lecture1
Lecture1 句子结构
作表语的成分
例句
名词
名词所有格 代词 数词 形容词 副词 不定式 动名词 过去分词 现在分词
7. 状语
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。 状语有时在基本结构中是必须得，否则基本结构的意义 就不会完整。状语位置非常灵活。 The girl is improving remarkably. The ancient castle is remarkably beautiful. My love is like a red, red rose, that is newly sprung in June. The students are improving remarkably fast. Unfortunately, I didn’t get the scores report.
例句 作定语的 成分 Beethoven is a natural musician. 形容词
名词 代词 His mother gave a sports car to him. He is their friend.
序数词
基数词 不定式
不定式复合结
I will give you a second chance.
5. 补语
补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子 成分，即主语补语和宾语补语。
主语补语
通常位于主语之前或谓语之后： Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. He came home sick. Her brother died young. He was found dead. She gazed at him speechless for a moment.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
lecture1专业英语的特点
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1.3 Grammar Features
专业英语（English for Special Science and Technology） 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主
要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理，表达 准确、精练和正式。
是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专
图1所示喷气发动机横截面举例说明了金属材料在大量严苛条件下的应用。
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9
1.3 Grammar Features
2) The term “structure”, as it was pointed out above, means the arrangement of a material’s atoms.
4) The start of dislocation is determined by relative orientations of external force axis with respect to slip plane and slip direction. 位错的启动取决于外加应力轴与滑移面和滑移方向的相对取向。
(2)广泛使用非谓语形式 (精炼)
非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语 形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
① 动名词
✓用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句
Lecture 1-绪论
loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.
2. Compact vs. Diffusive
English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.
他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsistency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 17 Lecture 1 Art History(Prehistoric Art Dating)Narrator ：Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor ：Good morning, ready to continue our review of prehistoric art?Today, we will be covering the Upper Paleolithic Period, which I am roughlydefining as the period from 35,000 to 8,000 BC. A lot of those cave drawings youhave all seen come from this period. But we are also be talking about portableworks of art, things that could be carried around from place to place. Here isone example. This sculpture is called the Lady with the Hood1 , and it wascarved from ivory, probably a mammoth’s tusk. Its age is a bit of a mystery.According to one source, it dates from 22,000 BC. But other sources claimed ithas been dated closer to 30,000 BC. Amy?Amy ：Why don’t we know the exact date when this head was made?Professor ：That’s a fair question. We are talking about prehistory here. Soobviously the artists didn’t put a signature or a date on anything they did. Sohow do we know when this figure was carved?Tom ：Last semester I took an archaeology class and we spent a lot time on,studying ways to date things. One technique I remember was using the location ofan object to date it, like how deep it was buried.Professor ：That would be Stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is used for dating portable art. When archaeologists are digging at a site, they make very careful notes about which stratum(strata), which layer of earth they find things in. And, you know, the general rule is that the oldest layers are at the lowest level. But this only works if the site hasn’t been touched, and the layers are intact. A problem with this dating method is that an object could have been carried around, used for several generations before it was discarded. So it might be much older than the layer or even the site where it was found. The stratification technique gives us the minimum age of an object, which isn’t necessarilly its true age. Tom, in your archaeology class, did you talk about radiocarbon dating?Tom ：Yeah, we did. That had to do with chemical analysis, something to do with measuring the amount of radiocarbon that’s left in organic stuff. Because we know how fast radiocarbon decays, we can figure out the age of the organic material.Professor ：The key word there is organic. Is art made of organicmaterial?Tom ：Well, you said the lady with the hood was carved out of ivory. That ’s organic.Professor ：Absolutely. Any other examples?Amy ：Well, when they did those cave drawings. Didn’t they use, like chacoalor maybe colors, dyes made from plants?Professor ：Fortunately, they did, at least some of the time. So it turns outthat radiocarbon dating works for a lot of prehistoric art. But again there’s aproblem. This technique destroys what it analyzes, so you have to chip off bits of the object for testing. Obviously we are reluctant to do that in some cases.And apart from that, there’s another problems. The date tells you the age of thematerial, say, a bone or a tree, the object is made from, but not the date when the artist actually created it. So, with radiocarbon dating, we get the maximum possible age for the object, but it could be younger.Ok, let’ s say our scientific analysis has produced an age range. Can we narrow it down?Amy ：Could we look for similar styles or motives? You know, try to find things common to one time period.Professor ：We do that all the time. And when we see similarities in pieces of art, we assume some connection in time or place. But is it possible that we could be imposing our own values on that analysis?Tom ：I am sorry. I don’t get your point.Professor ：Well, we have all kinds of pre-conceived ideas about how artistic styles develop. For example, a lot of people think the presence of details demonstrates that the work was done by a more sophisticated artist. While a lack of detail suggests a primitive style. But trends in art in the last century orso certainly challenge that idea. Don’t get me wrong though, analyzing the styles of prehistoric art can help dating them. But we need to be careful with the idea that artistic development occurs in a straight line, from simple to complex representations.Amy ：What you are saying is, I mean, I get the feeling that this is like a legal process, like building a legal case, the more pieces of evidence we have, the closer we get to the truth.Professor ：Great analogy. And now you can see why we don’t have an exact date for our sculpture, the lady with the hood.。
Lecture 1(考研英语简介)
小作文
应用文
100字， 15-20分钟 私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
书信的写作
大作文
特点：主题贴近社会生活，考生有话可说。
《追星现象》
《团结协作》 《网络的近与远》 160-200词，图表或漫画作文
语言第一，内容第二
常见语言错误： 1. 主谓一致 2. 时态 3. 冠词的用法 4. 名词的单复数 5. 搭配问题 6. 单词的拼写
语言是第一要素； 结构层次要清晰
如何突破阅读理解？
第一，词汇量。
考的是词汇的深度，而不是词汇的广度，换
句话说说考的是同学们能不能真正的掌握和 运用这个词汇，真正在上下文中理解这个词 汇，而不是考同学们是不是单纯的、简单的、 机械的记住了这个词的中文意思。
第二，长难句。
长难句往往由于句子结构比较复杂、句子和句
“得阅读者得天下”
英译汉
400词，平均32词/句，约150词的句子 20-25分钟 准确、完整、通顺 准确选用汉语词汇来准确忠实表达英语原文的 概念。 准确分析英语的复杂结构（长难句）并准确转 换成符合汉语要求的句子结构。 忠于原文
考点和重点
定语从句、名词性从句、长难句。
试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运 用、阅读理解和写作。
考研英语考试各部分测试内容、题型和分值比例
试卷构成
英语运用能力 阅型
多项选择 多项选择 7选5填空、排 序或论点论据 匹配题 英译汉 10% 40% 10%
比例
60%
翻译
10%
写作
小作文
被动、指代、倒装、比较、省略、词义转换。
三、写作
该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能 力。总分30分。 A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符 号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信 函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作 答。满分10分。 B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160~200词的短 文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主 题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答 题卡2上作答。满分20分。
Lecture 1-2 词汇对比
do large harm to do great harm to
great population
a large population crowded traffic heavy traffic
keep one’s face save one’s face
留面子
三、 情感意义对比
教师休息室 teachers’ restroom
sea cucumber 海黄瓜
海参
不能望文生义，要勤查 字典，避免貌合神离
4. Mr. Smith is one of the most durable teachers at this university. 持久的 史密斯先生是该大学任教时间最长的教师之一. 5. He used to be very shy; but after entering college he’s started to blossom. 开花、绽放 他过去一直非常害羞，但是现在他开始活泼/开朗起来。
译文一：…… made our blood boil. 愤怒 译文二：Beijing's winning the bid for the 2008 Olympics ek 凉茶 红茶 cold tea red tea
yoghurt herbal tea black tea teachers’ lounge
3. 意见 (1) 我们应该认真倾听群众的意见。
看法
We should listen carefully to people’s opinions. (2) 两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 见解 (fml) The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.
托福听力TPO1原文 Lecture 1
托福听力TPO1原文Lecture 1下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 1的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO 1 Lecture 1Contemporary artListen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class.ProfessorOk, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment.The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up?StudentWell, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um… Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.ProfessorGood. What else? What were the subjects?StudentWell, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.ProfessorGood. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foregroundis blue, but somehow the overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak winter day on a farm. So that’s the impressionist side of her work.Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too.So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen’s work?StudentUm… real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too.ProfessorGood. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. This is realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.I find Frantzen to be a very accessible artist. I mean, some artists, to appreciate them, you have to know their life story. But here’s a little bit about Rose Frantzen’s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it’s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more serious art work. No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what’s important is that you keep at it that you don’t give up. That’s what is really important to remember.《当代艺术》独白：听一段节选自当代艺术课堂的讲座。
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“For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word (笑柄) through the world …We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going.” --John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity”
Puritanism and Early American Literature
The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Captain John Smith
But mighty, Gracious Lord Communicate Thy Grace to breake the Cord, afford Us Glorys Gate
We‟ll Nightingaile sing like When pearcht on high In Glories Cage, thy glory, bright, And thankfully, For joy.
Intolerance--error must be opposed and driven out (persecution and expulsion)
Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692): Group of girls accused fellow villagers of witchcraft Trials resulted in convictions of many and executions of 20 people and 2 dogs.
He portrayed North America as a land of endless bounty. "For in Virginia, a plaine Souldier that can use a Pick-axe and spade, is better than five Knights."
Puritan Literature
Literature and art‟s main purposes were to teach. Diaries, journals, personal narratives, poetry or prose meditations on scripture
Search symbols from God
The poor health of a human's body may be compared to bits of broken glass. A snake found under a person‟s porch may be seen as the presence of evil. This could be a warning from God or a visit from the devil. A woman accidentally burning a shirt may represent the fact that God was preparing her for the future death of her husband. The Puritans begin to see the Indians as “devils.” The Puritans‟ success at defeating Indians on certain occasions was seen as a justification from God for killing Indians.
Puritanism
The word puritan is derived from pure or holy. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. They are a group of radical protestants They wished to restore simplicity to church services. Bible was the only true authority.
“But hear I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amased at this poore peoples presente condition…Being thus passed ye vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their preparation…they had now no friends to wellcome them, nor inns to entertaine or refresh their weatherbeaten bodys, no houses or much less townes to repaire too...What could not sustaine them but ye spirite of God & his grace? May not & ought not the children of these fathers rightly say : „Our faithers were Englishmen which came over this great ocean, and were ready to perish in this willdernes; but they cried unto ye Lord, and he heard their voyce, and looked on their adversitie…‟” --William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation
To be added:
Value of education Their success (or lack of success) would serve as a sign of God‟s approval or disapproval. Work ethic: the belief that hard work was an honor to God which would lead to a prosperous reward.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
Flagship Arbella arrives:1630 Governor - John Winthrop Settlers are mostly Puritans or Congregational Puritans “The Arbella Covenant” (clearly establishes a religious and theocratic settlement, free of ties to Great Britain)
Captain John Smith is Saved by Pocahontas, 1608
…Two great stones were brought before Powhatan (the Indian “King”): then as many as could layd hands on him (Smith), dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne (head) upon his to save him from death: whereat (because of that) the Emperour was contented (agreed)he should live…
Two Important New England Settlements
The Plymouth Colony
Flagship Mayflower arrives:1620 Governor - William Bradford Settlers known as Pilgrims and Separatists “The Mayflower Compact” (provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain)
Basic Puritan Beliefs - Tulip
Total Depravity - through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful - concept of Original Sin. Unconditional Election - God "saves" those he wishes - only a few are selected for salvation - concept of predestination. Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God. Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God will continue in a state of grace to the end and will finally be saved.