抽象化与具体化

The extension of the word•By only giving the literal translation of some words, sometimes, we cannot express the original work accurately, or just produce unclear , obscure objective version. Therefore, while translating, we can extend some words to keep the fluency and faithfulness of the original work.The extension of the wordAbstract extension of words•In English, there are a lot of figurative expressions; while in Chinese, we cannot find the direct corresponding statements. In that case, we can extend those figurative English words, and use abstract and general way to translate.Abstract extension of words•Every life has its roses and thorns.•每个人的生活都有甜有苦•There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character•他的性格既残暴又狡猾。

•See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.•在那以后的四个星期，消息一直没有明朗化。

时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断的交替出现。

Abstract extension of words•Don’t cry over spilt water.•Sheep without a shepherd•The spice is better than the fish.•I have butterflies in my stomach.•A cornered beast will do something desperate.Abstract extension of words•With a Bachelor of Arts, you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes.•有了文学士学位，你就会飞黄腾达，但此时你要小心谨慎。

Abstract extension of words•The organs of the Establishment, however well intentioned they may be, have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked.•各种权力机构，可能是出于好意，为了自己的既得利益，而设法保证社会不出现激烈的动荡。

•They don’t break through the skin to where such inquires migh t really hurt.•他们的调查并没有触及问题的实质。

•I would inevitably make mistakes at one time or another and operate on someone who didn’t need surgery or sit on someone who did.The establishment yearns for the days of Kennedys. The shuttle society---artists, nobles, the beautiful people---used to make a pilgrimage down here to do its nightly.•权势阶层都想念肯尼迪家族当权的日子。

那时候，穿梭社交界的人，如艺术家、显贵、名流，每晚都到这儿来朝圣，每人为这里天一点气氛。

•Exercise P27-5、exercise P27-7“Me! I should be quiet in the way. But perhaps--- I may be equally in the way here. Miss woodhouse looks as if she did not want me. My aunt always sends me off when she is shopping. She says I fidget her to death, and Miss Woodhouse looks as if she could almost say the same. What am I to do?”(Jane Austen: Emma)•“我！我会是十分不受欢迎。

但是，也许我在这里也同样不受欢迎。

伍德豪斯小姐的神气，好像并不欢迎我。

我舅母买东西的时候，总是把我打发走。

她说我使她烦得要死。

看来伍德豪斯小姐也会说出同样的话。

我该怎么办呀？”Sorrow came---a gentle sorrow---but not at all in the shape of any disagreeable consciousness---Miss Taylor married. It was Miss Taylor’s loss which first brought grief. It was on the wedding-day of this beloved friend that Emma first sat in mournful thought of any continuance.(Jane Austen: Emma)•悲愁，一种淡淡的悲愁，终于来临了，但并不是以任何令人不快的形式出现的。

泰勒小姐出嫁了。

正是泰勒小姐的离去才第一次带来了不幸。

也正是在这位密友举行婚礼的那一天，爱玛才第一次独坐良久，愁思绵绵。

Translate by concrete extension•In English, there are also some abstract expressions which are difficult to be translated into Chinese. At that time, we can choose the concrete way to translate. Then we can avoid the obscurity of the original work, and get fluent objective version.Concrete extension of words•The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.•Vietnam war was his entrée to the new Administration.•越南战争成了他进如新政府的敲门砖.•It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.•这是一个最好的历史时期，这又是一个最坏的历史期；这是一个充满智慧的年代，这又是一个不乏愚蠢的年代；这是一个富有信仰的时代，这又是一个轻易怀疑的年代；这是一个光明普照的季节，这又是一个黑暗笼罩的季节；这是一个昭示希望的春天，这又是一个导致绝望的冬天；我们的面前无所不有，我们的面前有一无所有；我们将直上天堂，我们又将直下地狱. •Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities •Exercise p28-1)、2)、3)、5)•Exercise P-287•People farther down the line complained less or not at all, even though they had been equally penalized by losing a place.•在队伍后面的人则较少或根本不抱怨，尽管他们前面插了一个人也同样吃亏了。

•Fifty-hour department stores in New York featured Rockefeller headquarters where literature was passed out to lady shoppers.•纽约有54家百货公司起了克洛菲勒总部的作用，它们像女顾客散发宣传单。

•…to the visiting politicians he is the provider of free board and lodging and an introduction and shopping service.•对来访的政界人士来说，它的免费提供食宿，帮忙引见当地人士，代为采购商品。

•But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right？•你的衬衣洗得干干净净、熨得平平整整，你可曾跟洗衣店主说过一句表示满意的话？A Political SpeechWithin a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position. First of all, we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments, examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs. Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth, the modernization of industry, and a proper balance between public and private expenditure. Thirdly by refusing totake refuge--- as the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years---in panic-stricken stop-gap measures, we stimulated the return of international confidence. As a result of those immediate measures, and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from the British people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm. we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization. We took as our first objective the problem of productivity. For far too long the average level of productivity in this country had been lower than was to be expected when the quality of the labor force was considered. We attacked restrictive practices wherever they existed; we instituted measures for the more rational deployment of labor and we greatly improved the relationship between management and workers. The results as you all know. is that productivity is higher now than ever before.政治演说在重新执政后的极短时间里，本届政府就采取了许多措施来稳定局势。