2015体育史期末考【精】

体育史期末考

一、填空

1.体育与人类相伴而生,经历了三个螺旋式的发展阶段:【身体练习】、【游戏项目】、【体育竞赛】。

2.古希腊奥运会在相当于【中国春秋】到【东晋末年】的历史时代,即【公元前776】年-【公元394】年,持续【1168】年的奥运会前后举办了【293】届。

3.古代奥运会固定在一个地方举办,除举行开幕仪式的祭祀神庙外,形成了一个多功能的比赛用建筑群落,功能区包括:【专用赛跑道】、【赛马场】、【宾馆】、【训练学校】等。而古代罗马在大型体育建设方面看更是卓有成效,被称为“罗马的灵魂”的体育场是:【圆形大剧场】。

4.现代职业运动最早出现在【美国】,最先职业化的运动项目是【棒球】,最早职业化的球队是【1869】年成立的【辛辛那提红袜队】。

5.1984年洛杉矶奥运会美国商人【尤伯罗斯】创立了现代奥运会的【赢利模式】。

6.足球与橄榄球同根同源,因为规则不同而分道扬镳,橄榄球因起源于英国一所公学,因此又叫做【拉格比】足球,而1992年重组的“国家橄榄球联盟”,英语缩写【NFL 】,成为美国最富有的职业联盟。

7.冬奥会开始于【1924】年,首届举办地是法国【夏蒙尼】

二、简答

1.简述中国古代一个游戏项目的发展历程。(500字内)

蹴鞠又名踏鞠,是我国古代一种足球游戏。奴隶向封建社会过渡时期文化生活之一。始于黄帝开始用于军事训练,后来成为游戏活动。

战国时期,蹴鞠已是平民百姓喜爱的娱乐活动之一。

西汉时,以蹴鞠练兵,通常采用竞赛方式。

东汉李尤的《鞠城铭》描述了竞赛方法。

两汉三国时期,蹴鞠不仅是军队的练兵手段之一,在民间开展的也十分广泛。据相关记载,当时分为观赏性表演和竞技性比赛两种形式。老百姓经常在大街小巷踢球。皇宫还有专门的蹴鞠场地。汉代的竞赛性蹴鞠分为两队进行比赛,已形成较为完备的竞赛和比赛制度。

东汉时出现了女子蹴鞠,较大范围在唐代。

唐代有所发展主要表现在:使用充气球、踢法多样、流行范围扩大。

唐朝时传入日本。

蹴鞠在宋明时期也称圆鞠、筑球等,是中国古代的足球运动,也是世界上最早的足球运动。

清代出现了民间组织:圆社、齐云社等。

清代为北方庙会上的重要内容。

清代在蹴鞠基础上发展出宫中冰鞠和民间踢毽。

2.简述现代足球运动发展变化的关键年头和节点。(300字内)

现代足球运动发展变化主要经历了以下几个关键节点:

(1)1848年,英格兰剑桥,来自5所中学的学生就一套足球比赛规则达成一致,并制定了第一套共10条的足球竞赛规则;

(2)1863年10月26日,英国伦敦成立了世界上第一个足球运动组织——英格兰足球联赛,标志着现代足球的诞生。

(3)1871年,英格兰足球总会挑战杯创办。足总杯是由英格兰足球协会命名并主办的一项男子淘汰制足球杯赛。

(4)1888年3月22日,英格兰足协创办全国性的甲级联赛——足球职业联赛

(5)1904年5月21日,国际足联(FIFA)在巴黎成立。协会现有会员209个,是国际单项体育联合会总会成员。工作用语为英、法、西班牙和德语,如有语言冲突时,以英语为准。

三、分析

1.西方体育发展始终没有离开竞技场,不同历史时期先后兴起了古代希腊奥运会—罗马角斗士比赛—中世纪骑士比武—现代奥运会、职业联赛等大型体育比赛。请叙述其中两个阶段比赛的特点。(结合包括参加者身份、名利收益、项目设置、比赛规则以及对公平竞赛精神的维护等方面阐述)

古希腊奥运会罗马角斗士比赛

奥运会目的

祭祀天神宙斯

一种娱乐活动

参加者身份必须是纯希腊人、自由

人,必须是男子。奴隶为主

名利收益受到人们的尊敬和崇拜;

给父母和他所在的城邦

带来极大的荣誉。

城邦政府的丰厚待遇,如

免除一切赋税。

女角斗士不仅生存下来,组建家庭,赢

得足够财富,死后墓室中埋着金银财宝。

男角斗士得到木剑就自由,成为教练和

裁判

项目设置赛跑、摔跤、五项竞技、

拳击、混斗、赛战车、赛

马、其他竞技项目。

角斗士之间角斗、斗兽

比赛规则1、抽签法;

2、赛跑中,运动员需裸

体光脚;

在比赛中如果角斗士的盔甲被打落,裁

判有权中断比赛,让他重新整理装束

精神维护1、运动员要在宙斯神像

前举行宣誓仪式;

2、有专门的裁判员。

角斗士凭借角斗可获得自由

2.分析大众传媒(报纸、电台、电视)对现代体育历史发展进程的影响。

电视的影响

(1)电视作为一个信息放大器,不仅跨越时空传送了比赛现场的音像,让足不出户的观众有了如临现场的感觉,使区域性的一些比赛有了国际性。即扩大了赛事的影响力。(2)同时电视转播权费的支付,为体育赛事提供了一个前所未有的财政来源。

(3)改变比赛形式:NBA4节,高尔夫比洞赛改为笔杆赛,FI比赛缩短为2小时或300公里。

(4)改变运动员服装:排联要求女排穿紧身衣。

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