TEM8美国文学串讲及试卷评析(updated)PPT课件
考试大纲要求 III 人文知识 （Part III: General Knowledge）
2004年新修订的英语专业八级考试大纲新增内容。 测试要求： A)基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、文化传统 B)初步具备英语文学知识 C)初步具备英语语言知识 测试形式： 题型采用多选形式，选出一道最佳答案。共10题。考试时间
pamphlets (政治小册子)；The American Crisis (1776-1783) – 16 pamphlets Philip Freneau (1752-1832)菲利普·弗伦诺 “Poet of the American Revolution” 作品：The Rising Glory of America (1772) ；The British Prison Ship (1781) ； The Wild Honey Suckle (1786) – one of his best lyrics （抒情诗）
独立战争（1776—1783）为美国文学的发展奠定 了社会基础，提供了丰富的题材。这一时期文学 作品主题多为爱国主义及对独立、自由、民主的 呼唤。
二、The Literature around the Revolution of Independence 独立革命时期的文学 (十八世纪中期——十八世纪末）
Joyce
作家作品 例：The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by ____. A. Scott Fitzgerald B. William Faulkner C. Eugene O’Neil
D. Ernest Hemingway 文学评论 例：____ is defined as an expression of human emotion
一、The Literature before the Revolution of Independence
独立革命之前的文学 （十七世纪中期之前）
这一时期的文学主要分为两个部分：
Native American Literature (The Traditional Literature of the American Indians) 美国本土文学 （美国印第安传统文学） 美洲印第安众多部落有着丰富的口头文学传统，主要形式为各种仪 式上的祝词、劳动中吟唱的歌曲、世代相传的神话故事和英雄故事 等等。
Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) 乔纳森·爱德华兹 Leader of the “Great Awakening”（大觉醒运动）, the period of religious
revival 代表作品：The Personal Narrative (1765) – a spiritual autobiography Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) 本杰明·富兰克林 an initiator of the American enlightenment （启蒙运动） 代表作品：The Autobiography (1771-1790) – individualism; American Dream
二、The Literature around the Revolution of Independence 独立革命时期的文学
三、American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学
四、American Realism 美国现实主义文学
五、American Literature of the 20th Century 二十世纪美国文学
which is condensed into fourteen lines. A. Free Verse B. Sonnet C. Ode D. Epigram
（以上例题均为2006年英语专八人文知识真题。答案分别为：A，D， B。）
美国文学史上的5个阶段
一、The Literature before the Revolution of Independence 独立革命之前的文学
Poor Richard’s Almanac (1732-1758) – “God helps those who help themselves”; “No pains, no gains”
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)托马斯·潘恩 a political pamphleteer （政治小册子作家） 代表作品：Common Sense (1776) – the greatest of the revolutionary
10分钟。 测试范围： A)英语国家社会和文化知识 B)英语文学知识 C)英语语言知识
2004年新版《高校英语专业八级考试大纲》 所附样题中中文学、语言学、英美概况所占 比例：
文学：30% 语言学：30% 史地和文化知识：40%
英语文学知识考查内容：
文学史
例：Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century? A. T. S. Eliot. B. D. H. Lawrence C. Theodore Dreiser D. James
பைடு நூலகம்
二、The Literature around the Revolution of Independence 独立革命时期的文学 (十八世纪中期——十八世纪末）
这一时期的作家主要体现的是加尔文教思想 (Calvinist beliefs)和自然神论(deism)。加尔文教 徒强调原罪和命运预定论；自然神论者提倡以理 性为宗教基础，认为上帝创造世界后不再干涉世 界，任世界按自然规律运动，两种思想代表分别 为Jonathan Edwards和Benjamin Franklin.
Literature of Colonial Settlements 北美殖民时期文学（16世纪末—17世纪中） ﹡1607年英国在今弗吉尼亚的Jamestown建立第一个永久性殖民 点。 ﹡主要表达清教(Puritanism)思想。清教意在净化(purify)教堂中的 宗教行为。 ﹡主要作家及作品： John Smith （1580-1631） A True Relation of Virginia（ 1608） 约翰·史密斯被称为第一位美国作家， 《关于弗吉尼亚州的真 实叙述》被认为是美国文学史上第一部作品。
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件美国文学Unit 8 Robert Frost
An Appreciation of American Literature
Unit 8 Robert Frost
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作者简介
罗伯特 ·弗罗斯特（Robert Frost， 1874—1963），美国二十世 纪最负盛名的伟大诗人。
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
他生于旧金山，在美国西部度过了他的 童年，11 岁 时 丧 父， 全 家 搬 至 新 英 格 兰 的 新 罕 布 什 尔（New Hampshire） 的祖父家。弗罗斯特从小喜爱读诗、写诗， 中学时代就显露诗才。1982 年中学毕业后， 他进入达 特茅斯学院（Dartmouth College），但 7 周后退学。1897 年进入哈 佛大学，两年后因病辍学。其后以教书和 务农为生。1912 年，弗罗斯特举家迁至英 国伦敦，专事诗歌创作，很快出版第一部
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
➢ Questions
1. What does the “road” symbolize in the poem? 2. Were you once in a position of choosing between two roads? How
important is it for a person to choose a proper road in life? Give your reasons.
Or highway where the slow wheel pours the sand.
我不该被抑制了，而在某一天 我该悄悄溜走，溜进那茫茫林间， 任何时候都不怕看见空地广袤， 或是缓缓车轮洒下沙粒的大道。
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
I do not see why I should e’er turn back, Or those should not set forth upon my track To overtake me, who should miss me here And long to know if still I held them dear.
艾米莉狄金森《美国文学》原创PPT课件
interest in Emily ‘s poems
. different nature
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The Homestead
Emily Dickinson lived with her unmarried sister Lavinia in an elegant house called The Homestead(霍姆斯特德).
At the same time , Dickinson is widely acknowledged as an innovative pre-modernist poet as well as a rebellious and courageous woman.
迪金森的诗谜一般充满奇思妙想，展现出非凡的创造力与想象力。她的作品受到17世 纪英格兰玄学派诗人的影响，同时带有清教的家庭背景的烙印。虽然她不相信家庭的传统 宗教，但她研究了圣经，许多诗歌在形式上也类似圣经。她对破折号的热爱，不规则的韵 律和韵脚，超乎寻常的比喻使她当之无愧地成. 为19世纪美国文坛最具创新意识的诗人9。
A
promineGnrat vlaewaynedr
satnedrnpolitician(
我发生冲突。” Representative to Congress)
Same as their father’s career
Became ill when Emily was 25
Focus of attention and shows Close friend，though they share
.
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Themes
On Nature
• Dickinson observed nature closely and described it vividly but never with the feeling of being lost in it, or altogether part of it, nor was she surprised when its creatures also kept their distance.
TEM8美国文学串讲及试卷评析(updated)
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
High Romanticism
Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville,
TEM8美国文学串讲
考试大纲要求 Knowledge） III 人文知识 （Part III: General Knowledge） 2004年新修订的英语专业八级考试大纲新增内容。 测试要求： A)基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、文化传统 B)初步具备英语文学知识 C)初步具备英语语言知识 测试形式： 题型采用多选形式，选出一道最佳答案。共10题。考试时间 10分钟。 测试范围： A)英语国家社会和文化知识 B)英语文学知识 C)英语语言知识
二、The Literature around the Revolution of Independence 独立革命时期的文学 (十八世纪中期 十八世纪中期——十八世纪末） 十八世纪末） 十八世纪中期 十八世纪末
这一时期的作家主要体现的是加尔文教思想 (Calvinist beliefs)和自然神论(deism)。加尔文教 徒强调原罪和命运预定论；自然神论者提倡以理 性为宗教基础，认为上帝创造世界后不再干涉世 界，任世界按自然规律运动，两种思想代表分别 为Jonathan Edwards和Benjamin Franklin. 独立战争（1776—1783）为美国文学的发展奠定 了社会基础，提供了丰富的题材。这一时期文学 作品主题多为爱国主义及对独立、自由、民主的 呼唤。
Early Romanticism
诗人 William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特
《文学美国文学》PPT课件
因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),
total depravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以
人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到
最好以取悦上帝), limited atonement (有
限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上
帝的拯救)
h
3
American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
h
8
2. Early American Puritan Writers
• John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers.
Exercise
Colonial period and Revolutionary period Early Romanticism Transcendentalism Late Romanticism
The age of Realism
Irving Franklin Cooper Emerson Hawthorne Twain James Dreiser Melville Thoreau
himself to writing Amh erican subject
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2. Evaluation. (Benjamin Franklin1706 – 1790)
1) He was a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, statesman, philosopher, political economist and ambassador.
《美国文学》课件.ppt
• When he woke up, he noticed that his joints were stiff and that his beard had grown a foot long. Returning to his village, he found it changed almost beyond recognition.
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3) What does “this legendary superstition” refer to? (Para. 2) 4) What is “the general purport of this legendary superstition”? (Para. 3—Para. 4)
8
5) Is the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” the story of the Headless Horseman? If not, what does the “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” deal with?
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Literary Terms: 1.Protagonist: The leading character in a play or story, originally the leader of the CHORUS in the AGON (“contest”) of Greek drama, faced with the ANTAGONIST, the opposition.
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6) How many major characters are mentioned in the “legend”? Who are they? And what’s the relationship between them? Who is the protagonist? And who is the antagonist?
英语专业八级人文知识精讲之美国文学三
24、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯·毕尔斯1842-1914?⼩品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔⿁的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的⾦块和⾦粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来⾃空脑壳的蜘蛛短篇⼩说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在⼈⽣中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔⿁词典(The Applicant申请者)25、Edward Bellamy爱德华·贝拉⽶1850-1898Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布⾥奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育⼈的世界及其他26、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940The Man With the Hoe荷锄⼈27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯·契斯纳特1858-1932The Conjure Woman巫⼥;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻⼦(The Sheriff’s Children 警长的⼉⼥)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition⼀脉相承28、Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰1860-1940Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads⼤路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰⼈⼭⾕中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家⼦29、O·Henry欧·享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上⼋下30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·华顿1862-1937The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country 乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回⾸往事32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三⼤哲学诗⼈；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty⼩步舞曲：五⼗书怀);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒33、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk⿊⼈的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制⽌⾮洲奴⾪贸易进⼊美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame⿊⾊的⽕焰（三部曲）34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西⽶连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克)35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体⼩说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的⼈;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集36、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺⾥斯1870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫⼈号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of theWheat(realistic)⼩麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit⼩麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West ⼩麦交易所及其他新⽼西部故事37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头⼥郎梅姬（美国⽂学⾸次站在同情⽴场上描写受辱妇⼥的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红⾊英勇勋章；The Open Boat⼩划⼦;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer⾦融家,The Titan巨⼈,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟⼤的⼩说）;Nigger Jeff⿊⼈杰弗39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯·邓巴1872-1906We Wear the Mask我们带着⾯具他是美国第⼀个有成就的⿊⼈诗⼈，被称为“⿊种⼈的桂冠诗⼈”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race)40、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916The Son of the Wolf狼之⼦,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang⽩獠⽛;The People of the Abyss深渊中的⼈们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党⼈;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me⽣命对我意味着什么;Revolution⾰命;Love of Life热爱⽣命;The Mexican墨西哥⼈;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下41、Upton Sinclair厄普顿·⾟克莱尔1878-1968Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发⿊幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭⼤王;Oil⽯油;Boston波⼠顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿42、Irving Babbitt欧⽂·⽩壁德1865-1933（新⼈⽂主义主要代表）Literature and the American College⽂学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典⽂学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性。
英语专业八级人文知识讲座PPT
American Literature
World literature is the body of written works produced around the world in different languages and cultures It encompassed a vast range of cultures, including those from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and other parts of the world
The influence of these festivals on English culture and society is explored, showing how they have shaped the English way of life
Origin and development
English literature is a significant part of human culture, representing the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of people in England and the Commonwealth countries It covers a wide range of genes, including poetry, novels, short stories, and drama
Lecture on Humanities Knowledge of English Majors
English Literature English History English Culture English Philosophy English Linguistics English education English Psychology
美国文学及其特色ppt课件
沃尔特·惠特曼 (Walt Whitman)
《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass, 1855－1892)
马克·吐温 (Mark Twain)
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》(Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn, 1884)
20
推荐书目
西奥多·德莱塞（Theodore Dreiser）
22
15
西方文学中带有普遍性的象征
霍桑的“红字” 梅尔维尔的“白鲸” 惠特曼的“草叶” 安德森的“奇形怪状的苹果” 菲兹杰拉德码头上的“绿灯” 福克纳的“熊”
16
美国文学
中
思想内容上的 感情矛盾
表达方式上的 意思含糊、模棱两可
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学习方法
做
“思考的人”
“Man Thinking”
18
学习方法
• 把美国文学和美国地理、历史、社会、文化 结合起来学习；
纳撒尼尔·霍桑 (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
《红字》(The Scarlet Letter, 1850)
斯托夫人（Harriet Beecher Stowe）
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin，1852 )
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔 (Herman Melville)
《白鲸》(Moby-Dick, 1851 )
• 经常出现的“美国梦”主题 • 作品主题或文学体裁往往和美国的
地理、历史有关 • 个人和社会的冲突和矛盾、社会进
步毁坏了大自然和人的天性 • 少年成长的故事(initiation story) • 开放性结尾
8
美国梦American Dream
菲兹杰拉德/F. Scott Fitzgerald 《了不起的盖茨比》
美国文学ppt课件
histories, travel accounts, diaries,
biographies, letters, autobiographies, sermons,
and poems.
Wor
5
Major writers:
Captain John Smith （约翰·史密斯）
? the first American
? The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.
? As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent
Politics dominated the revolutionary phase of American writing.
The crisis in American life carried by the Revolution made
artists self-conscious about American subjects.
?“Poet of the American
Revolution”
?“Father of American
Poetry”
?“Pioneer of the New
Romanticism”
?“A gifted and versatile lyric
Wor
poet”
? “The Rising Glory of America” (1772)
2023年专八人文常识辅导材料美国文学
American Literature: A Concise HistoryI.Review1.Wh.wrot.Th.American.(2023).A.Herma.Melville B.Nathanie.Hawthorn.C.Henr.JamesD.Theodor.Dreise.2.Deat.o..Salesma.wa.writte.by____.(2023)lerB.Ernes.HemingwayC.Ralp.EllisonD.Jame.Baldwin3.Th.nove.Fo.Who.th.Bel.Toll.i.writte.by___.(2023)A.Scot.FitzgeraldB.Willia.FaulknerC.Eugen.O’NeilD.Ernes.Hemingway4.Willia.Sydne.Porter.know.a.O’Henry.i.mos.famou.for_____.(2023)A.hi.poemsB.hi.playsC.hi.shor.storiesD.hi.novelsII.Historica.Periods1.Colonia.Period.17th~18t.(fait..reason)2.Romanti.Period.en.o.18t.t.th.Civi.Wa.★3.Th.Ag.o.Realism.1865-189.★4.Th.Ag.o.Naturalism.1890-19005.Moder.Period.1912-194.★6.Postwa.Realism.1950s-1960s7.Postmodernism.1960s-1980sIII.Ke.Figures1.Benjami.Franklin2.Jame.Fenimor.Cooper.Washingto.Irving.Edga.Alla.Poe.Wal.Whitman.Emil.Dickinson/Nathanie.Hawthorne.Herma. Melvill.(R.W.Emerson.H.D.Thoreau)3.O’Henry.Henr.James.Mar.Twai.4.Stepha.Crane.Theodor.Dreiser.Jac.London5.Ezr.Pound.T.S.Eliot.R.L.Frost/Ernes.Hemingway.F.S.Fitzgerald.Sinclai.Lewis.Joh.Steinbeck/Eugen.O’ler6.Jerom.Salinger7.NabokovMark Twain: ①Trend: realism (local colorism) ②Genre: fiction ③Masterpiece: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ④Distinctive Style: vernacular language ⑤Other Important WorksIV.Sample1.America.literatur.produce.onl.on.femal.poe.durin.th.19t.century.Sh.wa.__________..A.Ann.Bradstreet B.Jan.AustenC.Katherin.Ann.Porte.D.Emil.Dickinson2.Th.firs.America.t.wi.th.Nobe.Priz.fo.Literatur.wa..shar.socia.critic.whos.nam.wa.__________..A.T.S.Elio... B.Sinclai.LewisC.Ernes.Hemingway .D.Willia.Faulkne.3.Whic.o.th.followin.i.NO.include.i.Dreiser’strilogy of desire concerning the ruthlessness ofcapitalists?A.Th.GeniusB.Th.Financie.C.Th.TitanD.Th.Stoi.4.Wit.Howells.James.an.Mar.Twai.activ.o.th.scene._________.becam.th.majo.tren.i.th.seventie.an.eightie.o.th.ninetee nt.century.A.sentimentalismB.romanticismC.realismD.naturalism5.Fro.173.t.1758.Frankli.wrot.an.publishe.hi.famou.__________.a.annua.collectio.o.proverbs.A.AutobiographyB.Poo.Richard’.Almanacmo.SenseD.Th.Genera.Magazine6.“Th.America.Renaissance.i.th.perio.o._____.i.th.histor.o.America.literature.A.loca.colorismB.RomanticismC.TranscendentalismD.Colonism7.________.i.Mar.Twain’.maste.work.th.on.boo.fro.whic.a.Hemingwa.noted.“es”.A.Th.Gilde.AgeB.Lif.o.th.MississippiC.Th.Adventure.o.To.SawyerD.Th.Adventure.o.Huckleberr.Finn8.______.i.th.onl.America.playwrigh.awarde.Nobe.Priz.o.Literature.lerB.Eugen.O’NeillC.Tennesse.WilliamsD.Sinclai.Lewis9.Whic.o.th.followin.doe.NO.belon.t.“Bea.Generation”?A.Jac.KerouacB.F.S.FitzgeraldC.Alle.GinsbergD.Willia.Burroughs10._________.i.identifie.a.th.fathe.o.moder.America.poetry.wh.als.play.a.importan.rol.i.transmittin.Chines.cultur.t.th. English-speakin.world.A.T.S.EliotB.Rober.FrostC.Ezr.PoundD.Wal.WhitmanI.Colonia.Period.17th~18t.The influence of Puritanism on writing:fresh, simple and plaintraceable to the direct influence of the Biblefrequent reference to the technique of symbolismAnne BradstreetThe Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in AmericaMichael WigglesworthThe Day of DoomEdward Taylor: a metaphysical poetBenjamin Franklin: the spokesman of the American Enlightenment (Age of Reason/Great Awakening); created the image of the Yankeepseudonym: Silence DogoodPoor Richard’s AlmanacAutobiographyThomas Paine (his style: plain)Common Sense—the first pamphlet urging immediate independence from Britain; his most famous pamphlet; the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphletsPhilip FreneauThe first American-born poet; Poet of the American RevolutionTheme: nationalismThe beginning of American RomanticismII.Romanti.Period.1.Earl.RomanticsNew England Poets (Fireside/Schoolroom Poets):Henry Wadsworth LongfellowThe song of Hiawatha—the first American epic in blank verse about the American IndiansThe first American poet to be honored by having his bust placed in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster AbbeyWilliam Cullen Bryant: the American WordsworthThanatopsis (pondering on death)—his greatest poemNovelist:James Fenimore Cooper: the first successful American novelist32 novels3 kinds:about the revolutionary past—The Spyabout the sea—The pilot★abou.th.frontier—Th.Leatherstockin.Tale.(s.o.th.Mohicans.Th.Prairie.Th.Pathfinder.an.Th.Deersl ayer.protagonist.Natt.Bumppo-.“wrence)Story Writer and Prose Stylist:Washington IrvingThe Sketch Book won him international fame“Rip Van Winkle” & “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”“Crayon” styleIntroduced the familiar essay to AmericaII.Romanti.Period.2.TranscendentalistsNew England Transcendentalism=American RenaissanceFeatures:It stressed the power of intuition.It placed spirit first and matter second.It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.It emphasized the significance of the individual.It envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul”. It held that commerce was degrading.The Transcendental Club & their journal The DialEssayists:Ralph Waldo EmersonTranscendentalism’s most semin al forceThe Lyceum MovementNature—“the manifesto of American transcendentalism”The American Scholar—“America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”Henry David ThoreauHis first major influence: nonviolent struggle as expressed in his “Civil Disobedience”His second major influence: call of “Back to Nature”Walden—a classic of American prose; reads like a diary of a nature loverSymbolismII.Romanti.Period.3.Hig.RomanticsEdgar Allan PoeLiterary theories:1) A theory of PoetryTh.mos.importan.purpos.o.poetr.i.th.creatio.o.beaut.(Englis.a..mediu.o.pur.musica.an.rhythmi.beauty).The tone of its highest manifestation is one of sadness.The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing“Po.i.no.intereste.i.anythin.alive.Everythin.i.Poe’.writing.i.dead.”2) About His FictionThe mental world of the people should be illuminated.The principle of concentration and thematic totality should be stressed.Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.Literary achievements:The Raven—his most famous narrative poemDetective stories, ratiocinative stories & science fictionThe Murders in the Rue MorgueThe Fall of the House of UsherThe Masque of the Red DeathWalt WhitmanLeaves of Grass (9 editions)—America’s first genuine epic poemStyle: free verseThe envelope structure, catalogue technique, thought rhythmRepresents a turning point in the history of American poetryEmily DickinsonFor the whole 19th century she was the only woman poet who enjoys high academic esteem today.PoemsThemes:religion – doubt and belief about religious subjectsdeath and immortalitylove – suffering and frustration caused by lovephysical aspect of desirenature – kind and cruelfree will and human responsibilityNathaniel Hawthorne—the first American romancer; the first major novelist in English to wed morality to artHis novels were perhaps the deepest and most psychological in the 19th century.The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne, Pearl, Chillingworth, DimmesdalePoin.o.view.Evi.i.a.th.cor.o.huma.life.Whereve.ther.i.sin.ther.i.punishment.Si.o.evi.ca.b.passe.fro.generatio.t.generatio n.Herman Meiville—an adventure writer, known as “a man who lived with cannibals”Moby Dick—the first American prose epic; the greatest American novel by some criticsA symbol to represent cruel, brutal, malicious powers of natureThe technique of multiple viewsStyle: highly symbolic and metaphoricalIII.Th.Ag.o.RealismFeatures:truthful description of lifetypical character under typical circumstanceobjective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life“Realistic writers are like scientists.”open-ending:ple.an.canno.b.full.understood.I.leave.muc.roo.fo.reader.t.thin.b.themselves.William Dean HowellsProductive except the genre of poetryThe Rise of Silas LaphamWillia.Sydne.Porte.(O.Henry)Th.surpris.endin.i.hi.specialty.e.g.“Th.Co.an.th.Anthem”.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio★Henry James: novels of mannersDeveloped the international novelle.establishe.hi.reputatio.a.hom.an.abroa.(theme.America.innocenc.vs.Europea.sophistication)The Ambassadors: his most “perfect” work of art, claimed by himself3 influential subjects: children, new women and artistsTheory of fiction in his The Art of FictionChief criterion: showing rather than tellinghonors: the first of the “modern psychological novelists”A “realist of the inner life”A bridge of American and European culturesLocal ColorismThe late 1860s to early 1870sTo write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Hamlin Garland’s “Under the Lion’s Paw”Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin—the greatest of all anti-slavery literatureMark Twain (Samuel Clemens)—“the Lincoln of our literature”; the true father of American literatureOne famous essay: “To the Person Sitting in Darkness”His greatest achievement: The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnOther works: His penname was made famous by “The Notorious Jumping Frog of the Calaverus County”;The Gilded Age: a satire against corruptionThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Life on the Mississippicolloquial language, vernacular language, dialectslocal coloursyntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammaticalhumourtall tales (highly exaggerated)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)parisonThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower classTechniqueHowells –genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colorism and colloquialismIV.Th.Ag.o.NaturalismRealis.vs.Naturalism:Though naturalists also describe real life, they present harsher reality, usually the violent, sensational, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life.Their writing style and technique were more innovative.Stephan Crane--pessimismMaggie, A Girl of the Streets—the first naturalistic novel written by an AmericanThe Red Badge of Courage—his most famous book about the American Civil WarStyle: realistic, naturalistic, and impressionisticFrank Norris--optimismMcTeague—the first full-bodied naturalistic American novelThe Octopus—his most impressive prose epicTheodore Dreiser–“the wheelhouse of American naturalism”Sister Carrie: a slave to her heredity and to her environmentAn American Tragedy: his masterpieceStyle: journalistic method of reiteration, word-pictures, sharp contrast, stubborn honestyJack LondonThe Son of the Wolf—first collection of the storiesThe Call of the Wild—an all-time best sellerHis fiction has the unusual and intriguing power of ancient myth.The originator of a new type of writing: rough realismV.Moder.Period.1.PoetrySub-branches:Imagism, symbolism, impressionism, futurism, constructivism, surrealism, etcFeatures:Modernism dramatized discontinuity.Modernists had a sense of fragmentation.I.ha..stron.an.consciou.brea.wit.tradition.(strea.o.consciousness)V.Moder.Perio.1.PoetryEzra Pound—the father of modern American poetryCantos—his major work of poetryCathay—a volume of Chinese translationsStyle: clarity, precision and a direct conversational diction, economy of verseImagismT.S.Eliot—.poet..playwright.an..literar.criticHe declared himself a “classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and Anglo-Catholic in religion”The Waste Land—a central poem of modernism; reads like a manifesto of the “Lost Generation”Five segmentsOrganizing principle: the myth of death and rebirthNew England Poets:E.A.Robinso.wo.Pulitze.fo.thre.times.Robert Lee Frost—the most popular American poet from 1914 to his deathHe won Pulitzer for four times.Pastoral poetryV.Moder.Perio.2.FictionLost Generation:The term was first used by Gertrude Stein.Ernest Hemingway—a Nobel Prize Winner (1954)The Sun also RisesA Farewell to Arms: established his reputation as a great American writerFor Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaTelegraphic styleIceberg theory of writing“the code hero”Francis Scott FitzgeraldThis Side of Paradise—his first novel; the first American novel depicting the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”The Great Gatsby—his best novel which deals with the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the American dream★Sinclair Lewis—the first American writer to receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1930)Main Street satirizes the smug provincial complacency of the middle classBabbitt—his masterpieceThe word “babbittry” means energetic shallowness and self-satisfactionSatiric monologueJohn Steinbeck—the foremost writer of the Great DepressionThe Grapes of Wrath—his masterpiece, won a Pulitzer PrizeA combination of naturalist and symbolist techniqueV.Moder.Period.3.DramaEugene O’Neill—the founder of modern American drama3 Pulitzer Prizes & the Nobel PrizeIntroduced trends of realism, naturalism and expressionismBeyond the HorizonLong Day’s Journey into NightTennessee WilliamsThe Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named Desire—won him his first Pulitzer PrizeColloquial southern speechArthur MillerDeath of a Salesman—his masterpiece; an American myth and a contemporary tragedyVI.Postwa.RealismJohn Cheever—short fictionJohn Updike—the most realistic of all the postwar realists; “Olinger” storiesJames Thurber—the greatest American literary humorist of the 20th centuryJerome Salinger—a representative of alienated young Americans; generation gapThe Catcher in the Rye—a modern Huck FinnVII.Post-modernism.FictionModernis.vs.post-modernismUnlike modernism, which suggested a historic period, post-modernism described a sensibility, a feeling for innovation.Controllabl.vs.uncontrollable;Orde.vs.disorderRealisti.vs.nihilisticThe fundamental rule: the absurd and the arbitraryStyle: fragmented, discontinuous, ironic, and full of black humorVladimir Nabokov: LolitaBeat GenerationWomen WritersBlack LiteratureSouthern Literature1.Bea.GenerationThe term is associated with the first half of the 1950s.★Jack Kerouac—the founder of the Beat Generation who first used the term; On the Road★Allen Ginsberg—the poet laureate of the Beat Generation; HowlLawrence Ferlinghetti opened the City Lights Bookstore, the headquarters of the Beats.William BurroughsWomen Writers: 1) Before the 20th CAnne Bradstreet—the first lady of colonial literature in AmericaEmily Dickinson—America’s greatest woman poetMargaret Fuller—Women in the Nineteenth Century: America’s first landmark feminist treatiseWomen Writers: 2) Of the 20th CKatherine Anne PorterJoyce Carol OatesSylvia PlathJoanna RussAlice Walker: a black woman writerBlack LiteratureLangsto.Hughes—th.“ureat.o.Harlem”.“O.Henr.o.Harlem”Richard Wright—protest fiction, Native SonJames Baldwin—race & homosexuality: two themesRalph Ellison—Invisible Man★Toni Morrison (female)—Beloved, Nobel Prize (1993) (the second American woman writer to enjoy the honor) (the first American woman writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature: Pearl Buck)Southern LiteratureThe South is known as the Bible Belt.★William Faulkner—the foremost southern writer of the 20th C; Nobel Prize (1950)The Sound and the Fury—Stream of ConsciousnessYoknapatawpha CountyWilliam Styron—Sophie’s Choice。