语法：不定式的被动语态(to be done)用法补充
详解动词不定式的五种
详解动词不定式的五种“式”不定式根据其发生的时间不同以及所处的状语的不同，可以有一般式、完成式、进行式、完成进行式，同时根据它与逻辑主语的关系的不同，可以有主动式和被动式。
如下表：一、不定式一般式的用法1. 表示未发生的动作即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。
如：I expect him to arrive tomorr ow. 我预计他明天到达。
I hope to catchan earlytrain.我希望赶上早班火车。
The doctor advise d me to take a comple te rest. 医生建议我完全休息。
2. 表示同时发生的动作即表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。
如：Who heardhim say that? 是谁听到他这样说的？(say与he ard几乎同时发生) I‟msorryto hear that. 听到这事我很难过。
(to hear 略先于amsorry)3. 表示一般情况即看不出动作的先后关系，而是表示一种情况或现象。
如：Washin g the car seemsto be your main hobby.擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。
None of her many lovers seemed to want to marryher. 在她的许多情人中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的。
二、不定式进行式的用法1. 表示同时进行即表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。
如：He seemsto be follow ing us. 他似乎在跟着我们。
He preten ded to be lookin g for a book. 他假装在找书。
I happen ed to be lookin g out of the window when they arrive d. 他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。
重难点突破15被动语态(原卷版)-2022年高考英语必备语法知识释疑与突破(通用版)
2022年高考英语必备语法知识释疑与突破(通用版)15被动语态【重难点释疑】语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。
主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动词的执行者。
在初中阶段我们所学的句子绝大部分都是主动语态。
今天我们主要复习被动语态，被动语态表示主语不是动作的执行者，而是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。
一、被动语态的构成1．被动语态的基本结构：be＋动词过去分词2．各种时态的主动被动语态结构(以动词do为例)二、被动语态的用法被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况1．不知道动作的执行者是谁。
e.g.This watch is made in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。
2．没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。
e.g.More trees must be planted every year.每年必须有更多的树被种植。
3．需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。
e.g.Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人说汉语(强调汉语的使用广泛)。
4．动作的发出者不是人时。
e.g.Many houses were washed away in the flood.很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。
三、主动语态和被动语态的转换1．主动语态变被动语态：（1）要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变主格。
（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变宾格，并由by引导。
（3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。
e.g.We asked him to sing an English song.我们让他唱一首英语歌。
He was asked to sing an English song by us.他被我们要求唱一首英语歌。
2．带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可接直接宾语转化成主语。
不定式被动式
Active Voice
Passive Voice
The Perfect
1.Bob pretended not __me.
A. to have heard B. to hear
C. Hearing
D. heard
A
2.I hurried to the meeting hall, only __ that the meeting had been put off.
二、语法重点：不定式被动式
不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共4种，即一般式、完成式、进行 式和完成进行式。语态分为主动与被动语态两种，如下表所示。
语态 时态
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done to have been done
进行式
to be doing
动词不定式的完成式 （Perfect Infinitive）
结构即： “to + have +动词的过去分词”，表示 动作在谓语表示的动作（状态）之前完成。如：
I am happy to have found many things I can do.
She seems to have forgotten what she was looking for.
时间 （时态）
VERB
(INFINITI VE)
主体 &
对象 （语态）
不定式的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时和完成
进行时四种，常用的为前三种。
1. 一般时: 动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 或在之后发生。 如： I plan to attend the meeting. 我计划参加这次会 议。 2. 完成时 :动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 如： I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 很抱歉让 你久等了。 3. 进行时 :动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。 如： They are said to be working hard. 据说他们工 作得很努力。
不定式的被动式的概念
•不定式的被动式的概念：如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式。
如：The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained.•不定式被动式的用法：一、基本形式：不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done；若表示动作先于另一动作之前，则用完成式，即to have been done。
二、用法归纳：不定式被动式在句中可以用作：1、主语：如：It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀请赴宴，甚是荣幸。
To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敌人反对是好事，不是坏事。
It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。
2、表语：如：All this is to be sold. 所有这些都是出售的。
Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供饮用必须净化。
The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。
3、宾语：如：She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分开。
He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他恳求允许他返回巴西。
I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。
They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。
被 动 语 态和情态动词
被动语态句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。
构成形式为：be +动词的过去分词，时态通过be的变化形式来体现。
主要有：am/is/are+done was/were+done has/have been done had been done例如：He was invited to the conference yesterday. He has been invited to the conference since we went away.不定式的被动语态：to be done.例如：focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken.专项训练队打破记录也能发挥作用。
动名词的被动语态：being done 例如：farmers dislike being paid to do nothing. 农民不喜欢不劳而获。
情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be +动词的ed形式例如：their work conditions should always be supervised by their parents. 他们的工作环境应该受到父母的监督。
A new cinema ___ here. They hope to finish it next month.A. will be builtB. is builtC. has been builtD. is being built. 答案：D一.It is done that 句型动词say, believe, report, announce, suppose, know, consider, hope, prove等以it 作形式主语时用被动语态，后面接that 从句。
例：It is said that he has come back from France.二.动词的主动形式表示被动意义：表示状态特征的连系动look, appear, become, seem, taste, wear, feel, smell, sound, taste, prove+形容词/名词构成的系表结构。
被动语态——语法
被动语态英语被动语态的句子是以《be动词+过去分词》的形式来表达，如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后面需接by～，译为“被（由）……”。
1 被动语态的句型肯定句：主语+be +过去分词+（by～）.否定句：主语+be not +过去分词+（by～）.一般疑问句：Be +主语+过去分词+（by～）？特殊疑问句：疑问词+be +主语+过去分词+（by～）？被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。
一、被动语态的用法：1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday.I am asked to study hard.Knives are used for cutting things.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year.Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees will be planted next year.4. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees over there. →Trees are being planted over there by them.5. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.6.过去进行时的被动语态构成：was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.The new road was being made.*过去将来时：should/would+及物动词的过去分词*过去将来完成时: should/would+have been +及物动词的过去分词7.过去完成时的被动语态构成：had + been + 及物动词的过去分词The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came.The tickets had been sold out berore I came to the cinema.8.将来完成时的被动语态构成：shall/will + have doneThey will have been married for 20 years by then.The project will have been completed before May.9.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may be locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1. 先找出谓语动词；2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
高中英语语法动词不定式及主动表被动
但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意 义不同: a. There is nothing to do now. （＝We have nothing to do now. ）现在没事干。 b. There is nothing to be done. （＝We can do nothing now. ）现在没办法了。 a. There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）没有东西值得看。 b. There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）看不见什么东西。
目的状语: 常用的结构—to do; in order to do, so as to do, so/ such …as to do, etc. I come here to say good-bye to you.
结果状语: 常与only , enough 或too连用。
He studied hard only to fail the exam.
动词不定式的语态
㈡.被动式( to be done / to have been done)
当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示 的动作的承受者时（被动关系）.
1. He didn’t like to be laughed at. 2. He claimed ____in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.
如: He didn’t allow us to smoke in his house. 他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。 2) 不带to的不定式作宾补。使役动词make, have, let;感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面作宾补的不定 式不带to。 如: He made a face and made everybody laugh. 他做了一个鬼脸, 逗得大家都笑了。
不定式用法
但若这些动词用于被动语态， 其后的不定式就需要带 “to”， 这时候称为主语补足语。
A boy was seen to climb to his mother. The clock was heard to strike twelve.
⑸作状语： 不定式作状语可以表示目的， 结果，原因等意义。 a.表示目的 He worked hard to catch up with his class mates. He went home to see his brother.
We showed them how to repair the car. He promised me to get a doctor for my daughter.
⑷作宾补: 在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中，不 定式结构可作宾语补语。 She told me to get up early. I’d love them to come tonight. We think him to be an outstanding scientist. I advised him to see a doctor immediately.
3.不定式结构 不定式常常带有自己的宾语， 宾语+宾语补足语或状语，带有 这些成分的不定式统称为“不 定式结构”。 He began to study Russian. He wanted to send me a gift. He began to feel sad.
It continued to rain heavily. He decided to live in the countryside. 4.不定式的否定形式
5.不定式结构的句法功能
不定式结构在句中可以作主 语，宾语，补语，表语，定 语和状语。 ⑴作主语: To give good service is our duty.
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B7U2语法：不定式的被动语态（to be done）用法补充
❀不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共四种，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。
1 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.= I hope that I’ll see you again.
2 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold.
3 进行时：强调动作已在延续或动作正在进行。
They seem to be getting along well with their new jobs. He seems to be eating something.
4 完成进行时：表示动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前就一直在进行。
They are said to have been collecting stamps for over twenty years.
He appears to have been waiting a long time.
❀不定式的主动形式表示被动
1. 在there be结构中。
例如：
There is a lot of homework to do．(也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost). 2. 在“n／pron + be + adj + to do”结构中。
常用的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap，fit，dangerous 等。
例如：
He is hard to convince. He is an impossible person to work with．
3. 在“too…to do; enough…to…”结构中。
如：
The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)．The house is big enough to live in.
4. 在“with+n+to do”结构中。
例如：
With nothing to do, he lay in bed．With so many exercises to do, I can’t go to the cinema．
5. 当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。
例如：
I have a letter to type today．(I是to type的逻辑主语)
Do you have anything to say? (you是to say的逻辑主语)
6. 当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中时。
This is the best book to read (=for us／you to read)．
The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house．
7. 一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式。
常见的这类动词有let(出租), rent，hire, blame等。
The house is to let．I felt I was to blame.
❤注意！！动词不定式主动语态形式的使用要比被动语态形式的使用普遍，有时（尤其在口语中）虽然意思上是被动的，也往往用主动语态形式来表示。
I have three motors to repair today. The task is difficult to finish on time.。