章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture 1 句子结构
Lecture –ED Participle 语法教程 章振邦 上外
(b) vi. + -ed, 仅表示完成，很少单独用
eg. a retired worker
= a worker who has retired
Exe. a ___ (成年的) man a ___ (枯萎的) flower
an ___ (期满的) lease
the ___ (升起的) sun
副词 + -ed分词
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___ (carry out) the next year.
(2) 使役动词：make, get, have, keep, leave… eg. When are you going to have the car ____ (repair)?
____ (punish). Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ (pay) by the
hour.
KEY: exhausted, depressed, specialized, unpunished, paid.
• 古英语遗留下来的几个-ed分词用法问题 (P394)
Lecture 22 –ED 分词 –ED Participle
Contents
Grammatical function of -ED Participle Compare –ING & -ED Participle
• Functions of –ED Participle -ed participle can be used as: vs. –ing participle
lighted
Lectureingparticiple语法教程章振邦上外学习教案
(b) need, want, require, deserve ★ need doing = need to be done eg. This letter needs ___ (sign) by the manager.
The boy wants watching. The boy wants to watch. He deserves shooting first.
第二十三页，编辑于星期六：十八点 一分。
1. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop. (TEM-4, 2003)
eg. Try ___ (put) in some more vinegar ---- that might make it taste a bit better.
I keep trying ___ (make) a tasty cheese cake but I never succeed.
Revolution means ___ (liberate) the productive force.
In the end she decided to buy / on buying a new car. (e) encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise,
authorize
+ doing / sb. to do eg. She doesn’t allow ___(talk) here.
第十七页，编辑于星期六：十八点 一分。
(b) stop, leave off, go on eg. They stopped watching TV at 9:30.
英语语法第一讲语法层次和句子结构课程教案
黑板板书
个别发言
14分钟
理论讲授
4. 分句， 按其不同句法功能可以分为：独立分句和从属分句，简单分句和复杂分句，主句和从句
5. 句子是最高一级的语法单位，（完全句和不完全句，简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句）
6.主谓结构和句子分析
分句通常由主语和谓语两大部分组成，补充例句进行讲解
句子分析，把句子分成主，动，宾，状，补等5个主要的成分，补充例句进行分析
讲解
黑板板书
做题
28分钟
归纳总结
语法层次和句子结构
提问
课件演示
集体回答
2分钟
作业
每位学生找一段200词左右的段落，并划分每一句的句子结构
讲解要求
讲解演示பைடு நூலகம்
记录
1分钟
后记
教学重点/难点
教学重点：词（简单词、派生词、复合词，封闭词类、开放词类）；分句（独立分句和从属分句，简单分句和复杂分句，主句和从句）；主谓结构和句子分析；5种基本句型及其转换与扩大
教学难点：主谓结构和句子分析；5种基本句型及其转换与扩大
教材/教参
教材：章振邦. 新编英语语法教程. 上海：上海外语教育出版社 ， 第四版.
参考资料：
1. 薄冰. 薄冰英语语法指南. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 ， 第一版
2. 张道真. 实用英语语法. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社， 最新版
二、教学设计
步骤
教学活动
教学方法
教学手段
学生活动
时间分配
介绍
1.本门课程的课程性质，地位和作用
2.本门课程的主要内容和学时分配
3.课堂要求和考核形式
讲授（口述）
课件演示
英语句法讲解(参考新编英语语法教程章振邦)
• e.g. • She is a women who was blessed by God. • All that live must die. • Taylor is the most elegant woman that ever cooperated
• The room where(= in which) he worked is now kept in good repair.
6、状语从句
• 定义：有that, what, why, how等疑问词引导的分句做句子的状 语。
• 1）. 时间状语 • Whenever you meet with any difficulty, I won’t stand by.
the attention of the public.
2、表语从句
• 定义：有that, what, why, how等疑问词引导的分句做句子的表语。
• e.g. • The fact is that I’ve never been Tibet.
• The problem is when the deadline is.
• Until he told me the latest news, I had known little about Peter.
• 2). 地点状语 • Where there is a will, there is a way. (有志者，事竟成。)
• 3). 方式状语 • You must do the exercise as I show you.
• The book, which was published one month ago, was one of the best – sellers.
新编英语语法教程-教案-章振邦(上)精品资料
教案新编英语语法教程章振邦2016——2017学年度第二学期本课程教学总体安排课程名称：商务英语语法与词汇课程性质与类型：限选课总学时28、学分：2教学目的与要求：1）开设此课，旨在让学生系统学习和掌握各类语法现象，并且学以致用，活学活用，力求避免在使用英语词汇的过程中出现语法错误。
2）帮助学生理解和掌握各类语法现象所使用的规则，以便他们在以后的专业四级考试和工作中恰当地运用英语语法。
3）扩大学生的商务英语词汇量。
教材及参考书目：《新编英语语法教程》章振邦《实用英语语法详解》薄冰《高级英语语法详解》全建强考核方式及成绩计算方法：笔试总成绩=平时成绩X30％ + 考试成绩X70％课程教学日历课程名称：商务英语语法与词汇授课学期：2016—2017学年第一学期第1讲教学安排的说明章节题目：句子结构学时分配：2本章教学目的与要求：谓结构和句子分析基本句型课堂教学方案课题名称、句子结构授课时数：2 授课类型：理论课教学方法与手段：讲授、讨论、指导教学目的的要求：1谓结构和句子分析 2基本句型教学重点、难点：1谓结构和句子分析 2基本句型教学内容及组织安排：1主谓结构和句子分析（1）主语和谓语分句按其逻辑意义，通常分为主语和谓语两大部分。
英语在其长期发展中形成一种相对固定的句子结构：“主语+谓语”的结构。
主语是句子的话题，是信息传递的出发点；谓语是对话题所作的说明，是说话人所要传递的信息。
试观察下列诸句：主语谓语China is a great socialist country．中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。
Marxism-Leninism is a universally applicable truth．马克思列宁主义是放之四海而皆准的真理。
The students have English lessons twice a week．学生们每星期上两堂英语课。
Hans doesn't seem to be taller than Peter．汉斯似乎并不比彼得高。
章振邦《-英语语法教程》-教学大纲
《英语语法》教学大纲
课程编号：2152102
课程类别：专业课
学时：32
学分：2.0
适用专业：英语专业一年级
先修课程：无
一、课程性质、目的和任务
《英语语法》为英语专业基础课，英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求，旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。
通过本课程的学习，学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力，了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念，了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点，熟练掌握常用的语法知识，语法体系，具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础，并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。
课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。
1．薄冰编著．英语语法手册．北京：商务印书馆，2003
2．徐广联著．大学英语语法．上海:华东理工大学出版社，2010 3．张克礼编著．新英语语法．北京：高等教育出版社，2003
撰写：XXX 审核：XXX。
章振邦语法精讲-朱磊版
Knowledge is power.
2) 冠词的习惯用法
1.Why is there ___ traffic on the streets in June than in May? A. less B. fewer C. few D. little
2.There are trees on ___ side of the street. A. such a B. both C. some D. each
5. To the dinner party all her ___ were invited. A. relation B. relations C. a relation D. the relations
6. The effort and expense needed for this project bore ___.
first, second, third,
double, twice, three times this, that, these, those,
next, last, other, another,
one-third, two-fifth,
my, your, his, her, their,
one, two, three, several, such
what, such (a/an)
Mike’s, my friend’s
many, much, more, most,
some, any, no, enough,
(a) few, (a) little,
every, each, either, neither, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least,
Lecture 1语法层次.章振邦
bound morphemes
incomplete meaning in itself cannot stand by itself mostly affixes inflectional affixes: -ed, -ing, -(e)s, -er, … derivational affixes: im-, dis-, re-, -ful, ... combining forms: mini-, tele-, -ceive…
1.2 Words
one or more morphemes
classified in two ways: word-formation & grammatical function
word-formation: simple words (e.g.: write, day…), derivatives
forms only part of another clause or of a phrase I don’t think he is the murderer.
1.4 Clauses
independent clauses simple clauses main clauses finite clauses dependent clauses complex clauses subordinate clauses non-finite clauses verbless clauses
0.2 The way of learning grammar
Do you still remember:
how we learned the grammar of Chinese ?
how we learned the grammar of English?
章振邦英语语法教程--Lecture 1 Grammatical Hierarchy
Lecture 1 Grammatical HierarchyHierarchy is one of the basic properties of a language. On the grammatical level, the structure of the English language can be divided into five ranks: morpheme, word, phrase, clause, and sentence, while on the textual level, into three ranks: sentence, sentence group, and text. Sentence is the highest rank in grammatical hierarchy, and the lowest rank on the textual level. The following is a brief description of the grammatical hierarchy of the English language.1.1 MorphemesA morpheme is the smallest meaning-carrying grammatical unit. It falls into two categories: free morphemes and bound morphemes.1) Free morphemesA free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word. It can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech. Chair, boy, desk, and cruelare free morphemes. A free morpheme can be the root of a derivative, such as kindly, friendliness.2) Bound morphemesBound morphemes are mostly affixes. They are also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other form. Therefore, a bound morpheme cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an affix or a combining form.The affix can be divided into two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes include: plural –s/-es, possessive –’s, third person singular-s/-es, past –ed, participle –ing, participle –ed, comparative –er, and superlative –est. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes, such as anti-war, co-exist, movement, and careless. The use of an inflectional affix does not change the identity of a word, but that of a derivational affix usually results in a new lexeme.Bound morphemes can also be combining forms, which can act as bound root to form primitive derivatives, such as receive, conceive, and perceive. They can also be used together with other combining forms or words to form compound words or neo-classical compounds, such as minibus, miniskirt, biology, telescope, and electrocardiogram.1.2 WordsThe word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways:1) Simple words, derivatives & compoundsWords that are composed of one morpheme only are called simple words. art, joy, kind, up, down, hand, foot and able, for example, are simple words.Words that are formed by adding an affix to an existing word are called derivatives. For example, interference, unhelpful, driver, management, unfair, disloyal, and nonviolent are derivatives.A word formed by combining two or more bases is called a compound. For example, whichever, snowfall, downfall, bookcase, home-made, tax-free and babysitting.2) Closed-class words & open-class wordsIn terms of syntactic function, words can be classified into closed-class words and open-class words. Closed-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are “closed” or limited in number and are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional numbers. In English, function words such as auxiliaries, conjunctions and prepositions are closed-class words.Open-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly being created and old items are giving place to new ones. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open-class words.1.3 PhrasesThe phrase is composed of one or morethan one word. Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. The head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.1) The noun phraseThe noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. The general pattern of a noun phrase is :(determiner+) (premodifier+) noun (+ postmodifier)a pretty little girl standing at the doorall the wooden cottages that have survived the earthquake2) The verb phraseThe verb phrase which is a phrase with a main verb as its head can be simple or complex. A simple verb phrase is just a main verb or “modifier + main verb”. A complex verb phrase is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (or auxiliaries) (+modifier). For example:He works hard.He has been working on the project for two weeks.In the first example, “works” is a simple verb phrase; and in the second example, “has been working” is a complex verb phrase.In terms of grammatical form, a verb phrase can be finite or non-finite. A finite verb phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb that bears tense distinction. A non-finite verb phrase is a phrase initiated by a non-finite form, that is, a verb that does not change its form according to tense or subject.3) The adjective phraseThe adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. The general pattern of an adjective phrase is:(modifier+) adjective (+postmodifier/complementation)The course is not very difficult.You are not careful enough.The weather is too hot to be enjoyable.4) The adverb phraseThe adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as its head. The general pattern of an adverb phrase is:(modifier+) adverb (+postmodifier)Be a man. Don’t act so slowly.She spoke very clearly indeed.He lives very far from the station.5) The prepositional phraseThe prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern of a prepositional phrase is:(modifier+) preposition + complementation That story is based on an incident in his own life.Food had been scarce since before the war.He has been working in the lab all through the night.I could hear their footsteps directly above my head.1.4 ClausesThe clause is composed of one or morethan one phrase. A full-fledged clause is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject + predicate”.1) Independent and dependent clausesIn terms of grammatical function, a clause can be independent or dependent. An independent clause is a clause that can stand by itself and act as a complete utterance, as distinguished from a dependent clause, which forms only part of another clause or of a phrase.He knows everything about it. (independent)I am sure he knows everything about it. (dependent)2) Simple and complex clausesWhen a clause consists of only one construction of “subject + predicate”, it is a simple clause. An independent simple clause is at the same time a simple sentence. When a clause comprises another clause or otherclauses as its element or elements, it is a complex clause. An independent complex clause is at the same time a complex sentence.It was not true. (simple)What he said was not true. (complex) 3) Main and subordinate clausesIn a complex clause, the clause that takes another clause as its element is the main clause, while the clause that is embedded in a large clause, either as a clause element or as part of a phrase which realizes a clause element, is a subordinate clause, e.g.:She wouldn’t believe it (m ain) though it was true (subordinate).If winter comes(subordinate), can Spring be far behind (main)?4) Finite, non-finite and verbless clausesA clause can be finite or non-finite. A finite clause is one with a finite verb phrase as its predicate verb or predicator; a non-finite clause is one with a non-finite verb as its predicator. For example:He barely ate or slept that night. (finite clause)He began paging through old newspapers, hoping to find some valuable information. (non-finite clause)When a clause is marked by the absence of any form of verb element, it is a verbless clause. A verbless clause is a “subject + predicate” construction with the verb element omitted, e.g.:When in Rome, do as the Romans do.1.5 SentencesThe sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.1) Full and minor sentencesA full sentence is a sentence with anexpressed subject and predicate. It is mostly used in formal speech and writing. A minor sentence is only a sentence fragment which, in some specific contexts and situations, can stand by itself and perform a communicative function. Minor sentences, which are extensively used in informal discourse, can also be used to emphasize an idea, add force to an emotion or help build up to a climax at the beginning or the end of a paragraph. For example:Charlie Chaplin was the great comedian of silent films. (full)Where does Joan begin a mystery story? On the last page. Always. (minor)2) Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentencesA simple sentence is a sentence that comprises only one independent clause. Two or more coordinated independent clauses make a compound sentence. An independent clause that comprises one or more dependent clausesas its element(s) makes a complex sentence. Two or more coordinated independent clauses with at least one complex clause make a compound-complex sentence. For example: The bull charged straight at the man. (simple)She is a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. (compound)How it all happened is a mystery to me. (complex)As I had limited time, I didn’t read the last chapter, yet I still enjoy the book. (compound-complex)。
新编英语语法教程教案 章振邦(下)
教案新编英语语法教程章振邦本课程教学总体安排课程名称：商务英语语法与词汇课程性质与类型：专业必修总学时32、学分：2教学目的与要求：1）开设此课，旨在让学生系统学习和掌握各类语法现象，并且学以致用，活学活用，力求避免在使用英语的过程中出现语法错误。
2）帮助学生理解和掌握各类语法现象所使用的规则，以便他们在以后的专业四级考试和工作中恰当地运用英语语法。
3）扩大学生的词汇量，尤其是商务英语方面的词汇。
教材及参考书目：《新编英语语法教程》章振邦《使用英语语法详解》薄冰《高级英语语法详解》全建强考核方式及成绩计算方法：闭卷笔试总成绩=平时成绩*30%+期末成绩*70%课程教学日历课程名称：商务英语词汇与语法授课学期：2016—2017学年第2学期第17讲教学安排的说明章节题目：助动词（一）学时分配：1本章教学目的与要求：1、情态意义表示法2、情态助动词的推测性用法课堂教学方案课题名称、助动词（一）授课时数：1 授课类型：理论课教学方法与手段：讲授、讨论教学目的要求：1、情态意义表示法2、情态助动词的推测性用法教学重点、难点：情态意义表示法教学内容及组织安排：1、情态意义表示法情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。
情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语一、can, could1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。
Can you lift this heavy box?（体力）Mary can speak three languages.（知识）Can you skate?（技能）此时可用be able to代替。
Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。
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§1 Subject and predicate
The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the about. sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the reader. listener or reader. The subject is generally realized by a noun phrase or an phrase, equivalent of noun phrase, while the construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or without complementation. complementation.
SEVEN BASIC TYPES:
• • • • • • • SVC: SV: SVO: SVoO: SVOC: SVA: SVOA: Subject +Verb +Complement Subject + Verb Subject + Verb +Object Subject + Verb + object + Object Subject + Verb + Object + Complement Subject + Verb + Adverbial Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial
See P13
Compound Subject
• The boys and the girls are planning a dance. • Fruit flies and ladybugs are insects. • Joshua and Daniel got lost in the woods.
Lecture 1 Sentence Structure
1.1 Clause Elements
The clause or the simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject + predicate”.
Compound Subject and Compound Predicate
• Her brother and her sister were very shy and were really hard persons to get to know know. • Cassandra and Jenny built a model airplane and painted it bright yellow yellow.
• • • • • • • I want a return ticket. Liverpool won the game. Nobody could answer the question. The train is building up speed. The plane is losing altitude. I put the material evidence in front of him. He treated her vilely.
The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a ditransitive verb which is to be followed by two objects: object. objects: indirect and direct object.
• • • • • I sent him a telegram. Mary lent me her car. David showed me the way. Someone left you this note. I made myself a cup of tea.
§2 Transformation and expansion
The basic clause types are all affirmative statements with voice. verbs in the active voice. An affirmative clause can be negative; question; transformed into a negative; a statement into a question; and an clause. active clause into a passive clause. These are called transformations. transformations.
Double Predicate
• He left home a mere child and returned quite a different man. (Surface Structure) man. Structure: (Deep Structure: He was a mere child when he left home, and he became quite a returned. different man when he returned.) • Everyone stood listening intently. intently. • The doctor sat reading a newspaper in the shade. shade. • A bird fell dead to the ground. ground. • He died beloved, revered, and mourned by millions of the working people. people.
§2 Two Ways of Sentence Analysis One way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, adverbial. complement and adverbial. These elements together with the elements. subject make the five clause elements. The other way of sentence analysis is to divide the predicate parts: predication. into two parts: the operator and the predication. The operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation (object, complement or adverbial). adverbial).
Two Ways of Sentence Analysis
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• • • • NP Subject All the men Sentence Clause VP NP
Predicate Verb Object have done their best.
Two Ways of Sentence Analysis
§1 Basic clause types
These seven combinations of clause elements are wholly or clause. largely determined by the main verb in the clause. The main verb in an SVC pattern is a linking or copula verb complement. which must be followed by a subject complement.
• • • • • The car is mine. She is in good health. My brother has become an engineer. These flowers smell fragrant. All the tourists seemed pleased.
The main verb in an SV pattern is an intransitive verb which is not to be followed by any obligatory element except for a limited number of intransitive verbs which require an obligatory adverbial, SVA. adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVA. • • • • • • Everybody laughed. The guests have arrived. Prices are going down. I live in Beijing. The train leaves at six. He will be flying to Shanghai.
The main verb in an SVOC pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object + complement. object complement.