现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
英语词汇学第一章

重点、难点讲解在我们做具体讨论之前,有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。
词是一个很模糊的概念,所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。
声音和意义的关系,声音与形式的关系,词与词汇的关系,也都需要讨论。
此外,本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察,并对个别词类作一些说明。
1.词的定义(What Is a Word)什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注,虽然人们提出了很多的定义,但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺,迄今为止,学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。
当我们谈论词时,我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。
按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。
从口语的角度下定义,词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。
语义学家认为,词是一个意义单位。
语法学家则认为,词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。
总的来说,词的定义包括下列几点:①是语言最小的自由形式;②是声音统一体;③是意义单位;④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。
由此,我们可以下这样一个定义:词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
无论是简单词,还是复杂词,都必须符合以上的定义标准。
Man和fine是两个简单词,但都有声音、意义和句法功能,都可以在句子中单独起作用,所以它们是词。
有些词结构复杂,如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。
两个都是多音节词,在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。
虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune,前缀mis-并不能独立成词。
同样,management也可以分为manage和-ment,-ment也不能自由使用。
Blackmail可以分为black和mail,这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用,但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。
Black是一种颜色,与“白”相对,而mail的含义则是“邮件”。
现代英语词汇学概论1

Are they “words”?
Café, fiancée, hapax legomena father’s, do-it-yourself, hasn’t Donno, lol $559.34, £233, IBM R51 Corpus4u, :-) O(∩_∩)O哈哈~,囧rz,⊙﹏⊙b汗
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. E.g. The young man left quietly. (young)
Common words/普通词: connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to every day life The core of the common words is the basic word stock. Stylistically neutral back
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop? 2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
英语词汇学-第一章

语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。 一般地说,一个语素就是一个音节,书面上就是一个汉字,有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果,文字是书面记录的符号,语素则是语言中构词的基本成份,词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同,并不是一回事。 1、同一个汉字,可以代表不同的语素。 汉字虽然相同,但读音不同:会议/会计 汉字和读音都相同,但是词性不同:老人/老虎/老是捣乱 汉字、读音和词性都相同,但是意义不同:公家/公牛 2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的,但有时侯,一个汉字并不代表一个语素,只代表一个音节,也就是说,一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。 连绵词:磅礴;口语词:尴尬;音译词:咖啡,奥林匹克 3、有时侯,一个汉字在不同场合,有的是语素,有的不是语素。 马匹(语素)/马达(非语素) (邵敬敏,现代汉通论,上海教育出版社,2001,P113-4)
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Sound and meaning
Sound and meaning
This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. Lodwig and Barrett, 1973
Why the written form is not always similar to the oral form?
The development of the language letters from Romans for 46 sounds in English The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
Lecture1《英语词汇学》第一章教案

Lecture1《英语词汇学》第一章教案Self IntroductionName: ZHENG JiaqinProfessional tile: Associate ProfessorAcademic degree: Bachelor?s degreeCellular phone: 135********E-mail:jiaqinzheng1966@/doc/9510006114.html, Ways of MarkingClassroom attendance20%Assignments 20%Final test60%Text Book:《现代英语词汇学概论》张韵斐主编,北京师范大学出版社,2004-10出版◆R eference books:1. 《现代英语词汇学》-新版(陆国强, 2002, 上海:上海外语教育出版社)2.《英语词汇学教程》(汪榕培,卢晓娟,1997,上海: 上海外语教育出版社)Leture 1讲授题目:1. A Brief Introduction to the Course---English Lexicology2. The Development ofEnglish Vocabulary所属章节:《现代英语词汇学概论》第1章计划学时:2 periods教学方法:传统讲授法参考资料:《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求:通过本单元的学习,学生对英语词汇学的研究对象、性质、特点以及英语语言的发展进程等基本知识有了一定的了解。
IntroductionWhat is linguistics?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientificstudy of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which all human languages areconstructed and operate as systems of human communication.LEXICOLOGY1.The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: “lexikon”and “logie”; the former means “word or phrase”, while the latter “learning or the study of”.2. The literal meaning is the “science of the word”.3. It is the study of the signification/meaning and application/uses of words.4. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics inquiring into the origins and meanings of words ( WNWD-Webster?s New World Dictionary of the American Language ).THE FIVE SUB-BRANCHES OF LEXICOLOGY 1.Semantics: the study of the meanings of words and other parts of language.2.Etymology: studies the meanings, origin and history of individual words and their development.3. Historical lexicology: studies from a historical point of viewthe development of vocabulary4. Phraseology(成语学): mainly deals with set expressionsand idioms.5. Lexicography: studies the writing and making ofdictionaries.English lexicologyEnglish lexicology deals with English words, their origin, meaning, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations , idioms, historical development, formation and usages.The Nature of English LexicologyEnglish lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and many usages examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.THE AIMS OF THIS COURSEOffer an insight into the origin and development of the Englishvocabulary.Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COURSEDevelop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your wordpower (active vocabulary).Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words moreeffectively.Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizinglinguisticphenomena in your learning experiences.Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in languageprocessing as well as language production.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYA synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time,A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.There are two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example the word …wife? now means ……a married woman, esp. in relation to her husband??. This is the current meaning.It has an obsolete meaning …woman?, which is only preserved in midwife, housewife, Bathwife, etc. However if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. In this light, the word …wife? evolved from the old English … wif ?, meaning … woman?, but later it became specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning …a married woman?.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYModern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language (English words), but we need the diachronic approach as a supplement, for a knowledge ofhistorical development of the vocabulary will definitely be of great help to us in our language study.Questions and Tasks1. What is lexicology?2. What is the nature and scope of English lexicology?3. Why should a student of English study English lexicology?。
词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述

பைடு நூலகம்
attaché charge ,
d’affaires, café concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
Modern English (1776-) English borrowed words form an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French: attaché charge d’affaires, café ,
chemist, function, scientific, vacuum; area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise
Greek loan words: mostly literary, technical and scientific
astronaut and cosmonaut, blast off, countdown, capsule, launching pad, space suit, spacemen, space platform, space shuttle
computer science:
software, hardware, input, output, memory, monitor, process, programming, data base, internet, log on (off), etc.
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版

第一章词汇与词汇学的基本概念词汇学学习之初,有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。
词语word是一个难以捉摸的概念,需要在开始就认真关注。
发音和意义之间的关系,声音和形式之间的关系,词语和词汇之间的关系。
另外,我们将注意一些关于词汇分类的共识的规则,并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语。
1.1一个词是什么?词语是什么?多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。
争议较大。
尽管已经提出了很多的定义,没有一个是最好的。
学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。
当我们谈起一个词语,我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。
在这个角度,一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。
当根据口语定义的时候,词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合,是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。
根据语义学家的意见,一个词是一个意义单位。
语法学家,则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式。
等等。
总结起来,词语的定义包含以下几点:(1)一个最小的自由形态(2)一个发音的集合体(3)一个意义单位(4)能独自影响句子的形式因此,我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”词语可以是简单词或者合成词,然而全部必须服从这些标准。
Man和fine是简单词,但是他们都有读音,意义和句法意义。
每个都能单独出现在句子中。
自然他们都是词。
也有像是misfortune和management这样的复合词,他们都是多音节词,可以用来作主语,宾语和预示性词语。
尽管misfortune可以被进一步分为mis和fortune,前者不能作为词单独使用。
相似的,management可以被分成manage和ment,但是后者不能自由使用。
Blackmail能被分为black和mail,而且都能作为独立的句子单位使用,然而词的意思绝对不是两个部分的组合。
Black是颜色,针对white,mail指示“被邮局运送的东西”,然而当它们放在一起,组合形式意味着“强迫,利用不光彩的秘密要人送钱或行动作为答复。
现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)
Word: a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning),performing syntactic meaningCriteria of words:by origin (native—old English)( and loan language—borrowed English),by level of usage(common words,literary ,colloquial, slang and technical words);by notions(function and content words)Morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller form。
A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses sound and meaning。
Classification of morphemes:Free morpheme:utter alone with meaning (a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense) man, read, writeBound morpheme:must appear with one other morpheme, u nkind,happily ,receiveRoot:the basic unchangeable part of the word; convey the main lexical meaning of the word; Either free or bound(1)free roots:many roots are free morphemes, such asboy ,moon,walk(2)bound roots:derived from foreign sources. such as tain inwords like contain,detain or retain。
现代英语词汇学(课后总结中文)
现代英语词汇学(课后总结中文)第一篇:现代英语词汇学(课后总结中文)第一章一个词可以被定义为一个基本单位的言论和作为一个最低的自由形式。
它是一个统一的声音和意义,帽子能够执行一个给定的句法功能,所有的话在一个语言的共同组成的词汇。
英语的历史发展表明,英语是一个沉重的借用者,它采用了几乎所有已知语言的词汇,尤其是拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
第一次世界大战的英语词汇¬拉里扩大的速度比以前快后渣土。
对了一天英语词汇快速增长的根本原因是科学技术进步的标志,社会经济、政治和文化的变化¬宝在英语母语国家的发生,和其他国家的语言和文化的强烈影响,由于在历史发展过程中出现大规模借贷,英语词汇极其丰富和异质。
词汇量从旧英语的50000个增加到了60000个,增加到了世界上最大的一百万个单词。
尽管外来词在本土词汇上占优势,但后者却是英语词汇中最熟悉、最有用的部分。
前者增加了灵活性和语言资源¬丰满。
英语词汇包含不同种类的词汇。
可根据不同的¬租金标准分类。
词汇可以根据其来源分类为母语反借词。
通过使用水平,词可以分为普通(或流行〉词文学的话口语词、俚语和术语。
一个词的状态不是固定不变的,而是不断变化的。
技术术语可能会很流行,而流行词可以用作专门术语。
一些俚语也成为常用词或俗语词可以分为实词和虚词前有独立的词汇意义,后者,在大多数情况下,没有词汇本身的含义,作为语法信号显示内容之间的连接词。
虚词比内容词少得多,但使用频率更高。
第二章词是由语素构成的,语素是英语最有意义的单位,既有音也有义。
一位是任何一个рЬешеMOR的变体形式。
语素111ay被归类为自由或束缚,自由语素是一个可以成为一个独立的COM¬完整的话语,而粘着语素不能单独存在;它必须出现至少一个其他语素自由或束缚。
语素可以分为根和根进行affixies,在аіягогсІ意义的重要组成部分,根可以免费或黏着语素自由根可以独立成为单词,并为语言的形成提供基础。
现代英语词汇学概论chapter1
– By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.
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• In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
• As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
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1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary
现代英语词汇学概论1解析
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary
Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop?
2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
back
1.2 Classification of English Words
Questions: 1. The main criteria by which we can classify English words?
2. According to different criteria, how can we classify English words?
2. How can we define the term “word”? Can you give an example to illustrate it?
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
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现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特(John Sinclair)所著,于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容:
1.引言:介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的,以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展:回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展,包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具:介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具,包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架:探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论,包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等,并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域:概述了词汇学研究的不同领域,包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等,并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之,第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架,为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。