超声波测距仪外文翻译
超声波测距仪外文翻译
H8/300L超声波测距仪（原文出处：第1页-第15页）介绍该应用说明介绍了一种使用H8/38024 SLP MCU的测距仪。
由单片机产生40KHz 方波，通过超声波传感器发射出去。
反射的超声波被另外一个传感器接收。
有效距离为6cm到200cm。
1.理论1.1概况在这篇应用说明中，H8/38024F微处理器是作为目标设备被使用的。
由于简单的可移植性，超声波测距仪使用的软件为C语言。
超声波是频率高于可听音的一切高于20kHz的声波。
用于医疗诊断和影像的超声波，频率延长和超过了10兆赫兹，高的频率有短的波长，这使得超声波从物体反射回来更容易。
不幸的是，极高的频率难以产生和测量。
对超声波的检测与测量主要是通过压电式接收机进行的。
超音波普遍应用于防盗系统、运动探测器和车载测距仪。
其他应用包括医疗诊断(人体成像)，清洁(去除油脂和污垢)，流量计(利用多普勒效应)，非破坏性试验(检测材料缺陷)，焊接等各个方面。
1.2软件实施距离的计算要测量超声波传感器接收到回波的时间。
理想的被测对象应该有一个大的面积而且不吸收超声波。
在这个应用说明中使用了38024f的CPU电路板。
图1展示超声波测距仪的工作原理，tmofh (脚63 )是用来传送0.5ms的40kHz的超声波，irq0 ( pin72 ) 是用来探测反射波的。
发送超声波后，计时器C开始追踪Timer Counter C (TCC)的计数数目，以计算物体的距离。
图1.测距仪工作原理1.2.1 发射超声波定时器F是一个具有内置式输出比较功能16位计数器，它还可以用来作为两个独立的8位定时器FH和FL，这里，定时器F是作为两个独立的8位定时器使用。
计时器的FL被初始化为产生中断，而FH在比较匹配发生时触发了tmofh的输出电平。
表1 计时器F的时钟选择对于为定时器的FL，选定内部时钟ø/32。
输出比较寄存器FL装载数据初值为H’FF 。
因此,外部定时器每1.67msec 产生一个中断，计算如下：/2ø晶振频率=，计时器FL 内部时钟周期=322⨯晶振频率=64MHz 8304.9=153.6kHz 中断周期=256kHz6.1531⨯=1.67msec 每隔65msec 开始发射一次超声波，计时器FL 须中断近39次( 65msec / 1.67msec = 39 )，才开始传送。
超声测距系统设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Ultrasonic ranging system designPublication title: Sensor Review. Bradford: 1993. Vol.ABSTRACT：Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields，such as the industrial locale，vehicle navigation and sonar engineering．Now it has been used in level measurement，self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation，air and underwater target detection，identification，location and so on．So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand，satisfy the request of the engineering personnel for the ranging precision，the bound and the usage，a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed．Keywords：Ultrasound r，Ranging System，Single Chip Processor1.IntroductiveWith the development of science and technology, the improvement of people's standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system. comfort is very important to people's lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control System is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement2.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it's two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo's arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object's nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echo's starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable error may occur Even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2The principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t / 23.Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 2.Figure 1 circuit principle diagram3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200mshere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square waveRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0 = 1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the processto identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows:receive1: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: ...; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Returnleft: ...; left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, # 0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFor a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and.a fine measurement:Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation , until the echo is detected.Step 3: Detection of the amplitudes and zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4: Setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts. Setting the period of the next pulses according to the : period of echoes. Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5: Sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave. Testing the zero-crossing times and amplitudes of the echoes. If phase inversion occurs in the echo, determine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough. Derive t sub m1 and t sub m2 .Step 6: Calculation of the distance y using equation .4. The ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.5. ConclusionsRequired measuring range of 30cm ~ 200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.超声测距系统设计原文出处：传感器文摘布拉福德:1993年摘要：超声测距技术在工业现场、车辆导航、水声工程等领域都具有广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物位测量、机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别、定位等场合。
毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 超声波测距 中英文对照
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译超声波测距中英文对照The Circuit Design of UltrasonicRanging System超声波测距系统的电路设计Ultrasonic Distance Meter超声波测距仪姓名:专业: 测控技术与仪器学号: 2007071071指导教师姓名,职称,:The Circuit Design of Ultrasonic Ranging SystemThis article described the three directions (before, left, right) ultrasonic ranging system is to understand the front of the robot, left and right environment to provide a movement away from the information. (Similar to GPS Positioning System)A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement1, the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectriccrystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown in Figure 1, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it's two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibrationresonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are notinter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance,it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.2, the principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t / 2 Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 2. Draw only the front range of the circuit wiring diagram, left and right in front of Ranging circuits and the same circuit, it is omitted.1,40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, whichby the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200mshere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.2, reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlledoscillator center frequency of f0 = 1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the outputfrom the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, whilesingle-chip P1.3 and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interruptpriority level for the first left right after. Part of the source codeis as follows:receive1: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: ...; right location entrance circuit interrupt serviceroutineAjmp Returnleft: ...; left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return4, the calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chipcircuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receivercircuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0?CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, # 0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFourth, the ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine, shown in Figure 3 (a) (b) (c) below. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three ofthe rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.V. CONCLUSIONSRequired measuring range of 30cm ~ 200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistoramplifier circuit, because the magnification well, CX20106 integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.超声波测距系统的电路设计本文所介绍的三方向(前、左、右)超声波测距系统，就是为机器人了解其前方、左侧和右侧的环境而提供一个运动距离信息。
arduino的超声波测距仪
arduino的超声波测距仪
Arduino的超声波测距仪是一种用于测量物体间的距离的
仪器，它使用声波传播来实现这一目标。
它通过发出的声音的时间差来测量距离。
当超声波发出后，它会在发出声波的物体和受到声波的物体之间形成一个超声波激励场，并且当超声波受到反射回来时，会测量反射回来时间的时间差，然后根据这个时间差来计算出物体之间的距离。
Arduino的超声波测距仪采用了两种技术来检测物体距离，即TOF（Time of Flight）和SONAR（Sound Navigation and Ranging）。
其中，TOF技术是测量声音从发出到反射回来之
间花费的时间，根据这个时间，可以得出物体距离的大概距离。
而SONAR技术则是利用发出的声波穿过空气，碰到阻挡物时
所反射回来的声音，通过计算出反射声音的强度和时间，就可以得出物体距离的大概距离。
Arduino的超声波测距仪也有许多优势，其中一个是可以检测
障碍物的高度，因此可以在航空摄影机中用作测量潜水船深度、轮船高度或飞机高度。
另外，它还可以检测有障碍物的距离，例如在机器人导航系统中可以测量机器人与障碍物的距离，保护机器人和障碍物的安全。
此外，它的测量精度很高，最小单位可以精确到1毫米，可以非常准确地测量物体之间的距离。
最后，它可以在低成本条件下实现，可以大大降低设备更换或维护的成本。
总之，Arduino的超声波测距仪是一种非常实用的仪器，可以
大大提升测量物体距离的精确性和可靠性，运用在航海、机器人导航、航空摄影等领域有着非常重要的意义。
超声波测距外文文献
International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SEPARATION BETWEEN THE ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER ON THE ACCURACY OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENTAjay Kumar Shrivastava1, Ashish Verma2 and S. P. Singh31Department of Computer Application, Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad (U.P.), Indiaajay@2Department of Physics and Electronics, Dr H S Gour University, Sagar (M.P.), Indiavermaashish31@3Department of Electronics and Communication, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad (U.P.), Indiasahdeopsingh@ABSTRACTAccuracy of distance measurement of an object from an observation point such as a stationary or moving vehicle, equipment or person is most important in large number of present day applications. Ultrasonic sensors are most commonly used due to its simplicity and low cost. The accuracy of the measured distance is dependent on the separation between the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. This dependency has been studied and reported in this paper. The result shows that the accuracy of distance measured is dependent on the separation between the transmitter and the receiver.KEYWORDSAccuracy of distance measurement, Ultrasonic sensor, distance measurement, microcontroller, sewer pipeline inspection, sewer pipeline maintenance, robotics.1. INTRODUCTIONDistance measurement of an object in front or by the side of a moving or stationary entity is required in a large number of devices and gadgets. These devices may be small or large and also quite simple or complicated. Distance measurement systems for such applications are available. These use various kinds of sensors and systems. Low cost and accuracy as well as speed are important in most of the applications. Hence ultrasonic sensors are most commonly used. To maintain the accuracy of measured distance the separation between transmitter and receiver is very important. In this paper, we describe the results of a study on the variation of error of measurement of distance of an object by varying the separation between the transmitter and receiver of the ultrasonic sensors by using microcontroller P89C51RD2. Ultrasound sensors are very versatile in distance measurement. They are also providing the cheapest solutions. Ultrasound waves are suitable both for air and underwater use [1].19International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009Ultrasonic sensors are also quite fast for most of the common applications. In simpler system a low cost version of 8- bit microcontroller can be used to implement the system to lower the cost. We are applying this system for sewer inspection system. Sewer blockages have become quite common. The blockages have become more frequent due to the dumping of polythene bags, hair and solid materials into the sewer system [2], [3]. There has been no work done in this direction. This is a new study which is useful to find out the optimal separation between ultrasonic transmitter and receiver to measure small distances.2. PRINCIPLEUltrasonic transducer uses the physical characteristics and various other effects of ultrasound of a specific frequency. It may transmit or receive the ultrasonic signal of a particular strength. These are available in piezoelectric or electromagnetic versions. The piezoelectric type is generally preferred due to its lower cost and simplicity to use [5]. The transmitter and receiver are available either as single unit or as separate units. The Ultrasonic wave propagation velocity in the air is approximately 340 m/s, the same as sonic velocity. To be precise, the ultrasound velocity is governed by the medium, and the velocity in the air is calculated using the formula given below (1). V= 340+0.6(t-15) m/s t:temperature, °C (1)In this study, we assumed the temperature to be 20°C, so the velocity of ultrasound in the air is 343 m/s. Because the travel distance is very short, the travel time is little affected by temperature. It takes approximately 29.15µsec for the ultrasound to propagate through 1cm, so it is possible to have 1cm resolution in the system [6].3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUPThe system consists of a transmitter and a receiver module controlled by a microcontroller P89C51RD2. We have used a microcontroller development kit for testing of the system. We are using 40Khz ultrasound sensors for our experiments. The Simplified block diagram of the system is shown in Fig.1. In Fig. 1, the interrupt1 signal initiates the system. When the interrupt1 signal is generated, MCU starts the timer1 to measure time and simultaneously generates the controlled 40Khz pulses having a train of specific number of pulses. These pulses are applied to the amplifier circuit and after amplification the ultrasound transmitter transmits the pulse train in the direction of the object. These ultrasonic pulses are reflected from the object and travels back in different directions. These reflected waves arrive at receiver. After amplification and processing it generates signal interrupt. This is applied as interrupt2 to the MCU. Interrupt2 stops the timer1, and MCU calculates the time elapsed between the generation of the wave and reception of the wave. This time is proportional to the distance travelled by the waves. Using the formula, MCU calculates the distance of the obstacle and display it or transfer it to the part of the total system where it is used for further control. Using this elapsed time, we calculate the distance of the object from the ultrasonic sensors.20International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009INT1 MCU Ultrasound Transmitter CircuitTINT2 Receiver Amplifier Display RFig 1: Block Diagram of the System4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe waveforms of the transmitted and received waveforms of the ultrasonic signal is stored in Digital Storage Oscilloscope. We have taken the readings for various separation between tranmitter and reciever. We have measured the distance in the interval of 5cm. For every measured distance three reading have been taken. The table shows the average of the three readings. The maesured distance is calculated on the basis of travelled time. The formula to calculate the distance is given below: Dist. (cm) = (Travelled Time*10-6 * 34300) / 2 (2)The ultrasonic waves travelled from the transmitter to the object and from the object back to the receiver hence the whole distance is divided by two. Values of %Error have also been calculated and shown. The error result shows that there is some error in recording the start and finish times in the system. When the distance increases the error is distributed in a larger distance and hence the %error decreases. We have taken the measurements for various separations of transmitter and receiver renging from 2cm to 15cm. The Table 1 shows the results when separation between tranmitter and reciever is 2cm. Table 1: Experimental Results (For 2cm Separation between Transmitter and Reciever) S.No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Actual Distance(cm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Travelled Time (µSec) 400 690 1050 1250 1650 1930 2180 2400 2700 3000 Measured Distance (cm) 6.86 11.83 18.01 21.44 28.30 33.10 37.39 41.16 46.31 51.45 % Error 37.20 18.34 20.05 7.19 13.19 10.33 6.82 2.90 2.90 2.90The result shows that the acuracy of measured distance is increses for longer distances. The %error becomes constant for measured distances above 40cm. The highest %error is occured in small distance of 5cm. It is also shown by Fig.2.21International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009Fig. 2: Graph of Actual Distance versus Measured Distance for 2cm Separation between Transmitter and Reciever. The Table 2 shows the result when separation between transmitter a reciever is 5cm. Table 2: Experimental Results for 5cm Separation between Transmitter and reciever) S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Actual Distance(cm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Travelled Time (µSec) 410 700 1000 1300 1600 1870 2220 2500 2780 3120 Measured Distance (cm) 7.03 12.01 17.15 22.30 27.44 32.07 38.07 42.88 47.68 53.51 % Error 40.63 20.05 14.33 11.48 9.76 6.90 8.78 7.19 5.95 7.02The resluts shows that the accuracy is incresed in camparison to the previous results. This is also shown by the Fig. 3.Fig. 3: Graph of Actual Distance versus Measured Distance when Separation between Transmitter and Reciever is 5 cm.22International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009The Table 3 shows the results when separation between transmitter and reciever is 10 cm. These results indicates that when we increase the separation between transmitter and receiver the %error increses for small measured distances. Table 3: Experimental Results for Separation of 10cm between Transmitter and reciever)S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Actual Distance(cm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Travelled Time (µSec) 620 750 1010 1310 1600 1870 2200 2400 2680 3000Measured Distance (cm) 10.63 12.86 17.32 22.47 27.44 32.07 37.73 41.16 45.96 51.45% Error 112.66 28.63 15.48 12.33 9.76 6.90 7.80 2.90 2.14 2.90Again the accuracy increases with the distance but the small distances are not so accurate. The error is high for small distances. It is also shown by the Fig. 4.Fig. 4: Graph of Actual Distance versus Measured Distance when Separation between Transmitter and Reciever is 10 cm. The Table 4 is showing the result of measured distance when 15cm separation between transmitter and reciever. These results shows that when we increase the separation between transmitter and receiver the %error increses. This increase is very high in small measured distances like 5cm in our experiment. The lowest %error observed for the measured distance of 45cm and again it is increasing for the measured distance of 50cm. The results shows that we have to stop the increament of seaparation between transmitter and receiver in our experiment.23International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009Table 4: Experimental Results for 15cm Separation between Transmitter and Reciever) S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Actual Distance(cm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Travelled Time (µSec) 1300 930 1180 1350 1620 1900 2200 2420 2700 3200 Measured Distance (cm) 22.30 15.95 20.24 23.15 27.78 32.59 37.73 41.50 46.31 54.88 % Error 345.90 59.50 34.91 15.76 11.13 8.62 7.80 3.76 2.90 9.76Again the error for the small distance say 5cm is very high. It is also showing that the graph between actual distance versus measured distance is not a straight line. This graph is shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5: Graph of Actual Distance versus Measured Distance for 15cm Separation between Transmitter and Reciever. The graph between the measured distance the actual distance indicates that the measured distance is proportional to the actual distance.5. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTSThe experimental results shows that the distance measured for different separations between transmitter and receiver are accurate for long distances e.g. more than 20cm. For small actual distances say 5cm, the small transmitter and receiver distances are better in comparison to the long distances between transmitter and receiver. If we place the transmitter and receiver at 15cm separation than the small distance like 5cm are not going to be measured correctly. Result shows the error of 345%. Hence we have to place the transmitter and receiver at proper distance like 5-10cm. For long distances the distance between transmitter and receiver has very low impact on the accuracy. We have compared the all measured distances for different separations between transmitter and receiver and the results are shown in the Table 5.24International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009Table 5: Comparison of Measured Distances for different Separations between Transmitter and Reciever Actual Dist. (cm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Measured Distance (in cm) when Separation between Transmitter and Reciever is = 2cm 6.86 11.83 18.01 21.44 28.30 33.10 37.39 41.16 46.31 51.45 5cm 7.03 12.01 17.15 22.30 27.44 32.07 38.07 42.88 47.68 53.51 10cm 10.63 12.86 17.32 22.47 27.44 32.07 37.73 41.16 45.96 51.45 15cm 22.30 15.95 20.24 23.15 27.78 32.59 37.73 41.50 46.31 54.88S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10As we can see in the table that small measured distance like 5cm is measured accurately when 2cm separation between transmitter and receiver. It has the lowest error. When we increase the distance to be measured, the accuracy of measured distance are high and it the highest for 10cm separation between transmitter and receiver. Hence for the range of 5cm to 50cm, as we taken in our experiments, the separation between transmitter and receiver are 2cm to 10cm. If we increase this than the error percentage also increases. The Fig.6 shows the graph between actual distance and the different measured distances for various separations between transmitter and receiver.Fig. 6: Graph for Comparison of Measured Distances for different Separations between Transmitter and Reciever This graph is also showing that the graph plotting of measured distance when separation between transmitter and receiver is 2cm, 5cm and 10cm is almost on the same points. The graph plotting when 15cm separation between transmitter and receiver, is not very encouraging for this range of 5cm to 50cm.25International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 20096. CONCLUSIONSWe have done the experiments on our ultrasonic measurement system for the various separations between transmitter and receiver and the result shows that the measured distance is satisfactory for our study. When the distance increases the error becomes constant and very less. A correction may be applied to calculate the correct distance. Interrupt1 initiates the system and interrupt2 stops the timer and on the basis of the travelled time distance calculated. In future, the whole system will be mounted on the one PCB. This study shows that for small distances the separation between transmitter and receiver should be 5cm to 10cm. Hence this study will help in fixing the separation between transmitter and receiver in the robotic vehicle for blockage detection so we are able to calculate the more accurate distance of the blockage in the sewage filled sewer lines. Hence we can prevent human labour to go in the sewage filled sewer lines to detect the blockage which are very dangerous to the human as they contain the poisonous gases.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis work is supported by MP Council of Science and Technology (MPCST), Bhopal, Project Code No. R&D/PHYSICS.23/08-09-1.REFERENCES[1] J. David and N cheeke “Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Waves” CRC Press, Florida, USA, 2002, ISBN 0-8493-0130-0. [2] Singh SP, Verma Ashish, Shrivastava AK “Design and Development of Robotic Sewer Inspection Equipment Controlled by Embedded Systems” Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, July 16-18, 2008, Nagpur, India pp. 1317-1320. [3] Shrivastava AK, Verma Ashish, Singh SP “Partial Automation of the Current Sewer Cleaning System”, Invertis Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.1, No.4, 2008, pp 261-265. [4] O. Duran, K.Althoefer, and L Seneviratene, “State of the Art in Sensor Technologies for Sewer Inspection”, IEEE Sensors Journal, April 2002, Vol. 2, N.2, pp 63. [5] Hongjiang He, Jianyi Liu, “The Design of Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System Based on S3C2410” Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, 20-22 Oct, 2008, pp. 44-47. [6] Yongwon Jang, Seungchul Shin, Jeong Won Lee, and Seunghwan Kim, “A Preliminary Study for Portable Walking Distance Measurement System Using Ultrasoinc Sensors” Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cité Internationale Lyon, France, Aug 23-26, 2007, pp. 5290-5293.26International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009AuthorsAjay Kumar Shrivastava was born at Guna (M.P.), India on 7th August, 1977. He had done his graduation in Electronics from Dr. H.S.Gour University, Sagar (M.P.), India in 1998. After that he had completed his MCA from the same university in 2002. He has more than seven years of teaching experience. He had worked as Lecturer in Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.), India for three years. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India from Aug. 2005. His research interests include Embedded Systems and Data Mining. Mr. Shrivastava is the life member of Computer Society of India (CSI). He is also life member of Association of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineers (ACEEE) and International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT) and International Association of Engineers (IAENG). He is also the member of Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA). He is also reviewer of various ACEEE organized conferences. He has published a paper in National Journal and published/presented four papers in conferences.Dr. Ashish Verma was born on 23rd March 1963. He received the M.Sc. degree in Physics with specialization in Electronics and solidstate physics in1984 and Ph.D. degree in Physics in 1991 from Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, (M.P.), India. He has having 24 years of teaching (UG/PG) and research experience and is currently working as a Senior Lecturer in the department of Physics and Electronics, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar. He has guided about 150 students (UG/PG) for their projects in the field of Electronics and Physics. He guided 4 Ph.D. students (One as Co-Supervisor). Presently, he is guiding 8 Ph.D. students for their innovative research. He is supervising 3 Ph.D. students in Physics and Electronics of M.P. BHOJ (Open) University, Bhopal, (M.P.), India. He had published a book entitled “Microprocessor”, Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan, Sagar (M.P.), India and written two chapters in “Bhotiki”, Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy, Bhopal (M.P.), India. Dr. Verma published / presented about 50 research papers in the National /International Journals / Conferences of high repute. He is the Executive Council (Government Nominee) in Government Girls Autonomous College, Sagar, (M.P.). He had worked in various committees of the university. Prof. S.P.Singh was born at village Manirampur in Nalanda district, Bihar, India on 10th June 1939. He did his schooling and intermediate studies at Patna. He completed his B.Sc.(Engg.) degree in Electrical Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India in the year 1964. He did M.Tech. in Electrical Engineering (Electronic Devices and Circuits) from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India in 1975. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from Ranchi University, Ranchi, India in the year 1993. His topic was microprocessor based speed control of induction motors.27International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 1, No 2, November 2009He joined N.I.T., Jamshedpur, India as Lecturer in Electrical Engineering in 1964 continued there as lecturer, AP and Professor till 1999. He started teaching electronic subjects and shifted to electronics engineering. After retirement from NIT in 1999, he continued to work as professor in institutes around Delhi. Currently, he is working as professor in Electronics & Communication Engineering at Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, U.P., India. Prof. Singh was a member of IEEE from 1974 to 1991. At present Dr. Singh is a fellow of I.E.T.E., India.28。
超声波测距系统外文文献翻译
=======大学本科生毕业设计外文文献及中文翻译文献题目： ULTRASONIC RANGING SYSTEM 文献出处： United States Patent译文题目：超声波测距系统学生：指导教师：专业班级：自动化11-4学号： 110601140416电气信息工程学院2014年5月1日超声波测距系统摘要超声波测距系统，是指选择性地激励一个变压器，使之产生换能器驱动信号。
超声换能器发射的超声波脉冲用于响应驱动信号然后接收到一个在超声波信号发出之后的回波信号。
分路开关接在变压器的绕组上，当超声波信号的传输在允许的近距离范围内达到一个稳定的等级，分路开关选择性的闭合来阻止蜂鸣器报警。
第1章发明背景像在宝丽来相机中应用的可用范围测试系统，它们都是准确而且可靠的，但都不适用于近距离测距，举个例子，2到3英寸的距离内就不适用，所以他们在9英寸甚至更远的距离测距是可靠的。
它们可以应用在很多的应用程序中，但不适用于可移动机器人领域内。
机器人通常必须通过门口只有两三英寸的间隙，如果当可移动机器人被操作于避障模式下通过狭小空间，可能机器人的规避路径过于狭窄，此外,规避动作应该使偏指定的路径距离最小化。
近距离测距不用于超声波系统的一个原因是，近距离输出脉冲输出太长以至于它重叠在回波脉冲上，即使输出脉冲缩短,输出脉冲仍然重叠回波脉冲，因为声音紧跟着输出脉冲。
备中产生的回波信号脉冲的范围为100毫伏，但设置传感器响应所必需的电路回声脉冲是大约150伏到300伏之间。
因此即使是最小的声波也会盖过回声信号。
事实上,dual-diode钳位电路用于将150伏降低到二极管的击穿电压，即0.7伏特。
但是这700毫伏足以盖过100毫伏的回波信号。
目前系统需要50毫秒将300伏特的峰值发射电压降到0.7伏特，且额外需要500到600毫秒的时间将它稳定在1毫伏范围。
第2章发明总结本发明可以提供一种改进的超声波测距系统。
本发明也可以提供一个改进的多通道超声波测距系统。
测量工具中英文对照表
heodolite 经纬仪Water Level 水位仪Level Ruler 水平尺Casing gradienterCoating thickness Measurer 涂层测厚仪Ultrasonic thickness measurer 超声波测厚仪Ultrasonic crack detector 超声波裂纹测试仪Digital thermometer 数字温度计radiation thermometer 辐射温度计Gradient Reader 坡度读数器Electric spark leak hunter 电火花追踪器Volometer 万用表MegaOhmmeter 兆欧表Earthing resistance Reader 接地电阻读数表Plug gauge 圆柱塞规Magnifying glass 放大镜Plummet 铅锤Profile projector 投影仪Pin Gauge针规（不知道和plug gauge的区别在哪里，知道的请指正）Gauge block 块规dial indicator 百分表A vernier caliper 游标卡尺Coordinate Measureing Machine(CMM)三尺元Pressure gague 寸压力计电度厚度测试仪(Electroplating THK.Tester)转(扭)力仪(Twisting Meter)螺纹规(Thread Gauge)块规(Block Gauge)环规(Ring Gauge)力矩计(Torque Meter)塞规(Plug gage)高度仪(Altitude gauge)塞尺/间隙规(Clearance gauge)千分卡尺(Micrometer Calipers )“过” -- “不过”验规(通-止规) [go-no-go gauge]游标卡尺(Vernier Caliper)电子卡尺(Digital caliper)深度千分尺(Depth Micrometer)销(针)规(Pin Gauge)投影仪(Projector )数字高度测量仪(Digital Height Gauge)表面处理测试仪(Surface Finish Tester)内/外径千分尺(Inside/outer Micrometer) 洛(威)氏硬度仪[(HRC/HV) Hardness Tester)]温度计(Thermometer)孔规(Bore Gauge)电子称(Electric/digital Balance)三坐标测试仪 (CMM)万用表(Multimeter)温度计：thermometer台秤：Platform scale水平仪：spirit level1.刀口型直尺:knife straigjht edge2.刀口尺: knife straight edge3.三棱尺 three edges straigjht edge4.四棱尺 four edges straigjht edge5.条式和框式水平仪bar form and square levels6.合像水平仪 imaging level meter7铸铁平板 cast iron surface plate8.岩石平板 granite surface plate9.铸铁平尺 cast iron straigjht edge10.钢平尺和岩石平尺steel and granite straigjht edge11.圆度仪 roundness measuring instrument12.电子水平仪 electronic level meter13.表面粗糙度比较样块铸造表面 roughness comparison specimens cast surface14.表面粗糙度比较样块磨、车、铣、插及刨加工表面roughness comparison specimens-ground,turned,bored,milled,shape and planed 15.表面粗糙度比较样块电火花加工表面roughness comparison specimens spark-erostion machining surfaces16.表面粗糙度比较样块抛光加工表面roughness comparison specimens pollshed surfaces17.接触式仪器的标称特性18.轮廓 profiles19.轨迹轮廓 traced profile20.基准轮廓 reference profile21.总轮廓 total profile22.原始轮廓 primary profile23.残余轮廓 residual profile24.触针式仪器 stylus instrument25.感应位移数字存储触针式量仪 displacement sensitive,digitally storing stylus instrument26.触针式仪器的部件 stylus instrument components27.测量环 measurement loop28.导向基准 renfence guide29.驱动器 drive unit30.测头(传感器)probe(pick-up)31.拾取单元 tracing element32.针尖 stylus tip33.转换器 transducer34.放大器 amplifier35.模/数转换器 analog-to-digital converter36.数据输入data input37.数据输出 data output38.轮廓滤波和评定 profile filtering and evaluation39.轮廓记录器 profile recorder40.仪器的计量特性 metrological characteristics of the instrument41.静测力的变化 change of static measuring force42.静态测力 static measuring force43.动态测量力 dynamic measuring force44.滞后 hysteresis45.测头的测量范围 transmission function for the sine waves46.仪器的测量范围 measuring range of the instrument47.模数转换器的量化步距quantization step of the ADC48.仪器分辨力 instrument resolution49.量程分辨力比 range-to-resolution ratio50.测头线性偏差 probe linearity deviation51.短波传输界限 short-wave transmission limitation52.轮廓垂直成分传输 vertical profile component transmission53表面粗糙度比较样块抛丸、喷砂加工表面roughness comparison specimens shot blasted and blasted surfaces54 产品结构几何量计术规范(GPS)geometrical product specifications(GPS)55表面结构 surface texture56接触式仪器的标称特性 nominal characteristics of contact instruments57 公法线千分尺 micrometer for mearsuring root tangent lenghths of gear teeth 58最大允许误差 maximum permissible error59圆柱直齿渐开线花键量规 gauges for straight cylindrical involute splines60齿厚游标卡尺 Gear tooth verniercalipers61 齿轮渐开线样板 the involute master of gear62齿轮螺旋线样板 the helix master of gear63 矩形花键量规 gauges for straight - sided splines64测量蜗杆 master worm65万能测齿仪 universal gear measuring instrument66万能渐开线检查仪 universal involute measuring instrument67齿轮齿距测量仪 gear circular pictch measuring instrument68万能齿轮测量机 Universal gear measuring machine69 齿轮螺旋线测量仪 gear helix measuring instrument70便携式齿轮齿距测量仪 manual gear circular pitch measuring instrument71便携式齿轮基节测量仪 manual gear base pitch measuring instrument72立式滚刀测量仪 vertical hob measuring instrument73齿轮双面啮合综合测量仪 Gear dual-flank measuring instrument74齿轮单面啮合整体误差测量仪 Gear single-flank meshing integrated error measuring instrument75梯形螺纹量规 gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads76工作螺纹量规 work gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads77校对螺纹量规 check gauges for metric trapezoidal screw threads78.梯形螺纹量规型式与尺寸 Types and dimensions of metric trapezoidal screw threads79.普通螺纹量规型式与尺寸 Types and dimensions of gauges purpose screw threads80.非螺纹密封的管螺纹量规 Gauges for pipe threads prcessure-tight joints are not made on the threads81.螺纹千分尺Screw thread micrometer82.最大允许误差 maximum permissible error83.间隙螺纹量规 Clearance screw gauge84.量针Bar gauge85.螺纹样板 Screw thread template86.用螺纹密封的管螺纹量规Gauges for pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads 87.刀具预调测量仪? 精度Accuracy of the presetting instrument88.薄膜式气动量仪Membrane type pneumatic measuring instrument89.光栅线位移测量系统Grating linear displacement measuring system90.光栅角位移测量系统Grating angular displacement measuring system91.磁栅线位移测量系统Magnet-grid linear displacement measuring system92.量块附件Accessories for gauge blocks93.V形架Vee blocks94.比较仪座Comparator stand95.磁性表座Magnetic stand96.万能表座Universal stand for dial indicator一般术语：1.几何量 geometrical product2.量值 value(of a quantity)3.真值 true value(of a quantity)4.约定真值 conventional true value(of a quantity)5.单位 unit(of measurement)6.测量 measurement7.测试 measurement and test8.检验 inspecte9.静态测量 static measurement10.动态测量 dynamic measurement11.测量原理 principle of measurement12.测量方法 method of measurement13.测量程序 measurement procedure14.被测量 measurand15.影响量 influence quantity16.变换值 transformed value(of a measurand)17.测量信号 measurement signal18.直接测量法 direct method of measurement19.间接测量法 indirect method of measurement20.定义测量法 definitive method of measurement21.直接比较测量法 direct-comparison method of measurement22.替代测量法 substitution method of measurement23.微差测量法 differential method of measurement24.零位测量法 nulll method of measurement25.测量结果 result of a measurement26.测得值 measured value27.实际值 actual value28.未修正结果 uncorrected result (of a measurement)29.已修正结果 corrected result(of a measurement)30.测量的准确度 accuracy of measurement31.测量的重复性 repeatability of measurement32.测量复现性 reproducibility of measurements33.实验标准偏差 experimental standard deviation34.测量不确定度 uncertainty of measurement35.测量绝对误差 absolute error of measurement36.相对误差 relative error37.随机误差 random error38.系统误差 systematic error39.修正值 correction40.修正系数 correction factor41.人员误差 personal error42.环境误差 environmental error43.方法误差 error of method44.调整误差 adjustment error45.读数误差 reading error46.视差 parallax error47.估读误差 interpolation error48.粗大误差 parasitic error49.检定 verification50.校准 calibration51.调准 gauging52.调整 adjustment几何量测量器具术语1.几何量具测量器具 dimensional measuring instruments2.长度测量器具 length measuring instruments3.角度测量器具 angle measuring instruments4.坐标测量机 coordinate measuring machine5.形状和位置误差测量器具form and position error measuring instruments6.表面质量测量器具 surface quality measuring instruments7.齿轮测量器具 gear measuring instruments8.实物量具(简称“量具”)material measure9.测量仪器(简称“量仪”)measuring instruments10.测量链 measuring chain11.测量装置 measuring system12.指示式测量仪器 indicating(measuring )instrument13.记录式测量仪器 recording (measuring)instrument14.累计式测量仪器 totalizing(measuring)instrument15.积分式测量仪器 integrating(measuring)instrument16.模拟式测量仪器 analogue(measuring)instrument17.数字式测量仪器 digital(measuring)instrument18.测量变换器 measuring transducer19.传感器sensor20.指示装置 indicating device21.记录装置 recording device22.记录载体 recording medium23.标尺标记 scale mark24.指示器index25.标尺 scale26.度盘 dail测量器具术语1.标称值 nominal value2.示值 indication(of a measuring instrument)3.标尺范围scale range4.标称范围 nominal range5.标尺长度 scale length6.标尺分度 scale division7.分度值 value of a scale division8.标尺间距 scale spacing9.线性标尺 linear scale10.非线性标尺 non-linear scale11.标尺标数 scale numbering12.测量仪器的零位 zero of a measuring instrument13.量程 span14.测量范围 measuring range15.额定工作条件 vated operating conditions16.极限条件 reference condition17.标准条件 reference condition18.仪器常数 instrument constant19.响应特性 response characteristic20.灵敏度 senstivity21.鉴别力 discrimination22.分辨力 resolution(of an indicating device)23.死区 dead band24.准确度 accuracy of a measuring instruments25.准确度等级 accuracy class26.重复性 repeatability of a measuring instrument27.示值变动性 varation of indication28.稳定度 stability29.可靠性 reliability30.回程 hysteresis31.漂移 drift32.响应时间 response time33.测量力(简称“测力”)measuring force测量器具术语1.实物量具示值误差 error of indication of a material measure2.测量仪器示值误差 error of indication of a measuring instrument3.重复性误差repeatability error of a measuring instrument4.回程误差 hysteresis error5.测量力变化 variation of measuring force6.测量力落差 hysteresis of measuring force7.偏移误差 bias error (of a measuring instrument)8.允许误差 maximum permissible errors(of measuring instruments)9.跟踪误差 tracking error (of a measuring instrument)10.响应率误差 response-law error (of a measuring instrument)11.量化误差 quantization error (of a measuring instrument)12.基值误差 datum error (of a measuring instrument)13.零值误差 zero error (of a measuring instrument)14.影响误差 influence error15.引用误差 fiducial error16.位置误差 position error17.线性误差 linear error18.响应特性曲线 response characteristic curve19.误差曲线 error curve20.校准曲线 calibration curve21.修正曲线 correction curve长度测量器具量具类1.量块 gauge block2.光滑极限量规plain limit gauge3.塞规 plug gauge4.环规 ring gauge卡规 snap gauge5.塞尺 feeler gauge6.钢直尺 steel gauge7.精密玻璃线纹尺 precision glass linear scale8.精密金属线纹尺 precision metal linear scale9.半径样板 radius template卡尺类1.游标卡尺 vernier caliper2.带表卡尺 dial caliper3.电子数显卡尺 calliper with electronic digital display4.深度标游卡尺 depth vernier caliper5.电子数显深度卡尺 depth caliper with electronic digital display6.带表高度卡尺 dial height calliper7.高度游标卡尺 height vernier caliper8.电子数显高度卡尺height caliper with electronic digital display9.焊接检验尺 calliper for welding inspection千分尺类1.测微头 micrometer head2.夕卜径千分尺 external micrometer3.杠杆千分尺 micrometer with dial comparator4.带计数器千分尺 micrometer with counter5.电子数显外径千分尺micrometer with electronic digital display6.小测头千分尺 small anvil micrometer7.尖头千分尺 point micrometer8.板厚千分尺 sheet metal micrometer9.壁厚千分尺 tube micrometer10.叶片千分尺 blade micrometer11.奇数沟千分尺 odd fluted micrometer12.深度千分尺 depth micrometer13.内径千分尺 internal micrometer14.单杆式内径千分尺 single-body internal micrometer15.表式内径千分尺 dail internal micrometer16.三爪式内径千分尺 three point internal micrometer17.电子数显三爪式内径千分尺three point internal micrometer18.内测千分尺 inside micrometer指示表类1.指示表 dial indicator2.深度指示表 depth dial indicator3.杠杆指示表 dial test indicator4.内径指示表 bore dial indicator5.涨弹簧式指示表 expanding head bore dial indicator6.钢球式内径指示表 ball type bore dial indicator7.电子数显指示表 dial indicator with electronic digital display8.杠杆卡规 indicating snap gauge9.带表卡规 dial snap gauge10.带表夕卜卡规 outside dial snap gauge11.带表内卡规 inside dial snap gauge12.测厚规 thickness gauge13.扭簧比较仪microcator14.杠杆齿轮比较仪 mechanical dial comparator15.电子量规 electronic gauge16.电感式传感器 inductance type transducer17.指示装置 indicating device18.电感测微仪 inductance micrometer19.峰值电感测微仪 peak inductance micrometer20.电感内径比较仪 inductance bore comparator21.瞄准传感器 aiming transducer角度测量器具1.角度块 angle block gauge2.正多面棱体 regular polygon mirror3.刀具角度样板 cutter angular template4.直角尺square5.平行直角尺 parallel square6.宽座直角尺 wide—stand square7.刀口形直角尺edge square8.矩形直角尺square square9.三角形直角尺 three angle square10.圆柱直角尺 cylinder square11.方形角尺 square guage12.万能角度尺 universal bevel protractor13.游标式万能角度尺 vernier universal bevel protractor14.表式万能角度尺 dial universal bevel protractor15.光学分度头 optical dividing head16.目镜式光学分度头 optical dividing head with microscope reading17.投影式光学分度尺 optical dividing head with projection reading18.光电分度头 optical-electronic dividing head19.多齿分度台 multi-tooth division table20.分度转台 division rotary table21.正炫规 sine bar22.普通正炫规 general sine bar23.铰链式正炫规 hinge type sine bar24.双向正炫规 dual-directional sine bar25.圆锥量规cone gauge26.圆锥塞规 plug cone gauge27.圆锥环规 ring cone gauge28.直角尺测量仪 square measuring instrument形位误差测量器具1.平晶 optical flat2.单面平晶 optical flat3.双面平晶 parallel optical flat4.刀口形直尺 knife straight edge5.刀口尺 knife straight edge6.三棱尺 three edges straight edge7.四棱尺 four edges straight edge8.平尺 straight edge9.矩形平尺 square straight edge10.工字形平尺 i-beam straight edge11.角形平尺 angle straight edge12.桥形平尺 bridge type straight edge13.平板 surface plate14.铸铁平板 cast iron surface plate15.岩石平板 granite surface plate16.方箱 square box17.水准器式水平仪level meter18.条式水平仪 bar level meter19.框式水平仪 frame level meter20.合像水平仪 imaging level meter21.光学倾斜仪 optical inclinometer22.电子水平仪 electronic level meter23.指针式电子水平仪 electronic level meter with indicator24.数显式电子水平仪 electronic level meter with digital display25.平直度测量仪 straightness measuring instrument26.光学式平直度测量仪 optical straightness measuring instrument27.光电式平直度测量仪 photoelectrical straightness measuring instrument28.圆度测量仪 roundness measuring instrument29.转轴式圆度测量仪 spindle-rotating type roundness measuring instrument30.转台式圆度测量仪 table-rotating type roundness measuring instrument表面质量测量器具表面粗糙度比较样块 surface roughness comparison specimen铸造表面粗糙度比较样块 surface roughness comparison specimen for cast surface 磨、车、镗、铣、插及刨加工表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparisonspecimen for ground,turned,bored,milled,shaped and planed surface 电火花加工表面粗糙度比较样块 surface roughness comparison specimen for spark-erosion machined surface抛（喷）丸、喷砂加工表面粗糙度比较样块surface roughness comparison specimen for shot blasted and grit blasted surface抛光加工表面粗糙度测量仪 portable surface roughness comparison specimen for polished surface便携式表面粗糙度测量仪 portable surface roughess measuring instrument 驱动箱driving box台式表面粗糙度测量仪 bench type surface roughness measuring instrumentNose bridge 鼻中 Tip 脚套Temple 脚丝 Plating 电镀Printing 印字 Lase 镭射Spectacle frames 眼镜架 Sunglasses 太阳眼镜Sports spectacles 运动眼镜 kid's eyewear 儿童眼镜Reading glasses 老花镜 Contact lens 隐形眼镜Glass optical lenses 玻璃镜片 Plastic optical lenses 塑胶镜片Sunglasses lenses, sun clips 太阳镜片、镜夹 Progressive lenses 渐进多焦点镜片Photochromic lenses 变色镜片 Othro k lenses 角膜矫形接确镜片Optical blanks 镜片毛胚 Accessories for contact lens 隐形眼镜附件Spectacle spare parts and accessories 眼镜零件及配件 Components of frames 镜架组件Spectacle cases & accessories 眼镜盒及附件Eyecare products and solution for lenses and contace lenses 眼睛护理产品及隐形眼镜洁液Spectacle cases & accessories 眼镜盒及其它配件 Lens demisting cloths and solutions 镜片除雾喷剂及清洁布Spectacle assembling & adjusting tools 眼镜加工、装配、调较工具 Visual test equipment 验眼设备Edger 磨边机 Eyeglasses and frame making machinery 眼镜架制造机械Lens manufacturing and processing machinery 镜片造机械及加工机械Contact lens processing machinery 隐形眼镜加工机械Lathe 车床 Coating machine 镀膜机Coating materials 镀膜原料 Electroplating equipment, welding machine 电镀机械、焊接机械Price labeling, stamp printing and screen printing mahcinery 标签机、移印机、丝网印刷 Ultrasonic cleaning equipment 超声波清洁仪器Ophthalmic products 眼科用品Concentrates for ultrasonic cleaning 超声波清洁剂Lens grinding and polishing filtration systems 镜片研磨及抛光过滤系统Optical processing equipmentand materials 光学加工设备及原料Measurement instrucments for optical elements and systems 光学用品及系统之测量仪器 Store and workshop fitting and furniture 眼镜店及工场设备及家具Moulds for ophthalmic lenses 镜片模具 Raw materials for frames 眼镜原料Raw materials for lenses 镜片原料 Lens abrasive and polishing materials 打磨镜片原料Electroplating, welding materials 电镀、焊接原材料Opto-laser equipment and instruments 激光科技设备和仪器机械英语单词冲床 punching machine机械手robot油压机 hydraulic machine车床 lathe刨床 planer |'plein?|铣床miller磨床 grinder（钻床）driller线切割 linear cutting金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust 氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal 离散信号 discrete signal 超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate 残余应力 residual stress 套筒 sleeve 扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining 电动机 electromotor 汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit 热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera 倒角 rounding chamfer 优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor 铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams范成法 generation method毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap光学仪器类4Topslit illumination 裂隙灯 diopter 屈光度 sphere 球镜cylinder 柱镜 prism 棱镜 magnification 放大倍率diameter 直径 dimensions 尺寸 light spot 光斑fixation lamp固视灯led发光二极管filter滤色片lensmeter焦度计metal rim金属圈PD meter瞳距仪Pupil Distance 瞳距 Vertex Distance 顶点距 Chart 视标View tester 验光仪 Cutting device 切割刀 Pattern maker 制模机Cutting needle 划针 Layout blocker 中心仪 Hand edger 手动磨边机Lens groover 开槽机 Polisher 抛光机 Polishing stick 抛光膏Drilling machine 钻孔机 Bench drilling machine 台式钻孔机 Drill bit 钻头Lock opener 锁开 Milling cutting 铣刀 Fuse 保险丝Handle手柄Center locator中心定位器Drill chuck钻夹头Dial 刻度盘 Frame heater (warmer) 烘架机 Heating coil 发热丝Ultrasonic cleaner 清洗机 Combined table 验光组合台 Optometry box 验光盘Grinding wheel 砂轮 Trial lens set 验光镜片箱 Refractometer 验光仪 Chart projector 投影仪 Keratometer 角膜曲率仪 Welding machine 焊接机 Spray cleaning machine 喷淋清洗机材料配件类4TopMonel 锰料 Stainless Steel 不锈钢 pure Titanium 纯钛Titanium Alloy 钛合金 B-Ti B 钛 Elongation 伸长率Tensile strenghth 抗拉强度 high nickel copper alloy 高镍合金 nickelfree alloy 无镍合金nicklfree stainless steel 无镍不锈钢 annealing temperture 退火温度 percent 含量density 密度 melting point 熔点 solidus 固相点liquidus 液相点 physical properties 物理性能 chemical composition 化学组成hinge 铰链 rim wire 框线 round wire 圆线cylinding grinding wheels 筒形砂轮 flaring cup wheels 碗形砂轮 diamod plain wheels 平形砂轮grinding ccoolant 切削液 lens coating liquid 护镜液 polishing powder 抛光粉polishing liquid 抛光液 polishing wheel 抛光轮 plating case 电镀盒plastic case 塑料盒 alumium oxide case 氧化铝盒 rocket screwdrivers 六角螺丝刀mini ring wrenches/nutdrivers 微型戒指扳手 radian apparatus 弧度表 thickness apparatus厚度表adhesive tape 粘片 calipers 量具 nut driver 套筒files set 锉刀 drill bits 钻咀 screwdrivers blades 螺丝刀头镜片类^Tophard resin lens 树脂镜片 round-top bifocal lens 圆顶双关镜片 flat-top bifocal lens 平顶双光镜片aspheric hard resin lens 非球面树脂镜片 Non-coated lens 基片(NC) hard coated lens 加硬镜片(HC)Hard & Multi-coated 加硬加膜片 (HMC) Hard & Multi-coated,EMI Defending Coating加硬加膜防辐射片(HMC+EMI) RX Lens-High Index 高散光片color shade 色差 deformation 变形 shrinkage 缩水light transmission 透光率 de-lamination 分裂脱层 abbe value 阿贝数raw material 原材料 catalysis 催化作用 polymerization 聚合作用tinted lens 染色镜片 photochromic lens 变色镜片 spherical 球面的autocollimator自动准直机bench comparator 比长仪block gauge 块规bore check精密小测定器calibration 校准caliper gauge 卡规check gauge 校对规clearance gauge 间隙规clinoretee 测斜仪comparator 比测仪cylinder square 圆筒直尺depth gauge 测深规dial indicator针盘指示表dial snap gauge 卡规digital micrometer数位式测微计feeler gauge 测隙规gauge plate量规定位板height gauge 测高规inside calipers 内卡钳inside micrometer 内分测微计interferometer 干涉仪leveling block 平台limit gauge 限规micrometer 测微计mil 千分之一寸monometer 压力计morse taper gauge 莫氏锥度量规nonius游标卡尺optical flat光学平晶optical parallel 光学平行passimeter 内径仪position scale 位置刻度profile projector轮廓光学投影仪protractor 分角器radius半径ring gauge 环规sine bar 正弦量规snap gauge 卡模square master 直角尺stylus触针telescopic gauge伸缩性量规working gauge 工作量规水平尺和水平仪的区别：1.水平仪用于测量小角度，在生产过程中常用以检验和调整机器或机件的水平位置或垂直位置，进而可对机器或机件作真直度或真平度的检验工作。
超声波测距外文翻译
超声波测距摘要：本演示处理了测量距离的超声波传感器在当前环境中的准确性。
作为一个测量传感器的选择SFR08型配备了允许寻址的I ²C 通信接口。
这一事实使得创建传感器阵列变得简单。
控制和可视化系统是基于PC PC。
NI USB 8451是作为通信卡使用的。
验证测量的目标是确定实际的传感器精度，特别是当测量较长的距离。
当评估传感器的精度时，不包括在所测量的数据的温度补偿。
关键词：超声波传感器，I ²C 通信接口，虚拟仪器1 1 简介简介超声波传感器通常用于自动化的任务来测量距离，位置变化，电平测量，如存在检测器或在特殊应用中，例如，当测量透明材料的纯度。
它们是基于测量超声波的传播时间的原则。
这一原则确保可靠的检测是独立的颜色渲染的对象或其表面的设计和类型。
它可以可靠地检测甚至液体，散装材料，透明物体，玻璃等材料。
他们使用的另一个参数是他们在侵略性的环境中使用，不是非常敏感的污垢和测量距离的可能性。
超声波传感器在许多机械设计中被制造。
对于实验室用途，用于发射器和接收器单独或在一个单一的简单的住房，对于工业用途，往往建造坚固的金属外壳。
有些类型允许您使用电位计或数字来调整灵敏度。
此外，输出可以在统一的版本中或直接以数字形式的模拟信号直接中。
就传感器来说，可以通过通信接口连接到PC ，它是可以设置所有传感器的工作范围和测量距离的详细参数。
2 2 超声测量超声测量超声对环境中的声音具有相似的传播特性。
这是机械振动的粒子环境。
超声波可以在气体、液体和固体中传播。
对于超声波通常被认为是一个频率高于20千赫的声音。
千赫的声音。
根据超声波的用途可以分为两类： 主动超声：当应用表现出物理或化学效应。
生成的输出达到更高的值。
超声波用于清洁，焊接，钻孔等。
被动超声；输出是在低得多（通常是小）值产生的对比度。
他的主要应用领域是测量距离，检测材料的缺陷和材料的厚度，测量液体和气体的流量，以及医疗保健的诊断。
测绘工程专业英语词汇
Words and expressionsUnit 1geoscience地球科学informatics信息学,情报学monitor监控,监测,监视,控制,追踪,监控器appreciate增值,涨价,赏识,鉴赏,感激dwindle缩小Iso International standardization organization国际标准化组织explicit清楚的,外在的,直率的,(租金等)直接付款的hydrographic与水道测量有关的,与水文地理有关的hydrographic survey海道测量,水道测量practitioner从业者,开业者expertise专门技术,专家的意见flexibility适应性,机动性,挠性Incorporation结合,合并;形成法人组织,组成公司(或社团) coherent一致的,连贯的demise死亡,让位,禅让ut让渡,遗赠,转让blur把(界线,视线等)弄得模糊不清,涂污,污损(名誉等),弄污visualization可视化,清楚地呈现pertaining有关系的,附属…的,为…固有的(to)Imagery肖像(总称),雕刻影像plotting标图,测绘illustrative 说明性的,例证性的entity实体digitize [计]将资料数字化registration注册,报到,登记forestry林产,森林地,林学geology地质学,地质概况geographical地理学的,地理的infrastructure基础下部组织,下部构造navigation导航,航海,航空,领航,航行quarterly一年四次的,每季的evolve (使)发展,(使)进展,(使)进化cadastre地籍簿,地籍,地籍图cadastral surveying地籍测量sensor传感器manipulate(熟练地)操作,使用(机器等),操纵(人或市价、市场),利用state - of - the - art 先进的,一流的geophysics地球物理学oceanography 海洋学retrieval检索,恢复,修补,重获embrace拥抱,互相|拥抱,包含,收买,信奉ti拥抱n.拥抱geomatics测绘学geodesy大地测量学surveying and mapping测绘photogrammetry摄影测量学remote sensing(RS)遥感global positioning system(GPS)全球定位系统atellite positioning卫星定位geographic information systems(GIS)地理信息系统land management土地管理computer graphics计算机图形学Unit 2artiticial人造的,假的,非原产地的analog类似物,相似体chart图表,海图dimensional空间的monument纪念碑permanent monument永久标石monumentation埋石fieldwork野外工作,实地调查,野外作业category种类,类别,[逻]范畴permanent永久的,持久的theodolite[测]经纬仪prerequisite先决条件spheroid球状体,回转椭圆体allowance容许误差,容差,容许量diameter直径equator赤道,赤道线atitude纬度,范围;(用复数)地区longitude经度,经线经度meridian子午线,正午,顶点,全盛时期ad.子午线的,正午的prime meridian本初子午线,木初子午圈线northing北距(向北航行的距离),北进,北航easting东西距,朝东方;东行航程gravity重力,地心引力gravity field重力场curvature曲率,弯曲plumb铅锤,铅弹ad.垂直的t使垂直,探测plumb line铅垂线trigonometry 三角法plane trigonometry平面三角algebra代数学analytical解枥的,分析的analytical geometry解析几chord弦,弦长triangle三角形,三人一组,三角关系spherical球形的,球的sophisticate弄复杂,篡改;使变得世故入sophistication复杂;强词夺理,诡辩geoid [地]大地水准面trench沟渠,堑壕,管沟,电缆沟,战壕Atlantic ocean大西洋Pacific ocean太平洋tangent相切的,切线的n.切线,[数]正切backsight后视foresight前视;远见,深谋远虑refraction折光,折射geodetic surveying大地测量,大地测量学plane surveying平面测量,平面测量学control survey控制测量horizontal survey水平测量,平面测量vertical survey高程测量,垂直测量地形测量topographic surveydetail survey碎部测量land survey( property survey, boundary survey, cadastral survey)地测量,地籍测量route survey路线测量pipe survey管道测量city survey城市测量hydrographic survey水道测量marine survey海洋测量mine survey矿山测量geological survey地质测量Unit 3fundamental基本原则,基本原理Euclidean space欧几里得空间odometer(汽车等的)里程表,自动计在仪(美vehicle交通工具,车辆,媒介物,传达手段revolution旋转,革命circumference 圆周,周围invar铟瓦;不胀钢nickel镍,镍币,(美国和加拿大的)五分镍币alloy合金coefficient系数thermal热的,热量的tacheometry 测视距测量stadia视距,视距仪器ntercept截取,中途阻止telescope望远镜multiply乘,增加,繁殖nominal 名义上的,有名无实的,名字的,[语]名词性的manufacturer制造业者,厂商/consequence结果[逻]推理,推论,因果关系,重要的地位topographic地势的,地形学上的resultant作为结果而发生的,合成的terrain地形electromagnetic电磁的visibility 可见度,能见度,可见性,显著,明显度infrared红外线的n.红外线airborne 空气传播的,空降的,空运的particle粒子,点,极小量,微粒,质点,小品词,语气modulated已凋整[制]的,被调的distance measurement 距离测量precise ranging精密测距pacing步测,定步distance measuring instrument, rangefinder测距仪EDM( electronic distance measurement)电子测距仪geodimeter光速测距仪,光电测electromagnetic distance measuring instrument电磁波测距仪electro- optical distance measuring instrument光电测距仪long - range EDM instrument远程电子测距infrared EDM instrument红外测距仪laser distance measuring instrument, laser ranger激光测距仪microwave distance measuring instrument微波测距仪satellite laser ranger卫星激光测距仪two- color laser ranger双色激光测距仪distance- measuring error测距误差fixed error固定误差proportional error比例误差sighting distance视距multiplication constant乘常数ddition constant加常数stadia multiplication constant视距乘常数stadia addition constant视距加常数standard field of length长度标准检定场/nominal accuracy标称精度stadia hair视距丝,视距线stadia interval视距间隔Unit 3perpendicular 垂直的,正交的Intersect横断(直线)相交,交又projection投影,投射,投影图,地图投影,规划zenith天顶,顶点,顶峰,最高点celestial天上的celestial sphere天球radius半径,范围,辐射光线,有效航程,范围,界线clinometer测角器,倾斜仪sextant六分仪compass罗盘,指南针,圆规protractor量角器clockwise顺时针方向的counterclockwise反时针方向的sexagesimal六十的,六十进位的sexagesimal systen六十分制commence开始,着手bisect切成两份,对(截)开clamp夹子,夹具,夹钳encoder编码器,译码器spindle轴,杆,心轴;锭子,纺锤crystal结晶状的n.水晶,水晶饰品,结晶,晶体liquid crystal displays(LCDs)液晶显示diode二极管lght- emitting diode displays(LEDs)发光二极管显示pendulum钟摆,摇锤compensator补偿器provision供应,(一批)供应品,预备,防备,规定indexing标定指数initialize初始化azimuth方位,方位角bearing方向,方位quadrant象限四分仪horizontal angle水平角vertical angle垂直角depression angle俯角,俯视角zenith distance天顶距elevation angle高度角horizontal circle水平刻度盘vertical circle垂直度盘true north真北geodetic azimuth大地方位角grid bearing坐标方位角gyro azimuth陀螺方位角magnetic azimuth磁方位角method by series, method of direction observation方向观测法method in all combinations全组合测角法Unit 20Us. Department of defense(DOD)美国国防部castellation[天]星座,星群nsure确保,给…保险drag拖拉v拖,拖曳atmospheric drag大气阻力sun- seeking太阳定向panel面板,仪表板,全体陪审员solar panel太阳能电池板nicad镍镉蓄电池nicad battery镍镉蓄电池Colorado美国科罗拉多州(位于美国西部)Hawaii夏威夷,夏威夷岛Ascension阿森松(南大西洋岛屿)Kwajalein夸贾林环礁(位于太平洋西部)reconnaissance勘测,侦察,搜索missile导弹,发射物missile guidance导弹制导pseudorange伪距synchronize同步synchronized同步的GPS( global positioning system)全球定位系统space segment空间部分control segment控制部分user segment用户部分GPS receiver GPS接收机gps constellation gps星座master control station主控站monitor station监控站atomic clock原子钟clock error钟差broadcast ephemeris广播星历precise ephemeris精密星历Coarse acquisition codeprecise code精码pseudorange伪距ionospheric delay电离层延迟tropospheric delay对流层延迟multipath effect多路径效应Selective availability(SA)选择可用性reference receiver基准接收机roving receiver流动接收机receiver antenna接收机天线real- time kinematic(RTK)实时动态定位differential GPS(DGPS)差分GPSdifferential correction差分改正real- time differential correction实时差分改正post - processed differential correction后处理差分改正Unit 23acronym 只取首字母的缩写词distinguish 区别,辨别attribute属性,品质,特征.加于,归结于peel剥,削,剥落supercomputer[计]超型计算机hook钩住,沉迷,上瘾digitizer 数字转换器cartographe地图制作者,制图师,制图员administrator管理员,管理程序implementation执行coordinator协调者,同等的人或物raster[物]光栅vector向量,矢量,带菌者aircraft航行器census人口普查demographic人口统计学的yearbook年鉴ecosystem生态系统overlay覆盖,覆盖图buffering缓冲(作用),减震,隔离Unit 28exemplify例证,例示illumination照明,阐明,启发geothermal地热的,地温的,地热(或地温)产生的photon光子cosmic宇宙的cosmic ra宇宙射线gamma 射线thereon在其上,在那上面,…之后立即moisture湿度,湿气,潮湿irradiance发光,光辉penetrate穿透,渗透,弥漫electron电子molecular[化]分子的,由分子组成的emittance发射度,[热]辐射本领incidence人射,落下的方式,影响范围spacecraft太空船backscatter漫反射,反向散射体,反散射synthetic合成的,人造的,综合的aperture孔,穴,缝隙,(照相机,望远镜等的)光圈,孔径synthetic aperture radar(SAR)合成孔径雷达multispectral多谱线的,多谱段的spectroradiometer[物]分光辐射计side - looking 侧视的remote sensor遥测传感器,遥感器electromagnetic spectrum电磁波频谱,电磁波谱,电磁光谱transmittance传播absorptance吸收reflectance反射electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射thermal infrared detector热红外探测器passive remote sensing被动式遥感active remote sensing主动式遥感side- looking airborne radar(SLAR)机载侧视雷达;侧视雷达active microwave sensors主动微波遥感传感器passive microwave sensing被动微波遥感spectroradiometer分光辐射计radiometer辐射计scatterometer散射计scatterometry 散射测量。
超声测距外文-超声波距离和速度利用互相关方法对LPM信号测量
Ultrasonic distance and velocity measurement using a pair of LPM signals for cross-correlation method:Improvement of Doppler-shift compensation and examination of Doppler velocity estimation超声波距离和速度利用互相关方法对LPM信号测量：多普勒频移补偿和多普勒速度估计检测的改进数据来源Elsevier Journal Elsevier期刊刊物名Ultrasonics, 2012, Vol.52 (7), pp.873-879 超声波，2012，卷（7），pp.873-879 作者Shinnosuke Hirata, Minoru Kuribayashi Kurosawashinnosuke平田，稔栗林黑泽明单位机械工程与智能系统1，信息工程学院，电子通信，1-5-1 chofugaoka e4-329，，，布，东京182-8585大学，日本信息处理系，跨学科研究生科学与工程学院，东京工业大学，4259首席人事官g2-32，长津田，绿区，横滨，神奈川226-8502，日本AbstractReal-time distance measurement of a moving object with high accuracy and high resolution using an ultrasonic wave is difficult due to the influence of the Doppler effect or the limit of the calculation cost of signal processing. An over-sampling signal processing method using a pair of LPM signals has been proposed for ultrasonic distance and velocity measurement of moving objects with high accuracy and high resolution. The proposed method consists of cross correlation by single-bit signal processing, high-resolution Doppler velocity estimation with wide measurement range and low-calculation-cost Doppler-shift compensation. The over-sampling cross-correlation function is obtained from cross correlation by single-bit signal processing with low calculation cost. The Doppler velocity and distance of the object are determined from the peak interval and peak form in the cross-correlation function by the proposed method of Doppler velocity estimation and Doppler-shift compensation. In this paper, the proposed method of Doppler-shift compensation is improved. Accuracy of the determined distance was improved from approximately within ±140 μm in the previous method to approximately within ±10μm in computer simulations. Then, the proposed method of Doppler velocity estimation is evaluated. In computer simulations, accuracy of the determined Doppler velocity and摘要实时测量移动物体的高精度和高分辨率超声波存在的多普勒效应或信号处理的计算成本的限制的影响。
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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：电子与电气工程学院专业：电子信息工程姓名：学号：外文出处：ADV ANCES IN IMAGING ANDELECTRON PHYSICS附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文超声波测距仪摘要：提出了一种超声波测距仪来抵消的温度和湿度引起的变化，包括测量单元和参考标准。
每一个单元产生重复的一系列脉冲，每一次重复直接关系到发射机和接收机之间的距离。
脉冲串提供给各自的计数器，然后利用计数器所测得的数据进行距离的测量。
出版日期： 1995年8月15日主审查员：罗保.伊恩j.一、背景发明本发明涉及到仪器的测量距离，更特别是，这种仪器传送超声波于两点之间。
精密机器设备必须校准。
在过去，这已经可以利用卡钳，微米等工具来校准机械设备。
不过，使用这些工具都不能实现自动化。
据了解，该两点之间距离可以通过测量波在两点之间的传播时间来确定。
这样一个类型的波可以是是一种超声波，或声，或波。
当超声波传播于两点之间的时候，两个点之间的距离可以通过由超声波波速乘以超声波传播的时间，在合适的分离的两点。
因此，这是一个发明提供仪器利用超声波准确测量两点之间距离的方法。
当距离适当的两个点之间的介质是空气的时候，声速只取决于温度和空气相对湿度。
因此，这个发明的进一步目标是，目前的发明提供仪器的方法如所描述的一样是独立于温度和湿度的变化的。
二、综述发明前述的和额外的目标已经实现了根据这些原则的这项发明提供距离测量仪器，其中包括一个参考的单元和测量单元。
参考和测量单元是相同的，每个单元都包括了一个电声波的发射机和接收机。
参考单元的发射器和接收器之间的间隔是一个固定的参考距离，然而测量单元的发射机和接收机的间距才是我们所要测量的部分。
在每一个单元中，发射机和接收机都连接了一个反馈环路，以使发射机产生能由接收器接收的声波生脉冲，然后由接收机转换成一个电脉冲反馈到发射机，使产生一系列重复脉冲的结果。
脉冲重复率是成反比关系发射器和接收器之间的距离。
在每一个单元，脉冲被用来提供给一个计数器。
由于参考的距离是已经知道的了，所以计数器所输出的数据被利用来确定所期望测得的距离。
由于温度和湿度的变化，这两方面都会造成相同的影响，利用计数器所提供的数据，这样的测量对于温度和湿度引起的变化一样是没有办法避免的。
三、简要图纸说明通过读接了下来的说明前面的叙述将变得更加明显，这个关于电路原理图的描述在与这项发明的相关规律保持了相当的一致性。
四、详细说明根据现在的绘图，可以得出以下结论，测量单元10和参考单元12都联结起来组成了可以利用的单元14 。
测量单元10包括了一个电信号发射机16和一个电信号接收机18 。
发射器16包括了夹着一对电极22和24的压电材料20。
同样，接收机18包括了夹着一对电极28和30的压电材料26。
众所周知，通过利用电极22和24之间产生的电场，压电材料20将产生压力。
如果该电场产生变化的话，例如通过利用一个电脉冲，就会产生一个声波32。
因此，进一步得知，当声波对接收器18起作用的时候，这时会引起接收器上的压变材料26产生机械变形，同时产生一个电信号通过28和30这一对电极。
虽然已经对压电传感器作出了说明，但是其他的电声装置也可利用，例如，有关静电的，驻极体或电磁类型的。
如图所示，接收机的电极28和30将与放大器34的输入端相连接，同时，放大器的其输出端与探测器36相连接。
探测器36被用于提供一个信号给脉冲发生器38，当放大器34的输出已经超过预定的等级。
脉冲发生器38然后产生一个触发脉冲，这是提供给脉冲发生器40 。
在为了提高灵敏度，该系统的传感器16和18岁通常情况下都是保持运作的。
根据相应的需要，本发明提供了一个连续波振荡器42，他能持续的产生一个固定频率的连续振荡信号，最好是同传感器16和18能接收到的固定频率一致。
这个振荡信号被用来提供给调制器44 。
为了使发射机16有效的工作，最好的做法是提供几个周期的共振频率信号，而不是一个单脉冲或单周期。
因此，在这里使用了脉冲发生器40，用于回应每一个触发脉冲，提供一个控制脉冲给调制器44，让调制器44有一个与来自于振荡器42的周期振荡信号预定的相同时间。
这样的控制脉冲能使调制器44传送一个周期的突破口以触发发射机16。
当电源被用于描述的电路，有相当大的噪音输入到放大器34 ，以至于其输出触发脉冲发生器40引起正当周期变化，这个振荡周期是用来提供给发射器16的电极22和24。
发射器16因此产生声波32并作用于接收器18 。
接收器18 然后产生一个电脉冲，输入放大器的34 ，这再次触发脉冲发生器40 。
这个周期继续循环，使重复的一系列触发脉冲作用于脉冲发生器38的输出。
这脉冲串被用于计数器46，以及脉冲发生器40 。
发射机16和接收机18中间的间隔距离 D 它是我们想要测量的数据。
传播时间T是声波传播于之间的距离除以速度而得出来的，通过公式T=D/V 。
速度是在发射机16和接收机18之间这段空气中传播的速度，计数器46测量触发脉冲的重复率，这是因为脉冲等于的1/T。
因此，重复率是等于V/D。
声波的速度通常受到空气的湿度和温度的影响，例子如下：##equ1##其中T是温度，P是水汽局部的压力，H是大气压强，γ和γ是比例不同压力下在热水汽和干燥的空气不同的比热容。
因此，触发脉冲的重复率测被计数器46测量得相当的准确，但是声速受到温度和湿度的影响，使测量的距离d无法被准去的确定。
根据这项发明的基本原理，需要利用参考单元12 。
参考单元12同测量单元10基本上是一样的，其中，包括一电发射机50，以及在压电材料52之间的一对电极的54和56 。
接收机58 ，其中包括压电材料60之间的一对电极62和64 。
再次，传感器除了其他类型压电也可以被利用。
发射机50和接收机58之间的距离都是已知的且固定的,设为DR。
电极62和64连接到放大器66的输入端，其输出连接到探测器68 。
探测器68的输出端连接到脉冲发生器70，脉冲发生器70产生触发脉冲。
触发脉冲应用到脉冲发生器72以控制调制器74通过连续振荡器76传送一段脉冲串传递至发射机50 。
来自于脉冲发生器70的触发脉冲也用于计数器78。
最好是所有的传感器16 ，18 ，50和58具有相同的共振频率。
因此，振荡器42和76都工作在同样的频率上，脉冲发生器40和72产生相同带宽的输出脉冲。
按照惯例，测量单元10和参考单元12空间上很接近，使该声速在这两个单元是相同的。
虽然测量单元10和参考单元12的脉冲重复率各自依赖于各自的温度和湿度，能证明的距离D来衡量。
可以得出测量单元和参考单元之间的联系如下：i D=D R (1/t R )/(1/t)，tR是指的参照单元声波传播于固定空间的时间。
这个关系与空气的温度和湿度都是无关的。
因此，计数器46和计数器78的输出被用来提供来作为微处理器90，作为方法14。
微处理器90可通过编写程序来提供输出。
这个输出与计数器46和78的输出是成比例的，反过来也同测量单元10和参考单元12各自的触发脉冲串成比例。
如所叙述的一样，这些比率是不依赖于温度和湿度的，因为参考距离DR是已知的，提供了一个准确的距离D的参考。
这个利用方法12更进一步的包括了被微处理器控制的显示器92，所以设备可以确定距离D。
试验还表明当发射机和接收机传感器之间的距离太小的时候，声波的反射在传感器表面的效果不是很明显，以至于极大的影响了测量的精度。
根据这种情况，使传感器分开有一个相当的最小距离，最合适是4英寸。
附件2：外文原文Ultrasonic distance meterAbstract:An ultrasonic distance meter cancels out the effects of temperature and humidity variations by including a measuring unit and a reference unit. In each of the units, a repetitive series of pulses is generated, each having a repetition rate directly related to the respective distance between an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The pulse trains are provided to respective counters, and the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the distance being measured.Publication Date:08/15/1995Primary Examiner:Lobo, Ian J.1、BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to apparatus for the measurement of distance and, more particularly, to such apparatus which transmits ultrasonic waves between two points. Precision machine tools must be calibrated. In the past, this has been accomplished utilizing mechanical devices such as calipers, micrometers, and the like. However, the use of such devices does not readily lend itself to automation techniques. It is known that the distance between two points can be determined by measuring the propagation time of a wave travelling between those two points. One such type of wave is an ultrasonic, or acoustic, wave. When an ultrasonic wave travels between two points, the distance between the two points can be measured by multiplying the transit time of the wave by the wave velocity in the medium separating the two points. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide apparatus utilizing ultrasonic waves to accurately measure the distance between two points.When the medium between the two points whose spacing is being measured is air, the sound velocity is dependent upon the temperature and humidity of the air. It is therefore a further object of the invention, present invention to provide apparatus of the type described which is independent of temperature and humidity variations.2、SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe foregoing and additional objects are attained in accordance with the principles of this invention by providing distance measuring apparatus which includes a reference unit and a measuring unit. The reference and measuring units are the same and each includes an electroacoustic transmitter and an electroacoustic receiver. The spacing between the transmitter and the receiver of the reference unit is a fixed reference distance, whereas the spacing between the transmitter and receiver of the measuring unit is the distance tobe measured. In each of the units, the transmitter and receiver are coupled by a feedback loop which causes the transmitter to generate an acoustic pulse which is received by the receiver and converted into an electrical pulse which is then fed back to the transmitter, so that a repetitive series of pulses results. The repetition rate of the pulses is inversely related to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. In each of the units, the pulses are provided to a counter. Since the reference distance is known, the ratio of the counter outputs is utilized to determine the desired distance to be measured. Since both counts are identically influenced by temperature and humidity variations, by taking the ratio of the counts, the resultant measurement becomes insensitive to such variations.3、BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe foregoing will be more readily apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawing in which the single FIGURE schematically depicts apparatus constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention.4、DETAILED DESCRIPTIONReferring now to the drawing, there is shown a measuring unit 10 and a reference unit 12, both coupled to a utilization means 14. The measuring unit 10 includes an electroacoustic transmitter 16 and an electroacoustic receiver 18. The transmitter 16 includes piezoelectric material 20 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 22 and 24. Likewise, the receiver 18 includes piezoelectric material 26 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 28 and 30. As is known, by applying an electric field across the electrodes 22 and 24, stress is induced in the piezoelectric material 20. If the field varies, such as by the application of an electrical pulse, an acoustic wave 32 is generated. As is further known, when an acoustic wave impinges upon the receiver 18, this induces stress in the piezoelectric material 26 which causes an electrical signal to be generated across the electrodes 28 and 30. Although piezoelectric transducers have been illustrated, other electroacoustic devices may be utilized, such as, for example, electrostatic, electret or electromagnetic types.As shown, the electrodes 28 and 30 of the receiver 18 are coupled to the input of an amplifier 34, whose output is coupled to the input of a detector 36. The detector 36 is arranged to provide a signal to the pulse former 38 when the output from the amplifier 34 exceeds a predetermined level. The pulse former 38 then generates a trigger pulse which is provided to the pulse generator 40. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the system, the transducers 16 and 18 are resonantly excited. There is accordingly provided a continuous wave oscillator 42 which provides a continuous oscillating signal at a fixed frequency, preferably the resonant frequency of the transducers 16 and 18. This oscillating signal is provided to the modulator 44. To effectively excite the transmitter 16,it is preferable to provide several cycles of the resonant frequency signal, rather than a single pulse or single cycle. Accordingly, the pulse generator 40 is arranged, in response to the application thereto of a trigger pulse, to provide a control pulse to the modulator 44 having a time duration equal the time duration of a predetermined number of cycles of the oscillating signal from the oscillator 42. This control pulse causes the modulator 44 to pass a "burst" of cycles to excite the transmitter 16.When electric power is applied to the described circuitry, there is sufficient noise at the input to the amplifier 34 that its output triggers the pulse generator 40 to cause a burst of oscillating cycles to be provided across the electrodes 22 and 24 of the transmitter 16. The transmitter 16 accordingly generates an acoustic wave 32 which impinges upon the receiver 18. The receiver 18 then generates an electrical pulse which is applied to the input of the amplifier 34, which again causes triggering of the pulse generator 40. This cycle repeats itself so that a repetitive series of trigger pulses results at the output of the pulse former 38. This pulse train is applied to the counter 46, as well as to the pulse generator 40.The transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 are spaced apart by the distance "D" which it is desired to measure. The propagation time "t" for an acoustic wave 32 travelling between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18 is given by: t=D/V swhere V s is the velocity of sound in the air between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 18. The counter 46 measures the repetition rate of the trigger pulses, which is equal to 1/t. Therefore, the repetition rate is equal to V s /D. The velocity of sound in air is a function of the temperature and humidity of the air, as follows: ##EQU1## where T is the temperature, p is the partial pressure of the water vapor, H is the barometric pressure, Γ w and Γ a are the ratio of constant pressure specific heat to constant volume specific heat for water vapor and dry air, respectively. Thus, although the repetition rate of the trigger pulses is measured very accurately by the counter 46, the sound velocity is influenced by temperature and humidity so that the measured distance D cannot be determined accurately.In accordance with the principles of this invention, a reference unit 12 is provided. The reference unit 12 is of the same construction as the measuring unit 10 and therefore includes an electroacoustic transmitter 50 which includes piezoelectric material 52 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 54 and 56, and an electroacoustic receiver 58 which includes piezoelectric material 60 sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 62 and 64. Again, transducers other than the piezoelectric type can be utilized. The transmitter 50 and the receiver 58 are spaced apart a known and fixed reference distance "D R ". The electrodes 62 and 64 are coupled to the input of the amplifier 66, whose output is coupledto the input of the detector 68. The output of the detector 68 is coupled to the pulse former 70 which generates trigger pulses. The trigger pulses are applied to the pulse generator 72 which controls the modulator 74 to pass bursts from the continuous wave oscillator 76 to the transmitter 50. The trigger pulses from the pulse former 70 are also applied to the counter 78.Preferably, all of the transducers 16, 18, 50 and 58 have the same resonant frequency. Therefore, the oscillators 42 and 76 both operate at that frequency and the pulse generators 40 and 72 provide equal width output pulses.In usage, the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are in close proximity so that the sound velocity in both of the units is the same. Although the repetition rates of the pulses in the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12 are each temperature and humidity dependent, it can be shown that the distance D to be measured is related to the reference distance D R as follows: i D=D R (1/t R )/(1/t) where t R is the propagation time over the distance D R in the reference unit 12. This relationship is independent of both temperature and humidity.Thus, the outputs of the counters 46 and 78 are provided as inputs to the microprocessor 90 in the utilization means 14. The microprocessor 90 is appropriately programmed to provide an output which is proportional to the ratio of the outputs of the counters 46 and 78, which in turn are proportional to the repetition rates of the respective trigger pulse trains of the measuring unit 10 and the reference unit 12. As described, this ratio is independent of temperature and humidity and, since the reference distance D R is known, provides an accurate representation of the distance D. The utilization means 14 further includes a display 92 which is coupled to and controlled by the microprocessor 90 so that an operator can readily determine the distance D.Experiments have shown that when the distance between the transmitting and receiving transducers is too small, reflections of the acoustic wave at the transducer surfaces has a not insignificant effect which degrades the measurement accuracy. Accordingly, it is preferred that each transducer pair be separated by at least a certain minimum distance, preferably about four inches.。