教学能力大赛：跨文化交际 非言语交流 个人距离nonverbal communication
《Non-verbal Communication》 学历案
《Non-verbal Communication》学历案《Nonverbal Communication》学历案在我们的日常生活和人际交往中，交流并不仅仅依赖于言语。
非言语交流（Nonverbal Communication）同样扮演着至关重要的角色。
它以无声的方式传递着丰富的信息，影响着我们与他人的互动和关系。
非言语交流包括众多方面，如肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、姿势、手势、空间距离、触摸以及服饰等。
肢体语言是其中非常显著的一部分。
比如，一个人的坐姿或站姿可以反映出他的自信程度或当前的情绪状态。
如果一个人站得笔直，双肩放松，往往会给人一种自信和积极的印象；而如果一个人弯腰驼背，缩着肩膀，可能暗示着他缺乏自信或者感到不安。
面部表情更是一种直接且强烈的非言语信号。
微笑通常表示友好和愉悦；皱眉可能表示不满或困惑；瞪大的眼睛可能显示出惊讶。
而且，这些表情的细微变化也能传达出不同的含义。
一个浅浅的微笑和一个开怀大笑所表达的情绪强度就有所不同。
眼神交流也是非言语交流中极其重要的环节。
保持稳定且适当的眼神接触能够显示出真诚和专注，让对方感到被重视。
然而，过度的凝视可能会让人感到不舒服，而逃避眼神接触则可能被解读为不诚实或者缺乏自信。
姿势和手势同样能够传递信息。
比如，双手交叉抱在胸前可能表示防御或拒绝的态度；而有力的挥手动作可能表示欢迎或告别。
在不同的文化中，某些手势可能具有完全不同的含义。
例如，在某些国家，竖起大拇指表示称赞，而在另一些国家，可能具有完全不同的甚至是负面的含义。
空间距离在交流中也具有一定的意义。
人与人之间的物理距离可以反映出他们之间的关系亲疏和心理状态。
例如，亲密的朋友或家人之间通常会保持较近的距离，而陌生人之间则会保持一定的距离以确保个人空间。
触摸也是一种非言语交流方式，但需要谨慎使用，因为在不同的文化和情境中，对于触摸的接受程度和解读可能存在差异。
在某些文化中，拥抱和亲吻是常见的友好表示，而在其他文化中则可能被视为过于亲密或不适当。
跨文化交际实训Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication-文档资料
IV. Body Touch 身体接触
Contact cultures displays considerable interpersonal closeness or immediacy, and people in these countries stand close and touch often (Hall, 1966). People in low contact cultures tend to stand apart and touch less.
Glossary
squat sophisticated obscene resentment grit intrigue pancultural embarrassment v. 蹲 adj.久经世故的，老练的 adj. 淫秽的，猥亵的 n. 怨恨，愤恨 vt.咬紧牙关 vt. 欺骗，激起 ... 的兴趣 a. 全文化的 n. 困窘，尴尬
2. What is contact culture/low-contact culture?
Key Terms
Contact culture接触性文化/Low-contact culture低接触 文化 根据身体接触的多少,分为接触性文化和低接触文化。 接触性文化中，人们相互之间关系亲密，因而身体 的接触较多。接触文化包括大部分阿拉伯国家，地中 海地区（包括法国、希腊、意大利），欧洲及中东的 犹太民族，东欧及俄罗斯人、印尼人及西班牙血统的 民族等。低接触文化的人们关系趋于冷淡，身体接触 相对较少。低接触文化包括北欧大部、德国、英国和 美国的盎格鲁-撒克逊族人以及日本人。澳大利亚人居 于两者之间。
Key Terms
eye contact 眼神交会 眼神交会是是通过眼神、目光等传达信息，表达 思想感情，是人们非常重要的非言语交际手段
跨文化交际(七)
（毕继万《跨文化非语言交际》）
Nonverbal Communication
Eye Contact
“吕布欣喜无限，频以目视貂蝉，貂蝉亦以秋波送情。” －－《三国演义》第八回
Nonverbal Communication
Eye Contact
Never trust a person who can’t look you in the eyes. A case study: A story about a Puerto Rican girl
In many Mediterranean cultures, people exaggerate signs of grief or sadness. It is not uncommon in this region of the world to see men crying in public. Yet in the United States, white males suppress the desire to show these emotions. Japanese men even go so far as to hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disgust by laughing or smiling.
毕继万《跨文化非语言交际》
Nonverbal Communication
Most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations.
(1) Vocal characterizers e.g. laughing, crying (2) Vocal qualifiers e.g. volume, tone, rhythm (3) Vocal segregates Maasai: the “eh” sound (“yes, ” “I understand,” or “continue”) Kenya: the “iya” sound (everything is okay)
跨文化交际课件 L 12 Nonverbal Communication
Part One
Warm-up Cases
Case 1 Personal Space
Mark had moved from Denmark to Sydney. One day, at an evening party, a lady approached him, Mark showed his interest to talk with her. At first, the conversation went smoothly, but as it progressed, the lady seemed to step further and further away from Mark as he had been gradually moving closer to her. The lady obviously looked uncomfortable. As Mark was about to ask her more questions, she excused herself and went away to talk with others, leaving Mark standing alone and wondering why the talk had come to a sudden stop.
Case Analysis Khrushchev's gesture
Gesture is the expressive movement of a part of the body, especially the hand and the head. Even though, people talk with their hands, what they mean depends on their culture. In 1959, Former Soviet Union had a cold war with the United States on , therefore a common gesture from Khrushchev may arouse Americans’ sensitive response in Camp David.
Non-verbal+communication+and+culture
@ Sainthorn (Porto Rico): 180
@ Paris: 102
@ Gynswere (Florida): 2
@ London: 0
•Each culture has a well-defined system of meanings for different forms of touching. •Some generalizations can be made with regards to high-touch versus low-touch cultures. • Americans, the English, Germans and Northern Europeans are said to belong to low-touch cultures, exhibiting very limited tactile contact in public.
Minimal eye contact: East Asians Southeast Asians East Indians Native Americans
(Source: Lilian H. Chaney, International Business Communication. Beijing: Higher Education Press & Pearson Education, 2002,p111)
White Muslims hug another person around the shoulders, while Korea young people do not touch the shoulders of their elders. Avoid touching a person with the left hand in the Middle East.
Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际 大学教学课件
Facial expression
About smile: America – a sign of happiness or friendly
affirmation Japanese – mask an emotion or avoid
Number 2 is normally used when talking privately about a third person, meaning that person is crazy, often in a joking way.
Number 3 indicates “I have no idea.” / “I don’t know.”
You don’t just “ read ” others’ body language;
You observe, analyze and interpret before you decide the possible meaning!
Sitting or Standing?
In western countries, people who stand are more important than those who sit (unless there is a table between them), because the former could control the latter.
answering a question Korean – rarely do, too much smiling is a sign
of shallowness “The man who smiles a lot is not a real man.” Thailand – “the land of smiles”
跨文化商务沟通161Unit 5 Nonverbal Communication
Unit 5Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGObectivesI. What is nonverbal communication II. Nonverbal communication and culture III. Functions of nonverbal communication IV. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication V. Nonverbal communication: guidelines andlimitations VI. Categories of Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGI. Defining nonverbal communication• 1. Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.• 2. Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGII. Nonverbal communication and culture • 1. Much of our nonverbal behavior, likeculture, tends to be elusive, spontaneous, and frequently beyond our awareness.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 2. Culture is all-pervasive, multidimensional, and boundless; it is everywhere and in everything. The same is true of nonverbal behavior.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 3. Another parallel between culture and nonverbal behavior is that both need to be learned.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 4. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture's underlying attitudes and values. It can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIII. Functions of nonverbal communication • To repeat, complement, substitute for averbal action, regulate, and contradict a communication event.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIV. The importance of nonverbal communication• 1.We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their non-verbal behavior.• 2. We use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states.• 3. Many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously.• 4. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGV. Nonverbal communication: guidelines and limitations1.It is important to remember that we are all more than our culture.2. In nonverbal communication, we often make differences more important than they should be.3. Nonverbal actions seldom occur in isolation.IBC COURSEWARE OFVI. Categories of Nonverbal Communication•1. Those primarily produced by the body: appearance, movements (kinesics), facial expressions, eye contact, touch.•2. Those the individual combines with the setting: space, time, and silence.IBC COURSEWARE OF2. Body movement (kinesics)•posture•gesturesIBC COURSEWARE OF3. Facial Expressions4. Eye contact and gaze5. TouchIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFhe/she is ready to move at any time. his/her feelings, trying to calm down.•How Body Communicates, from head to toesIBC COURSEWARE OFHEAD-Nodding the head-“Yes”in most societies-“No”in some parts of Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Turkey•Tossing the head backward–“yes”in Thailand, the Philippines, India, LaosIBC COURSEWARE OFFACE IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFEYES*Eye contacts-Encouraged in America, Canada, Europe-Rude in most Asian countries and in Africa*Winking eye-Sharing secret in America and Europe-flirtatious gesture in other countries*Closed eyes-bored or sleepy in America-“I’m listening and concentrating.”in Japan, Thailand, ChinaIBC COURSEWARE OFEars*Ear grasp-“I’m sorry.”in parts of India*Cupping the ear-“I can’t hear you.”in all societies*Pulling ear-“You are in my heart”for Navajo IndiansIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLIPS AND MOUTHCheeks*Cheek screw-gesture of praise -Italy-“That’s crazy.”Germany*Cheek stroke-“pretty, attractive, success”most EuropeIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Kiss. In parts of Asia, kissing is considered an intimate sexual act and not permissible in public, even as a social greeting.IBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING •Finger tip kiss. In France, it conveys several messages, “That’s good!”“That’s great!”“That’s beautiful!.”IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Open mouth. Any display of the open mouth is considered very rude in mostcountries.Fingers*The “O.K.”signal. (the thumb and forefinger form a circle) means*“fine,”or “O.K.”in most cultures,*“zero”or “worthless”in some parts ofEurope*“money”in Japan*an insult in Greece, Brazil, Italy, Turkey,Russia and some other countriesIBC COURSEWARE OFFingers*Pointing.*Pointing with the index finger iscommon in North America andEurope.*But it is considered impolite inJapan and China where theyfavor using the whole open hand.*Malaysians prefer pointing withthe thumb.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Of all the body parts, thehands are probably used most for communicating non-verbally.*Hand waves are used for greetings, beckoning, orfarewells.Hands*The Italian“good-bye”wave can be interpreted by Americans as the gesture of “come here.”*The American “good-bye”wave can be interpreted in many parts of Europe and Latin America as the signal for “no.”IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Handshaking is a form of greeting in most Western cultures.*In the Middle East, a gentlegrip is appropriate.*In most Asian cultures, a gentlegrip and an avoidance of directeye contact is appropriate.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Right hand. The right hand has special significance in many societies. In certain countries in the Middle East and in Asia, it is best to present business cards or gifts, or to pass dishes of food, to get an attention, using only the right hand or both. *Left hand is considered unclean in much of the Middle East and in parts of Indonesia.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Clapping hands.*Russians and Chinese may use applause to greet someone.*In many central and eastern Europe,audience frequently clap in rhythm.IBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Holding the nose-“Something smells bad.”universal *Nose tap-“It’s confidential.”England-“Watch out!”or "Be careful.”ItalyIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Pointing to nose-“It ’s me.”China*Blowing nose-In most Asian countries , blowing the nose at social gathering is ‘disgusting.’Arms*Some cultures, like the Italians, use thearms freely. Others, like the Japanese,are more reserved; it is considered impolite to gesticulate with broadmovements of the arms.*Folding arms are interpreted by somesocial observers as a form of excluding self, “I am taking a defensive posture,”or“I disagree with what I am hearing.”IBC COURSEWARE OF*Arms akimbo. In many cultures, thisstance signals aggression, resistance, impatience, or even anger.*Arms behind back, hands grasped is a sign of ease and control.*Arms in front, hands grasped, common practice in most Asian countries, is a sign of mutual respect for others.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLegs & Feet*In Asia, do not point with your toes.*In Asia and some European countries, putting feet up on a desk or any other piece of furniture is very disrespectful.*Sitting cross-legged, while common in North America and some European countries, is very impolite in other parts of the world.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study•Study the following three cases and explain what messages smiles and laughter usually convey.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study1. In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a question. She stood up and smiled, without making any sound.2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally fall over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.3. In the dining room, when an American drops a plate quite by accident and feels bad, and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feelingIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter•Smile and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment.•In case A, the girl smiled to cover her embarrassment resulting from not being able to answer the question.•In case B and C, the laughter is not at the person or his misfortune –whether he is aIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing’such things can happen to any of us.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance •Space includes the personal space and territoriality.•Animals and human beings both stake out to defend their territories.•The territorial invasion of a country may lead to the declaration of war. But people as individuals may not be so pugnacious (好斗的).• A more tangible form of communication between people is the use and control of space.IBC COURSEWARE OFNorth Americans’distance habit0~45cm:intimate lovers and family members45~80cm:friends (personal distance)130~300cm:acquaintances (social distance)>270cm:public space, not belong to oneself Behind:strangers speaking from behind are allowed to stand much more nearer.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance•Personal spaceEdward T. Hall suggests that “each person has around him an invisible bubble of space which expands and contracts depending on his relationship to those around him, his emotional state, and the activity he is performing.”Based on his observations of North Americans, Hall developed four categories of distance in human interactions:IBC COURSEWARE OF•(1) Intimate distance: ranging from body contact to 18 inches, this distance is used for personal contact, comforting, and protecting.** 一英寸=2.54厘米IBC COURSEWARE OF•(2) Personal distance: from 18 inches to 4 feet, depending on the closeness of the relationship, in this distancing mode people have an visible “space bubble”separating themselves from others.** 1英尺(ft)=0.3048米(m)IBC COURSEWARE OF•(3) Social distance: from 4 to 12 feet, this distance is used by acquaintances and strangers in business meetings and classrooms.IBC COURSEWARE OF。
跨文化交际中的非语言交际
毕业论文题目：跨文化交际中的非语言交际T i t l e: Nonverbal Communication in Cross-cultural CommunicationAcknowledgesWhen I write this degree paper, I met many problems. So in all the process I gain a lot of help from others.First, I thank the supervision of my teacher, Mrs.liu. From the beginning to the end, whenever I have problems, she is always ready to help me. When I ask her questions she answers very carefully. When she corrects my thesis, although she is very busy, she does it seriously quite a lot, which make me deeply moved.Second, I want to thank my classmates and my family who help me. They give me many good advices.At last, I think I have to thank the college of foreign studies. It provides me an opportunity to learn English further. All the teachers taught me is very serious and careful, so that I learn well and can write it relatively smooth.AbstractVerbal communication and nonverbal communication are the two means in intercultural communication. Verbal communication and nonverbal communication, the cultural production of a certain society, have differences as well as similarities in that. On the one hand, they both belong to communication, which refers to the passing process of a message from one person to another either consciously or unconsciously through a certain means; on the other hand, the message is passed from the sender to the receiver in a different way. It is very important to make clear the relationships between verbal and nonverbal communication in learning intercultural communication.When people send message or communicate, they usually use verbal communication and nonverbal communication together. But when the two means became contradictory, people always ready to accept the nonverbal message. For people believe that nonverbal behavior is more natural, instinctive and difficult to disguise than verbal behavior. It remains the same situation when people of different countries communicate one another. So we should think highly of the study of nonverbal communication. Nowadays, globalization has become inevitable tide especially after entering WTO. International communication has become more and more frequently. Under such a situation, the relevance of study the problem gets speak for itself.Many scholars are studying and researching the influence of nonverbal communication to intercultural communication. Now, a few scholars begin to solve the conflict according to the location of thought. The article is analyzed in terms of actions and methods in nonverbal communication.Key words: cross culture; nonverbal communication; cultural identity摘要跨文化交际有两种途径：语言交际和非语言交际。
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for interactions among acquaintances • Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) • Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
Nonverbal Communication: Personal space
个人空间的分类
3 Culture and Space keeping 个人空间文化
Definition of personal space
• Edward T. Hall: • Father of ICC • The personal space is the portable territory with invisible
个人空间的分类
Spatial zones for different relations：个人空间的分类
What is our relationship?
Intimate distance
for embracing, touching or whispering • Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm) • Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
Public distance
used for public speaking • Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) • Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.
✓speeches ✓lectures ✓theater
✓lovers ✓children ✓close family members and friends ✓pet animals
Nonverbal Communication: Personal space
✓strangers ✓newly formed groups ✓new acquaintances
Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际
Nonverbal communication Personal Space
非言语交际-个人空间
Nonverbal Communication: Personal space
Funny psychological testing
• Where do you prefer in the classroom? • A. Front • B. Back • C. By window • D. By door • E. Middle
Spatial zones for different relations
Intimate Distance（亲密距离） Personal Distance（个人距离） Social Distance（社交距离） Public Distance（公共距离）
Culture and Space keeping
个人空间在不同 文化中的体现
Case1: You are going to visit ABC Company in the U.S. and Mr. Clinton, the sales manager, will pick you up. So where are you going to sit, next to the driver or in the back?
• By window:
– daydreamers
• By door:
– often in a rush & want a quick way out
• Middle:
– like to blend into the crowd & are possibly shy
Nonverbal Communication: Personal space
与个体以外的人和事物之间所保持的无形的空间距离。这个空间 就像包围着人体的一个巨大“气泡”一样。一旦个体以外的人或 者事物突破了“气泡”，进入个体所需的充足空间时，人的心理 上就感到不安，焦虑，紧张，迫使个体会自动后退或是离开。
Spatial zones for different relations
Personal Space in Communication
Nonverbal Communication: Personal Space
Content 内容
1
Definition of Personal Space
定义
Personal Space
个人空间
2
Spatial zones
Nonverbal Communication: Personal space
Please watch this video clip and think why the woman would say sorry to the driver? 这位女士坐在汽车后座之后为什么要向司机道歉呢？
Nonverbal Communication: Personal space Where are you going to sit?
Nonverbal Communication: Personal space
Classroom sitting
• Front:
– like the action and be conscious
• Back:
– observers, dislike attention, like the security of the back wall
boundaries that expand or contract, depending on the situation. • In other word, we carry body bubbles with us which are like
invisible walls that defined our personal space. • 所谓个人空间是指环绕在一个人周围的心理防御区域。它是个体