有情人终成眷属 "jack shall have jill, all shall be well."有钱能使鬼推磨 money makes the mare go. money talks.有识之士 people of vision有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain有缘千里去相见 separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.与时俱进 advance with times以人为本 people oriented; people foremost因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude欲穷千里目，更上一层楼 "to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; ascend further, were you to look farther; would eye embrace a thousand miles? go up, one flight."欲速则不达 haste does not bring success.优胜劣汰 survival of the fittest英雄所见略同 great minds think alike.冤家宜求解不必结 better make friends than make enemies.冤假错案 "cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases"一言既出，驷马难追 a real man never goes back on his words.招财进宝 money and treasures will be plentiful债台高筑 become debt-ridden致命要害 achilles' heel众矢之的 target of public criticism知己知彼,百战不殆 know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.纸上谈兵 be an armchair strategist纸包不住火 truth will come to light sooner or later.左右为难 between the devil and the deep blue sea; between the rock and the hard place。
英汉词汇对比与翻译
无 坚 固 掩 体 的 地 面 发 射 基 地
Ｔｈ ｅ ｏ ｄｈ ｓｂ ｅ ｏ ｓｄ ｒｄｓ ｆｅ ｅ ｉ ｃ ｓｓｔｌ ｔＭａ ． ｅｒｃ ｒ ａ ｅ ｎｃ ｎ ｉ ｅｅ ｏｔ ｖ ｒｓｎ ｅｉ ｗａ ｅ ａ ｙ ｔ ｓ
个 概念 ，在 两 种语 言 中 ，局 部 处 于一 个平 面上 ，但更 多 的 局 部 ，却 处在 两个 平 面 上 。我 们经 常对 英语 这种 多 平 面 体系 缺乏 足 够的认 识 。试 举 ｉ ｒ ｕｅ ｎ ｏ ｃ和 “ ｔｄ 介绍 ” 一例来剖 析 ：Ｌｔ ｅ ｎ ｏ ｅｍ ｔ － ｉｒ ｄｃ ｙｅ （ ｕｅ ｓｌ 请让 我 自我介绍 ） ｍ ｆ 。这个 局部概 念上 ，ｉｒｄｃ 和 “ ｎ ｏｕｅ ｔ 介 绍 ”处 在 一个 平 面上 ，是对 应 的 。 因为 “ 介绍 ”的 意思 是 “ 中 从 沟 通 ，使 双方相 识 ” ｎ ｏｕｅ的意思 是 ｃｕｅｔ ｂ ｃｕｉ ｅ ，两 ；ｉｔ ｄｃ ｒ ａｓ ｅ ｑａ ｔ ｏ ａ ｎｄ 者 的 内涵 吻合在 一个 平 面上 。 问题 在 于英 语 的 ｉｔ ｄ ｃ 与汉 语 的 ｎｒ ｕｅ ｏ “ 绍 ”两 者并 不 完 全对 应 ，这 就 为我 们 造成 了 困难 。例 如 “ 、 介 市 县 官员 向他介 绍 了它们 的 机构 对 塌方 事 件进 行 联 合调 查 的进 展 情
文 史 研 究
英汉词汇对比与翻译
林 少 娟
（ 福建 广播 电视 大学晋 安校 区 福 建 福 州 ３ ０ ０ ５ ０ ０）
摘
要 ：英译汉的一切翻译理论、方法和技巧都是建立在英汉 两种语言的对比上 ，因此对 比英汉语言的异 同，从而掌握它们的特点
是 十 分重 要 的 。通 过 对 比 ，重视 难 译 的 地 方 ，认 真 研 究 同一 思 想 内容 如 何 用不 同的 语 言 形 式 来 表 达 。 关 键词 ：词义 搭配 词序 文化 差异 英 汉翻译
10.英汉成语对比
英汉成语的比较与翻译一英汉成语比较一、汉英成语的格式二、汉英成语的喻体（一）喻体、喻义相似趁热打铁晴天霹雳火上加油浑水摸鱼轻如鸿毛隔墙有耳空中楼阁破釜沉舟随波逐流如履薄冰（二）喻义相似，喻体不同血流如注守口如瓶．一贫如洗健壮如牛美中不足心猿意马瓮中之鳖雨后春笋杀鸡取卵（涸泽而渔）大海捞针非驴非马.班门弄斧江郎才尽热锅蚂蚁得意忘形攀龙附凤过河拆桥洗心革面大器晚成五十步笑百步一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳日间不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。
冰冻三尺，非一日之寒（三）) 喻体相似，喻义不同翻天覆地≠move heaven and earth行尸走肉≠walking skeletondog-eat-dog ≠狗咬狗pull one’s leg ≠拉后腿eat one’s dinners ≠吃饭eat one’s words ≠食言)have dust in the eyes ≠眼睛里掺不得沙子（四）喻体多种，喻义相似左右为难between the devil and the deep sea进退维谷stick in the mud骑虎难下between the horns of a dilemma左支右绌in a deft stick不上不下hold a wolf by the ear跋前踬后with one’s back to the wall莫衷一是between two fires羝羊触藩at a nonplus三、文化背景上的不同to know the ropesto tide overto sink or swimto clear the decksall at seaplain sailingto rest on one’s oarsto keep one’s head above water再如：衣食住行方面：峨冠博带，黄袍加身，雕梁画栋，披甲执兵礼仪风俗方面：打躬作揖，三扣六拜，授受不亲，三沐三熏人伦关系方面：三从四德，媒妁之言，举案齐眉，珠联璧合有一部分成语出自历史事件、寓言、故事等，这类成语可以称为典故成语，带有独特文化背景的喻体：东施效颦D ongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her brows in imitation of the famous beauty Xishi, only to make herself uglier –叶公好龙Lord Ye’s love of dragons—四面楚歌be besieged on all sides; be utterly isolated; be in desperate straits;南柯一梦 a Nanke dream—a fond dream; an illusory joy卧薪尝胆sleep in brushwood and taste gall—undergo self-imposed hardships(to strengthen one’s resolve to wipe out a national humiliation or to accomplishsome ambition)三顾茅庐make three calls at the thatched cottage (as Liu Bei did when he sought the aid of Zhuge Liang, a master strategist then living in seclusion)---完璧归赵return the jade intact to the State of Zhao—夜郎自大ludicrous conceit of the King of Yelang—望梅止渴quench one’s thrist by thinking of plums—毛遂自荐to volunteer one’s service悬梁刺股to be extremely hard-working in one’s studyTrojan horsea Juda’s kissAchilles’ heelall things to all menbeat the airlost sheepdeath in the potpaint the lilyhole and corner四、宗教信仰的不同以英语为母语的民族大多信仰基督教。
英汉对比与翻译(全)
语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
汉英词汇比较与翻译
例2：“轻巧”的译法
• 这摩托车很轻巧。 • The motorcycle is light and handy. • 她动作很轻巧。 • She is nimble in movement. • 你说得倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 • You talk as if it were just a walkover. Why
• 为了进行真实、细致的考察，他很少乘船、坐车。 • In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places
he visited, he usually travelled on foot even when carriages and boats were available. • 他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林进行考察。 • He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks, and into forests seldom visited by human beings.
汉英词汇比较与翻译
汉译英时，要注意动词和宾语的搭配：
进行社会主义革命 进行一场激烈的争论 进行实地调查 进行亲切的谈话 进行侵略 进行协商 进行核试验
汉英词汇比较与翻译
翻译练习
• 一窝蜜蜂 • 一窝小鸡 • 一窝幼犬 • 一群美女 • 一群猎狗 • 一群鸭 • 一群羚羊
• A swarm of bees • A brood of chickens • A litter of pups • A bevy of beautiful ladies • A pack of hounds • A team of ducks • A herd of antelopes
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)ppt课件
Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
Please translate the following:
人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved.
Causes: • analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Examples of Negative Transfer
6. -- Your English is wonderful. -- No, no. My English is still poor. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Thank you, but I still need to improve my English. Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。
英汉词汇对比与翻译
英汉词汇对比与翻译根据《韦氏新世界词典》，词语的意义可以分为两大类：① 所指意义、字面意义(denotation );②内涵意义、隐含意义( connotation )。
语言中的许多词语，往往既有所指意义，又有内涵意义;或者说，既有字面意义，又有隐含意义。
从意义对应的角度看，英、汉两种语言的词语存在以下四种情况：1. 基本对应例如，汉语的“纸”对应英语中的“ paper ”，英语中的“steel ”对应汉语中的“钢”。
2. 没有对应词汇(词语对应缺省)例如，汉语中的“阴”、“阳”、“太极”、“八卦”、“武术”、“气功”等，在英语中就没有相对应的词语。
3. 部分对应一些词语在两种语言中的语义范围不同; 一些词语在一种语言中有内涵意义，在另一种语言里则没有内涵意义; 一些词语所指意义或字面意义相同，内涵意义或隐含意义却大相径庭。
例如：“sister ”一词在英语中的语义范围就大于汉语中的“姐姐” 或“妹妹”。
汉语中“红豆”象征“爱情”或“相思”的内涵意义、“鸳鸯”象征“恩爱”或“白头到老”的内涵意义在英语中就没有。
汉语“气管炎”的内涵意义，英语“ tracheitis ”就没有。
汉语的“梨”由于同“离”字谐音，有“离别”的隐含意义；而英语中的“ pear ”就没有这一层联想意义。
汉语中的“红”和英语中的“ red ”字面意义相同，内涵意义却大不相同：中国人往往用“红”象征“幸运”、“昌盛”、“幸福”，“红颜”、“红粉”喻指美丽的女子，“红楼”指闺房；而英语中的“ red ” 表示“极端危险”、“紧急”、“愤怒”等，如“ red light district ”（红灯区），“red alert ”（紧急警报），“see red” （发怒、冒火）。
英语中“ owl”、“bat ”、“old dog”、“west wind”、“yellow ”同汉语中“猫头鹰”、“蝙蝠”、“老狗”、“西风”、“黄色”等词语的隐含意义也大为不同。
汉英词汇对比及翻译
汉英词汇对比及翻译一、英汉词汇意义变化的方式1. 词义的扩展：词从个别意义扩大到一般意义。
“灾”指自然发生的火灾f一切的灾害”。
“河”黄河f河流的总称。
英语中Cafeteria 咖啡壶f咖啡馆、餐馆等。
2. 词义缩小：从泛指转为特指。
如“臭”原作“气味” f “难闻的气味”。
“事故” “事情” f “意外的损失或灾难”。
英语词义变化，meat任何食物f供食用的兽肉。
pois on饮料f毒药。
3. 词义的升格：指词从原先贬义或中性转为褒义。
“臣”：本指俘虏，奴仆f辅助君主行政的官吏。
“领袖”：衣领和衣袖f “为人表率的人” f政治领导人。
英语中Mi nister仆人f部长。
4. 词义的降格：指词从原先中性或褒义转为贬义。
“臭”从“气味”变为“难闻的气味”，是缩小；“爪牙”：原指勇士，常作武臣之美称，后发展为党羽，供人驱使的人及坏人的帮凶。
英语中的例证，silly 幸福的、神圣的f愚蠢的；cunning知晓的、有技巧的f狡猾的。
二、英汉词汇互译的策略“因形见义”无疑是汉语词的一大特点，英语词的形与义没有联系，因而词义有广泛的发展余地。
无论英译汉，还是汉译英，都涉及两种不同的文化而产生的语言。
翻译时，选择合适的对应词，取决于对每一个译出和译入词含义的正确理解和透彻品位。
1. 准确理解词义不同的词义中选出最确切的词义，这是正确理解原文的一个基本环节，也是翻译之本。
从翻译角度来说，选词义时，必须掌握下面三项要领：根据上下文辨词义、论褒贬、看搭配。
(1)据上下文辨词义：形容词“ good”，一般意义为“好的”，但在不同上下文里含义不同，如：It was a good dinner. 这是一个丰盛的宴会。
He proved to be a good listener. 他这个人善于倾听。
又如：汉译英“说”这个词根据不同上下文可译成：speak, tell , say, express , mention 等。
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英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study ofEnglish and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
Sickness comes like an avalanche(雪崩) , but goes like reeling silk. (Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)4．我来他已去。
He had left when I arrived.(Time Order 时间先后)5．他人老心不老。
Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart. (Concession 让步)Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:1．我的小孙子他很调皮。
My little grandson is very naughty.2．那所房子你们早该修了。
You should have repaired the house.3．英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。
It is by no means easy to learn the English language.4．这里建大桥，我看行不通。
I don’t think it workable to build a bridge here.1．志同道合，友谊才会持久。
Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.2．天下雨，运动会延期了。
The sports meet was postponed because of rain.Because of rain, the sports meet was postponed.3．We saw many signs of occupation while strolling along a street past a majorconcentration of the huts (棚户区)not far away from the Central Avenue.我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。
我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。
Contrast and Translation --- 对比与翻译【句法】Contrast Between English and Chinese：Difference 1English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称)1．Astonishment and even horror oppressed him. 他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。
2．Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。
3．The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。
Difference 2English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)4．They are paid for this.他们拿钱就是干这事的。
5．The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem solved.困难克服了，问题也解决了。
6．Table tennis is played all over China.打乒乓球风靡中国。
7．Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？Difference 3English : Static (静态) Chinese: Dynamic (动态)8．She is the best hater I’ve ever known. 我所认识的人中数她最会记仇。
9．There is a crying need for a new remedy. 现在急需想出新法子来补救。
10．It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal（辞退）.要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。
Difference 4English : Complex (繁复) Chinese: Simple (简明)11．It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble.上星期傍晚，有人看到某人在演讲厅取走雨伞一把，取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还是将伞放回原处为好。
12．The image of the rolling water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水连人带车一古脑儿都给冲走了。
这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。
Difference 5English : Abstract (抽象）Chinese: Concrete （具体）13．He was impressed by Deng Xiaoping’s flexibility.他对邓小平的灵活态度印象深刻。
14．Their eccentricity （古怪）often makes you frown.他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。
15．We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness.我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。
Difference 6English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合)Explicit cohesion（显性联接）Implicit coherence（隐性连贯）16．If you don’t compare, you’re in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock.不比不知道，一比吓一跳。
（比较：如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你会吓一跳。
）17．As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place.汤姆突然病了，没能来，我们只好请你顶他。
（比较：因为汤姆突然病了，所以他没能来，因而我们只好请你顶他。
）Difference 7English : plain and Chinese: rhythmic andfactual symmetrical（讲平实）（重韵律）18．He is a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed lawyer.他是一位律师，脑子灵，口才好，为人正直，见多识广。
他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、正直，而且有见识。
19．She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor.她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾气，是一个家道小康的医生的女儿。
Please translate the following sentences:1．Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.在教堂里不仅要有礼貌，而且要有一种虔诚的态度。
2．We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
3．It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来也没有想到她竟这么不老实。
4．My ignorance has made a fool of myself. 我孤陋寡闻，出洋相了。