A Model for CO2 Emission Tax and the

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高二英语气候经济学视角单选题20题(含答案)

高二英语气候经济学视角单选题20题(含答案)1. The concept of climate economics mainly focuses on _____.A. economic growth onlyB. environmental protection onlyC. the relationship between climate and economyD. social issues only答案：C。

本题主要考查对气候经济学概念的理解。

选项A 只提到经济增长，气候经济学不仅仅关注经济增长；选项B 只提到环境保护，气候经济学也不是单纯的环境保护；选项D 只提到社会问题，气候经济学主要是研究气候与经济的关系；选项C 准确地表达了气候经济学的核心是气候与经济的关系。

2. In climate economics, the term "carbon footprint" refers to _____.A. the size of a person's shoesB. the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by a person or organizationC. the distance a person travels in a yearD. the number of trees a person plants答案：B。

本题考查“carbon footprint”的含义。

选项 A 是鞋子的尺寸，与碳足迹无关；选项C 是一年中旅行的距离，不是碳足迹的定义；选项D 是一个人种树的数量，也不是碳足迹的含义；选项B 准确地解释了碳足迹是个人或组织排放的二氧化碳量。

3. Which of the following is an example of a measure in climate economics?A. Increasing the production of fossil fuelsB. Reducing energy consumptionC. Ignoring environmental regulationsD. Decreasing investment in renewable energy答案：B。

九年级英语绿色产业单选题50题

九年级英语绿色产业单选题50题1. In the future, more and more ______ energy will be used to reduce pollution.A. traditionB. traditionalC. newD. news答案：C。

解析：首先分析选项A“tradition”是名词，意为传统，这里需要形容词来修饰“energy”，所以A选项不符合语法要求。

选项B“traditional”是传统的，与题意不符，因为这里说的是减少污染，应是更多使用新能源而不是传统能源。

选项C“new”新的，新能源符合题意。

选项D“news”是新闻，是名词，也不符合语法要求。

2. Solar energy is ______ from the sun.A. producedB. productC. produceD. producing答案：A。

解析：这里考查被动语态的用法。

太阳能是被产生的，选项A“produced”是produce的过去分词形式，用于被动语态，符合题意。

选项B“product”是名词产品的意思。

选项C“produce”是动词原形，在句中不适合这种语法结构。

选项D“producing”是现在分词形式，用于进行时态而不是被动语态。

3. Wind turbines are used to ______ electricity from wind power.A. generateB. generationC. generatorD. generated答案：A。

解析：这里考查的是动词的用法。

“be used to do sth”表示被用来做某事，这里需要一个动词原形，选项A“generate”是动词，意为产生、生成，符合题意。

选项B“generation”是名词，代、产生的意思，不符合语法要求。

选项C“generator”是名词发电机的意思。

选项D“generated”是过去分词形式，不符合此处语法。

2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题

2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（1）10 Ways Obama Could Fight Climate Change[A] One of the biggest surprises of President Barack Obama's inaugural address,on Monday was how much he focused on fighting climate change, spending more time on that issue than any other. "We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations," Obama said. The President pointed out that recent severe weather supplied an urgent impetus for energy innovation and staked the nation's economic future on responding to a changing climate. "We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries--we must claim its promise," Obama said. '" That's how we will maintain our economic vitality and our national treasure--our forests and waterways; our croplands and snowcapped (山顶积雪的) peaks. That is how we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God. " so what could the President reasonably do to deliver on that vow? Here are ten of their suggestions:Sunset coal with new incentives and regulations.[B] "Provide incentives to phase out the oldest, most polluting power plants," said Robert Jackson, a climate scientist at Duke University. It's already happening, to some degree, as more of the nation transitions to natural gas. Earth scientist Bill Chameides, dean of Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment and a former chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, urges the administration to use its Clean, Air Act authority to promulgate (颁布)carbon regulations for existing power plants like it has for new ones: "Doing that will force fuel switching from coal to natural gas. "Invest federal stimulus money in nuclear power.[C] It's hardly a perfect fuel, as accidents like Japan's Fukushima fallout have shown, but with safety precautions new nuclear plants can meaningfully offset dirtier types of energy, supporters say."Nuclear is the only short-to medium-term way to really get away from fossil fuels," said Peter Raven. President emeritus of the Missouri Botanical Garden. He said the damage done by relentless global warming will far exceed the damage done by faults in the nuclear system.Kill the Keystone pipeline.[D] The controversial Keystone XL oil pipeline is up for review again by the White House this year. "The font thing he should do to set the tone to a lowercarbon economy is to reject the Keystone pipeline, “said Raymond Pierrehum Bert, a geophysical scientist at the University of Chicago. The pipeline was never going to be a major driver of global emissions, but Pierre humbert and some other environmentalists say that by killing it the President would send a clear message about America's intent to ramp down fossil fuels.Protect the oceans by executive order.[E] Land use is complicated, but large swaths of oceans can be protected by executive order. Just as President George W. Bush designated the world's largest marine monument northwest of Hawaii in 2006. Obama could single-handedly protect other areas. National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Sylvia Earle said the President should focus on parts of the Arctic that are under U. S. control, putting them off limits to energy production, commercial fishing, and mineral exploration. Marine sanctuaries (禁捕区) won't stop climate change, but they can give marine species a better chance of adapting to it by reducing the other man-made threats the animals face.Experiment with capturing carbon.[F] Huge untapped reserves of natural gas and oil make it unlikely that the U. S. will transition away from fossil fuels in the immediate future. Instead, said Wallace Broecker, geology professor at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, we should attack the atmosphere's carbon surplus directly. "Obama could make available funds to build and test prototype air capture units" to capture and store CO2, said Broecker. Removing some carbon from the atmosphere could buy valuable time as policy makers and scientists explore more permanent solutions.Grow government research for new energy sources.[G] The Department of Energy has a nimble program that's tasked with innovative energy research—the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. The ARPA-E funds research in biofuels, transmission,and battery storage, with an annual budget of $ 275 million. Last year, DOE officials requested at least $ 75 million more. Increasing funding for ARPA-E, said Rare Pomerance, former deputy assistant secretary of state for environment and development and currently an environmental consultant, "you get new technologies that undercut coal, oil, and gas. " Plus, he said, yon get a competitive advantage if American researchersuncover the next big idea in new energy.Tax carbon.[H] Congress would have to agree, but many climate experts say that the most meaningful way to tackle emissions is to set a price on carbon. "We should be asking people to pay the cost of putting carbon into the atmosphere as they buy the fuel," said Josh Willis, climate scientist and oceanographer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. To gain political support for the idea, Obama would probably have to show that the tax wonld help accelerate technology, grow new industries, and pay down the deficit.Dial back the federal government's energy use.[I] With more than I. 8 million employees, $ 500 billion in annual purchasing power, and 500,000 buildings to operate, the federal government has been a leader in reducing energy use since Obama signed a 2009 executive order to cut waste. "I would urge him to keep using the power of government to promote energy conservation," said Syndonia Bret-Harte, an Arctic biologist who studies climate change at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Build a scientific clearinghouse for climate information.[J] "I advocate for building a better information system on what is happening and why," said Kevin Tren berth, head of the Climate Analysis Section at the U. S. National Center for Atmospheric Research. That involves compiling observations related to climate change from around the world and using the data to refine climate modeling. Think of it as a one-stop, user-friendly website that clearly demonstrates how weather data from around the globe are influenced by broader shifts in the planet's climate.Keep talking. Despite a consensus among top scientists, the world still needs some convincing on climate change.[K] A CNN poll last week found that just 49 percent of Americans agree that global warming is real and is due to human activities. "The most important thing the President can do is to build on his inaugural comments to heighten the sense of urgency about rapid climate destabilization and clarify its connection to virtually every other issue on the national agenda," said David Orr, environmental studies professor at Oberlin College. That means using the bully clergymen to show how a more volatile climate affects everything from agriculture totransportation to 21st-century warfare.46. The urge to promulgate carbon regulations is aimed at pushing power plants to replace coal by natural gas.47. Marine sanctuaries should be preserved because they help sea species adapt to climate alteration.48. The government should take the responsibility to raise Americans' awareness about climate change.49. Many climate experts believe that the most effective way to lower emission is to tax on carbon.50. Nuclear supporters argue that nuclear system failures are less challenging than global warming.51. Recent extreme weather made President Obama feel it is urgent to address climate change.52. Keystone pipeline should be rejected because it is a signal to reduce fossil fuels.53. Since Obama signed a 2009 executive order to cut waste, the federal government has taken the lead in saving energy.54. Lower carbon emission will be most likely to happen if research in new energy resources succeeds.55. Compared with turning to new energy, America prefers carbon capture and store as a temporary measure.2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（2）How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA) Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations.The TextB) Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary words—a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words.Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.C) Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than e only two font styles per slide—one for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body.D) Embed the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: (1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only.E) Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background.F) Capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using allcapital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles.G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.Don’t center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run “spell check” on your show when finished.The BackgroundH) Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects, “flying words” and multiple transitions. Don’t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read.The ClipsI) Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words.J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships.The PresentationK) If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save astype list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you’re done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.L) Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don’t move it too fast. For examp le, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use “B” on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.M) You can use the shortcut command [Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you’ve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press [Esc] once.MiscellaneousN) Master Slide Set-Up: The “master slide” will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide” level. First, go to the “View” menu. Pull down the “Master” menu. Select the “slide master” menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.1. The ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint.2. When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated.3. In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other.4. A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the first word.5. Centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read.6. Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible.7. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes.8. When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can.9. Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything you've drawn.10. In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master”level.2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（3）Paper--More than Meets the EyeA) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greaterthan fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paperand card can contain undesirable additives.L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made froma pulp of cellulose fibres.4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.2020年6月大学英语六级长篇阅读练习题（4）Definitions of ObesityA: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B: The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C: However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD: Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE: Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations beingwith breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F: The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.G: The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH: Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I: The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ: Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K: Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk ofcontracting dementia.Other ProblemsL: The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M: This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.。

cbam碳关税英语全文

cbam碳关税英语全文I'm sorry, but I don't have access to specific articles or documents. However, I can provide you with a general explanation of a carbon border tax in English:A carbon border tax is a policy measure that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by imposing a tax on imported goods based on their carbon footprint. The idea behind this tax is to create a level playing field for domesticindustries that are subject to strict emission regulations and to incentivize other countries to reduce their own emissions.The implementation of a carbon border tax involves calculating the carbon emissions generated during the production of goods, including the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and transportation. Thiscalculation determines the carbon price that is added to the imported goods, making them more expensive for consumers.The logic behind a carbon border tax is that it discourages carbon-intensive production in other countries that do not have stringent emission reduction targets. By levying a tax on goods produced with higher carbon emissions, it is hoped that countries will be motivated to either adopt cleaner production methods or invest in carbon reduction technologies.However, the implementation of a carbon border tax is not without challenges. One important consideration is ensuring that the tax does not violate international trade rules, as it could potentially be seen as a protectionist measure. There is also the issue of accurately assessing the carbon emissions of different products, as this requires reliable data from various countries.In summary, a carbon border tax is a policy tool that seeks to address carbon leakage, which is the outsourcing of production to countries with lax emission standards. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by imposing a tax on imported goods based on their carbon footprint and promoting cleaner production globally.。

以绿色出行为主题的初中英语作文

以绿色出行为主题的初中英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Green Transportation: The Way Forward for a Sustainable FutureAs students, we've been taught about the importance of environmental protection from a young age. Climate change, pollution, and the depletion of natural resources are some of the biggest challenges facing our generation. While these issues may seem overwhelming, there are practical steps we can take in our daily lives to reduce our carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future. One area where we can make a significant impact is through our transportation choices.Conventional modes of transportation, such asgasoline-powered cars and trucks, are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the atmosphere, which have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, thetransportation sector accounts for about 27% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.However, we have the power to make a difference by embracing green transportation alternatives. Green transportation refers to modes of travel that have a lower environmental impact and are more sustainable than traditional options. These include walking, cycling, public transportation, carpooling, and electric vehicles.One of the most accessible and eco-friendly forms of green transportation is walking. Not only is it completely emission-free, but it also promotes physical activity and improves overall health. By walking to school, running errands, or simply taking a leisurely stroll, we can reduce our reliance on motorized vehicles and enjoy the benefits of fresh air and exercise.Cycling is another excellent green transportation choice. Bicycles are environmentally friendly, affordable, and offer a convenient way to navigate urban areas. Many cities have implemented bike-sharing programs, making it easier for people to rent bicycles for short-term use. Additionally, cycling can be a great form of exercise, helping to combat issues like obesity and cardiovascular disease.Public transportation, such as buses and trains, is a highly effective way to reduce our carbon footprint. By taking advantage of these shared modes of transportation, we can significantly reduce the number of individual vehicles on the road, thereby decreasing congestion, emissions, and the demand for parking spaces. Many public transportation systems are now incorporating eco-friendly technologies, such as hybrid or electric buses, further enhancing their sustainability.Carpooling, or ride-sharing, is another green transportation option that can be easily incorporated into our daily routines. By sharing rides with classmates, friends, or colleagues who live nearby or have similar commuting patterns, we can reduce the number of vehicles on the road and split the costs of transportation. This not only reduces emissions but also fosters a sense of community and camaraderie.Finally, electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. EVs produce zero direct emissions and are powered by rechargeable batteries, which can be charged using renewable energy sources like solar or wind power. While the upfront costs of EVs may be higher, the long-term savings on fuel and maintenance can make them a cost-effective choice, especiallyas the technology continues to advance and become more accessible.Embracing green transportation not only benefits the environment but also has personal and societal advantages. By reducing our reliance on fossil fuels, we can improve air quality and public health, especially in densely populated urban areas. Additionally, green transportation options often promote physical activity, which can lead to improved fitness and overall well-being.Furthermore, the widespread adoption of green transportation can have positive economic impacts. As demand for eco-friendly transportation solutions grows, it can drive innovation and create new job opportunities in industries related to renewable energy, electric vehicle manufacturing, and sustainable infrastructure development.Of course, transitioning to a more sustainable transportation system requires collective effort and support from various stakeholders, including individuals, communities, businesses, and governments. Policymakers can play a crucial role by implementing incentives and regulations that encourage the adoption of green transportation alternatives, such as tax credits for electric vehicle purchases, investments in publictransportation infrastructure, and the development of bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly urban design.As students, we have a unique opportunity to be agents of change and inspire others to embrace green transportation. We can lead by example, advocating for sustainable transportation initiatives within our schools and communities, and encouraging our peers and families to make eco-friendly choices. By being informed and proactive, we can shape the future of transportation and contribute to a healthier, more sustainable planet.In conclusion, green transportation is not just a trend or a passing phase; it is a necessity for the preservation of our planet and the well-being of future generations. By making conscious choices to walk, cycle, use public transportation, carpool, or invest in electric vehicles, we can collectively reduce our carbon footprint and pave the way for a more sustainable future. As students, we have the power to inspire change and take action today, ensuring that the world we inherit is one that prioritizes environmental protection and responsible resource management. Let us embrace green transportation as a way of life and lead the charge toward a greener, healthier tomorrow.篇2Going Green: Embracing Sustainable TransportationAs a student living in the 21st century, I am increasingly aware of the pressing environmental challenges our planet is facing. Climate change, air pollution, and the depletion of natural resources have become major concerns, and it is our collective responsibility to take action. One area where we can make a significant impact is in the realm of transportation. Traditional modes of transportation, such as gasoline-powered cars, have been major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. However, by embracing green transportation alternatives, we can reduce our carbon footprint and work towards a more sustainable future.Public Transportation: A Greener Way to CommuteOne of the most accessible green transportation options is public transportation. Buses, trains, and subways offer an environmentally friendly way to commute to school or work. By choosing to take public transportation, we can significantly reduce the number of individual cars on the road, thereby reducing traffic congestion and air pollution. Additionally, public transportation systems are often powered by electricity or alternative fuels, further minimizing their environmental impact.Cycling: A Healthy and Eco-Friendly ChoiceAnother excellent green transportation option is cycling. Not only is it a zero-emission mode of transportation, but it also promotes physical activity and a healthier lifestyle. Bicycles require minimal resources to manufacture and maintain, making them an incredibly sustainable choice. Furthermore, many cities and communities have implemented dedicated bike lanes and cycling infrastructure, making it safer and more convenient for individuals to embrace this eco-friendly mode of transportation.Walking: The Ultimate Green SolutionIn addition to cycling, walking is perhaps the most environmentally friendly way to get around, especially for short distances. By choosing to walk instead of driving, we eliminate emissions altogether and contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment. Walking also provides numerous health benefits, such as improved cardiovascular fitness, increased muscle strength, and reduced stress levels.Electric Vehicles: The Future of Sustainable MobilityWhile public transportation, cycling, and walking are excellent green transportation options, there are times when personal vehicles are necessary. In such cases, electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising solution. EVs produce zero direct emissions, significantly reducing their environmental impactcompared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. As battery technology continues to improve and charging infrastructure expands, EVs are becoming increasingly accessible and practical for everyday use.Embracing Green Transportation: A Collective EffortTransitioning to green transportation requires a collective effort from individuals, communities, and governments. It is essential that we prioritize investment in sustainable transportation infrastructure, such as bike lanes,pedestrian-friendly urban planning, and public transportation networks. Additionally, policies and incentives that encourage the adoption of green transportation alternatives should be implemented to make them more accessible and attractive to the public.As students, we play a crucial role in shaping the future of our planet. By embracing green transportation, we can lead by example and inspire others to make environmentally conscious choices. Simple actions, such as walking or biking to school, carpooling with classmates, or advocating for improved public transportation options, can have a significant impact on reducing our carbon footprint.In conclusion, the urgency of addressing environmental challenges cannot be overstated. By embracing green transportation alternatives, we can contribute to a more sustainable future for ourselves and generations to come. It is a collective responsibility that requires commitment and action from all of us. Let us embrace the opportunity to be agents of change and lead the way towards a greener, healthier, and more sustainable world.篇3Green Transportation: The Path to a Sustainable FutureAs students of the 21st century, we are faced with an unprecedented challenge – the need to address environmental issues and work towards a more sustainable planet. One area that demands our attention is transportation, which is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By embracing green transportation alternatives, we can not only reduce our carbon footprint but also create a healthier environment for ourselves and future generations.The current state of transportation is alarming. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the transportation sector accounts for nearly 29% of greenhouse gas emissions in theUnited States, making it the largest contributor. These emissions are primarily from burning fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, in vehicles. The consequences of this are far-reaching, including air pollution, climate change, and adverse effects on human health.Fortunately, there are numerous green transportation options available that can help mitigate these issues. One of the most practical and accessible solutions is walking or cycling for short distances. Not only are these modes of transportation emission-free, but they also promote physical activity and personal well-being. Imagine the positive impact we could have on our communities if more students chose to walk or bike to school instead of relying on cars or buses.For longer distances, public transportation systems like buses, trains, and subways offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to personal vehicles. By utilizing these services, we can significantly reduce the number of cars on the road, thereby reducing emissions and congestion. Furthermore, many cities are investing in electric buses and trains, further minimizing the environmental impact of public transit.In addition to traditional public transportation, innovative solutions like ride-sharing and car-sharing services haveemerged as viable green transportation options. By sharing rides or vehicles, we can optimize resource utilization and reduce the overall number of vehicles on the road. These services also promote a sense of community and collaboration, which aligns with the principles of sustainability.Electric vehicles (EVs) are another promising solution that has gained significant traction in recent years. While the production and disposal of EV batteries pose environmental challenges, the use of EVs substantially reduces tailpipe emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. As battery technology continues to improve and charging infrastructure becomes more widespread, EVs could become a mainstream choice foreco-conscious individuals and families.Beyond the environmental benefits, embracing green transportation can also have positive societal impacts. By reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, we can improve air quality and public health, particularly in densely populated urban areas. Additionally, the development and adoption of green transportation technologies can foster innovation, create new job opportunities, and drive economic growth.However, transitioning to a more sustainable transportation system is not without challenges. Infrastructure development, affordability, and behavioral changes are among the hurdles that must be overcome. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to create policies, incentives, and educational initiatives that promote green transportation alternatives.As students, we have a unique opportunity to shape the future of transportation. By making conscious choices and advocating for change, we can influence societal norms and drive the adoption of green transportation practices. Simple actions like carpooling, using public transit, or participating in community bike-sharing programs can make a significant difference when adopted collectively.Furthermore, we can use our voices to raise awareness about the importance of green transportation and encourage our schools, local governments, and communities to prioritize sustainable mobility solutions. By participating in environmental clubs, organizing awareness campaigns, or engaging with policymakers, we can be catalysts for positive change.In conclusion, the path to a sustainable future lies in our collective embrace of green transportation alternatives. Bychoosing to walk, bike, use public transit, or opt for electric or shared mobility solutions, we can reduce our carbon footprint and contribute to a healthier planet. As students, we have the power to shape the future and create a world where transportation is not only efficient but also environmentally responsible. Let us embrace this challenge and lead the way towards a greener, more sustainable tomorrow.。

节能减排英语作文

节能减排英语作文Title: Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction: ACall to Action。

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, the imperative for energy conservation and emission reduction has never been more pressing. It is a global issue that demands immediate attention and concerted efforts from individuals, communities, industries, and governments worldwide. In this essay, we delve into the significance of energy conservation and emission reduction, exploring its benefits, challenges, and potential solutions.Firstly, let us underscore the critical importance of energy conservation. By reducing our energy consumption, we can mitigate the depletion of finite resources such asfossil fuels while simultaneously curbing harmful emissions. Adopting energy-efficient practices in our daily lives,such as using energy-efficient appliances, optimizing transportation systems, and implementing sustainablebuilding designs, can significantly contribute toconserving energy and reducing our carbon footprint.Furthermore, emission reduction is paramount in combating climate change and its adverse effects on the planet. Greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), are major contributors to global warming and climate disruption. To combat this, transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power is crucial. Additionally, implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies can help mitigate emissions from industries reliant on fossil fuels.Despite the evident benefits of energy conservation and emission reduction, numerous challenges hinder their widespread adoption. Economic factors, entrenched interests, and lack of public awareness often impede progress in this domain. Many individuals and businesses prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability, perpetuating unsustainable practices. Moreover, the transition to renewable energy sources requires substantial investmentsin infrastructure and technology, posing financial barriers to implementation.However, amidst these challenges lie opportunities for innovation and collaboration. Governments play a pivotal role in enacting policies and regulations that incentivize energy conservation and emission reduction. Through subsidies, tax incentives, and carbon pricing mechanisms, governments can encourage the adoption of sustainable practices while penalizing environmentally harmful activities. Additionally, public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives can empower individuals to make informed choices and embrace sustainable lifestyles.Furthermore, partnerships between governments, industries, academia, and civil society are indispensablein driving systemic change. Collaborative research and development efforts can yield breakthroughs in renewable energy technologies and sustainable practices. By fostering a culture of innovation and knowledge-sharing, we can accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy and build a more resilient future for generations to come.In conclusion, energy conservation and emission reduction are imperative for safeguarding the planet and ensuring a sustainable future for all. While challenges abound, the collective will and concerted efforts of individuals, communities, and governments can overcome these obstacles. By embracing renewable energy, adopting energy-efficient practices, and fostering collaboration, we can pave the way for a greener, more sustainable world. Let us seize this opportunity to act boldly and decisively in the pursuit of a brighter tomorrow.。

新能源汽车作文括号没有尾气

新能源汽车作文括号没有尾气英文回答：Electric vehicles (EVs), powered by electric motors and energy stored in batteries, offer a promising solution to the environmental concerns associated with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Unlike ICE vehicles, which emit harmful tailpipe emissions into the atmosphere, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions during operation. This absence of tailpipe emissions has significant implications for air quality, public health, and the fight against climate change.Air pollution from ICE vehicles poses a major threat to human health. Tailpipe emissions, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as a range of other health issues. Exposure to these pollutants can lead to increased hospitalizations, premature deaths, and reduced quality of life. By eliminating tailpipe emissions,EVs offer a substantial improvement in air quality, reducing the health risks associated with air pollution and improving the overall well-being of our communities.In addition to their positive impact on local air quality, EVs also play a crucial role in mitigating climate change. ICE vehicles are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), which contributes to the warming of the planet. Transportation accounts for a large portion of global CO2 emissions, and EVs offer a zero-emission alternative that cansignificantly reduce transportation's contribution to climate change. By displacing ICE vehicles with EVs, we can reduce the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, helping to limit the worst effects of global warming.Furthermore, EVs promote energy independence by reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. Many countries are heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels to power their transportation systems, which leaves them vulnerable to geopolitical tensions and price fluctuations. EVs, by utilizing electricity generated from renewable energysources such as solar and wind, can help reduce this dependency on imported fossil fuels, enhancing energy security and reducing vulnerability to external shocks.The adoption of EVs is gaining momentum globally, driven by a combination of environmental concerns, technological advancements, and government incentives. As battery technology continues to improve, EVs are becoming more affordable and offer longer driving ranges, making them a more viable option for consumers. Governments around the world are implementing policies to promote EV adoption, including tax incentives, charging infrastructure investments, and emissions regulations. These policies are helping to accelerate the transition to EVs and reduce the environmental impact of transportation.In conclusion, electric vehicles offer a transformative solution to the environmental challenges posed by conventional ICE vehicles. By eliminating tailpipe emissions, EVs improve air quality and public health, mitigate climate change, and promote energy independence. The ongoing transition to EVs is a vital step towardscreating a more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation system. As technology continues to advance and adoption rates increase, EVs will play an increasingly significant role in shaping the future of transportation.中文回答：新能源汽车（Electric Vehicle，简称EV）是一种以电力驱动，以电池为主要能量来源的汽车。

2024年高二英语气候经济学视角单选题20题

2024年高二英语气候经济学视角单选题20题1.Climate change has a significant impact on the global economy. The word “impact” in this sentence can be replaced by_____.A.effectB.resultC.consequenceD.outcome答案：A。

“impact”“effect”“result”“consequence”和“outcome”都有“结果、影响”之意，但“impact”和“effect”较为常用且意思最为接近，可互换使用。

“result”更强调由某个行为或事件产生的结果；“consequence”通常指不好的后果；“outcome”侧重于最终的结果或结局。

本题考查的是词汇的辨析，涉及气候经济学中的专业词汇“impact”。

2.In climate economics, “carbon footprint” refers to_____.A.the amount of carbon dioxide released by an individual or organizationB.the total area of forests needed to absorb carbon dioxideC.the number of cars that emit carbon dioxideD.the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions答案：A。

“carbon footprint”指的是一个人或组织释放的二氧化碳量。

选项B 是指吸收二氧化碳所需的森林总面积；选项C 是指排放二氧化碳的汽车数量；选项D 是指减少二氧化碳排放的成本。

本题考查气候经济学中的专业名词“carbon footprint”的定义。

3.The government is taking measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The verb “reduce” can be replaced by_____.A.lowerB.decreaseC.diminishD.minimize答案：B。

全球气候变暖英语作文

Global warming is a pressing issue that has been affecting the planet in various ways. It refers to the longterm increase in Earths average surface temperature due primarily to human activities,such as the emission of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation,and industrial processes.Causes of Global Warming:1.Greenhouse Gas Emissions:The primary cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,such as carbon dioxide CO2,methane CH4,and nitrous oxide N2O.These gases trap heat from the sun,leading to a rise in Earths temperature.2.Deforestation:Trees absorb CO2,a major greenhouse gas.The largescale cutting down of forests for agriculture,urban development,and logging reduces the planets capacity to absorb this gas,thus contributing to global warming.3.Industrial Processes:Many industrial activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.The production of cement,for instance,is a significant source of CO2 emissions.Effects of Global Warming:1.Rising Sea Levels:As global temperatures rise,polar ice caps and glaciers melt, causing sea levels to rise.This poses a threat to coastal cities and lowlying islands.2.Extreme Weather Events:Global warming can lead to more frequent and severe weather events,such as hurricanes,droughts,and heatwaves,which can have devastating effects on agriculture,infrastructure,and human health.3.Ecosystem Disruption:Changes in climate can disrupt ecosystems,leading to the extinction of certain species that cannot adapt to the new conditions,and the spread of diseases and pests.Solutions to Global Warming:1.Renewable Energy:Transitioning to renewable energy sources,such as solar,wind, and hydroelectric power,can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.2.Energy Efficiency:Improving energy efficiency in buildings,transportation,and industry can help reduce the demand for energy and decrease emissions.3.Reforestation and Afforestation:Planting trees and restoring forests can help absorb CO2from the atmosphere and store it in the form of carbon.4.Carbon Pricing:Implementing a carbon tax or capandtrade system can provide economic incentives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.5.Sustainable Agriculture:Adopting sustainable farming practices can reduce emissions from agriculture and enhance the ability of soils to store carbon.Conclusion:Addressing global warming requires a concerted effort from governments,businesses, and individuals.By understanding the causes and effects of global warming and taking action to reduce our carbon footprint,we can work towards a more sustainable future for our planet.It is crucial that we act now,as the consequences of inaction could be irreversible and have farreaching impacts on the environment and human life.。

高考英语考前精选十篇科学高效复盘冲刺专项题型练阅读理解D(十卷)(训练版)

阅读理解D（精准复盘冲刺练十篇）(一）新能源汽车Norway just hit a record in its move to gradually stop using cars that rely on fossil fuels.More than 9 in 10 new cars sold there in September were either electric or rechargeable hybrids, according to the Norwegian Information Council for Road Traffic, or OFV. Of all new passenger cars sold so far in 2021, less than 5% are gas⁃powered. A slightly smaller percentage use diesel (柴油). The sales numbers push Norway closer to meeting its national goal of transitioning to an entirely zero⁃emission (零排放的) fleet of new cars by 2025—an initiative the government backs with tax incentives (激励).Several factors are driving record numbers of Norwegian drivers to choose electricity over gas or diesel power, including new technology that has eased customers' anxiety about electric vehicles' range. But money is a main concern.Norway has long encouraged people to adopt electric vehicles—and it does so by using a carrot so large that it's essentially also a stick.Electric cars are exempt (免除) from the 25% value⁃added tax (V AT), for instance. They're also exempt from environmental pollution taxes that buyers of gas and diesel vehicles must pay. “The purchase tax for all new cars is calculated by a bination of weight, CO2and NOx emissions,”the Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association says. “The tax is progressive, making big cars with high emissions very expensive.” Other sweeteners include a lot of auto⁃related fees that are reduced or totally canceled, from ferry rides to parking. And panies can get a tax break for each electric vehicle.Overall, Norway is seeing a rapid increase in passenger cars this year—more than 35% higher than in 2020. With electric car sales booming, the future of the V AT exemption has been the top subject for political debate this year, as lawmakers look at how to bolster tax ine while also supporting the move away from fossil fuels.1.What is the main reason for electric vehicles' leading sales growth?A.The V AT exemption.B.No more auto⁃related fees.C.Fossil fuel shortage.D.The development of technology.2.How does the author illustrate the carrot and stick approach in the 5th paragraph?A.By analyzing cause and effect.B.By giving statistics.C.By referring to previous findings.D.By making a parison.3.What does the underlined word “bolster” in the last paragraph mean?A.Calculate.B.Reduce.C.Receive.D.Increase.4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A.Tax⁃free Policy Works Well with Car Industry in NorwayB.No More Gas⁃powered Cars Allowed to Be Sold in NorwayC.9 in 10 Cars Sold in Norway Are Electric or Rechargeable HybridsD.Almost All Cars Will Go Electric in Norway Right Away1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（二）自然科学研究Kids everywhere love to play. And they know that a ball is a perfect thing to play with. Now scientists report bumblebees(大黄蜂)seem to know the same thing, making bumblebees the first insects known to play.Lots of animals play. But the behavior is best known in mammals(哺乳动物)and birds. For many animals, playing is often seen as a kind of training for things they’ll have to deal with in later life.But before this, there were no reports of insects playing.Dr. Lars Chittka did an earlier experiment, where he trained bumblebees to roll balls into a goal for food. He noticed some bees were rolling balls even when they weren’t rewarded. He wondered if they were playing.To test the idea，he with other scientists set up a new experiment. First, they marked 45 young bumblebees, both male and female, between one and 23 days old. Then they set up a clear pathway from the bumblebees’ nest to a feeding area. On either side of the open pathway, small colored wooden balls were placed. On one side of the path，the balls couldn’t move. On the other side, the balls could roll around.For three hours a day over 14 days, the scientists opened the pathway. The bumblebees never had to leave the pathway to find food, but they left anyway. They weren’t so interested in the side where the balls couldn’t move, but they made lots of visits to the side with the rolling balls.Grabbing the balls with their legs, the bumblebees would beat their wings to pull on the balls, causing them to roll. The 45 marked bumblebees did this 910 times during the experiment. Though some only did it once, others did it a lot. The scientists found the younger bumblebees spent more time rolling balls, and that males seemed morelikely to play than females.The scientists say it’s not clear why the bumblebees roll the balls or whether they enjoy it. But the experiment raises important questions about how the insects’ minds work and whether they have feelings.1．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 refer to?A．The discovery that playing is training.B．The experiment about mammals’ living habits.C．The report that bumblebees play for fun.D．The parison between insects and birds.2．What did Dr. Lars Chittka and other scientists do in the new experiment?A．They trained bumblebees to play balls.B．They put small balls on both sides of the pathway.C．They set up a feeding area in bumblebees’ nest.D．They rewarded the bumblebees that rolled balls.3．What can we learn from the experiment?A．Male bumblebees lend to play balls more often.B．Colorful balls are bumblebees’ favourite toys.C．Younger bumblebees are better at rolling balls.D．Bumblebees show interest in anything round.4．What can be the best title for the text?A．Bumblebees Arc Just Like Kids B．Balls Are a Perfect Thing to Play withC．Playing Is Animals’ Second Nature D．Bumblebees Are First Insect Known to Play1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（三）人与自我Nature has developed the emotional state we call anger to help us stay alive. Anger energizes us to prepare us for action. It can be used either in productive ways or just the opposite. When we feel energized by anger, we might ask ourselves how we put this energy to the most productive use.Perhaps the most helpful thing to remember about anger is that it is a secondary emotion. A primary feeling iswhat is felt immediately before we feel angry. We might first feel afraid, attacked, offended, trapped, or disrespected. If any of these feelings are intense enough, we think of the emotion as anger. Generally speaking, secondary feelings do not identify the unmet emotional need. When all I can say is “I feel angry”, neither I nor anyone else knows what would help me feel better. A helpful technique, then, is to always identify the primary emotion.Assume someone wants us to do something we prefer not to do. At first, we feel a little pressured, but not enough to get angry. When they keep pushing us, we begin to get irritated. If they continue, we get angry. Such anger damages relationships.If we feel angry, it is evident that we feel strongly about something. Instead of saying “I can't believe how irresponsible she is. What a cold⁃hearted, evil witch she is.”, a more productive response is: “Am I really upset by this? Why does it bother me so much? What specifically am I feeling?” From the answers, we can decide to pick the best one to calm the anger. As soon as we “upshift” and begin to think about our options and their consequences, we start to feel more in control and less threatened. We get out of the automatic stimulus⁃response mode and realize that we have choices.There is a quote from Viktor E. Frankl that goes like this: “Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space...lies our growth and our freedom.”1.What's the author's attitude towards anger?A.Favorable.B.Neutral.C.Doubtful.D.Negative.2.What can we know about anger?A.It reflects one's intense feeling.B.It refers to a minor emotion.C.It can identify emotional need.D.It surely causes a violent reaction.3.What does Paragraph 4 mainly deal with?A.What questions we ask about anger.B.How we respond to anger.C.How we develop growth and freedom.D.When we consider the consequence.4.What is the text mainly about?A.Ways to know about anger.B.Reasons to arouse anger.C.Managing anger in a good way.D.Calming anger at the right time.1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（四）人与自然Endangered polar bears are breeding (繁殖) with grizzly bears (灰熊), creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say.As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that growing contact between the two e increasing hybrids (杂交种).With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats, some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. “Usually, hybrids aren't better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources,” Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science.The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears' decline: Their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linked partly to “pizzly” bears taking up polar bears' ranges, where they outpete them, but also to polar bears' highly specialized diets.“Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming,” DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could bea tipping point for their survival.” Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they burn from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.“We're having massive impacts with climate change on species,” DeSantis said. “The polar bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, ‘pizzly’ bears could be a sad but necessary promise given current warming trends.”1.Why do polar bears move further south?A.To create hybrids.B.To expand territory.C.To relieve hunger.D.To contact grizzlies.2.What makes “pizzly” bears adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents?A.Broader habitats.B.More food options.C.Climate preference.D.Improved breeding ability.3.What does the underlined phrase “a tipping point” in paragraph 5 refer to?A.A rare chance.B.A critical stage.C.A positive factor.D.A constant change.4.What's the main idea of the text?A.Polar bears are changing diets for climate change.B.Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change.C.“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming.D.“Pizzly” bears have replaced polar bears for global warming.1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（五）自然与环境The Atlantic salmon (鲑鱼) of Scotland are hardy and determined animals. Each spring and summer, they return from the North Atlantic Ocean to lay eggs in Scotland’s shallow rivers,leaping up waterfalls and over barriers, pushing themselves upstream in enormous efforts. Some fail, and others succeed, but today they face yet another challenge.During the mid1980s, there were between eight and ten million salmon swimming around Scotland’s Atlantic coast; that number has now dropped sharply. There’s evidence of reducing the availability of the salmon’s prey (猎物) as climate change warms and acidifies oceans. New research suggests climate change is also bearing down on rivers, which is bad news for salmon.Adapted to life in cold water, salmon experience slow growth and population changes at high temperatures. Heat influences their health and reduces their resistance to disease.“Now salmon are struggling to deal with the rising temperatures. There are recent records of 27°C in the upper reaches of the Dee catchment,” says Peter Cairns, director of an environmental charity. In 2018, Scotland recorded the lowest pole catch for salmon since records began. Evidence suggests that the degraded quality of river worsens the impact of our changing climate. “Atlantic salmon evolved using river systems in Scotland that were once way more forested and therefore shaded.” Yet Scotland is today one of the least wooded countries in Europe, with just 3 percent of its native woodland undamaged. Scientists have found that just 35percent of rivers in Scotland have enough tree cover for salmon survival.A movement to get trees back on riverbanks is gathering pace. “Broadleaf trees close to the bank can reduce the light that enters the water,” explains fisheries scientist Anthony Hawkins.A new initiative called Riverwoods — led by the Scottish Wildlife Trust and supported by Scottish Water and several other gove rn ment and regulatory bodies — aims to create a network of woodlands along Scotland’s riverbanks, and has already received a number of large funds.“Money is not the pressing business. River health is plex, but tree planting is one of the most basic things we can get started with right away,”says Cairns.1．Why do Atlantic salmon make great journeys back to the rivers?A．They search for foods.B．They reproduce themselves.C．The rivers are relatively cool.D．The seas are increasingly warm.2．How do the rising temperatures in rivers affect salmon?A．They grow more quickly.B．They are more heatresistant.C．They are less active in water.D．They are more likely to get diseases.3．What is a challenge for salmon when they return to Scotland’s rivers?A．There is a shortage of food.B．There is much fish catching.C．The ecology environment has changed.D．The river systems are unsuitable for the forest growth.4．What does Cairns really intend to tell us in the last paragraph?A．It is urgent to plant riverbank trees.B．It is too hard to restore the river health.C．There is enough money for the project.D．There are too many vital things to deal with.1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（六）人与自然Wind power is a powerful tool for reducing carbon emissions (排放) that cause climate change. The turbines (涡轮机), however, can be a threat to birds, which is why experts are looking for ways to limit the danger.A pany in Boulder, Colorado has produced a camera⁃and⁃AI⁃based technology that can recognize eagles and other birds as they approach in enough time to make turbines pause in their flight path. Their tool, called IdentiFlight, can detect 5.62 times more bird flights than human observers alone, and with an accuracy rate of 94 percent. Using high⁃precision visual sensors, the system calculates a bird's speed and flight track, and if it is on a collision (碰撞) path with a turbine, a signal is sent to shut that turbine down.Winning an award for its performance in Australia, the tracking system was built in 2018 and was found to cut eagle deaths at the Cattle Hill Wind Farm by more than four⁃fifths. Each day, signals have shut down their movement an average of 400 times—across the field of 48 turbines—for two to three minutes each time.Bird lover and director of the National Audubon Society's Clean Energy Initiative, Garry George, admits, “Our own science shows that climate change is by far the biggest threat to birds and the places wildlife needs to survive. IdentiFlight will make it possible to fight the worst effects of climate change and at the same time protect the birds we love in the process.”1.What contribute to IdentiFlight detecting birds' approaching?A.Cameras and AI.B.Human observers.C.Changes to turbines.D.Birds' flying habits.2.What happens at a wind farm with IdentiFlight when a bird is to knock into a turbine?A.The turbine is stopped temporarily.B.The turbine changes the bird's track.C.The turbine kills the approaching bird.D.The turbine is out of work permanently.3.What is Garry George's attitude towards IdentiFlight?A.Ambiguous.B.Reserved.C.Approving.D.Unconcerned.4.What is the suitable title for the text?A.AI Keeps Track of BirdsB.Powerful Tools Save NatureC.Climate Change Leads to Bird DeathsD.AI Helps Wind Turbines Protect Birds1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（七）社会与科技We are often so attracted by the promises of modern digital life that we fail to notice its danger. It’s that feeling of losing control that we get a dozen times a day, from when we get distracted with our phones in a discussion to when we can’t appreciate a private moment without sharing it with virtual audience.In my first attempt to get control over my technology use, I set my phone to vibrate rather than ring. Soon after, another problem appeared. The act of continually checking the phone became a habit. I knew then that using only tips to permanently reform digital life is difficult. We should go past the notification settings on our devices or apps and consider the more essential topic of why we use so many apps in the first place. What all of us who are struggling with these challenges need is a technology usage philosophy, something that explains from the ground up which digital tools we allow into our lives, why, and under what conditions.Cal Newport, a professor of puter science defines Digital Minimalism as a“philosophy of technology use in which you focus your online time on a small number of carefully selected activities that strongly support the things you value, and then happily miss out on everything else”.To do so, however, we cannot passively allow the tools and apps provided by the Internet age to control how we spend our time or how we feel. Instead, we must take steps to draw the positive aspects of these technologies while sidestepping the negative aspects.1．What does “its danger” in the first paragraph refer to?A．Feeling depressed.B．Getting distracted in a discussion.C．Losing control of your digital life.D．Giving up private moments.2．Why does the author mention his own experiences?A．To bring in a better solution.B．To explain a phenomenon.C．To make a parison.D．To clarify misunderstandings.3．Which of the following will digital minimalists agree to?A．Ignoring the side effect of digital tools.B．Getting away from entertainment apps.C．Spending more time selecting information.D．Devoting your screen time to valuable things.4．What’s the text mainly about?A．Reforms in life.B．Technology usage philosophy.C．Apps and social media sites.D．Technology challenges.1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（八）人与自然The pany SpaceX has already launched hundreds of its Starlink satellites, with plans to put as many as 42,000 of them in Earth orbit. Its goal is to provide high⁃speed Internet to billions of people. Moving toward that kind of access is important, but it es at a cost. Glittering with reflected sunlight, these first orbiters, sent up in the past year, are brighter than 99 percent of the 5,000 or so other satellites now circling Earth, and obviously there are going to be a lot more. This sudden increase is bad for astronomy: The probability of a Starlink satellite crossing a telescope's field of view and ruining an observation will be quite high near sunset. For that reason, my fellow astronomers have signed a petition(请愿书)calling for governments to protect the night sky from this invasion.In response to protests, SpaceX has promised to address the visibility problem by, for example, applying experimental coatings—essentially painting the satellites black—but the pany's aggressive launch schedule remains unchanged. And the satellites' illuminated(被照亮)surfaces are mostly their solar panels—exactly the part that cannot be painted over.Unfortunately, at present no regulations govern how bright a single satellite can be, let alone thousands of them together. Even if there are such regulations, one nation's laws cannot hinder(阻碍)another country's launches. Space literally has no borders, and the sky will need to be protected at an international level. As a consequence, we hope that the United Nations will find a way to think outside of the box to save the sky for everyone.When I was growing up in Montana, it was a game to be the first to find a moving satellite among the host of stars in the night sky. Soon it could be a game to recognize the constellations(星座)behind a swarm of moving points of light.1.What is the writer's attitude toward SpaceX's launch plans?A.Indifferent.B.Doubtful.C.Optimistic.D.Disapproving.2.Why have the author's fellow astronomers signed the petition?A.SpaceX plans to send too many Starlink satellites into space.B.The Starlink satellites will possibly ruin an observation near sunset.C.The first orbiters are brighter than most of other satellites circling Earth.D.SpaceX fails to provide high⁃speed Internet to people around the world.3.According to the author, who should shoulder the responsibility to save the sky?A.The United States.B.The United Nations.C.The pany SpaceX.D.Just one nation.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Preserve the Night SkyB.Ban Starlink SatellitesC.Observe the Stars AttentivelyD.Protest Against SpaceX1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（九）人与自我Like many parents working from home while their kids are learning remotely, we've been looking for creative ways to connect with our children—and nowhere has this been truer than in the kitchen.Kitchen science, as Liz Heinecke, author of Kitchen Science Lab for Kids calls it, doesn't require any fancy equipment or ingredients (原料)—and, best of all, in the era of remote education, we can bine science lessons with everyday meal preparations. By helping with cooking, kids can engage in lively, project⁃based lessons. Actually, even the easiest recipes include both simple and plex scientific concepts.Kitchen science isn't just about what we're cooking. It's also about understanding why it's worth taking the time to figure out how ingredients and temperature interact and why substances behave the way they do. Everyone involved will learn something.For example, we all know oil and water don't mix easily, but we can change this by adding mustard (芥末酱) to the oil and water to make a salad dressing. This is an opportunity to teach kids about the science of emulsions (乳剂). Adding lemon juice to a vegetable stops that vegetable from turning brown;cabbage changes color when you add vinegar to it. Both of those phenomena are the result of chemical reactions. In the classroom, it can be hard to see how scientific concepts will be applied outside the lab. But when kids see these concepts work in the real world, that sparks curiosity and learning.“Every time you step into your kitchen to cook, you put science to work. In fact, physics and chemistry e into play whenever you steam, bake, freeze or boil. Thus, every time you step into the kitchen, it's an opportunity for everyone to learn more about science,” Liz Heinecke said.1.What are parents expected to do in the kitchen?A.Ask kids to cook a meal on their own.B.Do scientific experiments in the kitchen.C.Pay attention to cooking ingredients.D.bine scientific concepts with recipes.2.What does the fourth paragraph indicate?A.Raw materials are important in the kitchen.B.Procedures to cook dinner must be followed.C.Cooking can inspire kids' interest in studying science.D.Family education is more important than school education.3.What can we learn from Liz Heinecke's words?A.Cooking can benefit both kids and parents.B.Parents need to master different cooking skills.b experiments can be repeated at home.D.Schools should offer cooking courses.4.What does the author intend to tell us in the text?A.To practice healthy eating habits.B.To learn food science out of the lab.C.To turn meal preparations into family learning.D.To teach kids some recipes for cooking in the kitchen.1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________（十）:人与自然We've all been there, when a really essential item that you had to order online arrives in such an unbelievable amount of packaging that it makes you feel like it's an unprepared game of passing the parcel.It's made even worse by the fact that some of the packaging can't be recycled. In fact, 10 million tonnes of packaging waste are produced in the UK every year. A lot of this ends up in landfill, two⁃thirds of which could have instead been recycled.The good news, however, is that how packaging waste is managed is in for a BIG shake⁃up in line with the “polluter pays principle”. By placing the main point of duty to pay on brand owners, they will be encouraged to choose more sustainable packaging options which are recyclable and reusable as much as possible. Otherwise, they will have to pay higher fees.This is a system known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)—meaning that those who have control over packaging design decisions will be encouraged to do the right thing for the planet at the beginning and consider what happens at the end of the packaging's life from the start.What this means is that instead of local authorities picking up the bill for household waste management, panies will have to pay for managing your household packaging waste, and they will be met with the associated little costs too.And, as an added bonus, the new EPR laws on packaging will also mean that producers are required to put clear mandatory (强制性的) labelling on packaging. For example, this could be “RECYCLE” or “DO NOT RECYCLE”. Of course, we hope that the “DO NOT RECYCLE” category labelling is the minority. It is aimed that by 2030, 78% of packaging will be recycled in the UK.1.What can we know from the first two paragraphs?A.Two⁃thirds of packaging waste is recycled.B.Over⁃packaging is often the case in life.C.The quality of goods cannot be guaranteed.D.Online shopping is getting less popular.2.Who will be responsible for paying packaging waste costs according to the law?A.Designers.B.Producers.C.Customers.D.Local authorities.3.What can the EPR laws lead the brand owners to do?A.Pay higher taxes and recycle packaging waste.B.Put clear labelling on packaging and promote sales.C.Cut packaging waste and improve packaging recycling.D.Follow the packaging design trend and the right things.4.What can be learned about the items ordered online in the future?A.Their labelling on packaging will be simple and generous.B.The majority of their packaging needn't be recycled.C.They will be of high quality and inexpensive.D.They'll arrive in the right amount of recyclable packaging.1.____________2.__________3.__________4.__________。

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Therefore, coupling the optimal decision-making of all chain members, this paper proposes a model of government control with CO2 emission tax in electric power supply chain. The nonlinear complementarity function is used to solve this optimization problem simply and fast. Finally, corresponding to different operational conditions of power network, some cases have been investigated to show the successful application of the proposed model.
In order to promote the market competition, the theory of supply chain management has gradually been applied to the power industry [1]. Power generators, power suppliers or customers and other market participants will face a number of decision-making problems in multi-market competition. From the perspective of supply chain, when the market participants pursue their own optimal profits, they often conflict with the overall market objectives, and consequently the optimal performance of supply chain can not be achieved [2-4].
Hongming Yang is a full Professor in Changsha University of Science and Technology. Her research activities include power system analysis and power market (e-mail: yhm5218@).
IEEE T&D Asia 2009
1
A Model for CO2 Emission Tax and the Government Control in Electric Power Supply
Chain
Shaoyuan Lai, Hongming Yang, Yu Dai, and Lei Han, Student Member, IEEE
Lei Han is currently pursuing his master degree in electrical engineering in Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410076, China (e-mail: leihan0430@).
Recently, Wu et [11] proposed an electric power supply chain network equilibrium model with carbon taxes that are applied a priori to distinct power generator/power plant combinations and demonstrated. However, in that model, the government authority would have to conduct simulation exercises to determine the carbon tax assignment in order to achieve some goal. In this paper, in contrast, we demonstrate how CO2 emission tax can be determined optimally by government based on the equilibrium model of electric power supply chain network.
Abstract--In this paper, the electric power supply chain has
multiple players, such as fuel suppliers, power generators and customers, each maximizing their individual profit. Coupling the optimal decision-making of chain members, a model of government control with CO2 emission tax in electric power supply chain is built on the basis of the Cournot game. This model shows the government’s participation in and out of the game. The model is a multi-layer optimization model, whose KKT system is a mixed nonlinear complementarity problem. By using the nonlinear complementarity function to reformulate the KKT system into a set of algebraic equations, this model can be solved simply and fast. Finally, corresponding to the different operational conditions of power network, the Nash equilibrium and numerical results of this model is analyzed, and the optimal CO2 emission tax is obtained to achieve the maximization social benefits. Case studies show the successful application of the proposed model.
the perspective of entire supply chain of electric power with fuel supply, power generation, distribution and consumption, how to coordinate the competition and cooperation relationship between the power and fuel enterprises has been paid more attention by government, in order to reduce CO2 emission of greenhouse gasses.
Keywords--CO2 emission tax; environment pollution; electric power; supply chains; fuel supply; Cournot model; decisionmaking; government control model; Nash equilibrium; nonlinear complementarity method; social benefits
While several formulations of game models in power marournot, Bertand and supply function models, especially the linear supply function equilibrium model (LSFE), to be applied to describe the game of market participants [5-8]. Based on the LSFE, a linear DC power flow is adopted to make a complete description of power market [9]. The current equilibrium analysis of power market mainly focuses on the power generators, power suppliers or customers [10]. However, these studies directly ignore the impact of fuel suppliers and CO2 emission on the power supply, which can not effectively achieve the optimization of entire power supply chain.
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.70601003)