海南大学生态学考博试题
《生态学》试题库
一、名词解释。
1、环境：某一特定生物体或生物群体生存空间一切要素的总和，包括生物生存空间内的各种条件。生境：又称栖息地，是生物生活的空间和其中全部生态因素的综合体，即生物生活的具体场所。因此，相对于一般“环境”而言，生境对生物具有更实际的意义。
2、种群：在特定时间内，占据一定空间的同种生物个体的集合。
3、互利共生：两物种相互有利的共居关系，并且彼此间有直接的营养物质交流，相互依赖、相互依存，双方获利。
4、群落演替：生物群落随时间的推移而发生的某些物种消失而某些物种侵入，使生物群落及其环境向着一定方向有顺序的发展变化的过程
5、城市生态系统；城市生态系统是城市居民与其环境相互作用而形成的统一整体,也是人类对自然环境的适应、加工、改造而建设起来的特殊的人工生态系统。
6、生态系统：即生物群落与其生存环境之间，以及生物种群之间密切联系、相互作用，通过物质交换、能量转换和信息传递，成为占据一定空间、具有一定结构、执行一定功能的动态平衡体系。
7、生物群落：特定空间或生境中所有生物种群的集合。包括植物、动物和微生物等各个物种种群，共同构成了生态系统中有生命的部分。
8、生物量：在某一特定的的调查时刻单位面积上积存的有机物质的量。dB/dt=NP-H-D 9、食物链：各种生物通过一系列吃与被吃的关系，把这种生物与那种生物紧密地联系起来，这种生物之间以食物营养关系彼此联系起来的序列，在生态学上被称为食物链。食物网：在生态系统中生物间错综复杂的网状食物关系。
10、生态位：在自然生态系统中一个种群在时间、空间上的位置及其与相关种群之间的功能关系。
11、温室效应：透射阳光的密闭空间由于与外界缺乏热交换而形成的保温效应，就是太阳短波辐射可以透过大气射入地面，而地面增暖后放出的长波辐射却被大气中的二氧化碳等物质所吸收，从而产生大气变暖的效应。
12、生物多样性：指生命有机体及其赖以生存的生态综合体的多样化和变异性。
13、生物学放大作用：各种有毒物质一旦进入生态系统后，便立即参与物质循环，那些性质稳定、易被生物体吸收的有毒物质在沿着食物链各营养级传递时，在生物体内的残留浓度不断升高，愈是上面的营养级，生物体内有毒物质的残留浓度愈高的现象。
14、内禀增长率；具有稳定年龄结构的种群，在食物与空间不受限制、同种其他个体的密度维持在最适水平、环境中没有天敌、并在某一特定的温度、湿度、光照和食物性质的环境条件组配下，种群的最大瞬时增长率。反映了种群在理想状态下，生物种群的扩繁能力。 15、生态危机：生态环境被严重破坏，使人类的生存与发展受到威胁的现象。
18、趋同适应：不同种类的生物，生存在相同或相似的环境条件下，常形成相同或相似的适应方式或途径。
19、趋异适应：一群亲缘关系相近的生物有机体，由于分布地区的间隔，长期生活在不同的环境条件下，而形成不同的适应方式或途径。
20、生活型：不同种的生物，由于长期生存在相同的自然生态条件或人为培育条件下，发生趋同适应，并经自然选择或人工选择而形成具有类似的形态、生理和生态特性的物种类群。
21、生态型：同种生物的不同个体或群体，长期生存在不同的自然条件或人工培育条件下，发生了趋异适应，并经自然选择或人工选择而分化形成的生态、形态和生理特性不同的基因型类群。
22、协同进化：两个相互作用的物种在进化过程中发展的相互适应的共同进化。
23、优势种：对群落的结构和群落环境的形成具有明显控制作用的植物种称为优势种。建群种：群落中优势层的优势种称为建群种。
24、生态金字塔：由于能量在通过营养级时逐级递减，所以如果沿着食物链，营养级由低到高，把每一营养级上的有机体的生物量或个体数量或所含能量按顺序排列起来，绘制成图，就会形成一个底部宽、顶部窄的金字塔形结构，这种结构称为生态金字塔。
25、生态平衡：在一定时间内，生物与生物、生物与环境之间高度的相互适应所维持着的一种协调和稳定状态。它是生态系统通过发育和调节所达到的一种稳定状态。
26、生产量：指在一定时间或在生物的某个阶段里，生态系统或某个种群所生产的有机体的总量。
27、生物地球化学循环：在地球表层生物圈中，生物有机体经由生命活动，从其生存环境的介质中吸取元素及其化合物(常称矿物质)，通过生物化学作用转化为生命物质，同时排泄部分物质返回环境，并在其死亡之后又被分解成为元素或化合物(亦称矿物质)返回环境介质中。
28、反馈：系统输出的成分或信息成为同一系统的输入成分或控制信息
29、生态对策：任何生物对某一特定的生态压力下，都可能采用有利于种生存和发展的对策 30、边缘效应：在景观要素的边缘地带由于环境条件的不同，可发现不同的物种组成和丰富度，称为边缘效应。
31、可持续发展：既满足当代人的需求，又不对后代人满足其自身需求的能力构成危害的发展。
32、他感作用；一种植物通过向体外分泌代谢过程中的化学物质，对其他植物产生直接或间接的影响。
33、生态因子：环境中对生物的生长、发育、生殖、行为、分布有着直接或间接影响的环境要素。
三、选择题
3、下列属于生物辅助能的是(D)。A、化肥 B、农药 C、燃油 D、有机肥
4、下列属于工业辅助能的是(C)。A、人力 B、畜力 C、农药 D、有机肥
11、稻田养鸭，“鸭”这一新增环节属于(D)。A、生产环 B、增益环 C、减耗环 D、复合环
12、在“牛粪→蚯蚓→鸡”食物链中，“蚯蚓”这一环节属于(B)。A、生产环 B、增益环 C、减耗环 D、复合环
15、下列对竞争排斥原理表述不正确的是(C)。A、具有同一生态位的两个种不能共存 B、完全的竞争者不能共存 C、占据同一空间的两个种不能共存 D、一个稳定的环境中，不存在两个直接的竞争者
16、农业生产上的“套作”是调节农业生物群落(C)的主要方式。A、水平结构 B、垂直结构 C、时间结构 D、营养结构
17、农业生产上的“间作”是调节农业生物群落(A)的主要方式。A、水平结构 B、垂直结构 C、时间结构 D、营养结构
18、热带地区特有的农业生态系统类型是( )。A、烧垦农业系统 B、多年生作物栽培农业系统 C、半永久栽培农业系统 D、雨养地永久栽培农业系统
19、下列对生态金字塔表述正确的是(A)。A、生态金字塔的塔基越宽，说明系统越稳定 B、生态金字塔的塔基越宽，能量转化效率越高 C、生态金字塔的层数越多，系统内保留的能量越多 D、生态金字塔始终能保持上窄下宽的下金字塔型
20、下列对生态演替表述不正确的是(B)。A、随着演替的进行，总生产量逐渐增加 B、随着演替的进行，净生产量逐渐增加 C、随着演替的进行，系统保持养分的能力增强 D、随
着演替的进行，系统的稳定性增强
21、下列对生态平衡的标志表述不正确的是(B)。A、环境系统无大的灾变或潜在灾变因子，各要素处在有规律的变化过程中 B、生物群落的类别、种群数量及其结构、种群之间的关系保持不变 C、系统具有自我维持机制 D、系统生产力朝着逐步提高和增强的方向发展 24、热带地区，农业的主要限制因子是(D)。A、热量 B、水分 C、温度 D、光照
25、生态金字塔的类型不包括(D)。A、能量 B、数量 C、生物量 D、物种
28、下列对农业生态系统的特征表述不正确的是(B)。A、具有一定的地区特点和空间结构 B、营养结构单纯，食物链短 C、时间结构人为的安排较合理，能充分利用环境资源 D、种群结构单纯，稳定性差
29、下列对农业生态系统中能量流动表述正确的是(B)。A、能量在流动过程中保持不变 B、能量沿食物链逐级递减 C、能量在生态系统中循环往复的流动 D、能量在流动过程中，能质保持不变
30、农业生态系统中能量流动的最终推动力是(C)。A、人 B、植物 C、太阳辐射能 D、水循环
考博英语历年真题
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江南大学考博英语历年考题汇总附答案
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Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. 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Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. 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农业生态学试卷A及答案
东北农业大学成人教育学院考试题签 农业生态学(A) 一、名词解释(每题5分,共20分) 1、生物群落: 2、农业生态系统: 3、食物网: 4、现存量: 二、单项选择题(每题3分,共45分) 1、自然界中食物链的长度一般有多少级( ) A、4-5级 B、6-7级 C、7-8级 D、9级 2、以下哪些就是初级生产的生产者( ) A、猪 B、牛 C、羊 D、水稻 3、我国水资源分布的特点就是( ) A、南方多于北方 B、内陆多于沿海 C、平原多于山地 D、都就是 4、属于可更新资源的就是( ) A、磷矿资源 B、钾 C、钙 D、水资源 5、物质循环中,属于沉积型循环的就是( ) A、氮 B、氢 C、水 D、钾 6、草食动物牛、羊属于( ) A、初级消费者 B、次级消费者C,生产者D、分解者
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(完整版)复旦大学2015年考博英语试题回忆版整理
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考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷80.doc
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海南大学研究生课表
2012-2013 学年度第一学期研究生课程安排表
学院： 旅游学院 年级：12 级旅游学院外国语言学及应用语言学专业 节 次 周一 周二 周三 周四 周五 周六 周日
1-2
语言学概 论 2-14 周 连3节 L3-202
西方文明 2-14 周 连3节 9：00-11：50 L3-202 冯源
3-4 王琳
东方文化 2-14 周 连3节 9：00-11：50 L3-202 赵全鹏
5-6
7-8
晚 上
自然辩 证法 2－7 周 李英华 2－109 连三节
翻译学 导论 2-14 周 连3节 L3-202 纪俊超
上课时间：上午 7：40 下午 2：40；晚上：7：30
2012-2013 学年度第一学期研究生课程安排表
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英语文学 1-2 2-14 周 连3节 9：00-11： 50 L3-202 冯艳昌
学术论文 写作 2-5 周 连3节 9：00-11： 50 L3-202 宋子斌
跨文化交 际学 2-14 周 连3节 9：00-11： 50 L3-202 冯源
3-4
5-6
日语概论 （日语 生） 2-14 周 连3节 L3-202
学术论文写 作 6-13 周 连3节 L3-202 罗伯特
7-8
朱峰
时文阅读 与分析 2-14 周 连3节 L3-202 施光
日本文化 论 （日语生） 2-14 周 连3节 金山 （金老师 办公室）
晚 上
上课时间：上午 7：40；下午 2：40；晚上：7：30
考博英语-130.doc
考博英语-130 (总分：140.28，做题时间：90分钟) 一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading (总题数：5，分数：20.00) {{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. In the United States, 36 states currently allow capital punishment for serious crimes such as murder. Americans have always argued about the death penalty. Today, there is a serious question about this issue: Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals? In other words, is it right for convicted murderers who kill when they are minors--i, e. , under the age of 18--to receive the death penalty? In most other countries of the world, there is no capital punishment for minors. In the United States, though, each state makes its own decision. Of the 36 states that allow the death penalty, 30 permit the execution of minors. In the state of South Carolina, a convicted murderer was given the death penalty for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In 1977, when he was 17 years old, James Terry Roach and two friends brutally murdered three people. Roach's lawyer fought the decision to execute him. The young murderer remained on Death Row (a separate part of prison for convicted criminals who are sentenced to death) for ten years while his lawyer appealed to the governor. The lawyer argued that it is wrong to execute a person for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In the United States, the governor of a state has the power to change a sentence from the death penalty to life in prison. Nonetheless, the governor of South Carolina refused to stop the execution. Roach was finally executed by electrocution in 1986. This is not the first time a criminal was executed in South Carolina for a crime he committed when he was a minor. In 1944, a 14-year-old boy died in that state's electric chair. In Indiana, a 16-year-old girl was on Death Row for a crime she committed when she was 15. Paula Cooper and three friends stabbed an elderly woman to death in 1986. They robbed the old woman to get money to play video games. At the time of the murder, the minimum age limit for executions in that state was 10. Cooper's lawyer appealed to the governor of Indiana to stop the execution because the convicted killer was very young and because she was abused in childhood. The Indiana governor, who favors the death penalty, said that he had to let the courts do their job. （分数：4.00） (1).According to the passage, Cooper's lawyer ______.（分数：1.00） A.asked the governor for help