整合性描写棱镜下的词汇多义性

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第五章词义

第二节词义的聚合
一、单义词和多义词 1．单义词：单义词是只有一个意义的词。科学术语 2．多义词：多义词与单义词相对，指的是一个词有多个意义，它们概括反映相互有联系的几类现实现象。
3．本义与派生义、中心义（基本义）与非基本义

本义：词的有历史可查的最初的意义叫做本义，它是产生这个词的其他意义的基础。派生义：由本义衍生出来的意义叫做派生意义。中心义：多义词的几个义项中最常见、最基本的意义。又叫基本义。非基本义：多义词中除了基本义之外的其他意义。
印度→僧。
3）基本词汇和一般词汇的关系：
A、基本词汇是一般词汇形成的基础，而后者是前者的源泉。一般词汇中多数词都是在根词的基础上形成：电脑一般词汇不断为基本词输送新的血液：的士 B、二者可以互相转化。一般词汇→基本词汇基本词汇→一般词汇 C、二者的构造材料相关→语素电：电灯、电话、电脑、电大、电子、电玩、闪电
C．基本词汇包含的词有以下重要类型：
（1）表示自然现象和常见事物的词。（2）表示生产和生活资料的词。（3）表示亲属关系的词。（4）表示人体器官的词。（5）表示方位和时令的词。（6）表示数目的词。（7）表示常见动作行为的词。（8）表示常见性状的词。
2）一般词汇
A．一般词汇：除了基本词汇以外的词构成语言的一般词汇。 B．一般词汇的主要特点是：不是全民常用的；或者虽然在短期内为全民所常用，但不稳固，容易发生变化；一般没有构词能力或者构词能力比较弱。一般词汇所包含的词，数量大，成分杂，变化快，社会的发展变化首先会在一般词汇中得到的反映。
E、外来词：受外语影响产生的词音译词：咖啡、沙发、坦克、模特、扑克（形体汉化）音译兼意译：芭蕾舞、啤酒、沙丁鱼、吉普车（意义汉化）半音译半意译：马克思主义、冰淇淋、浪漫主义（形体汉化）意译：超市、摇滚乐、智商、热狗、话筒（汉化）借形：（日语）干部、艺术、场合、观念→严格来说不是借词照搬→省略形式：WTO、ID、OK、IP、WC、MP3、CT 本民族借词：西域借词→葡萄、苜蓿、石榴；蒙古→站（jam）；

第五章__语义和语用

词的指称功能：词具有指称某类现实现象的功能， “苹果”这个词指称具体的某种水果。词的概念意义也有的是反映主观心理现象或主观的观念，如“喜”、“怒”、“哀”、“乐”，以及“仙女”、 “魔兽”等。不管这些词的概念意义是反映的客观物质现象还是主观心理现象，在使用中指代的都是说话者的心理现实。
• 5、词义派生的条件 • 词义的派生有现实的基础，派生义和派生它的那个意义所指的事物某一方面特征有联系。这种联系就是词义派生的现实理据。表达同一类现实现象的词义在不同的语言中各有自己的历程。如：窗口—①窗户，②指直接为群众生活服务的（～行业），③比喻途径、渠道（了解市场的～）， ④比喻反映或展示精神上、物质上各种现象或状况的地方（心灵的～）。 • （英）window—①窗户，②获得信息的渠道（The eye is the window to the soul.），③计算机桌面操作系统（windows’xp）。 • （俄）окно—①窗户，②冰窟窿，③云层中透出的青天，④两堂课之间的空档。
对于近义词，更重要的是找出它们之间的细微差别，才能准确地理解各自表达的意义并准确的使用。近义词的细微差别可以归纳为下面几个方面：
同义词
理性义
意义轻重：轻视－蔑视违背－违反失望－绝望范围大小：局面－场面时代－时期边疆－边境个体集体：树－树木纸－纸张人－人口搭配对象：交换－交流发挥－发扬侵犯－侵占英语的“many”和“much”都表示“多”的意义，但前者只能和可数名词连用，后者只能和不可数名词连用
• 反义词的两种类别 • 1）相对反义词。反义词所反映的对立中间留下空白，可以插进别的成员。如：冰—冷— 凉—温—热—烫，大—中—小，赞成—弃权—反对此类反义词前可加程度副词，否定一方不等于对方。反义是人们的主观态度和习惯所决定的，并不一定是科学意义上的相反和对立。如“黑”和“白”一般认为是一对反义词，但从光学的角度分析，“黑”是由三原色构成的，“白”是由赤橙黄绿青蓝紫七色构成的，没有任何对立和矛盾的关系。

《词语的兄弟姐妹——同义词》教学课件

同义词的学习误区与应对策略
总结词
学习误区主要表现在对同义词的忽视、对近义词的混淆以及缺乏实践运用等方面。
详细描述
首先，学生需要重视同义词的学习，明确其重要性和实用性。其次，学生需要区分近义词之间的差别，避免混淆。例如，“预先”和“预知”都表示预先知道或预先安排，但前者强调预测或预料，后者强调预测的结果或结论。最后，学生需要加强实践运用，通过写作、阅读等方式提高对同义词的理解和运用能力。
反义词
词汇意义相反，如“深”与“浅”，“大”与“小”，表示相反的概念或属性。
同义词的语用差异
情感色彩
词汇的情感色彩不同，如“美丽”与“丑陋”，“欢乐”与“悲伤”，表示不同的情感体验。
语体风格
词汇的语体风格不同，如“死板”与“灵活”，“口语化”与“书面化”，适用于不同的语境和文体。
同义词的选择原则与方法
。 • 注意语境：在不同的语境下，同义词的含义可能会有所不同，因此在使用时要注意语境。 • 积累词汇：学习和积累同义词有助于提高语言表达能力和阅读理解能力。
02
同义词的辨析与选择
同义词的语义差异
近义词
词汇意义接近，但存在细微语义差异，如“诞生”与“出生”，“诞生”强调事物的出现，而“出生”强调生命的出现。
通过语境学习同义词
总结词
直观、体验、实践
详细描述
通过创造语境，学生可以直观地体验同义词的用法。教师可以设计模拟场景或角色扮演活动，让学生在实际操作中掌握同义词的用法。这种方法能够增强学生的实践能力，帮助他们更好地掌握同义词。
04
同义词在语言教学中的意义与价值
同义词对语言教学的意义
1 2
丰富学生的词汇量
同义词的搭配问题与解决对策

阿普列相整合描写理论与同义形容词的释义程式研究??

阿普列相整合描写理论与同义形容词的释义程式研究作者：于峻嵘等来源：《河北大学学报·社科版》2014年第04期摘要：语义学是词典学的重要支撑点，阿普列相的整合描写理论为词典学编纂提供了理论指导。

语义与语法被形式化地整合为一，是“整合”的核心意义。

同义词释义需要优化整合描写，优选释义程式，使得词汇与语法相互协调，以此形成良好的释义效果。

对俄语、英语、汉语同义词词典的研究说明，释义注重整合，就会获得较好的效果；整合不足，释义也多会存在不足。

关键词：阿普列相；整合描写；释义程式；同义形容词中图分类号： I03 文献标志码：A文章编号：1005-6378（2014）04-0099-06一、理论视角与研究对象（一）视角的形成：整合与程式结合在语义学研究上，俄罗斯理论语义学与词典学研究富有世界影响。

20世纪90年代以来，以阿普列相（Юрий Апресян）为创立与代表人之一的莫斯科语义学派以卓著的成就闻名于世，影响着语义学和词典学研究。

阿普列相主持编纂的《现代俄语整合词典》为新型语义词典的典范，极好地实践了他所主张的整合描写理论。

整合描写理论的核心在于，借助“相同的形式化语言”统一起词汇意义描写和语法意义这两个层面，使之有机协调，从而获得清晰、适切、准确的释义效果。

同时，出于释义系统的特质，在整合的基础上，释义者（可称为释义施体）还需要把具体释义的各种信息纳入适合所释对象的某些程式中去，这样才有助于受义者（可称为释义受体）识别出所需要的意义内容，这样建立起词典信息与查询需求的关联，便于受体对词典释义的使用。

这也说明，在完成整合基础上，释义施体要获得受体的理解，实现沟通的理想效果，在释义时确立并使用合理的程式是十分必要的。

为此，探索整合描写与释义程式之间的关系问题，是整合描写理论及其所指导的词典编纂能够相互推进的重要前提。

（二）对象的选定：同义形容词释义词典学的研究证明，整合描写理论有助于人们对词汇意义与语法规则之间关系的思考。

教学类散文范文3篇

教学类散文范文3篇教学类散文范文一写景状物类*是语文学习中一道独具韵味的风景线，或描摹山川名胜，抒写地域景致，叙述特定事物，或游览参观，寻踪探微，借物喻人，托物言志，都是写景状物类*的内容对象。

这类*，一般由于诗意盎然的语言特色，个性鲜明的对象特点，自然率真的情感流露，吸引了同学们，是同学们最为亲切喜爱的一类文体。

可以说，在所有的*样式中，写景状物类*最能够展现语文的语言魅力，也是最值得大家精读品味的选择对象，它对于丰富自己的人文视野，提高自己的语言表达能力，陶冶自己的人格情操，具有重要的作用。

一、整体感知，把握思路写景状物类*，它一般不会像“叙事”类*一样按照事情发展顺序去安排材料，也没有像“写人”之类并列安排一些材料，写景状物一般写景精妙，景物特征鲜明，景物的特点，与*的整体氛围相协调，使文保持统一和谐的风格特点，给读者以美的享受。

读写景状物散文首先要赏析景物描写，弄清*描写了哪些画面和对象，并了解它们的主要特点。

例：《宋庆龄故居前的樟树》全文描写了宋庆龄故居的两棵樟树的外形和生长特点，以及具有拒虫的香气且能永久保持的可贵之处，表达了人们对这两棵樟树的赞美和对宋庆龄的怀念之情。

二、反复赏读，品味语言。

对于写景状物类的*，我们要反复赏读，品味语言，让自己进入到*中的意境中去。

品味写景类*的语言首先要把握本质。

清代学者王国维说的“一切景语皆情语”，一语道尽了写景类本质：所有写景的*，实际上都在传达作者的一种情感，一种思想。

品味语言的方法很多。

可以认真诵读，边读边在脑海里“放映”文字的影像，边读边品味语言本身之精彩;可以认真默读，静静地欣赏优美隽永的语言，品味语言背后的意味情味，评价课文的语言风格;可以背诵课文片段，记诵一些优美、精警的语句，获得良好的语感;可以圈点批注“写读”的形式品赏精彩精美的散文语言。

比如《宋庆龄故居前的樟树》仔细研读课文的四五自然段，充分认识樟树的特点：枝干粗壮，树叶稠密，四季常青，生命力顽强;具有拒虫的香气，且能永久保持。

9 人体词语词义转喻性研究_黄碧蓉

2011 年第 4 期总第 161 期
外语学刊 FOREIGN LANGUAGE RESEARCH
2011 ， No． 4 Serial No． 161
人体词语词义转喻性研究
黄碧蓉于睿
*
（上海海洋大学，上海 201306 / 复旦大学，上海 200433 ；哈尔滨工业大学，哈尔滨 150001 ）
On the Metonymical Properties of Acceptation of Body Terms
Huang Birong Yu Rui
（ Shanghai Ocean University，Shanghai 201306 ，China / Fudan University，Shanghai 200433 ，China； Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150001 ， China） The human body with all its complexities has been applied to help us to know and experience the world for millennia． This has resulted in the strong metaphorical and metonymical properties of acceptation of the body terms． This paper focuses on the latter，and elaborates upon the problem from four aspects， namely the body terms metonymically used for the person， for the units of measurement ，for the physical features or functions possessed by body parts，and for the action of body parts． The convenience of the metonymy makes the metonymical properties of acceptation of the body terms a prominent feature． Therefore，synchronically and diachronically，it deserves more studies． Key words： body terms； acceptation； metonymical properties； prominent feature “作为一种基质 ” “认识和体验世我们的身体被用于（万晋红 2009 ： 9 － 11 ）， “体认 ” 界” 历经几千年这种世界的过程，表身体各部位的人体词语的意义相应地被赋予厚重的隐喻性和转喻性。因篇幅所限，本文拟对人体词语词义的转喻性做专题探讨，其隐喻性将另文研究。认知语言学家在经过大量的研究后发现，转喻在一定程度上比隐喻更为基本，是比隐喻更为基本的认知现象（ Panther ＆ Radden 1999 ，Koch 1999 ，Taylor 1989 ，RadBarcelona 2003 ）。在转喻中， den ＆ Kvecses 1999 ，涉及的 “接近” “突显 ” 是一种和的关系，事物容易理解或容易被感知的属性或方面被用来代替事物的整体或事物的另外某一方面或部分（ Lakoff 1987 ： 77 ）。通过对人体词语进行批量考察，我们发现其词义的转喻操作依据邻近性基本涉及以下 4 类情形：人体部位 — —人相邻近，与其主体— 继而人体词语用作转指人；与人们的认识、实践活动相邻近，继而人体词语用作转指长度单位；与其某一突出特征或功能相邻近，继而人体词语用作转指人体相应部位的特征或功能等；与它相应的动作、行为等相邻近，继而人体词语用作转指人体部位相应的动作行为。下面拟对人体词语的这 4 种转喻操作类型逐一进行解析，藉此探讨人体词语词义的转喻性特征。

语言学概论名词解释

1. Design features of language:(1)Arbitrariness (任意性):there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.（声音和意思无直接联系）eg: why English should use the sounds /dog/ to refer to the animal dog, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental.（2）Duality(双重性)：the way meaningless elements of language at one level(sounds and letters)combine to form meaningful units at another level. That is, sounds such as d, g, f, o, mean nothing separately. They normally take on meaning only when they are combined in certain ways, as in dog, fog, and god. 2．Descriptive grammars(描写性语法): attempt to tell what is in the language(语言第一，语法第二，语法是为语言服务)Prescriptive grammars（规定性语法）：tell people what should be in the language.3．Phonetics(语音学): the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they ate produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.It can be divided into 3main branches:(1) articulatory phonetics(有音节的), which is the study of how speech sounds are produced(2)acoustic phonetics（有关声音的）,which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air(3)auditory phonetics(听觉的)，which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.4.Assimilation(同化): a phonological process whereby a sound becomes phonetically similar to a neighboring sound ,eg: a vowel becomes whenfollowed by a consonant.5．Phonology(音系学): the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.6．Minimal pairs（最小对立体）: a pair of words that differ by only a single sound in the same position, e.g. look/ took, spill/still and keep/coopMinimal set（最小对立体集）: when a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme(always in the same position)eg: a minimal set based on the vowel phonemes of English would include feat, fit, fate, fat, fought, foot, and one based on consonants could have big, pig, and wig.7．Syllable（音节）: these units which are often longer than one should and smaller than a whole word. 1. phonetically, syllables are usually described as consisting of a center which has little or no airflow and which sounds comparatively loud.2.phonologically, syllables are defined by the way in which vowels and consonants combine to form various sequences.8．Stress (重音): the prominence given to certain sounds in speech. 9．Morphology (形态学)：the study of the structure of words.10．Root（词根）: the morpheme that remains when all affixes are strippes froma complex word. eg: system from un- +system + atic +ally11.Derivational morphemes（派生词缀）可能会改变词性: a morpheme that serves to derive a word of one class or meaning from a word of another class or meaning. eg: -ment derives the noun from the verb establish; re- changes themeaning of the verb paint to "paint again".Inflectional morphemes（屈折词缀）不改变词性: which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.12.Allomorphs(语素变体): a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized,e.g. -s, -es, and all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.plementary distribution(互补分布):allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution for they never occur in the same contest. Eg: the unaspirated /p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other places.14.types of word formation:(1)compounding(合成构词法):words like typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver are formed by putting two words together. Two free morphemes are combined to form a compound.(2)Derivation（派生构词法）：derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. A derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme. For example, by adding affixes un-, mis-, -ful, -less, -ism, we can get words like unhappy, misunderstand, careful, careless.(3)Blending(混成构词法): a process a single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. eg: the English word brunch is made from breakfast and lunch.(4)Acronym（首字母拼音词）：some new words are formed from the first letters of a series of words. They are pronounced as single words, as in NA TO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)15.Syntax(句法学): used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.(1)Immediate constituent analysis(直接成分分析法)：also called IC Analysis, in linguistics, a system of grammatical analysis that divides sentences into successive layers, or constituents, until, in the final layer, each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word. (A constituent is any word or construction that enters into some larger construction.) eg. In the sentence “The old man ran away,” the first division into immediate constituents would be between “the old man” and “ran away.” The immediate constituents of “the old man” are “the” and “old man.” At the next level “old man” is divided into “old” and “man.” It was introduced by the United States linguist Leonard Bloomfield in 1933.(2)Recursion（递归性）:the feature of recursion permits a grammar of a finite number of rules to generate an infinite number of sentences. For example: This is the house that jack built. /This is the cat that lived in the house that jack built.16.Semantics（语义学）：the study of linguistic meaning.(1)Sense(意义)语言之间的关系：the inherent part of an expression’s meaning which, together with context, determines its referent. It is also called intension. Eg: knowing the sense of a noun phrase such as the president of the UnitedStates in 2004 allows one to determine that George W. Bush is the referent. (2)Reference(指称，参照)：the relationship between words and the things, actions ,events, and qualities they stand for. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object "tree" in the real world.17、Pragmatics(语用学)：a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(1)Anaphora(回指):the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.(2)Cohesion(衔接): the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be the relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence.Coherence(连贯): :the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse of the sentences in a text.18、Iconicity(象似性)：the major types of iconicity in language which have frequently been proposed are those of order, distance, and complexity.(1)Iconicity of order(顺序象似性)：refers to the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic of construction. (e.g. Caesar’s historic words “veni, vidi, vici”-I came, I saw, I conquered.) iconicity of order reflects the consistency of language with human cognition and the objective world.(2)Iconicity of distance（距离象似性）：accounts for the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. That is, elements which have a close relationship must be placed close together.(3)Iconicity of complexity(复杂象似性):accounts for our tendency toassociate more form with more meaning and, conversely ,less form with less meaning.19.The prototype theory（原形理论）：what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category. eg: For some English speakers "cabbage" might be the prototypical vegetable.20.Lexical gap(词汇空缺) : the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language is called lexical gap. For instance, in English there is no singular noun that covers both cow and bull as horse covers stallion and mare.21.Associative meaning（联想意义）：connotative(内涵), social, affective（情感）, reflective（反射）, and collocative（搭配）meanings are called associative meaning.Reflective meaning(反射意义):is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.22.Allophone(音位变体)：a phonetic form in which a phoneme is realized.23.Diacritics（变音符号）：is a set of symbols which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone make possible.（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthenparty laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Y ears, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulationsrepeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the FifthPlenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee PoliticalBureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revisionof the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Y an to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline andto implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists ona positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," atotal of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule >real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen yearsimplement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Y an Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline,exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should。

对“每一个词在新的语境下都是一个新词”之解读

对“每一个词在新的语境下都是一个新词”之解读周莉莉;李颜伟【摘要】伦敦功能语言学派代表人物弗斯曾经提出“每一个词语在新的语境下都是一个新词”。

这句话揭示了语言学中语境的重要作用。

在这一基础上，文章将结合语言哲学中的动态意义观来阐释这句话，它表明词语（短语，句子）的意义是依赖语境的，是动态变化的。

文章将这一理解引入到翻译实践中，试图指导译者更好地进行翻译实践。

%John Rupert-Firth, a linguist of London School, has proposed that ＂Each word when used in a new context is a new word＂. This sentence has implicated the importance of the context in linguistics. Based on this implication, this paper will analyze the illustration of the sentence from the perspective of dynamic view, which shows that the meaning of the word is context-specific and dynamic. This illustration can be applied in Translation Studies. For Translators, it will be helpful in translation practice.【期刊名称】《长治学院学报》【年(卷),期】2011(028)004【总页数】4页(P59-62)【关键词】语境;动态意义观;翻译【作者】周莉莉;李颜伟【作者单位】天津大学文法学院,天津300072;天津大学文法学院,天津300072【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9伦敦功能语言学派代表人物弗斯（John Rupert-Firth）提出“每一个词在新的语境下都是一个新词”（1957）。

举例说明词素和异形词之间的关系。

在中文语言学中，词素和异形词是两个非常重要的概念。

它们之间有着密切的关系，通过举例说明可以更好地理解它们之间的联系和区别。

让我们简单地了解一下什么是词素和异形词。

词素是构成词语的最小意义单位，它具有明确的语音形式，不具备独立意义。

而异形词则是指在字形和/或发音上有所不同，但含义相同或相近的词语。

接下来，我将通过举例说明这两个概念之间的关系。

1. 词素和异形词之间的关系：以“写”为例我们先来看一个词素和异形词的例子，比如“写”这个词。

在汉语中，含有“写”这个词素的词语有很多，比如“写作”、“写字”、“写意”等。

这些词语都是由“写”这个词素构成的，而它们的意义也都与“写”这个词素相关联。

我们还可以发现在日常生活中，“写”这个词还会出现一些异形词，比如“叙述”、“著述”等。

尽管它们的字形和发音都不同，但它们的含义与“写”这个词素所代表的意义是相近甚至相同的。

可以说词素“写”与这些异形词之间存在着紧密的关系。

2. 更深入的探讨：词素的灵活运用除了以上所举的例子，词素和异形词还存在着更为丰富和复杂的关系。

在实际运用中，我们可以发现词素往往具有一定的灵活性，它们可以结合其他词素，构成新的词语。

“写”这个词素可以与“作”、“字”等词素结合，形成“创作”、“书写”等新的词语。

而这些新的词语又可能会产生对应的异形词。

词素和异形词之间的关系并不是静止不变的，它们之间可能会出现各种变化和衍生。

3. 总结与展望通过以上的例子和分析，我们可以看到词素和异形词之间既有着密切的联系，又存在着一定的灵活性和多样性。

在实际的语言运用中，我们需要灵活运用词素和异形词，丰富和拓展词汇的表达方式。

我们也需要更加深入地研究和理解词素和异形词之间的关系，以便更好地把握和运用语言的表达能力。

在本文中，我通过举例说明词素和异形词之间的关系，并结合个人观点和理解进行了深入的探讨。

希望这些内容能够帮助您更好地理解词素和异形词的概念，同时也启发您对语言学习和运用的更多思考和探索。

成语语义的组合性和概念性

成语语义的组合性和概念性作者：汤天颖来源：《文教资料》2013年第28期摘要：成语意义是有组合性和概念性的，文章通过对英语成语的分析，即那些含有身体部位“头”的成语，研究这些成语以什么概念隐喻或者转喻做基础。

关键词：成语组合性概念隐喻由于成语有特殊的语义特征，成语的类别成为其复杂性的一个缘由：一个成语的总意义和它组成部分的意义之和并不相等。

上世纪70年代之前，成语分析的主流都是把成语看做非组合性的，它的意义是随意的，和每个组成部分的意义之间没有任何联系。

但是，过去二十年的研究表明，很大一部分成语看起来是部分组成的，各组成部分的意义和总意义之间是有关联的，各组成部分的字面意思和总成语的比喻意义之间的“关联”，来自于语言使用者头脑中产生的无意识概念结构“动机”。

1.关于成语是非组合性的观点形式语义学的基本原则之一就是意义的组合性，一个句子的意义可以从它的组成部分中推导出来。

大部分语言学家把成语定义成无法从组成部分中推导出意义的表达式，实际上，当学习一个新的成语，说话者必须在成语和它的非字面意义中建立一个任意的联系。

然而，语法的限制定性了很多成语，导致了这样一种观点，即成语在语法上是“凝固的元素”。

Fraser（1970：33）认为成语可以组织成“凝固的层次”，包括能够接受几乎所有的语法转换，而不会失去其比喻义的表达式。

成语的“固定性”不仅来源于句法的限制，而且来源于它们的语义。

非组合性观点认为很多成语是“凝固的”或是“死去的”比喻。

一个句子或者一个成语的隐喻解释大部分是被话语字面意思的不恰当引发的。

如果一个隐喻经常性地被作为一种特殊含义来使用，那么它就会失去个性，从而将这个隐喻意义储存为它表达方式的一个标准意义。

之所以成语经常被认为是“死去的隐喻”，是因为语言学家们弄混了死去的隐喻和常规的隐喻，人们经常对于原始的隐喻缺乏认识，人们相信，基于常规，理解成语的意义和知道每个词汇的意义是一样的。

2.从组合性到概念性一直以来语言学家们都尝试描述成语在其组合性中是如何不同的。

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提要：近年来，汇多义性问题成为语言学研究的热点之一。本文以莫斯科语义学派的整合性描写原则为理论基词础和原则，尝试从共时层面的角度对词汇多义问题进行探讨和分析。关键词：整合性描写、词汇多义性、层语义深
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很多著名的理论思想和方法论原则，中最有影响的其
是语言的整合性描写原则。所谓语言的整合性描写原则是指每一种语言的语法和词典相配合描写（里的语法是一个宽泛的概这念，指一种语言所有规则的总和，括语言的语义是包
能真正还原出多义词的语义结构；时，多义词词同对义派生机制及其转义模式的研究，以很好地解释甚可至“ 预测 ” 出多义词共时层面的语义，为 “ 义现象因多
能，很多情况下，要求在词典的释文中包含有这在还
６ｙ：ＯｎＨ￣ＫＨｅ，ＨｅＯＨａＭｏ．ｐｘＨｑＴｅｅ
— —
词汇多义性分为词作为语言单位本身的多义性和组句过程中因词汇原因而产生的多义性两个方面（薛恩奎２０：８。在本文中我们只研究第一个方０９２）
题。
话可以，第２句话就不可以呢？显然问题出在意义而
层面上。
我们试图通过对动词ＢＩｐＴ及其支配的名词的ｂａｂ６语义进行全面的分析和整合性描写，回答这一问来
题。
２．词汇多义性的整合性描写
［文章编号］１０ —５０２１）１０９—４０２５１（０１０ —０３０
共时层面的粗浅分析和研究。
０．引言
１．莫斯科语义学派及其整合性描写原则
当前在俄语学研究中，言的多义性问题再次成语
为学者们的关注重点，其是词汇多义性问题。这一尤趋势的出现和发展，方面是得益于认知语言学的快一
变。
６ａｈ分为两个具有更为细微语义差别的词位，ｐＴ划分
别称为ＢＩａｂ１１ＢＩａｂ１２ｂｐＴ．和ｂｐＴ．．６６
ＢＩａｂ１１的表层支配结构是：Ｖｆ＋ＨｂｐＴ．６３＋
ＮｐｘＶｆ Ⅱ 兄Ｎｐｘ，ｏ，＋－＋丌ｏ．用于类似ＢＩｐＴ￣ＴｅｂＨａｂａｂ６Ｈ
重要意义；一方面是俄语学中词汇语义学研究积淀另
与理论深度的自然体现。
词汇多义性，是一个认知过程的问题，既同时也
规则）。具体说来，整合性描写原则可以表述为以下两个要求：ａ “）在描写某一词位时，典学家应该利用词
息时，只考虑词汇层面的搭配要求，整合性描写所而展现和揭示的是一个词位在超音质、形、法、构句语义、语用以及交际等诸方面的搭配特点和限制。其目的和宗旨就是要揭示词汇深层的理据性联系，而真从正实现现代语义学从描写性科学向解释性科学的转
下都成为一个涵盖了有关该词位所有语法信息的独
立体系，进而整个词典就变成了体系的体系。因此可
９３
中国俄语教学
第１期
以说整合性描写原则就像一个显微镜，常规语言学在
描写中无法得到解答甚至被忽视的深层语义问题在此都得到了层层展现，中也包括词汇的多义性问其
。。 — —
ｃ６ｐＩＨＨＭＯＩＫＯｅｅＸＯＯＩＸＯＬＨＨＢＩＬ
＿
＿
—
—
ｎｏｃｏｐ￣ｃｍ
整合一体描写（Ｈｅｐ￣ＨｅＯｔａＨ）（哲２０：ＨＴＦａｂＯＨｌＨｅ” 吴Ｃ０７
５）４。我们发现，三个角度各有侧重，这重点不同。而
挑出去。
在传统的词典学语义描写中我们好像并没有找到我们需要的信息。而利用整合性描写原则对ＢＩＢ一
６ａｈｐＴ进行全面分析，以在 “ 可选择 ” 这个意义上把ＢＩＢ一
方面一些之前不被人们重视的信息都包含在整合性描写的范围内，另一方面，而即使是传统的信息也得到了丰富和翔实，如，统语义描写在描写搭配信例传
Ⅱ ＣＯＦｎｅＢｒ６ａ ⅡＨＢｅＯｐｏｏａａ；ＢＩｐＴｐＩｙｏＫｎＨｅ；ｂ６ａｂｂ６ｎ）ｐｅ
ＢＩｐＴ３ｅｏＢＨａＢＨｒ等搭配；６ｑＢｌａｂ１２的表层支配结构是：ｂｐＴ．６Ｖｆ＋Ｍ￣Ｘｑｅｙ－Ｋ
面，即对词汇单位本身的多义性进行描写。纵观当前
俄语词汇多义性研究的三个主要方向：认知领域的 “ 多义研究；律性多义和语义派生的模式化；义的规意
ＫＨｙ ⅡＪｑｅＨＨＦ－Ⅱ ＴＨ￣１
些规则的信息；）同样，法学家在表述语言的某种ｂ语规则时也应利用该词的全部词位，果这些词位的行如为的相应形式没有直接记述在它们的词典释文中，应
考量从属于该词的所有词位；很多情况下，要求在还在语法规则中直接加入具体词位的信息。（ｔｃＨ ” Ａｒｅ￣ｐｉ
ＮＴＯ．用于ＢＩｐＴｅＡｑＳｆＨｐ￣ＴｆＢｉＢｐ，ｂＨａｂ）ｙｙｅｏａｏＯｔｂ６ＭＫｉ；一
本文以动词ＢＩａｂ为例来具体说明整合性描写ｂｐＴ６
６ｐ诸一ＣＭ￣ＨＩＩＯＨＩＨａｅＢＪＪＯＢＨ￣表示必择其一的搭ＨＩＳａ等
先看该动词的词典释义。２００８年第５版的ＯＫｒＢ典对ＢＩａｂ选择￣ｅＯ词ｂｐＴ “ ６
这一意思的解释为：
（ＯＯｑＯ）ＨＢＴ６ａｂｎｅｅＨｂⅡ Ⅱｃ一ＫＦ－Ｔ．Ｂ３Ｔ，ＯＯｐＴ，ｏｐＸ￣Ｔ Ⅱ ｅ
速发展，学者们意识到词汇是人们完成对客观世界进行语言概念化的重要手段，识到掌握词汇多义性对认
研究人类社会认知和描述客观世界的过程所具有的
在莫斯科语义学派几十年的语义研究中，出过提
全部规则，这个词位注明在规则中提到的所有性给
是一个认知结果的问题。过程是说它的动态性，研其究重点在于探寻词义发生转义、义派生的机制与模词式等问题；果是指它的静态性，指把多义性看成结是是一种语言中某一共时截面的一种现象，关注重点其在于如何区分已经形成并已存在于一个词中的多个意义。应当说这两方面是紧密联系、不可分的。只密有深入分析多义词每一个义项的语义、剖出其各个解层次的语义特征、到各义项问的深层语义联系，找才
黑大版的大俄汉字典解释如下：ＢＩａｂ选择，出；中，定；将优良品种）ｂｐＴ：６选选选（挑选出，出等级分
～
整合性描写的重点就是要通过对语言单位各种信息
进行全面的描写，括深入分析多义词每一个义项的包语义、剖出其各个层次的语义特征、出其相同点解找
言学描写所提供的多义词各个义项的语义是一种表层语义，那么整合性描写所展示的就是多义词的深层语义。在整合性描写原则下，方面，位的信息得一词到了大大扩充，词位在超音质、际性以及语用等像交
选定方向，Ｍ）Ａ／３ｂＭｐＢ在生与死之 … ｅｙＨＨＨＩＨＣｅＴＤＫ：Ｏ
间进行抉择，￣ＴＴＩ３￣ＣＨＯＨａｂＨａＣＫＢ从经典作家的著Ｋ
作中选出引文，ＫＦＯ３ＨＯ选 …… 做同盟ＯＯＣ￣ＨＫＭ者，ｃＭＨ种，ｃｐＨｅ￣一ｅｅａ选ｏ３ＭＨ把种籽中的草芥Ｃ