2012年重庆大学博士入学考试回忆篇

2012年重庆大学博士入学考试回忆篇（尽我最大努力回忆，请谅解）

考试科目：英语

题型：阅读理解40分，选词填空15分，英译汉15分，改错10分，作文20分

第一篇阅读是GMAT的一道题，在网上搜索到了原题，请查附录1

第二篇阅读不知道来源，但在网上搜索到了原题，请查附录2

第三篇阅读是雅思6, test 4里面的reading passage 3，请自己查找

选词填空没有找到原题

英译汉没有找到原题

改错是2005年12月六级原题，请自己查找

作文题目是你对job satisfication的看法

考试科目：图论

题型：判断题5道（考基础，定理，推论等），共10分；算法题4道（考最小生成树，最短路径，欧拉图，最大匹配），共60分；证明题3道（平面图，着色等），共30分

考试科目：计算机网络与数据仓库数据挖掘（综合，各占50分）

计算机网络部分：

第一道考RIP（路由信息协议）的报文格式及两个路由器之间如何修改路由表

第二道考提高信道利用率的方法？

第三道考据你所知，物联网对计算机网络提出了那些要求和挑战？

第四道考以太网和无线网收到帧后，是否给出应答，为什么？

第五道考IP报文为什么要分组发送？

第六道考什么是HTTP协议无状态？

第七道考移动IP通信中的三边路由的工作机制是什么？

数据仓库与数据挖掘部分：

第一道考OLAP与OLTP的区别

第二道考k-means聚类原理和算法步骤

第三道考多维数据查询，还有方和维。

第四道考朴素贝叶斯算法

个人看法：英语的难度适中偏难一点，题型有可能每年变化；图论考的证明题，我认为比较难，而且有点偏，有可能我没有复习到吧；计算机网络很难猜中考什么题，感觉变化挺大；数据仓库与数据挖掘考的不算难，而且感觉不偏。最后，个人认为对于计算机网络和数据仓库与数据挖掘科目，今年考过的明年考的概率不大，因为我把前两年的复习了，今年都没有

考。以上纯属个人看法，仅供参考。

附录1：

Passage 42

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independentproducers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict theirfuture capacity for innovative product development.

Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizersoverhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development.Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backwardintegration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation meansadopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components,backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example,a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.

A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.

However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten thelong-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are oftenforced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers inbusiness.

257. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:

(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses

(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components

(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations

(D) reliability of a source of necessary components (B)

(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts

258. According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important componentof the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same

component may

(A) withhold technological innovations from the assembler

(B) experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products

(C) lower their prices to protect themselves from competition

(D) suffer finanicaldifficluties and go out of business (A)

(E) stop developing new versions of the component

259. Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?

(A) The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.

(B) A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.

(C) Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragrap.

(D) Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic. (B)

(E) A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs.

260. According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits andinvestments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced

components?

(A) Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are low.

(B) Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.

(C) Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.

(D) Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low. (D)

(E) Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.

附录2：

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no

means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.

As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.

1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?

(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering

(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty

(C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment

(D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures

(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities

2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?

(A) The overall causes of poverty

(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force

(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods

(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income

(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor

3. The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that

(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930’s

(B) unemployment now has less severe effects

(C) social programs are more needed now

(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty

(E) poverty has increased since the 1930’s

4. Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?

(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.

(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.

(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.

(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.

(E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.

5. The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that

(A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force

(B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness

(C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers

(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship

(E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures

6. The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by

(A) the employed poor

(B) dependent children in single-earner families

(C) workers who become disabled

(D) retired workers

(E) full-time workers who become unemployed

7. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the

(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers

(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker

(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor

(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics

(E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed

8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that

(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long

(B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages

(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work

(D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed

(E) many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed

workers

9. Whic h of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?

(A) A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.

(B) For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.

(C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.

(D) The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.

(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.

1. 1. E

2. D

3. B

4. A

5. B

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. A

2. 1. E

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. B

6. A

7. E

8. C

9. A

3. E

D

B

B

B

A

E

C

A

4. 1 E 02:58

2 D 01:00

3 B 00:16

4 C 00:31

5 E 01:37

6 E 00:43

7 E 01:06

8 C 00:41

9 C 01:36

5. 1. E

2. D

3. B

4. C

5. D

6. A

7. E

8. C

9. E

6. 1 E

2 D

3 B

4 C

5 B

6 A

7 E

8 C

9 A

7.1- C

2- D

3- B

4- A

5- B

6- B

7- B

8- A

9- A

8. 1 E

2 D

3 B

4 C

5 B

6 A

7 B (should be E)

8 D

9 A

9.E

D

B

C

B

A

E

C

A

E D B C B A E C A