语音学与语言学练习集【刘润清版】
(完整word版)新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONDefinition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language 。
It isalways guided by thethree cannons of science ：exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versus traditional grammar ：Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics PragmaticsMacrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics StylisticsDiscourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to theobjects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise 。
Pooh-Pooh Theory ： language came from interjections ， which express he speaker ’semotions 。
Origins Yo-He —Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered ， during strain of work.Ta —Ta Theory ： language came from the combination of certain gestures and tonguesmovements.Bow —Wow Theory ： language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard inLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness 。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(认知语言学)【圣才出品】
第10章认知语言学10.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Cognitive linguistics认知语言学2. Categorization and categories范畴化与范畴3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy概念隐喻与转喻4. Iconicity and grammaticalization象似性与语法化常考考点：认知语言学定义；范畴化与范畴定义分类等；概念隐喻与转喻的定义，层次分类；象似性的分类以及语法化等。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of cognitive linguisticsII. Categorization and categories1. Definition of categorization2. The classical theory3. The prototype theory4. Levels of categorizationIII. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy1. Conceptual metaphor2. Conceptual metonymyIV. Iconicity1. Iconicity of order2. Iconicity of distance3. Iconicity of complexityV. GrammaticalizationI. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义)【考点：名词解释】Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库-第一章至第三章【圣才出品】
第二部分章节题库第1章导论I.Fill in the blanks.1.In Saussure’s view,the relationship between signifier(sound image)andsignified(concept)is_____.（北二外2003研）【答案】arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.This quality is labeled as_____.（北二外2003研）【答案】displacement【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
3._____refers to the role language plays in communication(e.g.to express ideas, attitudes)or in particular social situations(e.g.Religious,legal).（北二外2016研）【答案】Function【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。
功能指的是语言在沟通中（例如表达观点、态度）或在特定社交场合（如宗教、法律）中所起的作用。
4.The features that define our human languages can be called_____features.（北二外2006研）【答案】design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(1-6章)【圣才出品】
第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2.The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3.The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4.Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。
(2)语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2.有关语言的常考考点(1)语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性)；(2)语言的功能(寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为)；(3)语言的起源(叮咚说、唱歌说、哒哒说、汪汪、噗噗、哟嘿吼理论等。
)本章内容索引：I.Definition of linguisticsII.Linguistics vs.traditional grammarIII.Scope of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsIV.Definition of languageV.Origins of language1.Ding-Dong Theory2.Sing-Song Theory3.Pooh-Pooh Theory4.Yo-He-Ho Theory5.Ta-Ta Theory6.Bow-Wow TheoryVI.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Productivity4.Interchangeability5.Displacement6.Specialization7.Cultural transmissionVII.Functions of language1.Phatic function/communion2.Directive functionrmative function4.Interrogative function5.Expressive function6.Evocative function7.Performative functionVIII.Some major concepts in linguistics1.Descriptive and prescriptive grammar2.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsngue and parolepetence and performance5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations6.Functionalism and formalismI.Definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】The scientific or systemic study of language,which is always guided by the-three canons ofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency and economy.语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(认知语言学)【圣才出品】
第10章认知语言学I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______ is the mental process of classification, while ______ is the products of the preceding process.【答案】Categorization; category【解析】范畴化是人类对经验进行分类的过程。
范畴是范畴化的产物。
2. ______ is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.【答案】Cognitive linguistics【解析】认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。
3. There are three aspects in basic-level categories: ______, ______ and ______.【答案】perception; communication; knowledge organization【解析】基本层次范畴的三方面：感知，交流和知识系统。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choices.1. In the following sentences, which is not a metonymy?A. The sax has the flu today.B. Watergate changed American politics.C. Wall Street is in a panic.D. She is the apple in her parents’eyes.【答案】D【解析】其他三句为转喻，D为暗语。
刘润清新编语言学 chapter2
The description of English consonants
[p] a voiceless bilabial stop
Classification of vowels
(different ways of vowel classification and consonant classification) ---- English vowels can be divided into two large categories: • Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
5. Where does language come from according to scholars? Your opinions?
6. What is linguistics? Why is the study of it scientific? 7. How can we classify linguistics? What possible branches do they have? 8. What’s the difference between langue and parole? State the relationship between them and Chomsky’s competence and performance.
• back vowels: [u:] [u] [o] [o:] [ɑ:]
According to the openness of the mouth
• Close: [i:] [i] [u:] [u] • Semi-close: [e] [ə:] • Semi-open: [ə:] [o:] • Open: [æ ] [a] [۸] [o] [ɑ:];
(完整word版)新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONDefinition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by the three cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versus traditional grammar:Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics StylisticsDiscourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions.Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements.Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.DesignfeaturesFunctionsLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammaremphasizes the priority of written language.Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its own merits. language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word (e.g. pen) and the thing(e.g.what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form systems of animal communication. Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d ɔg/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English kid brought up in a Chinese community will speak Chinese.Phatic function/communion Directive function Informative functionInterrogative function Expressive function Evocative function Performative functionSome major concepts in linguisticsDescriptive and prescriptive grammarDescriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language.As traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsWhen we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on he difference in two or more than two tates of language over decades or centuries.Langue and paroleF.de Saussure made an important distinction between langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech.Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is , the actual use of this knowledge.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSaussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which form linear sequences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.Functionalism and formalismFunctionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication. Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.课后练习If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language? Why or why not? No,we can’t call the noises that dogs make as language even though language is partially defined as communication. There are two reasons for that: first, language is human-specific,it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used only for human communication. Second, language has design features which are totally lack in animal communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Noises made by dogs represent certain meaning but can not be further analyzed into smaller units.What is the difference between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to language?Descriptive approach to language attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive approach to language tells people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. Certain forms are sued more regularly than others and by different people. Though some forms occur less frequently they should not be ignored. They can all be recorded and explained as aspects of the languages since hey are actually used.A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man’s ? If not, why not?No, we can not say a wolf has a language similar to that of men even though there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express with his positions of body parts. There are two reasons for that:First, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is human-specific. Second, language has design features which are lack in animals’communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. But in wolf’s communication system, one position stands for one certain meaning, and can not be further analyzed into smaller units. And no the other hand, human linguistic units can be grouped and regrouped, arranged and rearranged according to certain rules but those positions owned by wolf have no such features. Therefore, wolf’s this system is not so productive as human languages.Chapter 2 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE INTRODUCTIONPhonology : is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Phoneme:Minimal pairsandminimal sets\Free variationDistinctive featuressyllablesConsonant clusterSuprasegmentalsWith some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. And with somephonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. Moreimportantly, phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to “teaching”machines to “talk”.Phoneme is the phonological units of language, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which anddistinguish meaning.For example, sip and zip is signaled by the fact that the initial sound of the first word is s/s/ and the initial sound of thesecond word is z/z/./s/and /z/can therefore distinguish or contrast words. Such distinctive sounds are called phonemes.Minimal pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.For example, chunk andjunk ,ban and bin, be and bat, fan and van, fine and vine, sink and zinc, site and side are minimal pairs in English.When a group of words can be differentiated each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in thesame position), then we have a minimal set. For example, a minimal set based on the vowel phonemes of Englishwould include feat, fit ,fate fat fought and foot, and one based on consonants could have big, pig, rig, fig, dig and wig.when two or more sounds occur in the same positon without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be infree variation.For example, there are two pronunciation of the word either,we can say /i:δər/ and /’aıδər/.When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature).For example, seal and zeal distinguishes by /s/ ad /z/,/s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced,so /s/ and /z/ is a voicingdifference.The English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful. These units, which are often longer thanone sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables.Syllable structure syllableonset Rime(rhyme)Nucleus(peak) codaConsonant(s) vowel consonant(s)In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, /spl/ in/’splendid/. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters.Initial cluster: /spl/ in /’splӕʃ/ splash Final cluster: /st/ in /test/ test Medial cluster: /str/ in /’peıstrı/ pastryA word which begins with three-consonant clusters always observes three strict rules:The first consonant must be /s/The second phoneme must be /p /or /t/ or /k/The third consonant must be /l / or /r / or /w / or /j /Sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes),and such contrasts are called suprasegmentals.Suprasegmental featuresStress IntonationWhen a word has more than one syllable, one ofthem will be pronounced with more prominencethan others. This brings us to another speechsound phenomenon, that of stress.When sounds which are identical as to their place ormanner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness.When speaking, people generally raise and lower thepitch of their voice. This phenomenon is calledintonation.Definition: The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.Articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or “articulated ”. Three research fields Acoustic phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.Auditory phonetics, which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.ArticulatorsandfunctionsVoicedandvoiceless soundsNasalandoral soundsVariations of soundsV owelsClassification of English Speech Sounds Consonants Pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx. Velum or soft palate i s seen in the position that allows air to pass through the nose and the mouth. Hard palate is often called the “roof of the mouth ”, you can feel its smooth curved surface with your tongue. Alveolar ridge or alveolum is between the top front teeth and hard palate. Tongue can be moved into many different places and different shapes. Larynx is also an articulator. Notices Jaws are sometimes called articulators,but the jaws are not articulators in the same way as others. The nose and the nasal cavity not articulators as others. Teeth Lips When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds. The sounds represented by /p/,/t/,/k/,and /s/ in the English words seep/si:p/,seat/si:t/,and seek/si:k/ are voiceless sounds. When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds. The sounds represented by /b/, /d/, /g/ and /z/ in the English words cob/k ɒb/,cod/k ɒd/,cog/k ɒg/,and daze/de ız / are voiced sounds. When the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; sounds produced this way are called nasal sounds. There are three nasal consonants /m/, /n/,and /ŋ/ in English. When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off. When the nasal passage is blocked in this way, the air can escape only through the mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral sounds. /p/ and /b/ are oral sounds. Definition: vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so o turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Front vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ The height of the tongue Central vowels: /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/ Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/ The shape of the lip Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/Unrounded vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/ /ɑ:/Open vowels: /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/ The width of the mouth Close vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /u:/ /u/ Semi-open vowels: /ɔ://e/ /ɛ/ /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Bilabials / p, b, m, w/ Labiodentals / f, v/Dentals /ө, δ /in terns of place of articulation Alveolars / t, d, n, s, z, r, l / Palatals / ʤ, ʧ / Velars /k, g, ŋ /glottal /h /Stops / p, b, t, d, k, g / Fricatives /f, v, ө, δ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h / Affricates / ʤ, ʧ /In terms of manners of articulation Liquids /l, r /Nasals /m, n, ŋ /Glides /j, w /Liaison: The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. The phrase “an egg ” is often pronounced /ə’neg/.Elision : the loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision. The word “suppose ” is often pronounced as /sp əʊz/, “factory ” as /’f ӕktr ı/.Assimilation : the way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. In English the negative prefix occurs as “im-” before words such as “possible ”---”impossible ”.CAPTER 2 课后练习2.What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language?Minimal pair test or substitution test is the first rule of thumb to determine the phonemes of any language, that is , to see whether substituting one sound for another result in a different word. If it does , the two sound represent different phonemes. For example, we see from the contrast between fine and vine and between chunk and junk that /f /, /v /,/ʧ /and /ʤ/ must be phonemes in English because substituting /v/ for /f /,or /ʤ/ for /ʧ / produce a different word.3. What’s the difference between an open and a closed syllable?The units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllables can be divided into two sorts: the open syllables and the closed syllables. Syllables like me, by or no that have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda are called open syllables; while the coda is present in the syllables like up, cup or hat, which is called closed syllables.4.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share/p/ /b/ /m/ feature: bilabial,stop,consonant/g/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /b/ feature: stop, consonant/ʊ/ /u:/ /ɒ/ feature: back, rounded, vowel the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds./ δ / : /ө,/ voi cing ( voiceless vs. voiced )/p /: /f / place of articulation ( bilabial vs. labio-dental ) /ı /: /e / the height of the tone rising. ( high vs. mid )/b /: /m / manner of articulation. (stop vs. nasal) /s /: /ʃ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. palatal) /s /: /δ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. dental)6.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial and final positions. Initial Medial finalpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar seets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given:Initial Medial final/k/-/g/ Kook/gook raking/raging lak/leg/m/-/n/ Moon/noon dime/dine beam/bean/b/-/v/ Berry/very dribble/drivel dub/dove/b/-/m/ Be/me ribbed/rimmed rib/rim/p/-/f/ Pat/fat depend/defend rap/raff7.The english data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs.A ap’pear col’lide e’rase ca’rouse cor’rode Ba’daptcol’lapsee’lectob’servetor’mentCas’tonishcon’sideri’maginede’termine‘promise1)Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.2)Provide syllable representations of the words col’lide, e’lect, and con’sider in order to illustrate your conclusion about stress placement in these forms.1)Stress in languages may be predictable by rules: lexical category, morphological structure and number of syllables all seem to berelevant factors for the placement of stress in English words.For two-syllable verbs, the final(ultimate) syllable will receive main stress if tie has a long vowel or ends in at least two consonants. In this case, the first(penultimate) syllable may have secondary stress, contain an unstressed full vowel, or contain a reduced vowel. For example, a’dapt, e’lect.If the ultimate syllable does not have a long vowel or end in two or more consonants, the penultimate syllable is stressed, as in’promise. Otherwise, the main stress will be put on the second syllable. For example, ca’rouse, ob’serve, astonish, de’termine.If there is a double-letter in the word, the main stress should be put between them, or in other words, on the second one of the two. Such as ap’pear, cor’rode, col’lide, col’lase2)They are two-syllable words; therefore the final (ultimate ) syllable will receive main stress,, as col’lide, e’lect and con’side.。
[全]刘润清《新编语言学教程》-考研真题详解[下载全]
![[全]刘润清《新编语言学教程》-考研真题详解[下载全]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1897a5a6b7360b4c2f3f641e.png)
刘润清《新编语言学教程》-考研真题详解1. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the _____ _____ to vibrate.（中山大学2018研）【答案】vocal folds查看答案【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。
在大多数情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。
2. _____ is the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.（北二外2016研）【答案】Displacement查看答案【解析】本题考查语言本质特征的移位性。
移位性指的是就内容或者思想的表达来讲，人类语言的使用是不受时空限制的，可以用于涉及真实的或者想象的，过去的、现在的或将来的事情。
这不同于动物“语言”，因为大多数动物的“语言”需要“即时刺激控制”。
3. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _______ and performance.（人大2006研）【答案】competence查看答案【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。
4. Phonetics is the study of ______ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.（北京邮电大学2015研）【答案】speech查看答案【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
语言学复习习题集P a r t O n e Ex e r ci s es fo r P h o n et i c sI. Fill in the blanks1．________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.2: Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movements have an effect on the _________ coming from the lungs.3 . Consonant sounds can be either_________ or_________, while all vowel soundsare_________.4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _________..5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _________ and the tips.6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_________.8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/_________.9. In English there are a number of _________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.10 _________refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours.11. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit.12. According to_________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.II . Choose the best answer.13. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice14. Conventionally a_________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones16. 'The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_________.A. gottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as_________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds calledA. minimal pairsB. allomorphsG. phones D. allophones19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics.B. Articulatory phonetics.C. Auditory phonetics.D. Neither of them.20. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ø]D. [v]21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n] C. [1]B. [m] D. [P]22. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [ø]C. [z]D. [s]III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] .–______ 25. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. –______ 26. Sound [p] in the word "spit" is an unaspirated stop.______ 27. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.______ 28. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.______ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other.______ 30. [ p ] is voiced bilabial stop.______ 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.______ 32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.______ 33.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.______ 34. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can bedivided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.______ 35. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.______ 36. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to is where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.Explain the following terms.37.Minimal pair38. Sound assimilation39.Suprasegmental feature40. Free variation41.Rounded vowel42. Pitch43.V owel glides44. Anticipatory coarticulation45.Allophones46. Complementary distribution47.Distinctive features48. Sonority scaleV. Answer the following questions.49. What is meant by phonetic transcription?50. In which two ways may consonants be classified?KeysI . Fill in the blanks.1. Articulatory2. airstrem3. voiced; voiceless; voiced4. friction5. tongue6. height7. obstruction 8. minimal pairs 9. diphthongs10. Coarticulation 11. Phonemes 12. the maximal onset principleII . Choose the best answer.13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. A 18. D19. B 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. AIII. Decide whether the Mowing statements are true[T] or false[F].35. [F] It should be articulatory phonetics.26. [T] 27. [T] 28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] It is a voiceless bilabial stop.31. [F] Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.32. [T] 33. [T] 34. [T]35. [F] In many cases the pronunciation of English depends on individual speaker's accent and personal preference. However, one form of English pronunciation is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign language. It is called Received Pronunciation.36. [F] The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r M o rp h o l o g yE x e r ci s e sI. Fill in the blanks.1. Take is the ______ of taking, taken and took.2. Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and ______ root.3. An ______ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______ is pronounced as a word.4. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with______.5. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ______ , ______ and ______6. All words may be said to contain a root______.7. A snail set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to______, class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to______ class.8.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of ______shortening.9.______ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.11. A word formed by derivation is called a______ , and a word formed by compounding is called a______ . (derivative; compound)12..II. Choose the best answer.13. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words14. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ______ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational15. There are ______ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six16. In English -ise and -tion are called ______.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes17. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and______.A. affixationB. etymol ogy •(46) •C. inflectionD. root18．The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation19. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. AffixationB. back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition20. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ .A. acronymyB. clipping D mationC. imitialismD. acronymy21. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix word "learned" is known asa(n) _________ .A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form22. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _______.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformationD. acronymy23. The.stem of disagreements is _________ .A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement24. All of them are meaningful except for _______.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphF. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . –______ 25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress._______ 26. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme._______ 27. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed._______28. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base._______29. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion._______30. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. _______31. The word; whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way ofonomatop-(eia)._______32. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes._______ 33: Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English._______ 34. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations._______ 35. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts._______ 36. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.IV . Explain the following term.37. Morphophonology 38. Allomorph39. Bound morpheme 40. Back clipping41. Derivation 42. Morphological rule43. Closed-class word 44. Analogy45. Full conversion 46. Blending47. Base 48. HybridV . Answer the following questions.49. Of all the word-formations, which involve the process. of addition? Which the process of subtraction? And which the process of transition?50. Illustrate the axiom, “The actual grammatical classification of any word is dependent upon its use.”Keys1 . Fill in the blanks.1. lexeme2.affix. b,ur.,,:3. initialism; acronym4. vocabulary5. solid; hyphenated; open6. morpheme7. close; open 8. Backformation9. Conversion 10. morphemic11. derivative; compound 12. partialII - Choose the best answer.13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B19. B 20. C 21. C 22. AIII. Decide whether the following statements are True[T] or False[F]25. [F] Phonetically, a compound usually has a s element, or a main stress on the first element on the second element.26. [T]27. [F] Stem is the part of word that remains %s:o:r. removed.28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] Reduplicative compound is formed b_v repeat almost identical word.31. [T]32. [F] The number of syllables of a word is not necex morphemes.33. [F] Backformation is a productive way of forming v34. [F] Inflection and word-formation are two sub-fields of morphology.35 .[F] The meaning of a compound cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts, and sometimes is36. [F] Roots are divided into free roots and bound always free.P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r S y n t a xExercisesI . Fill in the blanks.1. A _______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.2. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _______ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a _______ clause.4. _______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.5. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their ________ properties.6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed_______ structure.7. The term_______ refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any other; under the latter element as well. 8. _______ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalentsyntactic status.9. IC analysis emphasizes the_______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.10. Surface structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic •interpretation by the introduction of the_______ theory.11. XP may contain more than just X. e. g. the "NP" "the girl who is watering the flowers" consists of Det, N and S, with Det _______ being the , N the head, and S the complement. 12. _______ relations refer to the structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence.II. Choose the best answer.13. The head of the phrase "the city Rome" is _______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city and Rome14. The phrase "on the shelf" belongs to_______ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate15. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves”is a_______ sentence.*A. simple B. coordinateC. compoundD. complex16. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n)_______ clause.A. finiteB. non-infiniteC. embeddedD. matrix17. _______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A . Morphology B. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics18. _______ does not belong to major syntactic categories.A. AuxiliaryB. NPC. ND. PP19. _______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.A. ConjoiningB. EmbeddingC. ConcordD. Government20. The term_______ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. pronominalB. anaphorC. r-expressionD. binding21. In Halliday' s view, the _______ function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A, ideational B. interpersonalC. textualD. social22. The criterion used in IC analysis is _________. .A. transformationB. conjoiningC. groupingD. substitutability23.______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A. ConcordB. GovernmentC. BindingD. C-command24. The phrase "my small child's cot" is an ambiguous phrase, revealed by tree diagrams -A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourIII . Decide whether the following statements are true[ T] or false[F] ._______ 25. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure._______ 26. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. It has just one head._______ 27. Move a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in. grammatical strings._______28. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun._______ 29. Words in a paradigmatic relation are comparable in terms of syntax: they have the same syntactic features, so they are replaceable witn each other semantically. -(F)_______ 30. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause one of a part to a whole.(T)_______ 31.A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence._______32. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures. _______ _______33. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse._______ 34. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called the theme._______ 35. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V._______ 35. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.IV . Explain the following terms.37. Syntax 38. C-command39. Hierarchical structure 40. Syntactic category41. Phrase structure rules 42. IC analysis43. Concord 44. X-bar theory45. Subordinate construction 46. Deep structure47. Trace theory 48. Move-a Answer the following questions.V. Answer the following questions:49. What is a sentence? What is grammaticality? Please explain with examples what is a grammatical sentence?50. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3). The boy saw the man with the telescope.(1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.(2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.(3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)?KeysI . Fill in the blanks.1. sentence2. transformational3. finite4. Exocentric5. recursive6. deep7. C-command8. Coordinate9. hierarchical 10. trace 11. specifier 12. GrammaticalII . Choose the best answer.13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. BIII. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [F] .25. [F] Application of the transformational rules yields surface structure.26. [F] Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: ' subordinate and coordinate constructions. Coordinate constructions have more than one head.27. [F] Move-a rule together with other syntactic principles.28. [T]29. [F] They are not replaceable with each other semantically.30. [T] 31. [T]32. [F] For example, IC analysis cannot be used to analyze the phrase "t love of God".33. [T]34. [F] This is called the rheme.35. [ F] Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories s as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that servt heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.36. [T]P a r t T h r e e E x er c i s e s fo r S e ma n t i csExercisesI . Fill in the blanks.1. _______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.2. _______is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false.3. "Charge" and "accuse" are said to be _______ synonyms.4. Sentence meaning is the combination of the compound words and ________.5. _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.6. Predication analysis is to break down predications and into their constituents: _________ and _________7. _________ sentences express judgment.8. The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from _________ and _________.9. "mean" and "frugal" are said to be ________ synonyms.10. We call the relation between "animal" and "cow" as_________.11. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _________.12. "Words are names of labels for things." This view is called _________ theory in semantic studies.II. Choose the best answer.13. _________ in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual toformal according to the type of communicative context.A. Stylistic variationB. Ideolectal variationC. Social variation antonyms.D. Regional variation14. Cold and hot are a pair of _________A. gradableB. complementaryD. converseness C. reversal15. Idioms are_________..A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units16. _________ describes whether a proposition is true or false.D. Truth B. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. falsehood17. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _________.A. propositionB. sentenceC. UtteranceD. truth18. Bull: ( BOVINE) (MALE) ( ADULT) is an example of _________.A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction19. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word_________.A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.D. is the image it is represented in the mind.20. When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b) and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that _________.A. sentence ( a ) presupposes sentence (b)，B. sentence (a ) entails sentence (b)C. sentence (a ) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D. sentence (a ) contradicts sentence (b)21. "Socrates is a man" is a case of _________.A. two-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place argumentD. one-place argument22. "John killed Bill but Bill didn' t die" is a(n) _________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction23. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppositions is called _________.A. presupposition conditionB. truth conditionC. presupposition triggerD. Truth value24. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or _________ which can not bedetermined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. metonymyD. synonymyIII . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F] ._________ 25. Interrogative and imperative sentences do not have truth value._______ 26. The relationship between " human body " and " face/nose " is hyponymy. _________ 27. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature._________ 28. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship of the two items are said to be relational opposites._________ 29. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning._________ 30. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same a; meronymy._________ 31. "Either it is raining here or it isn't raining here" is empirically true._______ 32. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently._________ 33. The linguistic context considers the probability of one word' s rnoccurrenee or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication._________ 34. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same referenae always have the same sense._________ 35. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to neg. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition still true._________ 36. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between lingu form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. •90 •IV. Explain the following terms.37. Reference 38. Conceptualism39. Synonymy 40. Entailment41. Componential analysis 42.`Sense43. Homonymy 44. Semantics45. Proposition 46. Semantic field47. prediction analysis 48. Truth conditionV. Answer the following questions.49. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis into distinctive features?50. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?Keys.I . Fill in the blanks.1. sense2. Truth condition3.collocational4. the meaning of its structure5. gradable6. argument; predicate7. Declarative8. lexical ambiguity 9. emotive10. hyponymy 11.co-hyponymy12. namingII . Choose the best answer.13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B21. B 22. D 23.C 24. AIII. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]:25. [T]26. [F] The relationship should be meronymy.27. [F] Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature. :.28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship. 31. [F] It is linguistically true.32. [T] 33. [T]34. [F] Linguistic forms with the same reference may also differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and "evening star". They refer to the same star but differ in sense.35. [T] 36. [T]IV. Explain the following terms.37. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.38. Conceptualism: It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the rind. 39. Synonymy: It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Synonyms can be divided into dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms and semantic synonyms.40. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences: (a) Tom divorced Jane. (b) Jane was Tom's wife.In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.41. Componential analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed ink HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.42. Sense: It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It i> the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.C h a p t e r 7Exercises for Language, Culture and SocietyI . Fill in the blanks.1. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or_________ , language.2. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.3. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he + is he’s). Black English can_________ the form of “be”.4.The _________ superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.5. A_________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communities.6. A linguistic_________ refers to a word or the "polite" society from general use.7. Taboo and _________ are two faces of the same communicative coin.。