微控制器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译

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单片机英文文献资料及翻译

单片机英文文献资料及翻译单片机(英文：Microcontroller)Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit that contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.A microcontroller's processor core is typically a small, low-power computer dedicated to controlling the operation of the device in which it is embedded. It is often designed to provide efficient and reliable control of simple and repetitive tasks, such as switching on and off lights, or monitoring temperature or pressure sensors.MEMORYMicrocontrollers typically have a limited amount of memory, divided into program memory and data memory. The program memory is where the software that controls the device is stored, and is often a type of Read-Only Memory (ROM). The data memory, on the other hand, is used to store data that is used by the program, and is often volatile, meaning that it loses its contents when power is removed.INPUT/OUTPUTMicrocontrollers typically have a number of programmable input/output (I/O) pins that can be used to interface with external sensors, switches, actuators, and other devices. These pins can be programmed to perform specific functions,such as reading a sensor value, controlling a motor, or generating a signal. Many microcontrollers also support communication protocols like serial, parallel, and USB, allowing them to interface with other devices, including other microcontrollers, computers, and smartphones.APPLICATIONSMicrocontrollers are widely used in a variety of applications, including:- Home automation systems- Automotive electronics- Medical devices- Industrial control systems- Consumer electronics- RoboticsCONCLUSIONIn conclusion, microcontrollers are powerful and versatile devices that have become an essential component in many embedded systems. With their small size, low power consumption, and high level of integration, microcontrollers offer an effective and cost-efficient solution for controlling a wide range of devices and applications.。

单片机温度控制系统外文翻译

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89C51ABSTRACTThe principle and functions of the temperature control system based on micro contro ller AT89C51 are studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-Wir e bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the p reset temperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by s ystem if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature w hich can be set discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temper ature is achieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle o f the system, it is easy to make a variety of other non-linear control systems so long as the software design is reasonably changed. The system has been proved to be accurat e, reliable and satisfied through field practice.KEYWORDS: AT89C51; micro controller; DS18B20; temperature 1 IN TRODUCTIONTemperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society, tem perature control (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely used in other fields. With the improvement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance i n hotels, factories and home as well. And the trend that TC will better serve the whole society, so it is of great significance to measure and control the temperature. Based o n the AT89C51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls the condition t emperature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within a certain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and save monitoring data; and automatic ally control the temperature when the condition temperature exceeds the upper and lo wer limit value. By doing so it is to keep the temperature unchanged. The system is of high anti-jamming, high control precision and flexible design; it also fits the rugged e nvironment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and li fe. It is also versatile, so that it can be convenient to extend the use of the system. So t he design is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and software design of the system are covered.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calc ulations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, mot or-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in e ngine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (AB S). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processi ng speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-tra in control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applicat ions. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and lega l risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, pa rticularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking syst em, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of componen ts is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total v alue several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential th at comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This comple te and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a prop er environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chan dler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of vario us micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five ve ctor two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser-ial port, on-chip oscillator and cl ock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation dow n to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interr upt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode savesthe RAM contents but freezes the oscil–lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can si nk eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high i mpedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order addre ss/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required duri ng program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffe rs can sink/so -urce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verific ation.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffe rs can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memor y and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source cu rrent (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte du ring fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data mem ory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, it uses strong inter nal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Regist er. Port 2 also receives the high-orderaddress bits and some control signals durin Flash programming and verification. Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffe rs can sink/sou -rce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed be low:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running r esets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during acc esses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Fla sh programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscil lator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, how ever, that one ALE pulse is skipped duri-ng each access to external Data Memory. If d esired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin i s weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller i s in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89 C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to ex ternal data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset . EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin alsreceives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts t hat require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circ uit.XTAL2 ：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and X TAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be co nfigured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shownin Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the dev ice from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the extern al clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by -two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the o n chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mo de. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. I t should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normall y resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibi lity of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instructi on following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes po wer-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Re gisters retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit fro m power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRS but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart a nd stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either p rogramming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the e ntire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.2 Programming AlgorithmBefore programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To pro gram the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on t he address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the cor rect combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage prog ramming mode. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the l ock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no .翻译：温度控制系统的设计摘要研究了基于AT89C51单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能，温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器DS18B20构成。

plc单片机毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照

外文翻译：The monolithic In order to prevent without authorization the visit or the copy monolithic integrated circuit machine in the procedure, the majority of monolithic integrated circuits all has the encryption to lock the localization or the encryption byte, by protects the internal procedure. If in programming time encrypts locks the localization to enable (locking), is unable with the ordinary programming directly reading in the monolithic integrated circuit the procedure, this is the so-called copy protection or says the fixed function. In fact, such protective measures are very frail, is very easily explained. The monolithic integrated circuit aggressor with the aid of the special purpose equipment or the self-made equipment, using the monolithic integrated circuit chip design in loophole or the software flaw, through the many kinds of technical method, may withdraw the essential information from the chip, gains in the monolithic integrated circuit the procedure. Therefore, has the newest technology extremely as electronic products project engineer which the essential understanding current monolithic integrated circuit attacks, achieves knows oneself and the other side, knows fairly well, can effectively prevent oneself spends the product which the massive moneys and the time laboriously designs the matter occurrence which is counterfeited by a others night between.monolithic integrated circuits attacks technology：At present, attacks the monolithic integrated circuit mainly to have four kind of technologies, respectively is:This technical usual use processor correspondence connection and in the use agreement, the encryption algorithm or these algorithm security loophole carries on the attack. The software attack obtains the success a case in point is to early A T M E L A the T 89 C series monolithic integrated circuit attack. The aggressor has used in this series monolithic integrated circuit cleaning operation succession design loophole, uses from arranges the procedure to lock the localization after the cleaning encryption, stops the next step of cleaning internal program memory data the operation, thus makes to add the dense monolithic integrated circuit not to turn the encryption monolithic integrated circuit, then use programming read-out internal procedure.This technology usually monitors the processor by the high time resolution when the normal operation all power sources and the connection connection simulation characteristic, and through monitors its electromagnetic radiation characteristic to implement the attack. Because the monolithic integrated circuit is an active electronic device, when it carries out the different instruction, the corresponding mains input consumption also correspondingly changes. Like this analyzes and examines these changes through the use special electronic surveying instrument and mathematics statistical method, then gains in the monolithic integrated circuit the specific essential information.the mistake has the technology This technical use exceptionally working condition causes the processor to make a mistake, then provides the extra visit to carry on the attack. Uses the most widespread mistake to have the attack method including the voltage impact and the clock impact. The low voltage and the high voltage attack may usefor to forbid the protection circuit work or to fortected the information. The power source and the clock transient state jump may affect the single scroll instruction in certain processors the decoding and the ece the processor to carry out the misoperation. Perhaps the clock transient state jump can reposition the protection circuit but not to be able to destroy is proxecution.This technology is the direct exposed chip interior segment, then the observation, holds controls, disturbs the monolithic integrated circuit by to achieve the attack goal.In order to facilitate in order to, the people divide into above four kind of attacks technology two kinds, a kind is the invasion attack (physical attack), this kind of attack needs to destroy the seal, then with the aid of the semiconductor test facility, the microscope and the micro locator, several hours even several week time can complete on the special laboratory flower. All micro probes technology all belongs to the invasion attack. Moreover three methods belong to the non- invasion attack, the monolithic integrated circuit which attacks cannot by the physical damage. In certain situation non- invasion attacks is specially dangerous, this is because the non- invasion attack needs the equipment usually to be possible the self-restraint and the promotion, therefore is extremely inexpensive.The majority of non- invasions attack needs the aggressor to have the good processor knowledge and the software knowledge. Is opposite with it, the invasion probe attack then does not need too many initial knowledge,moreover usually may use the one whole set similar technology to cope with the width scope the product. Therefore, the attack often starts to the monolithic integrated circuit from the invasion reverse engineering, the accumulation experience is helpful to the development more inexpensive and the fast non- invasion attack technology.Last step will be seeks the protection melt silk the position and protects the melt silk to expose under the ultraviolet ray. With enlargement factor at least 100 time of microscopes, inputs the foot from the programming voltage the segment to track generally, seeks the protection melt silk.This technical use exceptionally working condition causes the processor to make a mistake, then provides the extra visit to carry on the attack. Uses the most widespread mistake to have the attack method including the voltage impact and the clock impact. The low voltage and the high voltage attack may use for to forbid the protection circuit work or to force the processor to carry out the misoperation. Perhaps the clock transient state jump can reposition the protection circuit but not to be able to destroy is protected the information. The power source and the clock transient state jump may affect the single scroll instruction in certain processors the decoding and the execution.(4) probe technologyThis technology is the direct exposed chip interior segment, then the observation, holds controls, disturbs the monolithic integrated circuit by to achieve the attack goal.In order to facilitate in order to, the people divide into above four kindof attacks technology two kinds, a kind is the invasion attack (physical attack), this kind of attack needs to destroy the seal, then with the aid of the semiconductor test facility, the microscope and the micro locator, several hours even several week time can complete on the special laboratory flower. All micro probes technology all belongs to the invasion attack. Moreover three methods belong to the non- invasion attack, the monolithic integrated circuit which attacks cannot by the physical damage. In certain situation non- invasion attacks is specially dangerous, this is because the non- invasion attack needs the equipment usually to be possible the self-restraint and the promotion, therefore is extremely inexpensive.The majority of non- invasions attack needs the aggressor to have the good processor knowledge and the software knowledge. Is opposite with it, the invasion probe attack then does not need too many initial knowledge,moreover usually may use the one whole set similar technology to cope with the width scope the product. Therefore, the attack often starts to the monolithic integrated circuit from the invasion reverse engineering, the accumulation experience is helpful to the development more inexpensive and the fast non- invasion attack technology.3 invasions attacks general process：The invasion attack first step uncovers the chip seal. Some two methods may achieve this goal: The first kind is dissolves the chip seal completely, the exposed metal segment. The second kind is only moves above the silicon nucleus plastic seal. The first method needs the chip to tests on the jig, with the aid of Taiwan to operate. The second method except needs to have the aggressor certain knowledge and Wants outside skill, but also needs individual wisdom and the patience, but operates relatively quite is convenient.Above the chip plastic may use the knife to open, around the chip epoxy resin may use the aqua fortis perish. The hot aqua fortis can dissolve the chip seal but not to be able to affect the chip and the segment. This process carries on generally under the extremely dry condition, because the water existence possibly can corrode already the aluminum wire connection which exposes.Then first uses the acetone in the supersonic pond to clean this chip by except the remaining nitric acid, then cleans with the clear water by and is dry except the salinity. Not the supersonic pond, jumps over generally this step. In this kind of situation, the chip surface can a little dirty, but not too affects the ultraviolet ray to the chip operation effect.Last step will be seeks the protection melt silk the position and protects the melt silk to expose under the ultraviolet ray. With enlargement factor at least 100 time of microscopes, inputs the foot from the programming voltage the segment to track generally, seeks the protection melt silk.If does not have the microscope, then uses the chip different partially exposes to the ultraviolet ray under and the observed result way carries on the simple search. When operation applies not the opaque slip of paper cover chipby to protect the program memory not by the ultraviolet ray cleaning. Will protect the melt silk to expose in the ultraviolet ray next 5 ~ 10 minutes can broken the protection position protective function, afterwards, will use the simple programming to be possible the direct readout program memory content.Regarding used the protective layer to protect E E P R O the M unit the monolithic integrated circuit to say that, the use ultraviolet ray repositioned the protection circuit is not feasible. Regarding this kind of type monolithic integrated circuit, uses the micro probe technology reading the memory content generally. Opens after the chip seal, puts in the chip under the microscope to be able very easy finding中文翻译单片机为了防止未经授权访问或拷贝单片机的机内程序，大部分单片机都带有加密锁定位或者加密字节，以保护片内程序。

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译

SCM is an integrated circuit chip，is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM，read—only memory ROM，a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry，pulse width modulation circuit，analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems。

SCM is also known as micro—controller （Microcontroller)，because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor。

The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system，smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways。

微控制器

英文翻译英文MicrocontrollersIn the past decade the development of digital electrical technology in china closely followed the international step with a surprisingly high speed just like its economyincrease .Variety of microelectronic and digital-processing products streamed into the market of china .studying and mastering the rapidly developed technology ,starting with understanding the principle and applications of the most typical and widely used microcontrollers has become not only a strong interest ,but also an urgent task for more and more students and young engineers.1.1 The family of single chip digital processing devicesThe small digital processor made in a single chip ,which is customarily call “single chip machine “in china ,actually has the true name ,single chip microcontroller belongs to a large family of small digital processing devices made in single chip ,or called single chip digital processor . This family contains a variety of single chip digital processors ,such as“DSP”(digital signal processor ) , “FPGA”( field programmable gate array ) ,single chip microcontroller , and so on .A simple description of the major members is given in this section .Digital signal processor, which processes a mass of digital signals in batches at very high speed, working in parallel method in some key step of its own operation by using its own mathematic algorithms provided by manufactures taking advantage of the hardware features of DSP.Field programmable gate array (FPGA), which consists of a set of gate-elements working together organized by user or designer, and be programmed in the working field, namely“on-line”.Processor of computer-digital signal processor which is specially designed for the computer ,especially for the PC ,to play the role as a brain and heart of them ,having very strong and multidimensional functions ,surrounding the mathematic and logical operation ,but less independency and connection ability than the microcontroller ,unless it is set in a combination consisting of a lot of assistant elements .Single chip microcontroller –A most typical type of single chip digital single processors ,as mentioned above , involving almost all functions and features of computer processor .furthermore ,they have very strong and multidimensional communication and “association” abilities ,leasing to the ability of in dependent operation and signal-input /output operations ,and ability to control the environment equipments .It is worthy to pay attention to that a microcontroller plays a role like a micro-computer system which have full abilities such as arithmetic calculation ,logical operation ,data storage and transmission ,etc ,and also can work independently like an industrial control computer–it can send out or receive data signals in serial or parallel form ,and convert the signals form digital form into analog form or in reverse ,it can operate on an external system like a c ontroller .so the microcontrollers are most typical digital signal processing equipments of the family mentioned above .More considerable is that currently some new types of microcontrollers –DSP-embedded microcontrollers ,coming form the combination of DSP and microcontroller , are put into technical market .this class of devices with dual-feature not only can perform very strong mathematic functions at high operation speed like the original DSP ,but also have the interface ability of communication with outside world . these features satisfy the requirements of modern science and technology .besides , being developed form the generally used computer processor ,the neuron-chip processors which process the signals in the of artificial neuron like human-brain(had been manufactured in laboratory including the micro electronic laboratory ofBeijing university ,china ),the optical-CPU which operates on signals according to physic-optical principle ,and the normal parallel CPU which processes digital signals in parallel fashion at high speed ,are also becoming well known ,and the microprocessor of computer is developed in a very radical direction –some reconstruct able processor are provided for the world ,the “ reconstruct table processor “ mean a kind of generally used processors ,in a single chip can be arbitrarily organized into a lot of different types of microprocessors of computers by the user using a friendly platform show on the computer screen.For electric resistance contingency slice the type measure dint to spread a feeling machine(call "measure dint to spread a feeling machine" as follows) say, structure shape and related size of flexible body to the influence which measures dint to spread a feeling machine function biggest. Can say, the function which measures dint to spread a feeling machine is mainly decided by its shape and related size of flexible body. If the flexible body design measured dint to spread a feeling machine isn't reasonable, the regardless flexible body processes accuracy have another high, glue electric resistance contingency's quality of the slice for sticking much good, measure dint to spread feeling machines all hard attain to measure dint function highly. Therefore carry on to the flexible body during the period of measuring the design that the dint spreads a feeling machine reasonable of design to the pass importance.The design of flexible body is basic to belong to the scope of[with] design of the machine structure, but because of measure the demand of dint function, have a dissimilarity with machine spare parts and structure of commonness on its structure. Say generally that come, machine spare parts and structure beard of commonness satisfy under the enough big safe coefficient of strength with just degree then, to while being subjected to the dint condition spare parts or structure of should the dint distribute a circumstance and need not request strictly. However, say for the flexible body, in addition to need to satisfy machine strength and the degree just requested, have to promise the flexible body glues to stick an electric resistance contingency a slice part up(call "stick a slice of part" as follows) Bear of carry a lotus(BE measured dint) to keep strict of to should relate to; Measure the intelligent degree that the dint spreads a feeling machine to measure dint for the sake of the exaltation in the meantime, should also make to stick a slice of part to attain higher of should dint(contingency) level.Be showed from this, have to satisfy the following two requests in the design process of flexible body: (1)Sticking a slice of part should dint(contingency) should with is measured dint to keep strict of to should relate to;(2)Sticking a slice of part should have higher of should dint(contingency) level.Request for the sake of contented above-mentioned 2, usually apply the design principle of should dint concentration" in the aspects of measuring dint to spread a feeling machine of flexible body designing, insure to stick a slice of part of should dint(contingency) level higher, and with is measured dint to keep strict of design to measure dint to spread a feeling machine to measure the dint intelligent degree and measure dint accuracy towards should relate to, with raising.Two, improvement should dint(contingency) anomaly distribute of should dint concentration" principleUsually think to is what rule distributes in the spare parts or the structure top in response to the dint(contingency) in the design process of the machine spare parts or the structure, if spare parts or structure cut noodles shape not to take place variety, need not consider should the dint(contingency) distribute an irregular problem. In fact, in the design in the machine spare parts or the structure, for should dint(contingency) anomaly distribute of problem not to consideration, but pass a strength calculation in of the safe coefficient forgives it at inside.For measure dint to spread a feeling machine to say, it is to pass an electric resistance contingency a slice the contingency which measure a flexible body to stick a slice of part up to measure to be measured the size of dint. If want to promise sticking a slice of part should dint(contingency) with is measured dint to keep strict of to should relate to, solid Ising assurance actually while measuring dint to spread a feeling machine to be subjected to dint, sticking a slice of part on the flexible body should the dint(contingency) want to distribute according to some regulation in physically applied, for flexible consideration slice part should dint's(contingency) distributing to influence a bigger factor is mainly a flexible body to be subjected to the dint conditional variety.The flexible body is meant by the dint conditional variety while being a flexible body to be subjected to the size of dint constantly, the function of dint orders occurrence variety or flexible body to add the occurrencevariety of the contact condition of carrying the structure and loading structure close together with it. If it can not consider this circumstance when the flexible body structure design, may result in flexible body the top distributes in response to the dint(contingency) of irregular variety. This aspect the most typical solid example is a tube type to measure dint to spread a feeling machine. For letting up because the flexible body is caused by the dint conditional variety of measure a dint error margin, some methods which spreads the feeling machine design to adopt in the tube type to measure dint to spread the feeling machine flexible body to stick a slice of amount up the increment, stick flexible body up possibly the top of a slice of part circumference should the dint(contingency) distribute the circumstances diagraphs of asymmetry to come out. Such of the processing method have certain result, can let up a flexible body is caused by the dint conditional variety of measure a dint error margin. But this kind of method is after all a kind of passive method, increment of stick a slice of amount always limited of, still very difficult make the flexible body sticking the top of a slice of part circumference up should the dint(contingency) distribute the circumstance of asymmetry all diagraphs to come out, measuring the degree that the dint error margin lets up not enough show be obvious .Because the flexible body is subjected to the dint conditional variety causes of measure a dint error margin of the substance is flexible consideration slice part circumference of should dint(contingency) of anomaly distribute, if can make flexible consideration slice part circumference of should the dint(contingency) distribute to be subjected to certainlyThree, exaltation should dint(contingency) level of should dint concentration principleIf want to measure dint to spread a feeling machine to attain a higher intelligent degree, usually should make electric resistance contingency the slice contain higher contingency level, sticking a slice of part on the flexible body should have higher of should dint(contingency) level.Carry out a flexible body to stick a slice of part to attain up higher should the dint(contingency) level have two kinds of in common use methods:(1)Whole let up the size of flexible body, raise a flexible body completely of should dint(contingency) level;(2)Be sticking a slice of part neighborhood to carry on part to weaken to the flexible body, make to stick a slice of part should dint(contingency) level exaltation, but flexible body other parts of should dint(contingency) level basic constant.Two kinds of above methods all canning raise to stick a slice of part should dint(contingency) level, but to flexible body whole function, the part weakens the result of flexible body to want far good to whole let up flexible body size. Because the part weakens a flexible body since can raise to stick a slice of part should dint(contingency) level, and then make flexible body whole keep higher strength and just degree, was advantageous to function and usage result that the exaltation spread a feeling machine.The part weakens a flexible body exaltation to stick a slice of part horizontal in response to the dint(contingency) of principle BE: Weaken a flexible body through a part, result in part of should the dint concentrate, making should dint concentration part of should dint(contingency) level obviously high in flexible body other parts of should dint level, electric resistance contingency the slice glue to stick in should dint concentration part, can measure higher contingency level.Four, Brief summaryDuring the period of measuring the design that the dint spreads a feeling machine, such as canning aware of self ground according to above-mentioned 2 kinds should the principle of dint concentration, carry on a structure design to the flexible body, can receive an exaltation to measure the good result that the dint spreads a feeling machine to measure dint accuracy and measure the dint intelligent degree. Vivid, the principle made use of fittingly to concentrate in response to the dint, for design and produce the high performance measure dint to spread the feeling tool contain important practical meaning.1.2The Application Examples Of MicrocontrollersThe microcontrollers are widely used into the fields of the rage of modern science and technology with the dimensions so large as an industrial production field of a few thousands of a few cube millimeters ,so far as a worldwide communication of the a few micro-distant( nanometer or so approximate as an organization measure system or in the micro-distant( nanometer level ) technology which had been developed successfully in the word ,and in the laboratory of Beijing university of chemical technology as well .In this section some application examples are to be described, which are listed as below. Example 1 Usage in satelliteIn the solar-observe satellite investigated by Chinese national astronomy absovertory, about 300 microcontroller-DSP systems are installed ,which are used for controlling theobserving equipment operating ,communication ,DSP operating such as graphics-digit converting and compressing .etc. the digital processing system used in the satellite has the considerable features ,such as solar batteries as its own power supply ,having ability to prevented themselves form universe radiation and raid temperature variations ,and so on . Example 2Usage in medical cameraIn the medical camera ,such as the one used for eye-bottom-picture talking ,a microcontroller-DSP system is installed ,which is designed for graphic-datapre-treatment ,temporary -storage and transmission .then ,the graphic-data will be by the microcontroller to the PC through communication technology and stored into the hard disk of PC ,and when needed ,the data will be converted into graph and displayed on the screen of PC Example 3 Usage in battleIn The mine- detecting equipment a microcontroller system is installed ,which is designed for converting the reflected radio-wave signal into digital signal , performing a pattern recognition algorithm to recognize if a mine is set under ground ,how deeply it were set ,what type it belongs to ,and so on .Example 4 Usage in mobile telephonesIn the mobile telephone used by the people a microcontroller-DSP system must be for converting the sound-frequency signal, received from the user into digital signal to be treated and store, and converting the digital signal into radio-wave signal to be sent out to the special telephone service centre.Example 5 usage in environmental protection systemIn an environmental protection system there are a lot of sub-stations set between the sensors and supervisory offices. The sub-station consists of an intelligent instrument which, in fact, is a microcontroller system. The microcontroller system is combined of a microcontroller, a Modem, an A/D converter and a TTL or CMOS/RS-232voltage level converter. The physical value, carrying the environment information, is received. Conditioned, and driven by the sensor, and then the sensor transmits it, in an analog signal form, to the A/D converts. The A/D converter converts the analog signal into digital signal, and then sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller receives the digital signal, performs a pre-treatment on it and then stores it into a memory .Once a supervisory office calls the sub-station through the line with Modem and CMOS/RS-232 converter ,the microcontroller takes the data from the memory, sends them to the telephone line through the Modem and COMS/RS-232converter, and then into the PC of supervisory office .During this time, the COMS/RS-232converter converts the signal level of COMS protocol into the one of RS-232 protocol.1.3 Features of Currently Used MicrocontrollersExample 6 80c51 seriesHarvard computer structure, CMOS chips technology, high working speed, micro volume and low power consumption.Disengaged power mode and power-down mode designed for power saving.Circuit extension for external internal, serial bus such as IC and even powerfulnetwork-system-bus for inter-equipment–communication.External-interface functional elements such as A/D converter, PCA, WD, high speed I/O interface and catch /comparison logical of counter.Example 7 PIC seriesNot only Harvard computer system structure but also Harvard bus structure consists of internal detached buses for data and instruction on which the operation is performed at a speed due to the single-word and single-cycle fashions.Single-byte fashion of instructions.Reduction technology of instruction system leading to an instruction set with only 35items of basic instruction resulting in extreme convenience for learning ,remembering ,understanding, reading, debugging, correcting and interchanging the instruction set and programs ,this allow user to touch the logical process deeply .Convenience and briefness of address access due to the four simple ways, i.e. indirect register accesses, immediate number access, direct address access and bit-access, which are easy to master.High compressibility of code-compress with memory space of 1 KB to 1024 items of instructions comparing with MCS-8051 with the same space for only 600 items of instructions.High calculation speed due to the Harvard structure and the gliding operation from.The features described above lead to the following current of only 4 mA for the working state at 4 MHz-frequency and only 2 A for the disengaged state.Strong driving ability resulting in a maximal input current of 25 mA and output current of 20 mA, leading to the ability of chip to drive LED, optic-electrical couple tubes or even electric clutches directly.IC and SPI serial interfaces simplifying the structures of application systems and making it easy to set up the modeled structure of product’s circuits.1.4 Progresses Of Microcontrollers Along With Their Development TracksSince about 20 years ago, the microcontrollers have obtained astonishing progresses according to different viewpoints during their development history. These progresses have been seen in:360毕业设计网Reducing the volumes of the chips.Reducing the energy consumption.Building the ability of resisting external disturbances.Simplifying the power supply requirements and expanding the acceptable range of working voltages.Enlarging the internal and controllable external data and program storage spaces.Raising the working frequency leading to high operation speed and calculation resolutions.Boosting the integration degree leading to abundance of internal and peripheral function blocks, and so on.Some of them would be considerable and needed to note especially.中文微控制器近十年来，中国的数字电子技术紧跟世界的步伐，以惊人的速度向前发展。

STC89C52处理芯片中英文对照外文翻译文献

STC89C52处理芯片中英文对照外文翻译文献本文介绍了国产STC89C52单片机的基本参数和特性。

该单片机与MCS-51单片机兼容，具有8K字节可编程视频存储器、1000次擦写周期、全静态操作、三级加密程序存储器、32个可编程I/O接口线、三个16位定时器、八个中断源、低功耗空闲和掉电模式、掉电后间断可唤醒、看门狗定时器、双数值指针和掉电标识符等特性。

该单片机广泛应用于智能仪表、工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等领域。

STC89C52单片机是一种高性能、低功耗的CMOS8位微控制器，采用高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，具有8K在系统可编程视频播放存储器。

该微控制器与工业80C51产物指令和引脚完全兼容，片上反射速度允许程序存储器在系统可编程，也适用于常规的程序编写器。

STC89C52微控制器拥有灵敏小巧的八位中央处理器和在线系统可编程反射，为嵌入式控制应用系统提供高度矫捷的、更加有用的解决方案。

该微控制器具有8K字节的反射速度、256字节的随机存取储存器、32位I/O串口线、看门狗定时器、2个数值指针、三个16为定时器、计数器、一个6向量2级间断结构、片内晶振及钟表电路。

此外，STC89C52支持两种软件可选择节电模式、间断继续工作，可降至0HZ静态逻辑操作。

在空闲模式下，CPU停止工作，允许RAM、定时器/计数器、串口、间断继续工作。

在掉电保护体式格局下，RAM内容被生成，振动器被冻结，单片机一切的工作停止，直到下一个间断或者硬件复位为止。

P0口是一个8位漏极开路的双向I/O口。

作为输出口，每位能驱动8个TTL逻辑电平。

当P0端口写“1”时，引脚用作高阻抗输入。

当访问外部程序和数值存储器时，P0口也被作为低八位/数值复用。

在这种模式下，P0具有内部上拉电阻。

在Flash编程时，P0口也用来接收指令字节；在程序校验时，输出指令字节。

在程序校验时，需要外部上拉电阻。

P1口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的八位双向I/O口，P1输出缓冲器驱动四个TTL逻辑电平。

微控制器外文翻译--微控制器-AT89S52

原文：Microcontroller-AT89S52Features⏹Compatible with MCS -51Products⏹8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory⏹– Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles⏹ 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range⏹Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz⏹Three-level Program Memory Lock⏹256 x 8-bit Internal RAM⏹32 Programmable I/O Lines⏹Three 16-bit Timer/Counters⏹Eight Interrupt Sources⏹Full Duplex UART Serial Channel⏹Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes⏹Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode⏹Watchdog Timer⏹Dual Data Pointer⏹Power-off Flag⏹Fast Programming Time⏹Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)⏹Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option1. Description1.DescriptionThe A T89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system progra mmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The 8Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.2.Pin DescriptionVCC：Supply voltage.GND：Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I ) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I ) because of the internal pull-ups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification. Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I ) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.Port Pin Alternate FunctionsP3.0 RXD（serial input port）P3.1 TXD（serial output port）P3.2 INT0（external interrupt 0）P3.3 INT1（external interrupt 1）P3.4 T0（timer 0 external input）P3.5 T1（timer 1 external input）P3.6 WR（external data memory write strobe）P3.7 RD（external data memory read strobe）RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to V for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (V ) during Flash programming.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.3.Timer 0 and Timer1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in theAT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information on the timers’ operation, please click on the document link below:/dyn/resources/prod_documents/DOC4316.PDF4.Timer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 5-2). Timer 2 has threeoperating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 10-1. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.5. InterruptsThe A T89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.IE.6 is unimplemented. User software should not write a 1 to this bit position, since it may be used in future AT89 products.Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Nei-ther of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.Reference data:1. the ATMEL company AT89S52 technical manuals2.Shenzhen Development Co., Ltd. AT89C52 Datasheets source SCM3.Fudan University Press, single-chip microprocessor theory, application and test ZHANG You-de, etc译文：微控制器-AT89S52主要性能⏹与MCS-51单片机产品兼容⏹8K字节在系统可编程Flash存储器⏹1000次擦写周期⏹ 4.0V至5.5V的工作电压⏹全静态操作：0Hz～33Hz⏹三级加密程序存储器⏹256 ×8位内部RAM的⏹32个可编程I/O口线⏹三个16位定时器/计数器⏹八个中断源⏹全双工UART串行通道⏹低功耗空闲和掉电模式⏹掉电后中断可唤醒⏹看门狗定时器⏹双数据指针⏹掉电标识符⏹快速编程时间⏹灵活的ISP编程（字节和页模式）1. 功能特性A T89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K 在系统可编程Flash 存储器。

单片机-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献-单片机简介-中英对照

Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice.The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part.It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (forinstance home use PC,) main differenceThe monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliabilityThe CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the numberof registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language7 it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must use?Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercomputer's on operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three "theelectricity" the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery "the belly". It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on, Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective---- ‘intelligence’, like intelligence washer and so on. Now some factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in theproduct has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.单片机简介单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。

8051系列微控制器(英文文献翻译)

英文原文OverviewThe 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:12which can be individually accessed34567paces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).Memory OrganizationThe 8051 architecture provides the user with three physically distinct memory spaceswhich can be seen in Figure A - 1. Each memory space consists of contiguous addresses from 0 to the maximum size, in bytes, of the memory space. Address overlaps are resolved by utilizing instructions which refer specifically to a given address space. The three memory spaces function as described below.The CODE SpaceThe first memory space is the CODE segment in which the executable program resides. This segment can be up to 64K (since it is addressed by 16 address lines) . The processor treats this segment as read only and will generate signals appropriate to access a memory device such as an EPROM. However, this does not mean that the CODE segment must be implemented using an EPROM. Many embedded systems these days are using EEPROM which allows the memory to be overwritten either by the 8051 itself or by an external device. This makes upgrades to the product easy to do since new software can be downloaded into the EEPROM rather than having to disassemble it and install a new EPROM. Additionally, battery backed SRAM can be used in place of an EPROM. This method offers the same capability to upload new software to the unit as does an EEPROM, and does not have any sort of read/write cycle limitations such as an EEPROM has. However, when the battery supplying the RAM eventually dies, so does the software in it. Using an SRAM in place of an EPROM in development systems allows for rapid downloading of new code into the target system. When this can be done, it helps avoid the cycle of programming/testing/erasing with EPROM, and can also help avoid hassles over an in circuit emulator which is usually a rare commodity.In addition to executable code, it is common practice with the 8051 to store fixed lookup tables in the CODE segment. To facilitate this, the 8051 provides instructions which allow rapid access to tables via the data pointer (DPTR) or the program counter with an offset into the table optionally provided by the accumulator. This means that oftentimes, a table's base address can be loaded in DPTR and the element of the table to access can be held in the accumulator. The addition is performed by the 8051 during the execution of the instruction which can save many cycles depending on the situation. An example of this is shown later in this chapter in.The DATA SpaceThe second memory space is the 128 bytes of internal RAM on the 8051, or the first 128 bytes of internal RAM on the 8052. This segment is typically referred to as the DATA segment. The RAM locations in this segment are accessed in one or two cycles depending on the instruction. This access time is much quicker than access to the XDATA segmentbecause memory is addressed directly rather than via a memory pointer such as DPTR which must first be initialized. Therefore, frequently used variables and temporary scratch variables are usually assigned to the DATA segment. Such allocation must be done with care, however, due to the limited amount of memory in this segment.Variables stored in the DATA segment can also be accessed indirectly via R0 or R1. The register being used as the memory pointer must contain the address of the byte to be retrieved or altered. These instructions can take one or two processor cycles depending on the source/destination data byte.The DATA segment contains two smaller segments of interest. The first sub segment consists of the four sets of register banks which compose the first 32 bytes of RAM. The 8051 can use any of these four groups of eight bytes as its default register bank. The selection of register banks is changeable at any time via the RS1 and the RS0 bits in the Processor Status Word (PSW). These two bits combine into a number from 0 to 3 (with RS1 being the most significant bit) which indicates the register bank to be used. Register bank switching allows not only for quick parameter passing, but also opens the door for simplifying task switching on the 8051.The second sub-segment in the DATA space is a bit addressable segment in which each bit can be individually accessed. This segment is referred to as the BDATA segment. The bit addressable segment consists of 16 bytes (128 bits) above the four register banks in memory. The 8051 contains several single bit instructions which are often very useful in control applications and aid in replacing external combinatorial logic with software in the 8051 thus reducing parts count on the target system. It should be noted that these 16 bytes can also be accessed on a "byte-wide" basis just like any other byte in the DATA space. Special Function RegistersControl registers for the interrupt system and the peripherals on the 8051 are contained in internal RAM at locations 80 hex and above. These registers are referred to as special functionRegisters (or SFR for short). Many of them are bit addressable. The bits in the bit addressable SFR can either be accessed by name, index or bit address. Thus, you can refer to the EA bit of the Interrupt Enable SFR as EA, IE.7, or 0AFH. The SFR control things such as the function of the timer/counters, the UART, and the interrupt sources as well as their priorities. These registers are accessed by the same set of instructions as the bytes and bits in the DATA segment. A memory map of the SFRS indicating the registers which are bit addressable is shown in Table A - 1.The IDATA Spac eCertain 8051 family members such as the 8052 contain an additional 128 bytes of internal RAM which reside at RAM locations 80 hex and above. This segment of RAM is typically referred to as the IDATA segment. Because the IDATA addresses and the SFR addresses overlap, address conflicts between IDATA RAM and the SFRs are resolved by the type of memory access being performed, since the IDATA segment can only be accessed via indirect addressing modes.The XDATA Space.The final 8051 memory space is 64K in length and is addressed by the same 16 address lines as the CODE segment. This space is typically referred to as the external data memory space (or the XDATA segment for short). This segment usually consists of some sort of RAM (usually an SRAM) and the I/O devices or external peripherals to which the 8051 must interface via its bus. Read or write operations to this segment take a minimum of two processor cycles and are performed using either DPTR, R0, or R1. In the case of DPTR, it usually takes two processor cycles or more to load the desired address in addition to the two cycles required to perform the read or write operation. Similarly, loading R0 or R1 will take minimum of one cycle in addition to the two cycles imposed by the memory access itself. Therefore, it is easy to see that a typical operation with the XDATA segment will, in general, take a minimum of three processor cycles. Because of this, the DATA segment is a very attractive place to store any frequently.used variablesIt is possible to fill this segment entirely with 64K of RAM if the 8051 does not need to perform any I/O with devices in its bus or if the designer wishes to cycle the RAM on and off when I/O devices are being accessed via the bus. Methods for performing this technique will be discussed in chapters later in this book.On-Board Timer/CountersThe standard 8051 has two timer/counters (other 8051 family members have varying amounts), each of which is a full 16 bits. Each timer/counter can be function as a free running timer (in which case they count processor cycles) or can be used to count falling edges on the signal applied to their respective I/O pin (either T0 or T1). When used as a counter, the input signal must have a frequency equal to or lower than the instruction cycle frequency divided by 2 (ie: the oscillator frequency /24) since the incoming signal is sampled every instruction cycle, and the counter is incremented only when a 1 to 0transition is detected (which will require two samples). If desired, the timer/counters can force a software interrupt when they overflow.The TCON (Timer Control) SFR is used to start or stop the timers as well as hold the overflow flags of the timers. The TCON SFR is detailed below in Table A - 7. The timer/counters are started or stopped by changing the timer run bits (TR0 and TR1) in TCON. The software can freeze the operation of either timer as well as restart the timers simply by changing the Trx bit in the TCON register. The TCON register also contains the overflow flags for the timers. When the timers overflow, they set their respective flag (TF0 or TF1) in this register. When the processor detects a 0 to 1 transition in the flag, an interrupt occurs if it is enabled. It should be noted that the software can set or clear this flag at any time. Therefore, an interrupt can be prevented as well as forced by the software. Microcomputer interfaceA microcomputer interface converts information between two forms .Outside the microcomputer the information handled by an electronic system exists as a physical signals, but within the program , it is represented numerically . The function of any interface can be broken down into a number of operations which modify the data in some way ,so than the process of conversion between the external and internal forms is carried out in a number or steps.This can be illustrated by means of an example such as than or Fig 18.1,which shows an interface between a microcomputer and a transducer producing a continuously variable analog signal. transducers often produce very small out requiring amply frication, or they may generate signals .in a form that needs to be converted again before being handled by the rest of the system .For example ,many transducers these variable resistance which must be converted to a voltage by a special circuit. This process of converting the transducer output into a voltage4 signal which can be connected to the rest of the system is called signal conditioning .In the example of Figure 18.1, the sigma conditioning section translates the range lf voltage or current signals from the transducer to one which can be converted to digital forum by an analog-to-digital converter.Fig 10-1 output InterfaceAnalog-to-digital –digital converter (ADC) is used to convert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital forum which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values .If the output lf the transducer does not vary continuously ,no ADC is necessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface, the input/output section lf the microcomputer itself.The I/O section converts di gital “on/off” voltage signals to a form which can be presented to the processor via the via the system buses .Here the state of each input line whether it is “on” or “of f”, is indicated by a corresponding “1” or “0”.In the line inputs which have been converted to digital form, the patterns of ones and zeros in the internal representation will form binary numbers corresponding to the quantity being converted.The “raw” numbers from t he interface are limited by the design of the interface circuitry and they often require linearization and scaling to produce values suitable for use in the main program. For example ,the interface night be rise to convert temperatures in the range –20 to – +50 dress, buy the numbers produced by an 8-bit converter will lie in the range 0 to 255.Obviously it is easier , the programmer…s point of view to deal directly with temperature rather than to work out the equivalent of any given temperature in terms of the numbers produced by the ADC .Every time the interface is used to read a transducer ,the same operations must be carried out to convert the input number into a more convenient form .Addtionarly ,the operation of some interfaces requires control signals to be passed between the microcomputer and components of the interface ,For these reasons it is normal to use a subroutine to loot after the detailed operation of the interface and carry out any scaling and /or linearization which might be needed.Output interfaces take a similar form (Fig.18.2), the biopic difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outside world. In this case the program may call an output subroutine which supervises the operation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) .This subroutine passes information in term to an out analog form using a DAC .Finally the signal is conditioned (usually amplified ) to a form suitable for operating an actuator.Fig 10-2 output InterfaceThe signals used within microcomputer circuits are almost always too small to be connected directly to the “outside world ”and some king of interface must be used to translate them to a more appropriate form .The design of section of interface circuits is one of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to apply microcomputers. We have seen that in microcomputers information is represented as discrete patterns of bits ;this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be connected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit might represent the state of a switch or actuator.Care must be taken when connecting logic circuits to ensure that their logic levels and current ratings are compatible .The output voltages produced by a logic circuit are normally specified in terms of worst case values when sourcing or sinking the maximum rated currents .Thus V OH is the guaranteed minimum “high ” voltage when sourcing the maximum rate “high” output current I OH,while V OL is the guaranteed “low” output vol tage when sinking the maximum rated “low ”output current I OL.There are corresponding specifications for logic inputs which specify the minimum input voltage which will be recognized as a logic “high” state V IH,and the maximum input voltage which will be regarded as a logic “low” state V IL.For input interface, perhaps the main problem facing the designer is that of electrical noise .Small noise signal may cause the system to malfunction, while larger amounts of moist can permanently damage it. The designer must be aware of these dangers from the outset. There are many methods to protect interface circuits and microcomputer from various kinds of noise .Following is some examples:Input and output electrical isolating between the microcomputer system and external devices using an opt-isolator or a transformer.1.Removing high frequency noise pulses by a low-pea filter and Schmitt-trigger.1.Protecting against excessive input voltages using a pair of diodes to power supply reversibly biased in normal direction.For output interface, parameters V OH, V OL, I OH and I OL of a logic device are usually much to low to allow loads to be connected directly, and in practice an external circuit must be connected to amplify the current and voltage to drive a load. Although several types ofsemiconductor devices are now available for controlling DC and AC powers up to many kilowatts, there are two basic ways in which a switch can be connected to a load to control it : series connection and shunt connection as shown in Figure 18.3.Fig 10-3 Series and Shunt ConnectionWith series connection, the switch allows current to flow through the load when closed, while with shunt connection closing the switch allows current to bypass the load.Both connections are useful in low-power circuits, but only the series connection can be used in high-power circuits because of the power wasted in the series resistor R.THE INTRODUCTION OF AT89C52Features of the AT89C52• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-level Program Memory Lock• 256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters• Eight Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesDescriptionThe AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out. Theon-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high byThe internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be thetimer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.中文翻译概述8051系列微控制器是基于高度完善的嵌入式控制系统的体系结构。

单片机STM32外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文翻译英文原文：STM32 MicrocontrollerIntroductionRequirements based STM32 family is designed for high-performance, low-cost, low-power embedded applications designed specifically for ARM Cortex-M3 core. According to the performance into two different series: STM32F103 "Enhanced" series and STM32F101 "Basic" series. Enhanced Series clock frequency of 72MHz, the highest performance of similar products product; basic clock frequency of 36MHz, 16-bit product prices get more than 16 products significantly enhance the performance and is 16 product users the best choice. Both series have built-in 32K to 128K of flash memory, the difference is the maximum capacity of the SRAM and peripheral combinations. At 72MHz, executing from Flash, STM32 power consumption 36mA, are 32 products on the market's lowest power, the equivalent of 0.5mA/MHz.STM32F103 Performance Characteristics1) Kernel. ARM32 bit CPU, the maximum operating frequency of 72MHz,1.25DMIPS/MHz. Single-cycle multiply and hardware divide.2) Memory. Integrated on-chip 32-512KB of Flash memory. 6-64KB SRAMmemory.3) Clock, reset, and power management. 2.0-3.6V power supply and I / O interface, the drive voltage. POR, PDR and programmable voltage detector. 4-16MHz crystal. Embedded factory tuned 8MHz RC oscillator circuit. 40 kHz internal RC oscillator circuit. CPU clock for the PLL. With calibration for the RTC 32kHz crystal.4) Low power consumption. Three kinds of low-power mode. Sleep, stop, standby mode. For RTC and backup registers supply VBAT.5) Debug mode. Serial debugging and JTAG interface.6) Direct data storage. 12-channel direct data storage controller. Supported peripherals: timers, ADC, DAC, SPI, IIC and USART.7) Up to a maximum of 112 fast I / O ports. Depending on the model, there are 26,37,51,80, and 112 I / O ports, all ports can be mapped to 16 external interruptvectors. In addition to the analog input, all of them can accept the input of 5V or less.8) Up to a maximum of 11 timers. Four 16-bit timers, each with 4 IC / OC / PWM or pulse counter. 2 16 6-channel advanced control timer: up to 6 channels can be used for PWM output. 2 watchdog timer. Systick timer: 24 down counter. Two 16-bit basic timer for driving DAC.9) Up to a maximum of 13 communication interfaces. 2 IIC interface. 5 USART interfaces. 3 SPI interface, two and IIS reuse. CAN interface. USB 2.0 full-speed interface. SDIO interface.System Function1) Integration of embedded Flash and SRAM memory ARM Cortex-M3 core. And 8/16 equipment compared, ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit RISC processor provides a higher code efficiency. STM32F103xx microcontrollers with an embedded ARM core, so it can be compatible with all ARM tools and software.2) Embedded Flash memory and RAM memory. Built up to 512KB embedded Flash, can be used to store programs and data. Up to 64KB of embedded SRAM clock speed of the CPU can read and write.3) Variable static memory. Variable static memory with 4 chip selects, supports four modes: Flash, RAM, PSRAM, NOR and NAND. After three FSMC interrupt lines connected to the OR after the nested vector interrupt controller. No read / write FIFO, except PCCARD, the code is executed from external memory is not supported Boot, the target frequency is equal to SYSCLK / 2, so the time when the system clock is 72MHz, 36MHz conducted in accordance with external access.4) Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller. Can handle 43 maskable interrupt channels, providing 16 interrupt priority levels. Tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller to achieve lower latency interrupt handling directly passed to the kernel interrupt vector table entry address, tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller kernel interface, allowing early treatment interruption, the latter to be more high-priority interrupt processing, support tail chain, auto-save processor state terrupts automatically restored on interrupt exit, no instructions intervention.5) External interrupt / event controller. External interrupt / event controller consists for 19 to generate interrupt / event requests edge detector lines. Each line can be individually configured to select the trigger event, it can be individually masked. There is a pending interrupt request registers to maintain state. When an external line appear longer than the internal APB2 clock-cycle pulse, the external interrupt / eventcontroller is able to detect. Up to 112 GPIO connected to the 16 external interrupt lines.6) Clocks and startup. At boot time or to the system clock selection, but the reset when the internal 8MHz crystal oscillator is selected as the CPU clock. Can choose a 4-16MHz external clock, and will be monitored to determine the success. During this time, the interrupt controller is disabled and the software management is subsequently disabled. Also, if there is a need, PLL clock interrupt management fully available. Comparator can be used more pre-configuration of the AHB frequency, including high-speed and low-speed APB APB, APB highest frequency of high-speed 72MHz, low-speed APB highest frequency of 36MHz.Architectural AdvantagesIn addition to the new features Enhanced peripheral interfaces, STM32 series also interconnect with other STM32 microcontrollers offer the same standard interface, such sharing of peripherals to enhance the entire product family, application flexibility, so that developers can a plurality of design reuse the same software. New STM32 standard peripherals include 10 timers, two 12-bit ADC, two 12-bit DAC, two I2C interfaces, five USART interfaces and three SPI ports. There are 12 new products peripherals direct data storage channel, there is a CRC calculation unit, like other STM32 microcontrollers, the supports 96 unique identifier.New series also has followed the STM32 microcontroller family of products low voltage and energy saving are two advantages. 2.0V to 3.6V operating voltage range compatible with the mainstream of battery technologies such as lithium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the package also features a battery operation mode dedicated pin Vbat. 72MHz frequency to execute code from flash consumes only 27mA current. There are four low-power mode, the current consumption can be reduced to two microamps. Quick Start from low power mode to save energy too; starting circuit using STM32 internally generated 8MHz signal, the microcontroller from stop mode when you wake up with less than 6 microseconds.中文翻译：单片机STM321 STM32的介绍STM32系列基于专为要求高性能、低成本、低功耗的嵌入式应用专门设计的ARM Cortex-M3内核。

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中英文资料对照外文翻译微控制器早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。

其中最成功的是INTEL的8031 因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。

此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。

基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。

随着工业控制领域要求的提高开始出现了16位单片机但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。

90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展单片机技术得到了巨大提高。

随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用 32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位并且进入主流市场。

而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。

目前高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz 性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。

当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。

而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。

单片机也被称为微控制器MICROCONTROLLER UNIT常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机它最早是被用在工业控制领域。

单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。

最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中使计算机系统更小更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。

INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器从此以后单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。

单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统因此它得到了最多的应用。

事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。

现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。

手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。

而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。

汽车上一般配备40多部单片机复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和甚至比人类的数量还要多。

单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。

相当于一个微型的计算机和计算机相比单片机只缺少了I/O设备。

概括的讲一块芯片就成了一台计算机。

它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。

同时学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。

单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块比如CPU 内存并行总线还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多不过价钱也是低的一般不超过10元即可......用它来做一些控制电器一类不是很复杂的工作足矣了。

我们现在用的全自动滚筒洗衣机、排烟罩、VCD等等的家电里面都可以看到它的身影 ......它主要是作为控制部分的核心部件。

它是一种在线式实时控制计算机在线式就是现场控制需要的是有较强的抗干扰能力较低的成本这也是和离线式计算机的比如家用PC的主要区别。

单片机是靠程序运行的并且可以修改。

通过不同的程序实现不同的功能尤其是特殊的独特的一些功能这是别的器件需要费很大力气才能做到的有些则是花大力气也很难做到的。

一个不是很复杂的功能要是用美国50年代开发的74系列或者60年代的CD4000系列这些纯硬件来搞定的话电路一定是一块大PCB板但是如果要是用美国70年代成功投放市场的系列单片机结果就会有天壤之别只因为单片机的通过你编写的程序可以实现高智能高效率以及高可靠性！由于单片机对成本是敏感的所以目前占统治地位的软件还是最低级汇编语言它是除了二进制机器码以上最低级的语言了既然这么低级为什么还要用呢很多高级的语言已经达到了可视化编程的水平为什么不用呢原因很简单就是单片机没有家用计算机那样的CPU 也没有像硬盘那样的海量存储设备。

一个可视化高级语言编写的小程序里面即使只有一个按钮也会达到几十K的尺寸对于家用PC的硬盘来讲没什么可是对于单片机来讲是不能接受的。

单片机在硬件资源方面的利用率必须很高才行所以汇编虽然原始却还是在大量使用。

一样的道理如果把巨型计算机上的操作系统和应用软件拿到家用PC上来运行家用PC的也是承受不了的。

可以说二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。

不过这种电脑通常是指个人计算机简称PC机。

它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。

还有一类计算机大多数人却不怎么熟悉。

这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机亦称微控制器。

顾名思义这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路即可进行简单运算和控制。

因为它体积小通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。

它在整个装置中起着有如人类头脑的作用它出了毛病整个装置就瘫痪了。

现在这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。

各种产品一旦用上了单片机就能起到使产品升级换代的功效常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”如智能型洗衣机等。

现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品不是电路太复杂就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。

究其原因可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。

单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末经历了SCM、MCU、SOC三大阶段。

单片机的发展：1.SCM即单片微型计算机 Single Chip Microcomputer 阶段主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。

“创新模式”获得成功奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。

在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上 Intel公司功不可没。

2.MCU即微控制器Micro Controller Unit阶段主要的技术发展方向是不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路突显其对象的智能化控制能力。

它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关因此发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。

角度来看 Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。

在发展MCU方面最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。

Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。

因此当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。

单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路向MCU阶段发展的重要因素就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决因此专用单片机的发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。

随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展基于SOC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。

因此对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。

目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。

导弹的导航装置飞机上各种仪表的控制计算机的网络通讯与数据传输工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理广泛使用的各种智能IC卡民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等这些都离不开单片机。

更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。

因此单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。

单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域大致可分如下几个范畴1.在智能仪器仪表上的应用单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点广泛应用于仪器仪表中结合不同类型的传感器可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。

采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。

例如精密的测量设备功率计示波器各种分析仪。

2.在工业控制中的应用用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。

例如工厂流水线的智能化管3.在家用电器中的应用可以这样说现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备五花八门无所不在。

4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制从手机电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话集群移动通信无线电对讲机等。

5.单片机在医用设备领域中的应用单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛例如医用呼吸机各种分析仪监护仪超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。

6.在各种大型电器中的模块化应用某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。

如音乐集成单片机看似简单的功能微缩在纯电子芯片中有别于磁带机的原理就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。

如音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中类似于ROM由微控制器读出转化为模拟音乐电信号类似于声卡。

在大型电路中这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积简化了电路降低了损坏、错误率也方便于更换。

7.单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛例如汽车中的发动机控制器基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器 GPS导航系统 abs防抱死系统制动系统等等。

此外单片机在工商金融科研、教育国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。

学习应用六大重要部分单片机学习应用的六大重要部分一、总线：我们知道一个电路总是由元器件通过电线连接而成的在模拟电路中连线并不成为一个问题因为各器件间一般是串行关系各器件之间的连线并不很多但计算机电路却不一样它是以微处理器为核心各器件都要与微处理器相连各器件之间的工作必须相互协调所以需要的连线就很多了如果仍如同模拟电路一样在各微处理器和各器件间单独连线则线的数量将多得惊人所以在微处理机中引入了总线的概念各个器件共同享用连线所有器件的8根数据线全部接到8根公用的线上即相当于各个器件并联起来但仅这样还不行如果有两个器件同时送出数据一个为0 ，一个为1 ，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢这种情况是不允许的所以要通过控制线进行控制使器件分时工作任何时候只能有一个器件发送数据可以有多个器件同时接收。

器件的数据线也就被称为数据总线器件所有的控制线被称为控制总线。

在单片机内部或者外部存储器及其它器件中有存储单元这些存储单元要被分配地址才能使用分配地址当然也是以电信号的形式给出的由于存储单元比较多所以用于地址分配的线也较多这些线被称为地址总线。

二、数据、地址、指令：之所以将这三者放在一起是因为这三者的本质都是一样的——数字或者说都是一串‘0’和‘1’组成的序列。

换言之地址、指令也都是数据。

指令由单片机芯片的设计者规定的一种数字它与我们常用的指令助记符有着严格的一一对应关系不可以由单片机的开发者更改。