社会语言学论文关于社会语言学的论文
基于社会语言学探析网络语言的特点-社会语言学论文-语言学论文
基于社会语言学探析网络语言的特点-社会语言学论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——摘要：本文将以社会语言学为框架,运用社会语言学的相关理论,对网络语言的特点进行探讨,从而使读者对网络语言有进一步的了解,进而分析和解释网络语言盛行的原因。
语言是一种社会现象,语言是伴随着人类社会的形成而产生关键词：社会语言学;网络语言;语言接触;语言变异;的,而且跟随着社会的变化而发展。
[1]从这一角度看,网络语言是伴随着网络的发展而出现的,依托网络而存在。
伴随着网络的普及和推广,网络语言成为人们日常生活中频繁使用的一种社会方言。
网络语言是指以汉字、拼音、字母、数字及各类符号自由组合为表述方式并广泛应用于网络社交平台上的语言形式,包括网络媒体术语和方言词语。
本文从社会语言学角度出发,以网络语言为基点,描写了网络语言的特征,进而剖析特征形成的缘由。
社会语言学是语言学的一个分支。
社会经济的发展和科学技一，社会语言学视角下的网络语言术的进步促进了社会生活的变化和发展,同时也为社会语言学的发展带来了新的变化。
社会语言学研究的范畴众多,例如语言社团、语言变体、语言变异、语言接触、语言与文化等。
本文主要涉及语言变体、语言接触、语言变异等理论。
唯物史观认为:社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识反作用于社会存在。
20世纪末以后,世界朝着全球化、息化和数字化的方向快速发展。
网络作为科技发展的新产物,其发展催生了网络文化,同时也促使了网络文化的表述载体网络语言的诞生。
网络是社会存在的一种具体表现形式,网络语言是社会意识的一种具体表现形式,根据唯物史观来看,网络的存在决定了网络语言的存在,而网络语言的发展亦对网络发挥着一定的作用。
总的来说,网络语言是网民在网络社会中使用的一种语言,它是一种社会语言。
(1)网络语言是语言变体的具体表现。
语言变异指的是一种语言。
二、从社会语言学角度认识网络语言的特征的一个或一群使用者所使用的该种语言的任何形式。
中文系专业毕业论文 社会语言学视角下的网络语言变异分析
中文系专业毕业论文社会语言学视角下的网络语言变异分析社会语言学视角下的网络语言变异分析一、引言随着科技的发展和互联网的普及，网络语言作为一种全新的语言形式，逐渐走入人们的生活，并且不断发展变异。
本文旨在从社会语言学的角度出发，分析网络语言的变异现象以及背后的原因，为中文系专业的学生提供一种新的研究视角。
二、网络语言的定义与特点网络语言是指通过互联网平台进行交流时产生的一种特殊语言形式。
与传统的书面语言和口语相比，网络语言具有以下特点：简化的表达形式、大量的缩略词和网络短语的应用、表情符号和表情包的使用、表达语气明确的感叹句和疑问句的频繁使用等。
三、网络语言变异的主要表现形式1. 词汇变异在网络语言中，人们常常以音译、字母缩写、拼音缩写等形式对汉字进行转换，以适应网络交流的速度和便利性。
例如，“谢谢”可以简化为“thx”、“感谢”可以缩写为“thks”等。
2. 句式变异由于网络语言通常以文字表达为主，为了加强语气的表达和注意力的吸引，人们喜欢使用感叹句和疑问句。
同时，句子结构简洁，省略了许多传统书面语言中必备的词语，例如“我很开心”可以表达为“好开心哦！”等。
3. 表情符号和表情包的应用表情符号和表情包是网络语言中非常重要的元素，它们能够传达丰富的情感和信息。
例如，“哈哈哈”可以使用“ ”、“生气”可以用“ ”等。
四、网络语言变异的原因分析1. 快速高效的交流需求网络语言的产生和发展与网络通信的速度和便利性密切相关。
为了更快速地交流信息，人们倾向于简化表达方式和使用缩略词、表情符号等，以减少输入的时间和努力。
2. 群体归属感与身份认同网络语言作为一种新兴的交流方式，具有鲜明的独特性和个性化。
使用特定的网络语言可以让人们感到归属于某个特定的社群或群体，从而塑造自己的身份认同。
3. 跨地域文化交流的需要网络语言的大量使用使得地域文化差异减小，不同地域和文化背景的人们能够更容易地进行交流和理解。
为应对这种跨地域文化交流的需求，网络语言变异成为一种相对中性和易于理解的交流方式。
论文——社会语言学在对外汉语课堂中的应用
社会语言学在对外汉语课堂中的应用
引言
在二十世纪六十年代，社会语言学首先在美国兴起，这一学科主要将语言学和社会学有效结合起来，运用不同学科的理论方法来诠释和研究语言的社会本质及差异。
社会语言学主要注重语言的社会性，其较为注重跨学科的实际运用，在语言与社会之间研究语言的运用现状与运用规律，能够在一定程度上研究新的应用领域，在对外汉语教学研究中占据着至关重要的地位与作用。
1 社会语言学研究与对外汉语教学
众所周知，传统的语言学领域里，主要是以结构主义为代表，其主要特征是比较注重语言的内部特征，社会语言学则较注重从外部特点去研究语言的本质，并利用语言本质去扩宽研究视角，社会语言学的诞生将传统语言学的研究结构朝着语言交际能力的方向转换，对外汉语教学的本质是培养学生的语言交际能力，因此，研究社会语言学在对外汉语教学中的有效应用对于提高对外汉语课堂教学质量有着至关重要的作用。
1.1 社会语言学的基本概念
社会语言学主要研究方向是社会现象与语言学的关系。
社会语言学主要研究的是语言在人们的日常生活中的不同表现方式和语言与社会之间的不同关系，其注重的不是语言的核心结构体系，而是语言的社会内涵。
在社会语言学里，考察社会语境中语言的使用现象，从社会学角度上来描述和解释语言使用的不同变化情况，其可以分为宏观社会语言学和微观社会语言学。
其中，宏观社会语言学主要研究的是诸如语言规划、政策的制定，语言的文字改革等相关问题的整体性研究，围观语言学则偏向于语言在社会环境变化中的变化情况，诸如：民族或种族、。
英语专业社会语言学论文 socialinguistics
社会语言学论文A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in Language******学号：************院系：外国语学院班级：英语1101指导教师：***二〇一四年五月二十三日A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in LanguageAbstractSociolinguistics is the descriptive study that concentrates on the study of how language is used, and the effects of language use on society. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, for instance, ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc. With regard to this paper, the emphasis will be put onto the differences in the actual speech of different gender. We can classify the gender differences in language into two categories. The first category is mainly about sexism in language, as for this category, we mainly focus on how speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward different genders. The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women.In the first part, I will make a brief introduction about sociolinguistics and gender differences in language. In the second part, it will concern the categories of gender differences in language and previous study of gender differences in language. The third part concentrates on the approach of the analysis. The fourth is about the data collection and research methodology. The fifth part analyzes the differences of the speech between men and women from three perspectives— the purpose of the speech, the topic of the conversation and the mode of the speech. The final part comes to the conclusion about the gender differences in language.Key words: Gender differences, sociolinguistics, analysisMain Body1、IntroductionThe knowledge of gender differences in language is very helpful for language learners, and gender differences may exist not only one but all languages. Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women make more minimal responses than men is akin to saying that men are taller than women. The initial identification of a women's register was by Robin Lakoff in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women's role in society. A later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference. However, both these perspective have the language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior. More recently, Deborah Tannen has compared gender differences in language as more similar to 'cultural' differences. Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style, aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. Such differences are pervasive across mediums, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and even toilet graffiti. Communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. One explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. A similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person. That is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male.All in all, gender differences can be reflected in many aspects in our daily life, we should pay more attention to it, thus we can avoid many misunderstandings between men and women.2. Literature ReviewCategories of Gender Differences in LanguageAccording to Wolfson, the research about language and sex can be divided into two categories. The first category is about sexism in language and the ways in which speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward men and women. Two areas of sexism in English have been well-studied. One is that females are excluded from mention in English because the generic he/man problem. Men are regarded as the representatives of all human beings and their speech is the standard, while women are seen as inferior and secondary in society. The second is that females are give negative treatment in society. Bad words in our daily is always related to female words. Female words are often used to insult a male, whereas male words are usually used to compliment female.The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women. The formation of these differences in language may have historical, physiological, social and psychological factors. Lakoff (1973) was one of the early articles to deal with the issue of differences in men’s and women’s speech. She has concluded six major characteristics of women’s speech: lexical choice, question intonation in statements, hedges which includes tag questions and statement modifiers which remove assertive force, emphatic modifiers and intonational emphasis, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation and superpolite forms.3. Theoretical FrameworkThe contrast analysis of male and female language in daily conversation concerns many aspects, such as the topic of the conversation, the mode of the conversation and so on. The differences of the speech between men and women may result from their conception of value, their hobby and their interest etc. They hold different opinions according to the same matter. So we can refer to the ethnography of speaking in describing the gender differences in language. Ethnography refers to theinvestigation of cultures using a particular methodology, that of participant observation. The ethnography of speaking proposed by Dell Hymes in 1962.…The ethnography of speaking is concerned with the situations and uses, the patterns and functions, of speaking as an activity in its own right. (Hymes 1962:101) This ethnographic framework takes into account the various factors that are involved in speaking. An ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves its objectives. (Wardhaugh1998)Conversation means to exchange ideas through interaction, so we can also employ the approach of interactional sociolinguistics—rapport talk proposed by Deborah Tannen (1984,1982) to analyze the gender differences in language. Tannen (1990a) has described the characteristics of men and women’s speech from nine dimensions: intimacy-independence, connection-status, inclusive-exclusive, relationship-information, rapport-report, community-contest, problems-solutions, novice-expert and listening-lecturing. From the description, we can conclude that women’s speech tends to be solidarity, yet men’s speech tends to be independent.4. Research MethodologyThere is a binary distinction between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is inductive, subjective, ungeneralisable, soft, process and verification oriented, hypothesis-driven, and hypothesis generating research, while quantitative research is deductive, objective, generalisable, hard, outcome and discovery oriented, data-driven and hypothesis testing research.In this paper, I employ the quantitative and descriptive methodology to discuss the differences of the speech between men and women. Firstly, the characteristics of women and men’s speech are collected. Secondly, the differences are described through the collection.5. Contrast Analysis of Speech of Men and Women in Daily ConversationThe speech of women differs from the speech of men in daily conversation. Men and women differ in the kinds of language they use because men and women often fill distinctly different roles in society. We can analyze the differences of the speech of men and women from many aspects, such as the purpose of the speech, the topics of the speech and the mode of the speech. Many of the differences may result from different socialization practices.5.1 The purpose of the conversationThe purpose of the women’s speech is to establish the rapport relationship among the members in the community. They try their best to become a member of the community. They want to keep intimate relationship through interaction. So in their speech, the main purpose is to express their feelings and listen to others. The style of their speech appears more obedient and negative.However, the purpose of men’s speech is task-oriented, they have a more analytical approach, so they try to solve problems and troubles through interaction. They seldom express their intimate feelings to others. They also want show their independence in the communication. So it is absolutely different from the purpose of the women’s conversation.5.2 The topic of the conversationThe topic of women’s conversation is different from that of men’s. The topic of the women’s conversation mainly concerns social life, emotion, this can not be separated from their position, profession, social status, and personality. Women’s speech is regarded as trivial and gossip-laden because in the speech community of women, they mainly discuss clothing, love, family, trifles in daily life, experience, emotion, food and drink, life’s troubles. The purpose of the speech is to show the intimate relationship with the addressees, and through the speech they want to reinforce their membership in the community.On the contrast, men show great interest in topics concerning business, politics, legal matters, sports, geography, economy and military etc., these aspects can reflect their solid position in society.6. ConclusionIt can never be denied that gender differences do exist in all languages. Since women and women play different role in social life, they will definitely employ the different skills or methods in their communication or conversation.Women’s speech is different from men’s speech in lexical choice, syntax and pragmatics in daily life. Like O’Barr and Atkins said, “women’s language ” would be more appropriately termed “powerless language”. It demonstrated to us that means this kind of language is less convincing, less intelligent, less competent, and less trustworthy, because women are more concerned about the emotion, intimacy, food, dress, relationship in conversation, they are always ready to share their happiness and sadness with people close to them or even strangers. However, men’s language is regarded as power because the controlling status in society, and what they are interested in is business, military, politics, sport and geography, they communicate with others in order to exchange ideas with them.After learned the sociolinguistics as well as this brief analysis of the gender differences in language, I came to realize that, as a language learner, we should not only learn the basic knowledge about language, but also know the culture of the language. What’s more, I realize that the gender differences in language can never be neglected in language learning for the essential role it plays.Reference1.Nessa Wolfson. Perspectiv e: Sociolinguistics and TESOL, Heinle & Heinle Publishers2.赵蓉晖.《语言与性别：口语的社会语言学研究》.上海外语教育出版社3.陈琳. 《英语中女性特点及其发展趋势探究》.《语文学刊》. 2010年第10期4.杨永林. 《社会语言学研究》.上海外语教育出版社20045.胡文仲.《超越文化的屏障》.外语教学与研究出版社。
语言学专业毕业论文 认知社会语言学的界定取向与外延
语言学专业毕业论文认知社会语言学的界定取向与外延一、引言在当代社会，语言学作为一门研究语言现象的学科，旨在探索人类语言的结构、使用和变化规律。
而认知社会语言学作为语言学领域的一个重要分支，关注语言与社会、认知之间的相互关系，是理解语言运用的一种重要途径。
本文旨在探讨认知社会语言学的界定取向与外延，以便更好地了解并应用于语言学专业毕业论文的写作中。
二、认知社会语言学的界定取向认知社会语言学的界定取向主要围绕两个关键词展开：认知和社会。
首先，认知指个体思维与认知习惯方面的因素，涉及到个体对语言的认知加工过程。
其次，社会指的是语言使用者所处的社会环境、社会角色和社会关系等。
在认知社会语言学中，旨在探索和揭示个体思维与社会背景之间的相互作用与影响。
在界定认知社会语言学取向时，需要明确研究方法和理论框架。
研究方法主要包括实证研究、实验研究和语料库研究等。
实证研究通过对个体的调查和问卷调查等方式，收集并分析数据，以验证理论的可行性及其与实际情况的符合度。
实验研究通过实验设定，并在控制条件下观察和分析个体的行为和语言使用情况。
语料库研究则是通过构建大规模的语言样本库，对语料进行统计和分析，以得出普遍规律。
理论框架方面，认知社会语言学借鉴了认知语言学和社会语言学的相关理论，力求在个体的认知机制与社会因素之间建立起联系。
在认知语言学方面，就有人们认为语言知识与人们的认知过程息息相关，无法割裂。
因此，认知社会语言学强调的是如何将个体的思维与社会语境相结合，以实现对语言使用的更全面的研究。
三、认知社会语言学的外延认知社会语言学的外延可以从多个角度进行解读和拓展。
首先，从认知角度来看，它不仅关注语言的认知加工过程，也关注语言与思维之间的相互关系。
例如，可以研究不同语境下的语言对个体思维的影响，以及语言如何塑造和影响个体的思维方式。
其次，从社会角度来看，认知社会语言学也可以研究不同社会背景下的语言使用规律和变化趋势。
例如，可以研究社会角色对语言使用的影响，探索不同社会群体之间的语言差异以及其背后的社会因素。
社会语言学
社会语言学社会语言学是研究语言与社会之间相互影响关系的学科领域，旨在探究语言如何反映和塑造社会实践、文化认知以及个体身份的。
本文将从语言习得、语言变体、社会语言变迁以及语言政治等方面阐述社会语言学的重要性和研究内容。
语言习得社会语言学关注语言习得在社会文化背景下的影响。
语言习得不仅是个体学习语言的过程，也是对社会文化的认知和适应过程。
社会语言学研究了不同社会文化背景下语言习得的差异，以及社会因素如家庭、学校、媒体等对语言习得的影响。
语言变体语言变体指的是由不同社会群体使用的语言形式或说话方式。
社会语言学研究了不同社会群体之间的语言差异，包括社会阶层、地区、年龄、性别等因素导致的语言变体。
这些语言变体反映了社会文化的特征，也影响着个体在社会交流中的地位和角色。
社会语言变迁社会语言学关注社会语言的变迁和演变。
随着社会文化的不断发展，语言也会随之改变，包括词汇的加入、语法结构的变化以及语音语调的演变。
社会语言学研究了这些变迁的原因和影响，揭示了语言与社会之间的密切关联。
语言政治语言政治是指政府、组织或个人通过语言运用来实现政治目标或控制社会。
社会语言学研究了语言政治在社会生活中的作用，包括语言政策对多语使用、官方语言地位以及民族认同的影响。
语言政治不仅是政治领域的重要议题，也反映了不同群体之间的社会关系和权力结构。
综上所述，社会语言学作为语言学的一个重要分支，深入探讨了语言与社会之间复杂的相互作用关系。
通过研究语言在社会文化背景下的使用和变化，社会语言学为我们理解语言的本质以及社会现象提供了新的视角和方法。
在日益全球化和多元文化的背景下，社会语言学的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义，有助于促进不同社会群体之间的交流和理解。
社会语言学论文(基础)Understanding of Sociolinguistics
Understanding of Sociolinguistics1 Introduction (1)2 Some definitions of sociolinguistics (1)3 The scope of sociolinguistic study (2)4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of sociolinguistics (2)5 Conclusion (3)References (3)Abstract：Sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in 1960s．But scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives，and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways．This paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in Fishman’s view on the definition of sociolinguistics．Key words：sociolinguistics；definitions；scope；lack of comprehensiveness1 IntroductionThough the social aspect of language attracted early attention，it was not until the mid 1960s that sociolinguistics became an independent discipline with its representatives William Labor and Dell Hymes．It has become an indispensable course in linguistic study together with syntax，phonetics and phonology, semantics. etc．．But scholars from various disciplines have different answers to the questions：‘What is sociolinguistics?’，‘What does the sociolinguist do?’，‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’，and ‘What methods should be adopted in carrying out sociolinguistic study?’．Fishman argued that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end (cited from Wardhaugh，R．1986：16)．Before we make any comment on this view，it is necessary to have a basic knowledge about the definitions of sociolinguistics and the scope of sociolinguistic study．2 Some definitions of sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is a cross—disciplinary subject．Linguists and sociolinguists are not the only researchers involved in studies of language in society．Scholars such as anthropologists，psychologists，educators，and planners have an interest too．They study the socio—cultural aspect of language from different angles and come up with different understanding．Peter Trudgill says that sociolinguistics is a science that combines linguistic and social concerns in varying degrees (cited from Fasold，R．1990：FS0)．This view seems to p1ay sociolinguistics at a high level by considering it “a science”, but is vague in the failure to specify the “varying degrees”．William Labov defines sociolinguistics as the secular linguistics．While William Downes sees sociolinguistics as that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social，including contextua1 factors in their explanation．To quote Holmes’ view，sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used．Gumperz states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find relations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur．This definition covers a broad range，therefore is more inclusive of the scope of sociolinguistic study．Susan Pinlips in 1980 defines sociolinguistics b riefly as the ‘study of the ways in which a person’s speech conveys social information’．This view manifests that language is a social behavior．People’sdifferent choices of linguistic forms may reflect their different social background．Wolfson expresses his view by saying that sociolinguistics is the study of the interplay of linguistic，social，and cultural factors in human communication．In Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching ＆Applied Linguistics, sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to social factors, that is, social class，educational level and type of education, Age, sex，ethnic origins，etc．(Richard，J．C．1992：425)．It seems that there is no agreement on the exact definition of sociolinguistics，just like what Dell Hymes has claimed：“Different people may have different understanding of the term ‘sociolinguistics’．Therefore，no one has the patent for its definition.”(cited in Fasold．1990：F 12) But however different views scholars hold，they are ready to agree at least one point．That is，sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and society．Whatever sociolinguistics is，it must be oriented toward both data and theory．But still scholars will come up with different answers to the question ‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’．3 The scope of sociolinguistic studyWe can generally divide sociolinguistic study into the broad sense and the narrow sense．The former is also widely called the macro-sociolinguistics，and the latter micro-sociolinguistics．To make the division clear, Wolfson compared sociolinguistic study to a sort of telescope through which language behavior may be studied in its socio-cultural context．In looking through the small end of the telescope，we view speech at the level of face-to-face interaction，and this type of study is called micro-sociolinguistics．By looking through the large end of the sociolinguistic telescope，we are able to see the workings of language contact，choice，use，maintenance，and change at the social level，a field of study called the sociology of language or macro-sociolinguistics．Hudson in 1980 made a distinction between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language in stating that the former is the study of language in relation to society while the later is the study of society in relation to language(cited in Wardhaugh，R．1986：12-13). That is to say．sociolinguistics can be studied either from the perspective of language or from that of society．Hudson further argues that the influence which society exerts on language is the major concern of sociolinguistic study．Some scholars also classify sociolinguistic study into the theoretical research model and the practical research mode1．But no matter how scholars define and understand sociolinguistics，it is generally agreed that sociolinguistic study mainly deals with social variation, language varieties，the differences of language use conventions，and the socio-cultural factors that contribute to the variation, varieties and differences．Social variation in language including the variation of region，social class, register, style，age and sex has been one of the major focuses of sociolinguistics since its formation in the early 1960．Language variety has been and still is the main concern of sociolinguistics，but the scope of sociolinguistic study may be very wide such that it can cover almost everything．Sociolinguistics is an empirical science．it must be founded on an adequate data base．This requires that when we are considering sociolinguistics，we should take the various kinds of research methods Into account．It is better to collect data through observing naturally occurring linguistic events．The ethnomethodology makes one significant contribution to the development of sociolinguistic study．4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of so ciolinguisticsFishman says that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks(or writes)what language (or what language variety)to whom and when and to what end．The American sociolinguist Nessa Wolfson shares the similar view with Fishman in generalizing the scope of sociolinguistics to be‘Who says what to whom，when and how’(cited from Hudson．1980：F14)．Brief as Fishman’s definition is，it includes the major elements in sociolinguistics:“what” representsthe language or language variety．“who”, “whom”, “when”and “to what end”represent those social variables．This may be better understood by considering the four components that influence linguistic choices，namely，the participants，the setting or social context of the interaction．the topic and the function(Holmes，Janet．1997：12)．Hymes’s SPEAKING theory may also be adopted to account for Fishman’s definition to some extent．In spite of its brevity and reasonableness，this definition is not comprehensive enough to inform us the nature of sociolinguistics，the relationship between it and the sociology of language or other disciplines．Neither does it cover the broad range of the scope of sociolinguistic study．It looks at sociolinguistics from the viewpoint of interpersonal interactions，and covers social variation and language variety, thus belongs to the scope of micro-sociolinguistics．To mention only the language variety does not make the whole story．It also fails to mention the research methods and the theoretical base of sociolinguistic study．Therefore，Fishman’s definition can not provide us with an overall and thorough understanding of sociolinguistics．5 ConclusionThough scholars from various disciplines have shown great interest in the socio—cultural aspect of language，different researchers define sociolinguistics differently and come up with different understanding．In fact，sociolinguistic study is characterized by a wide variety or inclusiveness of its research scope．Cf．McGregor argues that as long as we are fully aware of this point，questions like “How to define sociolinguist ics?” and “What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?” seem to be not very imperative and important(quoted in Fasold，R．1990：F12)．References1, Downes, William，1998．Language and Society【M】．2nd edition．Cambridge：CUP．2, Fasold，R．1 990 The Sociolinguistics【M】．Oxford：Blackwell Publishers Ltd．3, Holmes．Janet．I 997．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．4, Hudson，R．A．1 980．Sociolinguistics【M】．2-edition．Cambridge：CUP．5, Richards，C．J．and Platt，J．and Platt，H．1 992．Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching＆Applied Linguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．6, Salzmann，Zdenek．1993．Language．Culture．& Social An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology 【M】．Boulder：Westview Press，Inc．7, Trask，R．L．I999．Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics【M】．London；Routledge．8, Wardhaugh．R．1986．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics：Issues of Society and Schooling 【M】．Oxford：Basil Blackwel1．9, Wardhaugh．R．1998．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．3 edition．Oxford：Blackwel1．10, Wolfson，N．1989．Perspectives．Sociolinguistics and TESOL【M】．Cambridge：Newbury．。
语言学专业毕业论文 试析社会语言学与二语习得的理论相容性
语言学专业毕业论文试析社会语言学与二语习得的理论相容性在语言学专业的毕业论文中，我们试析社会语言学与二语习得的理论相容性。
社会语言学是一门研究语言与社会关系的学科，而二语习得则关注非母语者习得第二语言的过程。
本论文旨在探讨这两个领域的理论是否相容，并对其相容性进行分析和评估。
1. 研究背景社会语言学和二语习得是语言学领域的两大重要分支，它们通过不同的角度研究和解释了语言的现象和发展。
社会语言学主要关注语言与社会变量之间的关系，如地区差异、社会身份、社会群体等因素对语言使用和变体的影响。
而二语习得则关注非母语者获得第二语言的过程和规律。
2. 社会语言学的理论社会语言学理论包括变体理论、话语分析、社会邻近性理论等。
变体理论认为语言的变异与社会地位和身份有关，不同社会群体使用语言的方式和形式也有所差异。
话语分析研究人们在不同社会场景中的语言行为，揭示语言在社会交互中的作用和意义。
社会邻近性理论则关注社会群体之间的接触程度对语言变异的影响，接触程度越高，语言变异越明显。
3. 二语习得的理论在二语习得领域，有很多理论和模型被提出，如学习者语法理论、进化理论、社会认知理论等。
学习者语法理论探讨学习者在习得第二语言的过程中，如何逐步掌握其语法规则和结构。
进化理论将习得第二语言的过程比作物种进化，强调适应性和环境因素对习得的影响。
社会认知理论则关注社会环境和交互对学习者语言习得的推动作用。
4. 社会语言学与二语习得的相容性社会语言学和二语习得的理论相互渗透，各自的成果也可以相互借鉴。
社会语言学提供了用于分析二语习得过程中语言变异的工具和方法，例如变体理论可以解释二语习得者使用非标准变体的现象。
二语习得研究也为社会语言学提供了实证数据和案例，丰富了社会语言学的研究内容。
5. 案例研究本论文选取了一些相关的案例研究，通过实证数据和分析来验证社会语言学和二语习得理论的相容性。
这些案例研究涉及不同社会群体和不同语言环境下的语言变异和二语习得的情况，从而进一步验证社会语言学与二语习得的理论相容性。
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社会语言学论文关于社会语言学的论文含有动物名称商标的语言特点摘要：含有动物名称的商标，由两部分组成，我们记为“X+动物名称”和“动物名称+X”。
其中“X”是有标记的意合部分，可以直接意会到含有动物名称商标的寓意；动物名称是无标记的意合部分，是象征意义的体现。
动物名称在商标语言中与行业、性别、年龄、职业和地域有关。
把有标记的意合部分和无标记的意合部分结合起来分析，可以领会含有动物名称商标的整体含义。
关键词：动物名称意合部分商标社会语言学一、引言随着市场经济的繁荣发展，商品的种类也逐渐丰富，相应地，商品与商品间的区别也越来越重要，商标的作用就越来越突显。
在众多的商标中，不仅有文字商标，还有图案商标；不仅有以地名、人名或企业产品等方式命名的，而且作者众多以动物名称命名的。
比如2007年的中国名牌产品中含有动物名称的商标占9.11%；2009年的中国驰名商标中含有动物名称的商标占6.5%。
可见，含有动物名称的商标占有相当可观的比例（人名和地名在2007年中国名牌和2009年中国驰名商标中的比例在3%以下）。
在2007年的中国名牌产品和2009年的中国驰名商标中，含有动物名称的很多，比如：龙、凤、鹰、雕、马、鸟、狮、狼、猪、燕、牛、兔、象、鹭、猴、猫、鱼、鹏、蝶、蜻蜓、羊、鹤、蜂、天鹅、驼、虎、雁、龙虾等。
除了中国名牌产品和中国驰名商标以外，还有许多商标中含有动物名称，这些商标的动物名称涉及动物的种类更多，涉及的行业更广。
通过观察含有动物名称的商标，我们可以发现这类商标的结构是“X+动物名称”或“动物名称+X”。
对于“X”，我们可以对其字词以及结构作一些描写；对动物名称作社会语言学分析，可以发现商家在取名时的匠心独运。
为了集中体现动物名称在商标中的语言特点，我们排除了图形商标，只选择文字商标作为论述的对象。
面对众多行业的商标，我们选择与生活密切相关的、动物名称较多的行业来作解析的例子，这些行业包括服饰、交通工具、食品、烟酒、首饰珠宝、日化用品、电器、装饰材料等。
二、含有动物名称商标中的“X”描写一个好的商标首先应该易记、含有寓意、具有区别性等特征。
比如“雀巢”奶粉、“雕牌”洗涤用品、“蒙牛”牛奶等商标就是这几个特点的体现。
易记是商标给消费者的第一个印象，如果某个商标很不好拼写，不易记住，那么这个商标就没有生命力。
其次是寓意，即具有一定的联想性与文化内涵，使消费者感到有需求。
最后是区别性，换言之就是一个商标有别于另一个商标的个性。
它是商标存在的本性。
商标应该在商业大战中标新立异、独树一帜。
含有动物名称的商标除了要具有易记、有寓意和有区别性这几个特点外，由于所选取的动物名称比较集中，所以商标的区别性特征往往体现在“X”上。
“X”在含有动物名称的商标中是有标记意合的部分，而动物名称是无标记意合的部分。
在含有动物名称的商标中，有标记意合是直接能联想到或体会到其中所寓含意义的部分，无标记意合是指要联系动物的特点以及不同的行业来联想或体会其寓意义的部分。
我们先来描写含有动物名称商标的“X”：（一）X+动物名称“X+动物名称”结构的商标在我们收集的一千多个含有动物名称商标中占百分之九十七。
如：大白兔（奶糖）、双龙（水污染防治设备）、公牛（插座）、雪豹（皮衣）、总统狐（服饰）、金虎（保险柜）、圣象（地板）、金蝶（软件）、福龙（精梳纱线）、太平鸟（衬衫）、金龙鱼（食用油）、大红鹰（香烟）、七匹狼（男装）、贵人鸟（动物鞋）、佳鹏（亚麻布）、五羊（雪糕）、金企鹅（童装）、捷豹（汽车）、乖乖虎（童装）、赣龙（鞋业）等等。
虽然“X”有形容词（包括递进式的修饰成分）、名词、还有数量词或数量短语，但是它们在商标中的寓意是显性的，即有标记的。
它们与动物名称一起可以组合成区别特征。
我们再看看有标记的“X”：“X”多是“双、金、神、福、巨、雪、富、贵”等词。
这些词的意义很明显，既符合消费者求双求全、求富求贵的心理，又迎合消费者希望所购买的产品质量过硬的心理需要。
含有“双”的动物名称的商标有：双虎（家私）、双鹿（电池）、双兔（米业）、双象（农用塑料大棚模）、双鱼（乒乓球器材）、双燕（药业）、双驼（轮胎）、双蝶（橡胶避孕套）、双飞燕（鼠标）等。
含有”金”的动物名称的商标有：金蝶（软件）、金鹏（手机）、金象（贵金属饰品）、金鹰（亚麻布）、金蝉（装饰布艺）、金虎（保险柜）、金龙（客车）、金鸡（药业）、金凤（电线、电缆）、金龙鱼（食用油）、金海豹（食品）、金企鹅（童装）等。
含有“神”“福”“巨”“雪”的动物名称的商标有：神龙（涤纶长丝）、神龙（汽车）、神象（小麦粉）、神鸟（太阳能）等；福马（派类食品）、福麒（贵金属饰品）等；巨鹰（T恤衫）、巨嘴鸟（小麦粉）、巨龙（钢丝绳）等；雪铁龙（汽车）、雪豹（皮衣）、雪鸟（亚麻布）等。
“X”除了常用的“双、金、神、福、巨、雪”之外，还有“富”“贵”“大”“佳”“飞”等词。
数词或数量词也出现在含有动物名称的商标中，比如“五羊”中的“五”“七匹狼”中的“七匹”，它们也都是有标记的意合部分，因为“五”是羊的只数，“五羊”是广州的象征；“七匹”不是一个具体的数，而是指数量多，因为狼是合群的动物。
还有的“X”指明产品的生产地，比如“蒙”“壮”“赣”等。
（二）动物名称+“X”“动物名称+X”结构的商标在我们收集到的一千多个商标中占百分之三。
如：鹏飞（水泥回转窑）、龙大（食品）、鹏程（食品）、小猪班纳（童装）、虎都（裤子）、雁来红（冬枣）、龙星（炭黑）、蜂之语（蜂胶）、凤竹（针织面料）、龙工（装载机）、霸狮腾（服饰）、凤钻（铝材）“动物名称+X”中的“X”比较复杂，可以是中心词，如“虎都”“凤竹”“凤钻”“鹏程”等；也可以是谓语成分，如“鹏飞”“龙大”“雁来红”；可以是同位短语，如”小猪班纳”。
这些“X”没有规律可循，但是作为有标记的意合部分，它们的意义是十分明显的，（除“X”是中心词之外）一般是对动物名称的陈述，动物名称在这里是主题，“X”对动物名称进行陈述。
总之，不管“X”在动物名称之前还是在动物名称之后，都是寓意显性的部分，或表明商品的性质，或表明商家的心理。
三、含有动物名称的商标中动物名称的社会语言学分析在解析含有动物名称商标的结构时，我们着重描写了“X”的情况。
我们将采用社会变异的因素来分析动物名称在商标中的作用。
社会语言学中社会变异的因素很多，涉及性别、年龄、职业（本文用行业来代替职业）、民族心理、地域等。
同样，含有动物名称的商标也与社会变异的相关因素有联系。
（一）行业与动物名称社会语言学中用职业来说明社会变异的因素，但在本文中我们讨论的是商标语言，所以把职业换成了行业来说明动物名称在商标中的作用。
由于动物的本性或动物名称所含有的文化特性与某种行业产品的特性相联系，所以我们通过动物名称就能大概知道商标持有者所从事的行业。
比如带有“马”“龙”和“豹”的商标一般是汽车行业，因为“马”“龙”和“豹”这三种动物是速度快的象征，而汽车这种产品也讲究行驶速度快，动物名称与行业相吻合。
含“龙”“豹”“马”的汽车商标有：雪铁龙、龙帝、金龙、宝龙、神龙等；美人豹、猎豹、捷豹、黑豹等；宝马、海马、马自达、天马、千里马、悍马、赛马、凯马等。
中国有句成语叫“龙马精神”，其中的“龙马”就是指骏马。
类似的还有许多，比如“狐”“狼”等动物，在汉族人的文化传统中分别是“狡猾、讦诈”与“凶恶、欺小”的代名词，不符合汉族消费者的文化心理，但是我们常常发现许多服装商标以“狐”与“狼”的名称居多。
含有“狐”“狼”名称的服装商标有：总统狐、圣天狐、威狐、金丝狐、权势狐、荣耀狐、朋友狐、栋梁狐等；七匹狼、权势狼、荣耀狼、鸠鹭狼、与狼共舞、战狼世家、俊豹狼等。
“狐”与“狼”出现在服装商标中有其象征寓义，因为“狐”和“狼”的皮毛是制作服装的上等面料，服装行业除了其独有的设计外，还非常讲究面料，所以，“狐”和“狼”这两种动物商标多出现在服装行业中。
正如“马”“龙”“豹”多出现在汽车行业；“狐”“狼”多出现在服饰行业一样，“雕”“猫”多出现在洗涤行业，因为“雕”“猫”被赋予清洁卫士的天职；“牛”多出现在乳制品行业和五金或电器行业，出现在乳制品行业是因为“牛”是优质乳制品的源泉，出现在五金、电器行业是因为“牛”是耐劳、吃苦的象征，恰好与五金、电器行业要求产品耐用的性能相吻合。
（二）性别与动物名称性别有两种含义：一种是生物学上的性别，英语用“sex”表示；另一种是社会学或文化学上的性别，英语用“gender”表示（赵蓉晖，2003）。
我们在这里不是讨论生物学意义上的性别，而是分析动物在文化中的性别象征，如汉族文化中“龙”是男性的象征。
“凤”则是女性的象征。
通过含有动物名称的商标在不同行业的分布，我们发现有些动物名称集中于女性使用的消费品上，有些动物名称集中于男性使用的消费品上。
据此我们可以来判断哪些动物是女性的象征，那些动物是男性的象征。
内衣商标、金属饰品商标与女鞋商标多使用“鸟”“凤或凰”“蜻蜓”“蝴蝶”等动物，这些动物象征着女性的温柔、美丽等特征。
含有“鸟”“凤或凰”“蜻蜓”“蝴蝶”等动物的商标有：老凤祥（宝珠）、金凰（珠宝）、露丝鸟（内衣）、纤丝鸟（内衣）、优皮鸟（内衣）、缘份鸟（内衣）、月蝴蝶（内衣）、蝶安芬（内衣）、绅仕蜓（内衣）、红蜻蜓（女鞋）等。
中国传统文化素来就有以“鸟”“凤或凰”“蜻蜓”“蝴蝶”表示女性的习惯，如成语“龙飞凤舞”“小鸟依人”、唐温庭筠《玉蝴蝶》、唐徐夤《蝴蝶二首》、唐杜甫《风雨看舟前落花绝句》中有“蜜蜂蝴蝶生情性，偷看晴蜓避百芳”等诗句。
烟类、酒类、男装、打火机与皮鞋等行业的商标多使用“龙”“狼”“鹰”“狮”“虎”等动物，这些动物象征着男性的勇敢、奋斗与霸气等特征。
含有“狼”“鹰”“狮”“虎”等动物的商标有：红金龙（香烟）、龙工（装载机）、泰龙（酒类）、七匹狼（男装与香烟）、狼王（酒类）、狼酒（酒类）、大红鹰（香烟）、鹰贵（酒类）、鹰湃（酒类）、雄狮（香烟）、华狮（酒类）、东方双狮（男式手表）、虎牌（打火机）、金虎（保险箱）、虎豹（酒类与男装）、虎头（电池）等。
（三）年龄与动物名称不同行业不同年龄阶段，商标中的动物名称的分布也不一样。
儿童玩具、儿童食品、儿童服装等行业选取的动物商标，不同于成年人世界里的动物名称的商标。
像上面讨论的“鸟”“凤或凰”“蜻蜓”“蝴蝶”“龙”“狼”“鹰”“狮”“虎”等动物，在成年人使用商品的商标中较多分布。
不难发现，儿童使用的商品或食品商标的动物名称多集中在动漫作品中，比如：猪猪狭、喜羊羊、蓝猫、大白兔、可乐猫、跳跳龙等。
这一类的玩具、食品、童装等含有动物名称的商标有：金丝猴（奶糖）、大白兔（奶糖）、喜羊羊（玩具、食品与童装）、白象（食品）、跳跳龙（食品）、可乐猫（冰淇琳）、梦龙（雪糕）、蓝猫（玩具与童装）、猪猪狭（玩具与童装）、小猪班纳（童装）、乖乖虎（童装）等。