2012社会语言学课程论文
有关语言学课程的论文范文
有关语言学课程的论文范文语言学是研究语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展的一门学科。
下面是店铺为大家整理的有关语言学的论文，供大家参考。
语言学的论文范文篇一：《试谈社会语言学视角下的外语教学》一、引言社会语言学是20世纪60年代在美国首先兴起的边缘性学科。
社会语言学是运用社会学和语言学等几门学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学角度来研究语言的社会本质及差异的学科。
社会语言学主要是注重语言的社会性,表现在：首先注重跨学科的实际应用的动态性，其次，侧重于语言的社会功能的表现。
它着重从语言与社会各种因素之间的关系来探讨和研究语言及其运用的规律，为更好地进行语言学的研究开辟了一个更广阔的崭新领域。
同时，给外语教学也带来了巨大而深刻的影响。
二、社会语言学的基本概念社会语言学主要是研究语言社会现象的一门学科。
它关注的不是语言的核心结构体系，而是语言的边缘部分，也就是说，它主要关注的是人们在日常生活中的语言表现。
研究的是语言和社会之间的关系问题，同时，考查社会语境中语言使用的现象，并且从社会语言学角度描述和解释语言使用的各种变化。
那么，根据研究的对象不同，社会语言学大致可以被分为宏观社会语言学和微观社会语言学两大类。
宏观社会语言学主要研究与全局相关的整体性问题，比如，语言规划的制定、语言政策、语言规范化问题、文字改革等等。
而微观社会语言学是研究各种社会条件下的语言变异，比如，民族或种族、阶级、性别、年龄等等社会因素对语言使用所产生的影响、人们对各种变体的态度及评价、各种语言变体的构造特点和社会功能等等。
三、我国的外语教学现状一直以来，我国外语教学重视的是语言教学，而忽视文化教学。
无论是对教师还是对学习者而言，他们都会把自己的大部分时间和大部分注意力用在学习和讲解词汇及语法上，却不注重语言应用功能在文化特征方面和社会实践方面的探究。
因此，使得学生对语言的运用能力整体都不合格，主要表现在不能用外语进行有效而流利的跨文化交际，不能将我国的传统文化真正传播出去。
社会语言学下的语言景观研究论文五篇范文
社会语言学下的语言景观研究论文五篇范文第一篇：社会语言学下的语言景观研究论文摘要：本文介绍了全球化社会语言学及其核心概念——超多元性、移动性和标准性，并用这些核心概念对语言景观中存在的不规范现象进行了解释。
自上世纪末以来，国际上的语言景观已发展成社会语言学中一个热门的研究领域。
本文在已有基础上，着重考察语言景观研究的认识论基础、分析维度以及理论构建情况，进一步阐述这一语言学前沿学科的研究动态。
关键词：全球化社会语言学；语言景观；语言标牌全球化是一种社会现象，在全世界经济、政治、技术、文化整合的综合过程中，语言现象也比以往任何时候都更加复杂和多元。
而“全球化社会语言学”正是为了研究这种新现象而出现的新理论。
语言景观是指某个特定的国家里语言情况的描述与分析，也可以指某一个更大的地理区域内的语言现象和语言使用情况。
一、语言景观研究的概念现实环境中用以陈列展示语言文字物质载体称作语言标牌。
在社会语言学中，对公共语言标牌上语言使用的研究称作“语言景观”研究。
在这些为公众所共享的空间中，标牌语言所构建的语言景观并不是简单的语言陈列或呈现，其背后往往蕴含着一定的创设机制和思想意识。
其实，随着该领域研究的深入，研究范围已从公共空间延伸到室内场所及虚拟空间等。
二、语言景观研究的多维视角语言景观研究可以从很多视角或维度入手，但从已取得的成果来看，其研究重点主要集中在以下一些主题上。
(一)多语言的使用。
Gorter把语言景观看作是研究多语言使用一种新路径，语言景观研究中最多的成果也出现在这一方面。
在多语言使用研究的主要成果中，Ben-Rafael等对以色列的犹太人社区、巴勒斯坦人社区、东耶路撒冷的非以色列——巴勒斯坦人社区的希伯来语、阿拉伯语和英语语言景观的模式进行了调查分析。
他们的研究结果表明，不同族群社区的语言使用具有不同的语言景观模式。
(二)语言政策的实施。
语言景观实际上就是语言政策实施情况的具体体现。
任何一个国家的官方语言政策都会规定在公共空间使用什么样的语言。
社会语言学（五篇范例）
社会语言学（五篇范例）第一篇：社会语言学网络流行语新谈摘要：随着互联网时代的深入发展，一些流行语跳出网络进入了人们日常生活中。
在电视上报纸中以及人们的日常交流中，网络新词随时随地可见，它紧跟着社会热点，贴切地融入人们的语言里，迎合了当下“草根”一代，身后跟着众多的粉丝。
作为社会语言学的一部分内容，流行语同时也对社会媒体和传统文化造成了影响和冲击。
如同网络一样，依附于它的网络语言亦是一把“双刃剑”，有其可取之处也有其不合理、不规范的地方，甚至一些低俗的内容。
因此我们应该辩证地看待这些流行语，给予正确的认识[1]和适当的引导。
关键词：社会语言学网络流行词正确认识对媒体及传统文化的影响随着互联网络的飞速发展和日益普及，国际交流这种交流方式已被越来越多的人接受并逐渐受到欢迎。
网络交际与以往我们交际的方式不同的是，它完全不受任何时空的限制。
真因为它无与伦比的优越性和独特的魅力这种全新的高科技交流方式正在全球风靡。
随着QQ、BBS、网络论坛、虚拟社区等网络载体的出现，网络交流已经逐渐成为现代人生活的一部分。
同时，与之相应出现的网络流行词也极大地影响着信息时代中的人们的生活。
一，顺应时代发展潮流，网络流行语应运而生在我们生活的这个年代，不论是生活、工作、娱乐的脚步都大大加快了。
高效率的追求让我们电脑上的输入速度不得不也跟着变换。
为了高速度的输入，人们逐渐对一些汉语和英语词汇进行改造，对文字、图片、符号等随意链接和镶嵌，创造出了大量的汉字、数字、英文字母混杂组合的新词汇，于是一些完全不符合汉语的规范表达方式的网络语言就这样出现了。
网络语言，代表了一定的网络文化。
它广泛地出现在聊天、网络论坛等各种因特网应用场合，并渗透到现实生活中，对人们的生活产生了一定影响，它来源及其广泛，大多取材于方言俗语、各门外语、缩略语、谐音、误植，甚至以符号合并以达到形象效果等等。
属于混合语言，通常使用注意文字或俗称的“火星文”，而且又由于语言及文化的不同，形成了各种不同的、有地方特色的因特网语言。
关于社会语言学论文
社会语言学诞生的理论前提就是对于结构主义、生成转换理论的批判。
同时,也正是在这个理论批判的前提下确立了社会语言学坚持从语言实际出发,面向活的语言的研究原则。
下面是为大家整理的，供大家参考。
范文一：社会语言学英汉语码转换分析一、引言语码是不同种类的语言或者同一种语言的不同方言变体的总称。
语码转换，又叫语码选择，是在双语体制中，为了适应不同交际对象转换使用不同语码的现象。
[1]在社会语言学文献里，语码或代码code一般作为一个中性词语，指称语言或语言变体。
它强调的是语言系统作为一个抽象的代码由负载意义的成分组成。
这些成分在不同的文体、语域甚至不同的社会群组中有不同的体现。
[2]用社会语言学方法进行语码转换研究揭示了社会因素如种族、性别、年龄、社会经济地位等和语码转换之间的内在关系，而且总结出一些语码转换背后的社会动机。
[3]随着计算机与网络技术的飞速发展，现代交际手段层出不群，人与人之间的交流不仅限于面对面的交流。
网络技术的协助和驱动使得处于“身体缺场”境况下的人们同样可以在“虚拟世界”进行会话。
网络语言是传播网络的重要载体，正越来越强烈地冲击着传统语言文化，影响着社会。
网络语言作为新生事物，记录和折射出网络文化发展的轨迹。
因此，网络语言中的语码转换也呈现了新的特点。
目前，有关语码转换各种功能体现模式，即语码转换的在哪些方面体现哪些功能的系统论述还屈指可数。
作为一种独特的、非传统的语言形式，研究网络聊天中的语码转换现象将会为我们进一步深入探讨语码转换的社会功能提供很好的材料。
二、理论依据自20世纪70年代以来，中外许多学者已经从社会、句法、会话分析、心理以及语用的角度对双语者的语码转换进行了深入透彻的分析。
RonadWardhaugh将语码解释为“一种语言或语言的变体”。
[4]既可用来指某一种语言，又可以指某种方言、文体语言，甚至可以指洋泾浜语和人们为了保密起见私下里设置的密码语言。
他指出交际的参与者、场景、话题是制约“语码转换”的基本因素。
社会语言学论文(基础)Understanding of Sociolinguistics
Understanding of Sociolinguistics1 Introduction (1)2 Some definitions of sociolinguistics (1)3 The scope of sociolinguistic study (2)4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of sociolinguistics (2)5 Conclusion (3)References (3)Abstract：Sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in 1960s．But scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives，and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways．This paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in Fishman’s view on the definition of sociolinguistics．Key words：sociolinguistics；definitions；scope；lack of comprehensiveness1 IntroductionThough the social aspect of language attracted early attention，it was not until the mid 1960s that sociolinguistics became an independent discipline with its representatives William Labor and Dell Hymes．It has become an indispensable course in linguistic study together with syntax，phonetics and phonology, semantics. etc．．But scholars from various disciplines have different answers to the questions：‘What is sociolinguistics?’，‘What does the sociolinguist do?’，‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’，and ‘What methods should be adopted in carrying out sociolinguistic study?’．Fishman argued that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end (cited from Wardhaugh，R．1986：16)．Before we make any comment on this view，it is necessary to have a basic knowledge about the definitions of sociolinguistics and the scope of sociolinguistic study．2 Some definitions of sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is a cross—disciplinary subject．Linguists and sociolinguists are not the only researchers involved in studies of language in society．Scholars such as anthropologists，psychologists，educators，and planners have an interest too．They study the socio—cultural aspect of language from different angles and come up with different understanding．Peter Trudgill says that sociolinguistics is a science that combines linguistic and social concerns in varying degrees (cited from Fasold，R．1990：FS0)．This view seems to p1ay sociolinguistics at a high level by considering it “a science”, but is vague in the failure to specify the “varying degrees”．William Labov defines sociolinguistics as the secular linguistics．While William Downes sees sociolinguistics as that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social，including contextua1 factors in their explanation．To quote Holmes’ view，sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used．Gumperz states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find relations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur．This definition covers a broad range，therefore is more inclusive of the scope of sociolinguistic study．Susan Pinlips in 1980 defines sociolinguistics b riefly as the ‘study of the ways in which a person’s speech conveys social information’．This view manifests that language is a social behavior．People’sdifferent choices of linguistic forms may reflect their different social background．Wolfson expresses his view by saying that sociolinguistics is the study of the interplay of linguistic，social，and cultural factors in human communication．In Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching ＆Applied Linguistics, sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to social factors, that is, social class，educational level and type of education, Age, sex，ethnic origins，etc．(Richard，J．C．1992：425)．It seems that there is no agreement on the exact definition of sociolinguistics，just like what Dell Hymes has claimed：“Different people may have different understanding of the term ‘sociolinguistics’．Therefore，no one has the patent for its definition.”(cited in Fasold．1990：F 12) But however different views scholars hold，they are ready to agree at least one point．That is，sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and society．Whatever sociolinguistics is，it must be oriented toward both data and theory．But still scholars will come up with different answers to the question ‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’．3 The scope of sociolinguistic studyWe can generally divide sociolinguistic study into the broad sense and the narrow sense．The former is also widely called the macro-sociolinguistics，and the latter micro-sociolinguistics．To make the division clear, Wolfson compared sociolinguistic study to a sort of telescope through which language behavior may be studied in its socio-cultural context．In looking through the small end of the telescope，we view speech at the level of face-to-face interaction，and this type of study is called micro-sociolinguistics．By looking through the large end of the sociolinguistic telescope，we are able to see the workings of language contact，choice，use，maintenance，and change at the social level，a field of study called the sociology of language or macro-sociolinguistics．Hudson in 1980 made a distinction between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language in stating that the former is the study of language in relation to society while the later is the study of society in relation to language(cited in Wardhaugh，R．1986：12-13). That is to say．sociolinguistics can be studied either from the perspective of language or from that of society．Hudson further argues that the influence which society exerts on language is the major concern of sociolinguistic study．Some scholars also classify sociolinguistic study into the theoretical research model and the practical research mode1．But no matter how scholars define and understand sociolinguistics，it is generally agreed that sociolinguistic study mainly deals with social variation, language varieties，the differences of language use conventions，and the socio-cultural factors that contribute to the variation, varieties and differences．Social variation in language including the variation of region，social class, register, style，age and sex has been one of the major focuses of sociolinguistics since its formation in the early 1960．Language variety has been and still is the main concern of sociolinguistics，but the scope of sociolinguistic study may be very wide such that it can cover almost everything．Sociolinguistics is an empirical science．it must be founded on an adequate data base．This requires that when we are considering sociolinguistics，we should take the various kinds of research methods Into account．It is better to collect data through observing naturally occurring linguistic events．The ethnomethodology makes one significant contribution to the development of sociolinguistic study．4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of so ciolinguisticsFishman says that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks(or writes)what language (or what language variety)to whom and when and to what end．The American sociolinguist Nessa Wolfson shares the similar view with Fishman in generalizing the scope of sociolinguistics to be‘Who says what to whom，when and how’(cited from Hudson．1980：F14)．Brief as Fishman’s definition is，it includes the major elements in sociolinguistics:“what” representsthe language or language variety．“who”, “whom”, “when”and “to what end”represent those social variables．This may be better understood by considering the four components that influence linguistic choices，namely，the participants，the setting or social context of the interaction．the topic and the function(Holmes，Janet．1997：12)．Hymes’s SPEAKING theory may also be adopted to account for Fishman’s definition to some extent．In spite of its brevity and reasonableness，this definition is not comprehensive enough to inform us the nature of sociolinguistics，the relationship between it and the sociology of language or other disciplines．Neither does it cover the broad range of the scope of sociolinguistic study．It looks at sociolinguistics from the viewpoint of interpersonal interactions，and covers social variation and language variety, thus belongs to the scope of micro-sociolinguistics．To mention only the language variety does not make the whole story．It also fails to mention the research methods and the theoretical base of sociolinguistic study．Therefore，Fishman’s definition can not provide us with an overall and thorough understanding of sociolinguistics．5 ConclusionThough scholars from various disciplines have shown great interest in the socio—cultural aspect of language，different researchers define sociolinguistics differently and come up with different understanding．In fact，sociolinguistic study is characterized by a wide variety or inclusiveness of its research scope．Cf．McGregor argues that as long as we are fully aware of this point，questions like “How to define sociolinguist ics?” and “What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?” seem to be not very imperative and important(quoted in Fasold，R．1990：F12)．References1, Downes, William，1998．Language and Society【M】．2nd edition．Cambridge：CUP．2, Fasold，R．1 990 The Sociolinguistics【M】．Oxford：Blackwell Publishers Ltd．3, Holmes．Janet．I 997．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．4, Hudson，R．A．1 980．Sociolinguistics【M】．2-edition．Cambridge：CUP．5, Richards，C．J．and Platt，J．and Platt，H．1 992．Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching＆Applied Linguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．6, Salzmann，Zdenek．1993．Language．Culture．& Social An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology 【M】．Boulder：Westview Press，Inc．7, Trask，R．L．I999．Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics【M】．London；Routledge．8, Wardhaugh．R．1986．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics：Issues of Society and Schooling 【M】．Oxford：Basil Blackwel1．9, Wardhaugh．R．1998．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．3 edition．Oxford：Blackwel1．10, Wolfson，N．1989．Perspectives．Sociolinguistics and TESOL【M】．Cambridge：Newbury．。
从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学
从社会语言学角度浅谈语言教学【摘要】社会语言学是研究语言在社会文化背景下的使用和变化的学科，对语言教学具有重要的启示。
本文首先介绍了社会语言学的概念，以及语言教学在培养学生语言能力和跨文化交际能力中的重要性。
然后探讨了社会语言学对语言教学的影响，社会文化背景在语言教学中的作用，以及文化差异对语言教学的挑战。
结合社会语言学理论，提出了在语言教学实践中结合社会语言学的重要性，以及采取相应的语言教学策略。
最后总结了社会语言学对语言教学的启示，以及未来社会语言学在语言教学中的发展方向。
通过深入研究社会语言学，可以更好地指导语言教学实践，提升学生的语言学习效果和跨文化交际能力。
【关键词】社会语言学、语言教学、影响、社会文化背景、文化差异、挑战、实践、结合、策略、启示、发展方向1. 引言1.1 社会语言学的概念从社会语言学的角度来看，语言不仅仅是一种交流工具，更是反映社会文化、传递社会信息和构建社会关系的重要方式。
社会语言学研究语言在社会环境中的使用和变化规律，关注语言与社会、文化、认知之间的互动关系。
在社会语言学的视野中，语言教学不再是简单地传授语言知识和技能，而是通过了解、理解和运用语言所处的社会环境和文化背景，帮助学习者更好地掌握语言，提高语言运用能力。
社会语言学强调语言的社会性和文化性，认为语言的使用受到社会文化因素的影响，语言教学也应该紧密结合社会文化背景，提高学习者的跨文化交际能力和语言意识。
在这个意义上，语言教学不仅仅是传授语法和词汇知识，更是培养学习者的社会交际能力、文化品味和跨文化沟通能力的过程。
社会语言学的概念对语言教学具有重要启示意义，引导我们重新审视语言教学的内涵和目标，推动语言教学向更为深入、全面和有效的方向发展。
通过理解和运用社会语言学的原理和方法，我们可以更好地指导语言教学实践，提高教学效果，满足学习者不同层次和需求的学习目标。
1.2 语言教学的重要性语言教学的重要性不言而喻。
社会语言学论文 关于社会语言学的论文
During the history of language development, people‟s attitudes toward slang have changed a lot. In 1828 Webster defined it as “low, vulgar, unmeaning language.” Slang is very informal language that includes new and something not polite words and meanings and is often used among particular groups of
从社会语言学角度分析美国俚语 一． Definitions of slangs 二． Characteristics of American slangs 三． Social analysis of slangs from the perspective of gender, age, occupation and social settings to use slang 四． Social functions of slang 五． Social reasons for the use of slang
1. Introduction To study slang scientifically,we can take the anthropological tradition of cultural relativism.“According to Bryjak and Soroka (1994:57),„cultural relativism is the belief that there is no universal standard of good and bad or right and wrong and that an aspect of any given culture can be judged only within its own context.‟Cultural relativists appear to suggest that all cultures or institutions are equally valid or fitting and tend to assume that the mere presence of a cultural trait warrants our valuing it”(Lin Dajing,1997). 俚语作为语言的一种，引起特殊性发挥着自己独特的作用，然而很多人并未 对俚语有正确的认识，很多人把俚语作为地俗语对待，笔者认为，语言作为 一种社会现象，尤其存在的合理性，从社会语言学的角度讲，任何语言种类 都是平等的，没有层级之分。本文将从社会语言学的角度对俚语这一语言特 殊现象做一粗浅分析，希望能是大家改变对俚语的歧视态度。俚语常被定义 为粗俗的语言，这种语言有其特定的使用群体，虽然使用者大多为知识水平 不高的人群，但不能因此就对此语言有贬低，正是基于此观点，本文进行了 如下分析。 2. Definition of slang 2.1 definitions During the history of language development, people‟s attitudes toward slang have changed a lot. In 1828 Webster defined it as “low, vulgar, unmeaning language.” Slang is very informal language that includes new and something not polite words and meanings and is often used among particular groups of
社会语言学课程论文genderandlanguage
Language and GenderAbstract:The observations of gender-related linguistic differences and social differences between the genders can help people see how closely language and social variation are related. According to this thesis, avoiding gender stereotyping and gender prejudiced language use is waiting for people to correct.Key words: gender men and women society language differencesIntroductionLanguage and gender is an area of study within sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, and related fields that investigates varieties of speech associated with a particular gender, or social norms for such gendered language use. A variety of speech (or sociolect) associated with a particular gender is sometimes called a genderlect.The field of language and gender is one of the most dynamic in sociolinguistics. It is characterized by a lot of discussion about the pros and cons associated with different ways of conceptualizing the relationship between language and society.The study of gender and language in sociolinguistics and gender studies is often said to have begun with Robin Lakoff's 1975 book, Language and Woman's Place, as well as some earlier studies by Lakoff.ContentSex or genderIn the 1980s, it was not at all unusual for a sociolinguist to describe their interests as being ‘language and sex’. However, in the intervening years, the term sex has largely been replaced by the term gender.There are more principled reasons for gender replacing sex in sociolinguistics, and they reflect many changes in the way sociolinguists go about gathering and analyzing their data. The following is the typical basis for differences of sex and gender.The typical basis for differentiating sex and gender is that sex is a biological category and gender is a social and cultural category. In other words, sex is something you have , and it can be defined in terms of objective, scientific criteria .Gender, on the other hand , is a social property: something acquired or constructed through your relationships with others and through an individual’s adherence to certain cultural norms and proscriptions.Some gender features in language One of the gender features in language is exclusive and preferential. First of all, let us comprehend the concepts of the exclusive and preferential features.A preferential feature is one that is distributed across speakers or groups, but is used more frequently by some than by others. An exclusive feature is one associated solely with a particular user or group of users or solely in a particular context.Y ou can think of some aspects of kinship terminology as being sex-exclusive terms, so for instance the phrase my Auntie Kath tells the listener that the perso n you are referring to is female .On the other hand, the term ’cousin’ might refer to a male or female. Besides, in German Enkel is gender-neutral ,but the English equivalents are the gender-specific terms ‘grandson’ and ‘granddaughter’.Direct and indirect indexing is another gender feature in a language. A linguistic feature directly indexes something with social information is a conventional implicature (e.g. speaker gender is directly indexed by some forms of some adjectives in French) However ,most variables associated with,for example, male vs female speakers only indirectly index gender. Their distribution is sex-preferential not sex-exclusive. They are generally associated with several other social meaning ,e.g. casualness and vernacularity with masculinity.Language and gender(一) V oicePitch, timbre, length are main basic elements of sound, and the gender differences are reflected in these aspects. Voice pitch refers to the voice of the high and low, depending on the vocal cords’ vibration frequency. Under the normal circumstances, adult male’s vocal cords are long and wide .On the contrary, women's vocal cords are short and narrow. When women speak , their vocal cords vibrate very fast , so the tone of their voice is higher than men’s tone. Pitch in speech act is just the tone level and transformation, namely tones. According to the survey, women prefer to use Ultra-high tone and Ultra low tone, and their tone types used are much more abundant, comparing with men. While men generally use moderate tone of voice. This has to do with women’s rich emotion and easily express in words. In order to express emotion, women usually take advantage of their different tone of voice. While men tend to want to establish a serious image in front of others, so they generally use moderate tone of voice to highlight a sedate feeling. Duration is the length of the sound. There exist surveys showing that under the normal speed, the length of women sound is longer than men’s. The reason is that women are usually considering the feelings of others, when they communicate with others. Timbre is feeling characteristics of the voice, which is mainly determined by the method of pronunciation, pronunciation object and the shape of the resonator. Indeed, when everyone is in pronunciation, these aspects could not completely be the same with another people, so everyone's tone is different. However, according to different sexes, timbre may be divided into two categories: male voice is loud and sonorous or low and deep, but female voice is general speak loud and clear or morbidezza. Therefore, this is not only determined by the men's and women's pronunciation organs, but also has a relationship with the men’s and women’s different social status and psychological status.（二）V ocabularies∙Vocabulary is the most sensitive and active element in the language system, and it can most reflect the change of language. Compared with the aspects of gender voices, the differences of men’s and women’ words choices are more direct and obvious. Basically having the following differences:women use more modal particles, interjections and reduplicated words, some adverbs of degree and some deeply emotional adjectives and some words of cutting tone; Men are more use straightforward words and inelegant words and slang ; Men used more certain words, while women using fuzzy words. This is because women pay more attention to emotional expression, while men pay more attention to composed temperament. Women is good at usingreduplicated words to express that they are quite, gentle and cute. They often consider the reactions of others to their words, and don’t often impose their intentions to others, so they will use more euphemism. This also hasrelationship with women status that is submissive, oppressed and despised for a long time, so they always pay attention to your words and deeds and tries to improve their status by their own words and deeds. Deterministic words are words that represent certainty, recognition, firm. Fuzzy words are doubt,uncertain, hesitate words. Men’s and women’s different uses of these wordsrelate to the social and cultural background.（三）Sentence structures∙Women use more exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences, especially a rhetorical question, while men are more use of imperative and declarative sentence. This is because women's affection is more abundant, and exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences can help women express rich and exaggerated emotions, and help to set up the image of gentle andconsiderate, and is good for maintaining communicators’ faces. However, men has been being in a dominant position in the relationship for a long time,which makes men have decision-making power, so when they speak in asmooth, direct and firm way.（四）The use of questions in conversationsMen and women differ in their use of questions in conversations. For men, a question is usually a genuine request for information whereas with women it can often be a rhetorical means of engaging the other’s convers ational contribution or of acquiring attention from others conversationally involved, techniques associated with a collaborative approach to language use. Therefore women use questions more frequently. In writing, however, both genders use rhetorical questions as literary devices. For example, Mark Twain used them in "A War Prayer" to provoke the reader to question his actions and beliefs. Tag questions are frequently used to verify or confirm information, though in women’s language they may also be used to avoid making strong statements.（五）Topic choicesWe found that men and women interested in different topic in the communication between men and women. Men tend to talk about political, military, science and technology, sports and work, whereas women tend to talk about emotion, family, life, fashion, etc. This also relate to the different social expectation to men and women for a long time. For a long time, our society requires men to work out Men are required to be strong, brave, enterprising, struggling in the outside for family support. So, in order to meet the social demands, men tend to choose some more powerful topics to discuss. While women are required to stay at home to keep family and educate children, and they are demanded to be gentle, kind, thrifty, so women are more attention to these problems.All in all, language is a symbol of social convention, and it has the characteristics of variability. Language has a direct reflection of social life. In the language speech practice, we should pay attention to every language speaker, and ensure that womenand men enjoy equality of language speech.参考文献[1] Holmes, J. 1984.Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: Some evidence for hedges assupport structures. Te Reo,27, 47-62[2] Kramer, C 1974. Women’s Speech: Separate but Equal [J] Quarterly Journal of Speech.[3] Lakoff, R 1975. Language and Women's Place. New Y ork: Harper & Row[4]《社会语言学导论》[5]《从顺应论角度看语言性别差异》。
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本科生课程论文论文题目：Care for Bilingual Children 课程名称：Introducing Sociolinguistics 任课教师：刘承宇专业：英语班级：2012级英语1班学号：222012310032017姓名：魏宗琴2015 年11 月17 日Care for Bilingual ChildrenAbstract:Nowadays, raising bilingual children is more and more appealing to many families, but obviously it is not a easy course.This paper is to present some social linguistic phenomenons concerning some children raised in bilingual families and appeal to care for them.Key Words:individual bilingualism, language interference, language accommodation，bilingual language-planningI. IntroductionHaving more than one language at children’s fingers provides them more accessibilities to another world; therefore, the idea of raising bilingual children is appealing to more and more parents. These parents believe that bilingual kids have the advantage of knowing two cultures, of being able to communicate with a wider variety of people and of possible higher economic status in the future. Nevertheless, in the planning for children’s bilingual language development, parents should take some social linguistic factors into consideration as well as children’s self identity, self esteem,and schooling options etc. .II. The Definition of Individual Bilingualism and A Bilingual The coexistence of two languages used by individuals is referred to as individual bilingualism. Then, Should one get to a certain degree of proficiency in two languages to be called a bilingual? Generally there are two kinds of standards for reference:1.The proficiency of both languages reaches the level of mother tongue.2.The proficiency in one language can get to the degree of mother tongue, while the other language can be used for general communication with i t’s native speakers; in this sense one who learns a foreign language can be also called a bilingual.Further more, according to the degree of proficiency in two languages and their time sequences of acquisition, bilinguals fall into two categories: co-ordinate and compound. The former acquire two languages in different linguistic environments while the latter in the same environment. Most English learners in China belong to the second category.This paper will focus on children as co-ordinate bilinguals, and two typical families are taken for examples.III. Introduction of the two familiesThe Hunan TV variety show，Daddy Where To Go, is well received by audience. Among the six children who are nearly of the same age, little girl Poppy and little boy Noe, both of mixed-blood, have gainedwide popularity. These two are typical examples of children raised in bilingual families.Poppy’s father Chris is a Canadian, living in Taipei for more than ten years, and just as his Chinese wife, Jiaqian Huang, he has been known as an actor and a presenter of entertainment TV programs in Taipei. Within the family, English and Chinese are both spoken; moreover, even though for most time of the year, Poppy stays in China, there will be two or three months every year that the whole family spend in Canada, because Chris insists that Poppy should not lose Canadian culture. In such an environment, Poppy becomes a bilingual who can speak both Chinese and English.Noe’s mother Anna is a French, now the wife of Ye Liu who is a film star from Jilin province. Anna started to study Chinese in Paris University when she was 15 years old and has ever been a member of French Embassy to China. She has been also in China for more than ten years and can speak Chinese fluently; thus she is highly identified with Chinese culture. Noe has been raised as a bilingual of Chinese and French.IV. Social Linguistic Phenomenons Happening to These Two Children A. Language interferenceEven though Poppy can shift comparatively freely between English and Chinese, it has been found that Poppy’s proficiency in Chinese is inferior to her Chinese native peers, while proficiency in English inferiorto her Canadian native peers.The reason may be that these two languages mutually interfere with each other during the processes of acquisition. As a result, while her peers who speak just one language, either English or Chinese, have formed a relatively complete language system, Poppy has not yet. At least at this stage, she can not get control of the mutual interference of these two languages. Such kind of interference shows up in pronunciation, vocabulary,grammar and language application etc. .E.G.1. “外国人” is pronounced as “歪果仁” by Poppy.2.“ Mother’s Day is interpreted as “ 妈妈的天” by Poppy.3.When Poppy says goodbye to other kids and fathers in the end of each episode of the TV program Daddy Where to Go , she uses the phrase “ 周末开心” or “ 周末愉快” (In English speaking countries , it is a norm to use “ have a nice weekend” as good wishes to others. In Chinese, to say “ 周末愉快” is also acceptable, but native Chinese people seldom use it ).4. Once a time, one worker of Daddy Where to Go asked the six children “ 你觉得什么是爱？”Following are their answers, and it can be seen that compared with the rest 4 children Poppy’s words are a little bit strange, and some pronunciations are not correct.(Noe)爱就是大家在一起。