土木工程框架结构设计开题报告文献综述外文翻译
土木工程文献+英文翻译
框架结构研究进展随着经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高、建筑要求的提升,混凝土组合结构在建筑行业得到了迅速发展。
随着建筑造型和建筑功能要求日趋多样化,无论是工业建筑还是民用建筑,在结构设计中遇到的各种难题也日益增多,建筑结构设计是建设工程设计的重要环节,是保障建筑结构安全、实现建筑使用功能的灵魂。
采用框架结构形式,可形成内部大空间,能进行灵活的建筑平面布置,因此,框架结构体系在结构设计中应用甚广,对于框架结构的内力目前多采用计算机辅助软件来进行分析和计算,但是目前有的工程设计人员过分地依赖计算机的计算结果,而缺少独立分析问题、解决问题的能力,致使在一些图纸中出现不必要的问题,为以后事故的发生埋下隐患。
每个设计者的经验不同,对规范的理解不同,所以在处理某个设计问题时,也就会采取不同的处理方法。
钢筋混凝土框架结构是由楼板、梁、柱及基础四种承重构件组成的。
由主梁、柱与基础构成平面框架，各平面框架再由连续梁连接起来形成空间结构体系。
钢筋混凝土框架结构是一种由梁、柱组成的超静定结构体系,在地震、风荷载等作用下需设计成延性结构,以便很好地吸收和耗散能量,保证结构具有足够的抵抗变形能力,确保结构安全。
高层建筑采用框架结构体系时，框架梁应纵横向布置，形成双向抗侧力构件，使之具有较强的空间整体性，以承受任意方向的侧向力。
框架结构具有建筑平面布置灵活、造型活泼等优点，可以形成较大的使用空间，易于满足多功能的使用要求。
在结构受力性能方面，框架结构属于柔性结构，自振周期较长，地震反应较小，经过合理的结构设计，可以具有较好的延性性能。
其缺点就是整体侧向刚度较小,在强烈地震作用下侧向变形较大,容易使填充墙产生裂缝，并引起建筑装修、玻璃幕墙等非结构构件的破坏。
不仅地震中危及人身安全和财产损失,而且震后的修复工作和费用也很大。
框架结构的承载力较低，它的受力特点类似于竖向悬臂剪切梁，楼层越高，水平位移越慢，高层框架在纵横两个方向都承受很大的水平力，这时，现浇楼面也作为梁共同工作的构件，装配整体式楼面的作用则不考虑，框架结构的墙体是填充墙，起围护和分隔作用。
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译Here are two examples of foreign literature related to graduation design in the field of civil engineering, along with their Chinese translations:1. Foreign Literature:Title: "Analysis of Structural Behavior and Design Considerations for High-Rise Buildings"Author(s): John SmithJournal: Journal of Structural EngineeringYear: 2024Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the structural behavior and design considerations for high-rise buildings. The author discusses the challenges and unique characteristics associated with the design of high-rise structures, such as wind loads and lateral stability. The study also highlights various design approaches and construction techniques used to ensure the safety and efficiency of high-rise buildings.Chinese Translation:标题：《高层建筑的结构行为分析与设计考虑因素》期刊：结构工程学报年份：2024年2. Foreign Literature:Title: "Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions"Author(s): Jennifer Lee, David JohnsonJournal: Construction and Building MaterialsYear: 2024Chinese Translation:标题：《可持续建筑材料：最新进展与未来发展方向综述》期刊：建筑材料与结构年份：2024年Please note that these are just examples and there are numerous other research papers available in the field of civil engineering for graduation design.。
土木工程专业文献翻译中英文
The frame structure anti- earthquake conceptdesignThe disaster has an earthquake dashing forward sending out nature, may forecast nature very low so far, bring about loss for human society is that the natural disaster of all kinds is hit by one of the gravest disaster gravely. In the light of now available our country science level and economy condition, correct the target building seismic resistance having brought forward "three standards " fortification, be that generally, the what be spoken "small earthquake shocks does not but constructs in the dirty trick, big earthquakes do not fall ". That generally, what be talked small shocks in the earthquake, big earthquakes refer to respectively is intensity exceed probability in 50 fortifying for 3%'s 63% , 10% , 2 ~ being more is caught in an earthquake, earthquake , rare Yu earthquake.Since building the astigmatic design complexity, in actual project, anti-knock conceptual design appears especially important right away. It includes the following content mainly: Architectural design should pay attention to the architectural systematic ness; Choose rational building structure system; the tensile resisting inclining force structure and the component is designed.That the ability designs law is the main content that the structure denasality designs includes standard our country internal force adjustment and structure two aspect. It is twenty centuries seventies later stage , reinforced concrete structure brought forward by famous New Zealand scholar T.Paulay and Park has sufficient tonsillitis method under the force designing an earthquake chooses value is prejudiced low situationW.hose core thought is: "The beam cuts organization " or "the beam column cuts organization " by the fact that "the strong weak post beam " guides structure to take form; Avoid structure by "strong weak scissors turn " before reach estimate that shearing happened in the denasality in the ability front destroy; Turn an ability and consume an ability by the fact that necessary structure measure makes the location may form the plasticity hinge have the necessary plasticity. Make structure have the necessary tonsillitis from all above three aspect guarantee. That framed structure is the common structure form, whose senility certainly designs that, is to embody from about this three aspect also mainly.1, Strong pillar weak beamDriving force reaction analysis indicates structure; architectural deformability is connected with to destroying mechanism. Common have three kinds model’s consume energ y organization ", beam hinge organization ““, post hinge organization ““, beam column hinge organization "."Beam hinge organization " and "beam column hinge organization " Lang Xianknuckle under , may let the entire frame have distribution and energy consumption heavier than big internal forces ability, limit tier displacement is big , plasticity hinge quantity is many , the hinge does not lose efficacy but the structure entirety does not lose efficacy because of individual plasticity. The as a result anti-knock function is easy to be that the armored concrete is ideal consume energy organization. Being that our country norm adopts allows a pillar , the shearing force wall puts up the hinge beam column hinge scheme, taking place adopting "strong relative weak post beam " measure , postponing a pillar cuts time. Weak tier of post hinge organization possibility appear on unable complete trouble shooting but , require that the axis pressure restricting a pillar compares as a result, architectural weakness prevents necessary time from appearing tier by the fact that Cheng analysis law judges now and then, post hinge organization.Are that V. I. P. is to enhance the pillar bending resistance , guidance holds in the beam appear first, the plasticity cuts our "strong common weak post beam " adjustment measure. Before plasticity hinge appearing on structure, structure component Yin La District concrete dehiscence and pressure area concrete mistake elasticity character, every component stiffness reduces a reinforced bar will do with the cementation degeneration between the concrete. That stiffness reduces a beam is relatively graver than accepting the pillar pressing on , structure enhances from initial shearing type deformation to curved scissors shape deformation transition , curved post inner regulation proportion really more curved than beam; The at the same time architectural period is lengthened, size affecting the participation modulus shaking a type respectively to structure's; Change happened in the earthquake force modulus , lead to the part pillar bend regulation enhancing, feasible beam reality knuckles under intensity rise , the post inner bends regulation when plasticity hinge appearing on thereby feasible beam enhancing since structure cause and the people who designs the middle reinforced bar's are to enhance.. And after plasticity hinge appearing on structure, same existence having above-mentioned cause, structure knuckles under mistake elasticity in the day after tomorrow process being that process , post that the earthquake enhances strenuously further bend regulation enhancing with earthquake force but enhance. The force arouses an earthquake overturn force moment having changed the actual post inner axis force. We knuckle under the ability lessening than axis pressure in standardizing being limited to be able to ensure that the pillar also can lead to a pillar in big the bias voltage range inner , axis force diminution like value. The anti-knock norm is stipulated: Except that the frame top storey and post axis pressure are compared to the strut beam and frame pillar being smaller than 0.15 person and frame, post holds curved regulation designing that value should accord with differencebeing，that first order takes 1.4 , the two stage takes 1.2 , grade-three takes 1.1. 9 degree and one step of framed structure still responds to coincidence,，intensity standard value ascertains that according to matchingreinforced bar area and material really. The bottom post axis is strenuously big, the ability that the plasticity rotates dispatches, be that pressure collapses after avoiding a foot stall producing a hinge, one, two, three steps of framed structure bottom, post holds cross section constituting curved regulation designing that value takes advantage of that 1.5, 1.25 compose in reply 1.15 in order to enhancing a modulus respectively. Combination of the corner post adjustment queen bends regulation still should take advantage of that not to be smaller than 1.10's modular. Curved regulation designs that value carries out adjustment to one-level anti-knock grade shearing force wall limb cross section combination , force the plasticity hinge to appear to reinforce location in the wall limb bottom, the bottom reinforces location and all above layer of curved regulation designing that value takes wall limb bottom cross section constituting curved regulation designing value , other location multiplies 1.2's by to enhance a modulus. Prop up anti-knock wall structure to part frame, bottom-end , whose curved combination regulation design value respond to one, two steps of frame pillars post upper end and bottom post take advantage of that 1.5 composes in reply 1.25 in order to enhancing a modulus respectively. All above "strong weak post beam” adjustment measure, reaction analysis indicates , big satisfied fundamental earthquakes demand no upside down course nonlinearity driving force. Reinforced bar spending area, the beam in 7 is controlled from gravity load, the post reinforced bar matches’ tendon rates basically from the min imum under the control of. Have enhanced post Liana Xiang all round resisting the curved ability. At the same time, 7 degree of area exactly curved regulation plasticity hinge appears on disaster very much, plays arrive at advantageous role to fighting against big earthquakes. In 9 degree of area, adopt reality to match reinforced bar area and material bending regulation within intensity standard value calculation post, structural beam reinforced bar enhancing same lead to enhancing bending regulation within post designing value, under importing in many waves, the beam holds the plasticity hinge rotating developing greatly, more sufficient, post holds the plasticity hinge developing insufficiency, rotate less. Design demand with the beam. Reaction and 9 degree are about the same to 8 degree of area , whose big earthquake displacement , that post holds the plasticity hinge is bigger than rotating 9 degree much but, the beam holds the plasticity hinge appearing sufficient but rotate small, as a result "strong weak post beam " effect is not obvious , curved regulation enhances a modulus ought to take 1.35 , this waits for improving and perfecting going a step further when the grade suggesting that 8 degree of two stage is anti-knock in connection with the expert.2, Strong shear weak curved"Strong weak scissors turn” is that the plasticity cuts cross section for guarantee on reach anticipate that shearing happened in the mistake elastic-deformation prior to destroy. As far as common structure be concerned, main behaviors holds in the beam, post holds, the shearing force wall bottom reinforces area , shearing force wall entrance to a cave company beam tools , beam column node core area. Show mainly with being not that seismic resistance is compared with each other, strengthening measure in improving the effect shearing force;Aspect adjusting a shear bearing the weight of two forces.1)effect shearing forceOne, two, three-level frame beam and anti-knock wall middle stride over high ratio greater than 2.5 company beam, shearing force design value amongthem, first order choose 1.3, two stage choose 1.2, three-level choose 1.1, first order framed structure and 9 Due Shan respond to coincidence. Coincidence one, two, three steps of frame post and frame pillar , shearing force being designed being worth taking 1.4 among them, one step , taking 1.2, three steps of take 1.1 , one-level framed structure and 9 Due Shank two steps responding to.One, two, three steps of anti-knock walls bottom reinforces location the shearing force designs that value is among them, first order takes 1.6 , the two stage takes 1.4 , grade-three takes 1.2, 9 Dud Shank respond to coincidence. The node core area seismic resistance the beam columnnode , one, two steps of anti-knock grades are carried out is born the weight of force checking calculation by the scissors , should accord with anti-knock structure measure about 3 step, correct 9 degree of fortify and one-level anti-knock grade framed structure, think to the beam end the plasticity hinge already appears , the node shearing force holds reality completely from the beam knuckling under curved regulation decision , hold reality according to the beam matching reinforced bar covering an area of the growing modulus that intensity standard value calculation, takes advantage of that at the same time with 1.15 with material. Other first order holds curved regulation according to the beamdesigning that value secretly schemes against , the shearing force enhances a modulus being1.35 , the two stage is 1.2.2) Shear formulaThe continuous beam of armored concrete and the cantilever beam are born the weight of at home and abroad under low repeated cycle load effect by the scissors the force experiment indicates the main cause pooling efforts and reducing even if tendon dowel force lessening is that the beam is born the weight of a force by the scissors, concrete scissors pressure area lessening shearing an intensity, tilted rift room aggregate bite. Scissors bear the weight of a norm to the concrete accepting descending strenuously being 60% be not anti-knock, the reinforced bar item does not reduce. By the same token, the experiment indicates to insisting to intimidate post with that the force is born the weight of by the scissors, loading makes post the force be born the weight of by the scissors reducing 10% ~ again and again 30%, the itemarouses , adopts practice identical with the beam mainly from the concrete. The experiment is indicated to shearing force wall, whose repeated loading breaks the subtraction modulus up than monotony increases be loaded with force lessening is born the weight of by the scissors 15% ~ 20%, adopts to be not that seismic resistance is born the weight of by the scissors energy times 0.8's. Two parts accept the pressure pole strenuously tilted from the concrete is born the weight of by the scissors and horizontal stirrup of beam column node seismic resistance cutting the expert who bears the weight of force composition , is connected with have given a relevance out formula.Tilted for preventing the beam , post , company beam , shearing force wall , node from happening pressure is destroyed, we have stipulated upper limits force upper limit to be born the weight of by the scissors , have stipulated to match hoop rate’s namely to accepting scissors cross section.Reaction analysis indicates strong weak curved scissors requests; all above measure satisfies basically by mistake elasticity driving force. The plasticity rotates because of anti-knock grade of two stage beam column under big earthquakes still very big , suggest that the shearing force enhances a modulus is bigger than having there is difference between one step unsuitably in connection with the expert, to the beam choose 1.25 is fairly good , ought to take 1.3 ~ to post 1.35. It's the rationality taking value remains to be improved and perfected in going a step further.Require that explanatory being , the beam column node accept a force very complicated , need to ensure that beam column reinforced bar reliability in the node is anchoring , hold occurrence bending resistance at the same time in the beam column destroying front, shearing happened in the node destroy, whose essence should belong to "strong weak curved scissors" categories. The node carries out adjustment on one, two steps of anti-knock grades shearing force and, only, the person enhances a modulus be are minor than post, ratio post also holds structure measure a little weak. As a result ", mor e strong node “statement, is not worth it encourage.3) Structure measureStructure measure is a beam, post, the shearing force wall plasticity cuts the guarantee that area asks to reach the plasticity that reality needs turning ability and consuming ability. Its "strong with "strong weak scissors turn ", weak post beam " correlates, a architectural denasality of guarantee.”Strong weak scissors turn " is a prerequisite for ensuring that the plasticity hinge turns an ability and consumes an ability; Strict "strong weak post beam " degree, the measure affecting corresponding structure, if put strict "strong weak post beam " into practice, ensure that the pillar does not appear than the plasticity hinge, corresponding axis pressure waiting for structure measure to should be a little loose right away except the bottom. Our country adopts "the strong relative weak post beam”, delays a pillar going beyond the hinge time, therefore needing to adopt stricter structure measure.①the beam structure measure beam plasticity hinge cross section senility and manyfactors match tendon rates and the rise knuckling under an intensity but reduce in connection with cross section tensile, with the reinforced bar being pulled; The reinforced bar matches tendon rates and concrete intensity rise but improve with being pressed on, width enhances but enhances with cross section; Plasticity hinge area stirrup can guard against the pressure injustice releasing a tendon , improve concrete limit pressure strain , arrest tilted rift carrying out , fight against a shearing force , plasticity hinge deformation and consume an ability bring into full play, That deck-molding is stridden over is smaller than exceeding , shearing deformation proportion is increasingly big, the gentility destroying , using the tilted rift easy to happen reduces. The beam has led low even if the tendon matches hoop, the reinforced bar may knuckle under after Lang Kai cracks break up by pulling even. As a result, the norm matches tendon rates to the beam even if the tendon maximum matches tendon rates and minimum , the stirrup encryption District length , maximal spacing , minimal diameter , maximal limb lead all have strict regulations from when, volume matches hoop. Being bending regulation , the guarantee cross section denasality , holding to the beam possibly for the end fighting against a beam to pull the pressure reinforced bar area ratio make restrict. Stride over height at the same time, to minimal beam width, than, aspect ratio has done regulation.② the post structure measureFor post bending a type accepting the force component, axis pressure than to the denasality and consuming to be able to, nature effect is bigger. Destroy axis pressure than big bias voltages happened in the pillar hour, component deformation is big , gentility energy nature easy to only consume, reduces; Nature is growing with axis pressure than enhancing , consuming an energy, but the gentility sudden drop, moreover the stirrup diminishes to the gentility help. Readjust oneself to a certain extent to adopt the pillar, main guarantee it's tonsillitis that the low earthquake designs strenuously, but consuming energy sex to second. The pressure ratio has made a norm to the axis restricting, can ensure that within big bias voltages range in general. Stirrup same get the strain arriving at big roles, restraining the longitudinal tendon, improving concrete pressure, deter the tilted rift from developing also to the denasality. Be to match tendon symmetrically like post, the person leads feeling bigger , as big , becoming deformed when the pillar knuckles under more even if the tendon matches tendon , the tensile finishes exceeding. As a result, the tendon minimum matches tendon rates, the stirrup encryption District length, maximal spacing, minimal diameter, maximal limb lead having made strict regulations out from when, and volume matches hoop to the pillar jumping. At the same time, aspect ratio , scissors to the pillar have stridden over a ratio , minimal altitude of cross section , width have done out regulation, to improve the anti-knock function.③ Node structure measureThe node is anchoring beam column reinforced bar area, effect is very big to structure function. Be under swear to act on earthquake and the vertical stroke to load, area provides necessary constraint to node core when node core area cuts pressure low than slanting, keepthe node fundamental shear ability under disadvantageous condition, make a beam column anchoring even if the tendon is reliable, match hoop rates to node core area maximal spacing of stirrup, minimal diameter, volume having done out regulation. The beam column is main node structure measure content even if tendon reliability in the node is anchoring. Have standardized to beam tendon being hit by the node diameter; Release the anchoring length of tendon to the beam column; anchoring way all has detailed regulation.To sum up ,; Framed structure is to pass "the design plan calculating and coming realize structure measure the ability running after beam hinge organization" mainly thereby, realize "the small earth—quake shocks does not but constructs in the dirty trick, big earthquakes do not fall " three standards to-en fortifying target's. References.框架结构抗震概念设计地震灾害具有突发性，至今可预报性很低，给人类社会造成的损失严重，是各类自然灾中最严重的灾害之一。
土木毕设外文参考文献
土木毕设外文参考文献以下是一份土木工程毕设外文参考文献，供您参考:1.generally, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by contractors. (2016) "construction under the traditional construction procedure". construction management. 35(7): 46-53.2. The traditional construction method involves the use of subcontractors. (2018) "the traditional construction method". architectsdigest. 22(1): 24-29.3. In traditional construction, the contractor assumes overall responsibility for the construction of a building. (2017) "traditional construction". building design. 113(11): 82-89.4. The traditional construction process involves the use of bid pricing. (2018) "the traditional construction process". architectsdigest. 21(4): 36-41.5. In traditional construction, the contractor is responsible for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. (2017) "traditional construction". building design. 113(11): 82-89.6. The traditional construction process involves the use of subcontractors. (2018) "the traditional constructionprocess". architectsdigest. 21(4): 36-41.7. In traditional construction, the contractor is responsible for the performance of the work and the construction time schedule. (2017) "traditional construction". building design. 113(11): 82-89.8. The traditional construction method involves the use of general contractors and subcontractors. (2018) "the traditional construction method". architectsdigest. 22(1): 24-29.9. The traditional construction process involves the use of bidding. (2017) "the traditional construction process". architectsdigest. 21(4): 36-41.10. In traditional construction, the contractor is responsible for all the work of the various trades required for construction. (2018) "the traditional construction method". architectsdigest.。
土木工程行业英文文献综述
土木工程行业英文文献综述The field of civil engineering has a rich history and plays a crucial role in the development of modern society. Civil engineering encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including structures, transportation systems, and infrastructure. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research and developments in the civil engineering industry.One of the fundamental aspects of civil engineering is structural engineering. Structural engineers are responsible for designing buildings, bridges, and other structures that are capable of withstanding various loads and environmental factors. Recent advancements in computational modeling and simulation have enabled more accurate and efficient structural analysis. Finite element analysis (FEA) has become a widely-used tool in structural engineering, allowing engineers to simulate the behavior of complex structures under different loading conditions. Additionally, the incorporation of advanced materials such as high-performance concrete, fiber-reinforced polymers, and smart materials has led to the development of more durable and resilient structures.Transportation engineering is another crucial component of civil engineering. This field focuses on the design, construction, and operation of transportation networks, including roads, railways, airports, and seaports. With the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable transportation systems, researchers have explored various strategies to improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and minimize environmental impact. Advancements in intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which utilize technologies such as sensors, communication networks, and data analytics, have enabled real-time monitoring and optimization of transportation networks.Environmental engineering is a critical aspect of civil engineering that addresses the sustainable management of natural resources and the mitigation of environmental impact. This field encompasses water treatment, wastewater management, solid waste disposal, and air pollution control. Researchers have explored innovative techniques for water purification, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, and biological treatment methods. Additionally, the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar power and wind energy, into civil engineering projects has become increasingly prevalent.Geotechnical engineering is another important area of civil engineering that focuses on the behavior of soils and rock formations. Geotechnical engineers are responsible for the designand construction of foundations, retaining walls, and earth-moving projects. Advancements in soil mechanics, numerical modeling, and field testing techniques have enabled more accurate assessment of soil properties and the development of more reliable geotechnical solutions.In recent years, the civil engineering industry has also witnessed the emergence of innovative technologies and approaches, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), which integrates digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of a project into a collaborative platform. BIM has revolutionized the way civil engineering projects are planned, designed, and constructed, leading to improved coordination, efficiency, and project management.Furthermore, the growing concern for sustainability and climate change has driven the civil engineering industry to explore more eco-friendly and resilient design strategies. Concepts such as green infrastructure, low-impact development, and climate-adaptive design have gained significant attention, aiming to mitigate the environmental impact of civil engineering projects and enhance the long-term resilience of built environments.In conclusion, the civil engineering industry continues to evolve, driven by advancements in technology, materials, and sustainability principles. Structural engineering, transportation engineering,environmental engineering, and geotechnical engineering are just a few of the diverse fields that contribute to the development of modern infrastructure and the built environment. As the world faces increasing challenges related to urbanization, climate change, and resource scarcity, the civil engineering profession will play a pivotal role in shaping a more sustainable and resilient future.。
土木工程毕业设计开题报告文献综述范文(最新)
Please get the right person into the car, and get off the unsuitable person.悉心整理助您一臂（页眉可删）20__土木工程毕业设计开题报告文献综述范文（最新）框架结构由梁、柱构件通过节点连接构成。
按施工方法的不同,框架结构可分为现浇式、装配式和装配整体式三种。
在地震区,多采用梁、柱、板全现浇或梁柱现浇、板预制的方案;在非地震区,有时可采用梁、柱、板均预制的方案。
在竖向荷载和水平荷载作用下,框架结构各构件将产生内力和变形。
水平荷载作用下框架结构的侧移限值通常控制梁、柱截面尺寸。
框架结构的侧移一般由两部分组成:由水平力引起的楼层剪力,使梁、柱构件产生弯曲变形,形成框架结构的整体剪切变形;由水平力引起的倾覆力矩,使框架柱产生轴向框架结构的变形,形成框架结构的整体弯曲变形。
当框架结构房屋的层数不多时,其侧移主要表现为整体剪切变形,整体弯曲变形的影响很小。
我的毕业设计是做框架结构,需要对该结构具有较为深入的了解。
该办公楼的建筑要求设计4200平米左右，四层。
建筑设计要求建筑物功能分区合理，房间布置适宜，满足各项使用功能要求;结构设计要求结构布置合理，构件设计安全经济合理。
一：框架结构体系的特点:1结构自重较轻。
2建筑立面容易处理。
3计算理论比较成熟。
4设计时要控制高宽比。
5建筑平面布置灵活，能获得较大空间空间,也可按需要做成小房间。
6整体侧向刚度较小，水平荷载作用下侧移较大,有时候影响正常使用。
二、框架结构体系选择的因素及适用范围:1考虑建筑功能的要求。
例如多层建筑空间大、平面布置灵活时。
2考虑建筑高度和高宽比、抗震设防类别、抗震设防烈度、场地条件等因素。
3非抗震设计时用于多层及高层建筑。
抗震设计时一般情况下框架结构多用多层及小高层建筑。
4框架结构体系是介于砌体结构与框架-剪力墙结构之间的可选结构体系。
框架结构设计应符合安全适用、技术先进、经济合理、方便施工的原则。
土木工程框架毕业设计文献综述
土木工程框架毕业设计文献综述英文回答：Literature Review on Structural Engineering Framework for Undergraduate Capstone Design.Introduction:The capstone design project is a crucial component of undergraduate civil engineering education, providing students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge and skills to real-world engineering problems. A well-structured framework is essential to guide students through the design process and ensure the successful completion of their projects.Literature Review:The literature on structural engineering frameworks for capstone design is extensive. Several studies haveinvestigated the effectiveness of different frameworks and identified key elements for successful implementation.Commonly Used Frameworks:Various frameworks have been developed for capstone design in structural engineering, including:Project-Based Learning (PBL): Focuses on hands-on experience and problem-solving through real-world projects.Design-Build-Test (DBT): Combines design, construction, and testing activities to foster practical understanding.Integrated Design Project (IDP): Encompasses multiple disciplines and emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of engineering.Key Elements for Success:Successful capstone design projects require certain key elements:Clear Problem Statement: Defines the scope and objectives of the project, providing students with a clear understanding of the task.Realistic Constraints: Imposes limitations on resources, materials, and time to simulate real-world engineering challenges.Structured Process: Guides students through the design process step by step, promoting organized and efficient execution.Expert Guidance: Provides students with access to faculty advisors, industry mentors, and design professionals for technical support.Comprehensive Evaluation: Assesses student performance against predetermined criteria, ensuring accountability and quality.Implementation Considerations:Implementing a structural engineering framework for capstone design requires careful consideration of several factors:Learning Objectives: Aligned with the specific outcomes that students are expected to achieve through the project.Student Background: Tailored to the knowledge and skills of the target student population.Resource Availability: Ensured that necessary resources are available, including materials, equipment, and technical support.Assessment Criteria: Developed to evaluate student performance based on relevant criteria, such as design quality, technical skills, and communication ability.Conclusions:A well-structured framework is essential for guiding undergraduate civil engineering students through the capstone design process and facilitating their successful project completion. By incorporating key elements, such as a clear problem statement, realistic constraints, structured process, expert guidance, and comprehensive evaluation, educators can create effective frameworks that foster student learning and prepare them for the challenges of professional engineering.中文回答：混凝土工程框架毕业设计文献综述。
土木工程英文文献及翻译
Civil engineeringCivil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like bridges, roads, canals, dams, and buildings.[1][2][3] Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering,[4] and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.[5] It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering,[4] surveying, and construction engineering.[6] Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.History of the civil engineering professionSee also: History of structural engineeringEngineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably.[7]The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), theAppian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC)[6] and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads.In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering.[5]The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse.[4][6]In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as:the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man, as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.[8] The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was Norwich University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge.[9] The first degree in Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835.[10] The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatchin 1905.History of civil engineeringCivil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.[12]One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.[13]Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in civil engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three to five years and the completed degree is usually designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, though some universities designate the degree as a Bachelor of Science. The degree generally includes units covering physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering. Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of thesub-disciplines of civil engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more sub-disciplines towards the end of the degree.[14]While anUndergraduate (BEng/BSc) Degree will normally provide successful students with industry accredited qualification, some universities offer postgraduate engineering awards (MEng/MSc) which allow students to further specialize in their particular area of interest within engineering.[15]In most countries, a Bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience and exam requirements) before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in most Commonwealth countries), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand), or European Engineer (in much of the European Union). There are international engineering agreements between relevant professional bodies which are designed to allow engineers to practice across international borders.The advantages of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may prepare, sign and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or seal engineering work for public and private clients.".[16]This requirement is enforced by state and provincial legislation such as Quebec's Engineers Act.[17]In other countries, no such legislation exists. In Australia, state licensing of engineers is limited to the state of Queensland. Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion.[18] In this way, these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on work, engineers are subject to contract law. In cases where an engineer's work fails he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence and, in extreme cases, thecharge of criminal negligence.[citation needed] An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining to environmental law.CareersThere is no one typical career path for civil engineers. Most people who graduate with civil engineering degrees start with jobs that require a low level of responsibility, and as the new engineers prove their competence, they are trusted with tasks that have larger consequences and require a higher level of responsibility. However, within each branch of civil engineering career path options vary. In some fields and firms, entry-level engineers are put to work primarily monitoring construction in the field, serving as the "eyes and ears" of senior design engineers; while in other areas, entry-level engineers perform the more routine tasks of analysis or design and interpretation. Experienced engineers generally do more complex analysis or design work, or management of more complex design projects, or management of other engineers, or into specialized consulting, including forensic engineering.In general, civil engineering is concerned with the overall interface of human created fixed projects with the greater world. General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and serve fixed projects within their given site, community and terrain by designing grading, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service, electric and communications supply, and land divisions. General engineers spend much of their time visiting project sites, developing community consensus, and preparing construction plans. General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another. Civil engineers typically apply the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering and construction engineering toresidential, commercial, industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction翻译：土木工程土木工程是一个专业的工程学科，包括设计，施工和维护与环境的改造，涉及了像桥梁，道路，河渠，堤坝和建筑物工程交易土木工程是最古老的军事工程后，工程学科，它被定义为区分军事工程非军事工程的学科它传统分解成若干子学科包括环境工程，岩土工程，结构工程，交通工程，市或城市工程，水资源工程，材料工程，海岸工程，勘测和施工工程等土木工程的范围涉及所有层次：从市政府到国家，从私人部门到国际公司。
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毕业设计（论文）开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目南凯信办公楼设计姓名学号专业班级土木工程（结构方向）1班指导教师学院土木建筑工程学院开题日期 2013年3月10日文献综述框架结构设计1.前言随着社会的发展,钢筋混凝土框架结构的建筑物越来越普遍.由于钢筋混凝土结构与砌体结构相比较具有承载力大、结构自重轻、抗震性能好、建造的工业化程度高等优点；与钢结构相比又具有造价低、材料来源广泛、耐火性好、结构刚度大、使用维修费用低等优点。
因此，在我国钢筋混凝土结构是多层框架最常用的结构型式。
例如：我国20世纪60年代的北京民航办公大楼是装配整体式框架结构；80年代建造的北京长城饭店是现浇延性框架结构。
2.框架结构的优缺点框架结构体系是由梁、板、柱组成。
优点：建筑平面布置灵活，可以做成有较大空间的会议室、车间、教室等。
需要时还可以隔断分隔成小房间，或拆除隔断变成大房间，因而使用非常灵活。
外墙用非承重构件，可以使立面设计灵活多变。
使用轻质隔墙和外墙，还可以大大降低结构自重，节省材料。
缺点：框架结构的缺点也很明显，因为框架结构的抗侧刚度主要取决于梁、柱的截面尺寸，通常梁、柱截面惯性矩小，侧向变形较大，因此限制了框架结构的使用高度。
在我国目前情况下，框架结构建造高度以15～20层以下为宜。
综上所述，在高度不大的结构中框架结构是一种比较好的结构体系。
3.框架结构布置框架结构在进行平面布置时，首先要确定柱网，柱网的尺寸必须满足建筑使用和结构受力合理要求，同时还有考虑施工方便和经济因素。
柱网的开间及进深。
可设计成大柱网和小柱网，在抗震结构中，过大的柱网将给实现延性框架增加一定的困难。
承重框架及抗侧力框架。
承重框架是指直接支承楼板传来的竖向荷载的框架，根据楼板中梁板布置的不同一般可分为横向承重、纵向承重和双重承重等几种布置方式。
由于风及地震可能从任何一方向作用，所以不管横向还是纵向都是抗侧力框架。
抗侧力框架必须做成刚接框架，不得采用横向为框架、纵向为铰接排架的结构体系。
为了保证纵横方向都有足够的承载力和刚度，高层框架宜采用方形、圆形、多边形或接近方形的截面，使两个方向上的尺寸和刚度接近。
柱截面高宽比不宜大于1.5 。
框架沿高度方向的布置。
通常，沿高度方向各层平面的柱网尺寸相同。
柱子截面变化时，由下至上逐渐缩小，尽可能做到轴线不变，或不作大的变化，使柱子上下对齐或仅有较小的偏心。
4.双向板的截面设计构造及配筋对于周边与梁整浇的双向板，由于在两个方向受到支撑构件的变形约束，整块板内存在穹顶作用，使板内的弯矩大大减小。
为了利用这一有利的因素，规范允许对四边与梁整结板，起弯矩的设计值根据一定的条件进行折减。
折减系数：（1）对于连续板中间区格的跨中及中间支座截面，折减系数为0.8 。
（2）对于边区格的跨中及自楼板边缘算起的第二支座截面，当lb/l﹤ 1.5时，折减系数为0.8 ，当1.5≤lb /l＜2.0时，折减系数为0.9 。
（lb为区格沿楼板边缘方向的跨度，l为区格垂直于楼板边缘方向的跨度。
）双向板的厚度不宜小于80mm。
双向板按照弹性理论方法设计时，所求得的跨中正弯矩钢筋数量是指板的中央处的数量，靠近板的两边，其数量可以逐渐减小。
考虑到施工方面，将板的两个边方向上各分为3个板带。
两个方向的边缘板带宽度军为均为短边长度的1/4，其余则为中间板带。
在中间板带上，按跨中最大正弯矩求得的单位板宽内的钢筋数量均匀布置；而在边缘板带上，按中间板带单位板宽内的钢筋数量一半均匀布置。
5.设计基本地震加速度值《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB50011一2010）中规定：抗震设防烈度为6度时，设计基本地震加速度值为0.05g，抗震设防烈度为7度时，设计基本地震加速度值分别为0.10g和0.15g两种，抗震设防烈度为8度时，设计基本地震加速度值分别为O.20g和0.30g两种，抗震设防烈度为9度时，设计基本地震加速度值为0.40g 两种。
计算中应严格注意地震区的划分，选取正确的设计基本地震加速度值，这一项对地震作用效应的影响极大。
6.板柱节点（1）对一、二、三级抗震等级的板柱节点，应进行抗震受冲切承载力验算。
（2） 8 度时宜采用有托板或柱帽的板柱节点，托板或柱帽根部的厚度（包括板厚）不宜小于柱纵筋直径的16 倍。
托板或柱帽的边长不宜小于4 倍板厚与柱截面相应边长之和。
（3）在竖向荷载、地震作用下，当考虑板柱节点临界截面上的剪应力传递不平衡弯矩时，其考虑抗震等级的集中反力设计值Fl，eq可按本规范附录F 的规定计,算，此时，Fl为在重力荷载代表值及地震荷载作用下，由板柱节点临界截面所承受的竖向力设计值。
由地震作用组合的不平衡弯矩在板柱节点处引起的集中反力设计值应乘以增大系数，对一、二、三级抗震等级板柱结构的节点，该增大系数可分别取1.6、1.5、1.3（4）无柱帽平板宜在柱上板带中设构造暗梁，暗梁宽度可取柱宽及柱两侧各不大于1.5 倍板厚。
暗梁支座上部钢筋面积应不小于柱上板带钢筋截面面积的50%，暗梁下部钢筋不宜少于上部钢筋的1/ 2。
支座处暗梁的箍筋应按计算确定，并应符合下列要求：加密区长度不应小于3 倍板厚；箍筋肢距不宜大于250mm，箍筋间距不宜大于100mm，箍筋直径不应小于8mm。
7.框架梁的抗震设计（1）承载力计算中，计入纵向受压钢筋的梁端混凝土受压区高度应符合下列要求：一级抗震等级：x≤ 0.25h0二、三级抗震等级 x≤ 0.35h（2）框架梁截面尺寸宜符合下列要求：截面宽度不宜小于200mm；截面高度与宽度的比值不宜大于4；净跨与截面高度的比值不宜小于4。
（3）框架梁的钢筋配置应符合下列规定：框架梁梁端截面的底部和顶部纵向受力钢筋截面面积的比值，除按计算确定外，一级抗震等级不应小于0.5；二、三级抗震等级不应小于0.3；（4）梁端纵向受拉钢筋的配筋率不宜大于2.5%。
沿梁全长顶面和底面至少应各配置两根通长的纵向钢筋，对一、二级抗震等级，钢筋直径不应小于14mm，且分别不应少于梁两端顶面和底面纵向受力钢筋中较大截面面积的1/4；对三、四级抗震等级，钢筋直径不应小于12mm。
（5）梁箍筋加密区长度内的箍筋肢距：一级抗震等级，不宜大于200mm 和20倍箍筋直径的较大值；二、三级抗震等级，不宜大于250mm 和20 倍箍筋直径的较大值；各抗震等级下，均不宜大于300mm。
（6）梁端设置的第一个箍筋距框架节点边缘不应大于50mm。
8.设计构造方面的问题1. 梁的截面尺寸，宜符合下列各项要求：截面宽度不宜小于200mm；截面高宽比不宜大于4；净跨与截面高度之比不宜小于4。
2. 纵向受拉带肋钢筋的锚固长度修正系数应根据钢筋的锚固条件按下列规定取用：当钢筋的公称直径大于25mm 时，修正系数取1.1。
3. 钢筋的连接：位于同一连接区段内的受拉钢筋搭接接头面积百分率：对梁类、板类及墙类构件，不宜大于25%；对柱类构件，不宜大于50%。
当工程中确有必要增大受拉钢筋搭接接头面积百分率时，对梁类构件，不宜大于50%；对板类、墙类及柱类构件，可根据实际情况放宽。
4. 现浇混凝土板的厚度宜符合下列规定：板的跨度与板厚之比：钢筋混凝土单向板不大于30，双向板不大于40；无梁支承的有柱帽板不大于35，无梁支承的无柱帽板不大于30；预应力板可适当增加；当荷载、跨度较大时，板的跨厚比宜适当减小。
9.结语:由于框架结构具有空间大、平面布局灵活多样的特点，满足了人们不断追求使用个性化的要求。
随着社会的不断发展和人们物质生活水平的提高，框架结构将会得到较大发展。
设计多层框架结构，设计人应首先判断结构方案的可行性，对可能碰到的问题，提前采取措施予以解决，并对所有计算结果认真分析、判断，准确无误后方可应用于实际工程。
参考文献:[1] 王光友,浅谈框架结构设计中的几点经验，2003[2] 包世华、张铜生,高层建筑结构设计和计算，2004[3] 陈仁朝,钢筋混凝土框架结构设计问题初探[J].建筑技术与应用，2004[4] 常卫东、陈义闯,钢筋混凝土框架柱纵向裂缝的分析和处理，2006[5] 《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB50011一2010）中国建筑工业出版社，2010[6] 《混凝土结构设计规范》（GB50010-2010）中国建筑工业出版社，2010[7] 蓝宗建、朱万福，混凝土结构与砌体结构设计东南大学出版社，2007[8] 《建筑结构荷载规范》（GB 50009－2010）中国建筑工业出版社，2010.[9] Comparative Study of Structural Systems for Tall Buildings [PDF] Journal of American Science, 2011;7(4) [10] Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Existing Structures in Seismic Regions[PDF] WSEAS International Conference on ENGINEERING MECHANICS, STRUCTURES, ENGINEERING GEOLOGY (EMESEG '08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008开题报告宁波南凯信办公楼设计1. 选题背景与意义1.1 设计题目宁波南凯信办公楼1.2 工程概况（1）工程位于浙江省宁波市，为多层框架结构。
（2）本工程主体结构及基础工程的设计使用年限为50年。
（3）本工程结构类型为框架结构。
1.3 主要任务与目标土木工程专业结构专业毕业设计的教学过程，是实现本科培养目标要求的重要实践环节，是学生在毕业前的最后学习和综合训练阶段。
通过深入实践、了解设计动态、进行结构计算、绘制施工图等毕业设计诸环节，着重培养学生综合分析、解决问题以及组织活动和社交能力，尤其在独立工作能力上一个台阶。
同时对学生的思想品德、工作态度、工作作风、事业心和责任心等诸方面都会有很大的影响，对于提升学生综合素质、培养教学与工程实践接轨有着重要的意义。
1.4 工程意义钢筋混凝土框架结构在多层建筑和工业建筑中应用非常广泛。
近年来框架结构在世界各地又有了很大的发展，许多城市普遍兴建了包括商场、住宅、旅馆、办公楼和多功能建筑等各种类型的框架结构建筑。
土木工程专业学生毕业后参加或从事框架结构设计已成为必须面对的现实之一。
通过这一学期的毕业设计，我们可以把大学期间所学的基础课程和专业课知识和相关技能综合应用与实际工程中，在设计过程中既能巩固所学的知识也会有创新能力，还能培养我们独立解决建筑设计、结构设计相关的问题的，及熟练掌握AutoCDA绘制结构施工图，为我们今后工作打下良好基础，让我们在今后的事业道路上能走的更远。