语言学论文 合作原则

The Presentation of Cooperative Principle in Gossip Girl合作原则在《绯闻女孩》中的体现Abstract:With the development of internet, Hoolywood movies and American TV series become increased in popularity in teenagers. This article attempts toanalysis the discourse in gossip girl with the cooperative principle inpragmatics so as to emphasize the significance of exploring theconversational implication with the help of a deep understanding of CP.摘要：随着网络的发展，好莱坞电影和美剧越来越受到青少年的青睐。

本文尝试用语用学中的合作原则分析《绯闻女孩》中的部分对话，从而说明了深刻理解合作原则对挖掘会话含义的重要性。

Key words: cooperative principle, conversational implication, Gossip Girl关键词：合作原则；会话含义；绯闻女孩Guide Reading：1.Opening paragraph2.Cooperative principle of Grice and conversational implication—the maxim of quantity—the maxim of quality—the maxim of relation—the maxim of manner3.Analysis of some examples from Gossip girl which violate the CP—violation of the maxim of quantity—violation of the maxim of quality—violation of the maxim of relation—violation of the maxim of manner4.Conclusion提纲：1.引言2.Grice的合作原则与会话含义—量的原则—质的原则—关系原则—方式原则3.《绯闻女孩》中违反合作原则的实例分析—违反量的原则—违反质的原则—违反关系原则—违反方式原则4.结语Ⅰ. OpeningWith the development of internet, Hoolywood movies and American TV series begin to grow popularity in teenagers. In fact, having the eye feast of American movies and TV series not only can arouse the interest of English learning but also offer chance to let English learners expose to the real accent of Americans. But because of the cultural differences between Chinese and English, it’s really hard to get the whole meaning of the conversations for Chinese students even if there are Chinese characters below to help. So if we learn and understand the Cooperative Principle which will sometimes cause conversational implication, it will be beneficial to our English learning and the appreciation of American TV series.Ⅱ. Cooperative principle of Grice and Conversational ImplicationAs we all know, communication is the purpose of language. Pragmatics is to explain how language is used to effect successful communication and conversation which has drawn the attention of many scholars.A philosopher and logician, Paul Grice made an attempt to explain the course of natural conversation, in which implied messages are frequently involved. His idea is that in makingconversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would to be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle: —the maxim of quantity1.Make your contribution as informative as required（for the current purpose of theexchange）.2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.—the maxim of quality1.Do not say what you believe to be false.2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.—the maxim of relationBe relevant—the maxim of manner1.Avoid obscurity of expression.2.Avoid ambiguity.3.Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).4.Be orderly.It is interesting and important to note that while conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not always observe these maxims strictly. These maxims can be violated for various reasons, but only when they are “flouted”, to use Grice’s t erm, the “conversational implications” occur. When we flout a maxim, our language becomes indirect. The following four conversations from Gossip Girl illustrate the violation of the four maxims and the resultant implications respectively.Ⅲ. Analysis of some examples from Gossip girl which violate the CP1. Violation of the maxim of quantityRufus: Dan, Jenny, over here!Jenny: Hey, Dad！Rufus: Hey，hey, you made it! Welcome back. How was your weekend? How’s your mom?Dan: Fine.Jenny: She’s good. Uh, fi ne and good.Dan: She’s...she is good and fine.Rufus: Like “maybe I never should’ve left Manhattan” fine or “taking a time out from my marriage was the best idea I ever have” fine?Dan: Dad, you know what? I-I am, uh I am starving.This dialogue is from the first sequel in which Dan and Jenny just had finished their weekend with their mother in Mahattan and met their father who was waiting for them in the airport. When Rufus asked how their weekend and their mother were, Dan said “fine” and at the same tim e, Jenny said “she’s good”. When Jenny realized her brother said fine about the holiday, she added “good and fine”. After a little pause, Dan said“she’s good and fine” again. So obviously, the two violate the maxim of quantity.While these answers were not enough to content Rufus, so he continued to ask what kind of fine they were meaning to. Perhaps out of avoiding their divorce this sensitive subject, Dan changed their topic to starving. While at last, Rufus observed their avoiding eyes, he understood the implied meaning.2．Violation of the maxim of qualityBart: Lily, how are you?Lily: Oh Bart, hello. How are you?Bart: Hey, Eric. How’s Miami?Eric: It was good, thanks. You know, go Marlins. Would you excuse me, please?This dialogue is about Eric who was forbidden by his mother to join social activities because his gay thing. Before coming to this party, his mother Lily told everyone Eric was lived with his aunt in Miami. So when Bart asked him how Miami was, he said it was good and could go Marlins. Obviously he was lying, because he had never left New York city. He violates the maxim of quality to keep his mother’s lie believ able.3. Violation of the maxim of relationDan: Hey dad, listen! I gotta run. Are you gonna be okay?Rufus: Yeah .Yeah. Y our mom will be back. She is always been a free spirit. That’s one of thereasons I fell for her in the first place.Dan: I meant with the fliers.This dialogue is between Rufus and his son who were pasting the fliers for the band performance. At that moment, Dan got a message from his sister who had a emergence and needed his brother there. So Dan asked his father whether he could handle with these fliers alone. While Rufus got Dan wrong and thought his son was asking about his single life, so his answer was totally irrelevant with the question. He breach the maxim of relation. But according to his answer, we can see that he is still thinking about his wife and have a faith that one day his wife will come back to him.4. Violation of the maxim of mannerSerena: So how’s your mom doing with the divorce and everything?Blair: Great. So my dad left her for another man.. She lost 15 pounds. Got an eye lift. It’s been good for her.Serena: I’m really sorry.Blair: Yeah, I could tell. Since you didn’t call or write the entire time it was happening.Serena: No, I …I know, I was just…boarding school is like…Blair: I don’t even know why you went to boarding school to begin with. Do you know how it felt calling your house when you didn’t show up at s chool and having your mom say “Serena didn’t tell you that she moved to Connecticut?”Serena: I just. I …I had to go. I just… I needed to get away from everything. Please just trust me.This dialogue is between Serena and Blair who were best friends before and met firstly after Serena came back to New York from boarding school to which Serena went without saying goodbye to Blair and even no explanation. This is how this dialogue occur. When Blair asked why she didn’t write to her, Serena began to make her words vague and unclear. She continuously avoided from givin g a direct answer facing Blair’s so many doubts and questions. She just said: “Uh, I just…I just…please just trust me”. So Serena clearly violate the maxim of manner. Her words are obscure and ambiguous. If we continue to keep an eye on the following plots, we will understand the whole actions of Serena. That night before she left, she was so drunk that had sex unconsciously wi th Blair’s bo yfriend Nate. So she felt embarrassed and sorry for Blair and shethought Blair would never forgive her. And in addition, she witted a man going to die out of taking dugs and didn’t call the ambulance out of fear. So she didn’t tell Blair the reason because of intending to get Blair out of the trouble. She breach the maxim of manner to protect her friend’ feeling.Ⅳ. ConclusionThese examples above are just a little part of the excellent conversations from Gossip Girl which can be used as good materials for us to study Cooperative Principle and Conversational Implication. I believe that if we English learners can spend some time to analyze the dialogues from these popular American TV series with the theory of CP in pragmatics; we will have a better understanding of American English and American culture. In addition, we can apply the theory of CP to our daily life, and make efforts to get the implied meaning of others which will make us have a successful communication and a harmonious atmosphere of conversation. As English learners, we have the responsibility to know the world and let the world know China as well.Reference:【1】Pragmatics: An Introduction 【M】Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 【2】邓芳，2007，从合作原则的违反解读会话含义【J】，思施职业技术学院学报（综合）（4）：90-92.【3】《绯闻女孩》第一季，2007.CW电视台出品。