景观设计外文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考

资料及译文

译文题目：Ecological planning in the urban landscape

design

学生姓名： xxx 学号： xxxxxxxxxx 专业：园林

所在学院：园艺学院

指导教师： xx 职称：讲师

2013年 3 月 15 日

Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.

摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。本文中着重论述了景观对城市居住环境的影响。景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。景观、城市、生态以及人性化的设计理念之间存在着微妙而复杂的联系。

I. City and The Landscape

(1) Overview of Landscape Design

Landscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.

(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and Urban

City is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.

Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.

II the city landscape planning and design

(1) city landscape elements

The urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation,

art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.

(2)the urban landscape in the planning

The city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.

III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.

the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.

(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effect

Landscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental

cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.

(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.

(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design

1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.

1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:

1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the

rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand

1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.

1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.

1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.

1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more space

Activities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences

2. The design of the sustainable development

Sustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system

analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.

The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:

2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.

2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public

area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)

2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the right temperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plant form the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees

skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,

etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.

2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and long growth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increase in the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:

(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3)

the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;

B. microspray irrigation technology;

C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.

epilogue

The urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.

Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is the foundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.

The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.

At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference

[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999

[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986

[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000

[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999

[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992

[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature

[M] China architecture &building press 1992

1 城市与景观

1.1 景观设计概述

景观设计首先是一种人的思想活动，表现为艺术活动。多样化思潮形成了纷繁多样的景观艺术风格，当代景观设计从表象上看是景观形式的多样化，其本质却是不断向自然秩序系统的靠拢，体现对人类的更加尊重，更深入透视人类真实的本性和需要，不是要试图征服自然，甚至也不是模仿自然，而是产生一种归属的感觉。景观不仅是一种视觉现象也是人性的视觉景象。因此这一最早的景观含意实际上是城市景象。景观的设计与创造，实际上也就是造城市、造建筑的城市。

（二）景观和城市的关系

城市是人类社会、经济和文化发展的产物，又是生态系统中最为复杂的类型，极易受到人为的和自然环境条件的干扰。近几十年来，伴随着世界范围内城市化进程的加速，城市人口密集、交通拥挤、资源短缺、环境污染、生态恶化等问题，已成为人类社会关注的焦点。就我国城市目前的环境状况而言，问题十分严峻，在一些城市地区，污染已相当严重，极大地影响和制约了城市的可持续发展。

景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。这实际上是一种人类栖居的过程。栖居的过程实际上是与自然的力量与过程相互作用，以取得和谐的过程，大地上的景观是人类为了生存和生活而对自然的适应、改造和创造的结果。同时，栖居的过程也是建立人与人和谐相处的过程。因此，作为栖居地的景观，是人与人，人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。

二、城市景观的规划设计

（一）城市景观要素

城市景观要素包括自然景观要素和人工景观要素。其中自然景观要素主要是指自然风景，如大小山丘、古树名木、石头、河流、湖泊、海洋等。人工景观要素主要有文物古迹、文化遗址、园林绿化、艺术小品、商贸集市、建构筑物、广场等。这些景观要素为创造高质量的城市空间环境提供了大量的素材，但是要形成独具特色的城市景观，必须对各种景观要素进行系统组织，才能形成完整的景观体系，创造有序的空间形态。

（二）城市总体规划中的城市景观

城市是一个有机的整体，是人们赖以生存的物质、经济、文化、社会等有机联系的环境。提高城市综合环境的质量，共同的呼声和原望。城市景观设计的关键是要增强城市设计观念，强化城市设计工作，把城市设计思想有机地融进城市规划的各个阶段。城市总体规划中的城市景观规划并不是对传统的园林、绿地规划的摒弃，而是对它的延伸和发展，两者没有矛盾，但也不能等同。在城市总体规划中进行景观规划，首先要分析研究城市景观资源结构，充分挖掘其中能反映城市特征的景观要素，对其功能用地加以周密翔实的考虑，为城市景观系统的形成创造条件。

三、生态规划与城市景观

（一）城市景观与生态规划的关系

景观生态学是一门新兴的交叉学科，主要研究空间格局和生态过程的相互作用，它的主题是地理学与生态学的叉。它以整个景观为对象，通过物质流、能量流、信息流与价值流在地球表层的传输和交换，通过生物与非生物以及人

类之间的相互作用与转化，运用生态系统原理和系统方法研究景观结构和功能、景观动态变化已经相互作用机理、研究景观的美化格局、优化结构、合理利用和保护，具有很强的实用性。城市生态系统是一个自然、经济与社会复合的人工生态系统，它包括生命系统、环境系统，具有一个复杂的多层次的结构，可以从不同角度研究人类活动与城市的相互关系和影响。城市环境规划作为宏观指导和协调部门利益、优化城市土地资源配置、合理组织城市空间环境的重要战略部署，必须要具备生态观。只有具备了生态观，才能指导城市在今后的各项建设中向生态城市的目标迈进，建立和谐的人居环境。近年来，景观规划在城市景观特色保护与城市环境设计中得到广泛的运用。

（二）景观在居住环境中的生态效果

景观作为一个由不同土地单元镶嵌组成，具有明显视觉特征的地理实体，兼具经济、生态和美学价值，这种多重性价值判断是景观规划和管理的基础。景观规划和设计总是以创建宜人景观为中心。景观的宜人性可理解为比较适于人类生存、体现生态文明的人居环境，包括景观通达性、建筑经济性、生态稳定性、环境清洁度、空间拥挤度、景观优美度等内容，当前许多地方对于居民小区绿、静、美、安的要求即是这方面的通俗表达。景观也特别重视景观要素的空间关系，如形状和大小、密度和容量、连接和隔断、区位和层序，如同它们所含有的物质和自然资源质量一样重要。如城市景观规划要注意合理安排城市空间格局，相对集中开敞空间，建筑空间要疏密相间；在人工环境中努力显现自然；增加景观的视觉多样性；保护环境敏感区和推进绿色空间体系建设。（三）城市景观与生态规划设计是相互融合的

城市的景观与生态规划设计反映了人类的一个新的梦想，它伴随着工业化的进程以及后工业时代的到来而日益清晰。自然与文化、设计的环境与生命的环境，美的形式与生态功能的真正全面地融合，景观不再是孤立的城市中的特定用地，而是让其消融，进入千家万户；它要让自然参与设计；让自然过程伴依每一个人的日常生活；让人们重新感知、体验和关怀自然过程和自然的设计。（四）城市景观生态规划中的人性化设计

1. “以人为本”的设计思想

当代景观在满足使用目的的同时，更深入地透视了人类真实的本性和需求。首先表现为平民化的设计方向，应用自然有机的材料和富有弹性的曲线形成了富有人情味的生活空间。其次是无障碍设计，即无障碍物、无危险物、无操纵障碍的设计。现在已经出现了从老年人、残疾人的角度审视社会的倾向，无障碍设计思想开始得到普及，同时为弱势人群进行设计也是人性化设计向全面纵深方向发展的趋势。“以人为本”的服务思想还表现在特别注意栽种色彩鲜艳、香气袭人的植物，注重坐具的质感和灯光的强度。体贴入微的细部处理更加体现了对人的关爱，比如只有一级台阶的铺地往往造成视觉上的忽视而引起趔趄，为了避免这种情况发生，当代景观场所不允许出现三级以下的台阶；又如有些居住区和广场在树丛中设置拖把池，既方便了小区的卫生清洁又可回收污水进行浇灌。“以人为本”的服务思想在许多方面有所表现，其衡量的标准就是对人性的关爱。

1 .1 人性化景观设计的概念人性化景观设计是指在景观设计活动中, 注重人性需求, 针对使用者对环境景观的各种需要展开设计, 最终满足使用者“生理与心理、物质与精神”多层次的需要, 体现了“以人为本”的设计思想。城市公共空间人性化景观设计, 可从以下4 个方面来理解:

1 .1.1 物理层次的关怀。人性化景观设计以功能性和设计的理性化为前提条件, 注重物质空间的合理布局与有效功能的使用。公共空间设计不仅要使人们心理、生理感到舒适,还应配置各类设施以满足人们的复杂活动需求。

1 .1.

2 心理层次的关怀。在建构物质形态空间的同时, 倡导对使用者心理的积极暗示与情感的关照, 进而使人对场所形成安全感、领域感和归属感。

1 .1.3 社会层次的关怀。强调对人类生存环境的关怀, 将设计地段放到整个城市生态背景下进行统筹规划与设计, 力求做到资源、能源的合理有效利用, 达到自然、社会、经济效益三者的统一。

1 .1.4 对人群细分的关关怀。提倡无障碍设计, 尽量满足不同人群的使用需要, 并确保各群体之间的活动不相互影响,让儿童、老人、残疾人都能享受户外公共生活的乐趣。1 .

2 与人性化景观设计相关的环境行为学知识环境行为学是人性化景观设计的主要研究领域, 注重环境与人的外显行为之间的关系与相互作用, 力图运用心理学的一些基本理论、方法研究人在城市与建筑中的活动以及人对这些环境的反应, 由此反馈的信息可用于指导环境的建设和改造。西方心理学家德克?德?琼治提出了边界效应理论。他指出, 空间的边缘是人们喜欢逗留的区域, 也是空间中活动成长的区域[ 3] 。比如城市空间中, 树林的边缘, 沿街的柱廊、雨篷、遮阳棚、回廊建筑的凹处, 都是人们喜欢逗留的场所。处于空间边缘的人, 与他人或团体保持一定距离, 自身却可以较好地观察眼前的空间而不被人打扰。“人看人”是人的天性。大量公共空间中均存在着“人看人”的现象: 观看者有意或无意地观察眼前的行人、空间中所进行的各种活动。同时, 一部分人具有较强的表现欲望,在公共空间中进行各项活动以吸引他人的注意, 从而达到自我实现的愉悦。看似简单的“人看人”现象, 却可以促进空间中更多活动的产生。比如, 散步的行人可能被热闹的街头表演吸引而加入表演的行列, 同是观众的陌生行人由于眼前精彩的活动而进行简短的交谈, 美术爱好者受环境气氛的感染现场开始速写活动。环境设计中, 利用环境行为学相关知识, 积极创造边界空间提供人们逗留、休息、交谈的场所, 从而促使空间中更多

活动的产生, 丰富游人的感官体验。

2. 可持续发展的设计

可持续性发展原则，就是以生态学的观点，对城市系统进行分析研究，以最小最少的资源消费最大限度满足人类的要求，同时保持人与自然环境的和谐，保证城市的几个组成系统—以保护自然的演变过程的开放空间系统和城市发展系统的平衡。人们对景观的认识程度以及当代景观设计的功能体现，都已经完全走出了传统造园活动的概念，景观的艺术价值不知不觉中与生态价值、功能价值、文化价值发生了关系，景观艺术的范畴较以前更多的指向了与人息息相关的各方面，变得更加深刻和科学。当代景观也积极利用新技术来提升生态价值。如利用太阳能为广场﹑庭院供给照明和音箱设备用电；采用地表水“循环”设计理念，收集雨水为灌溉和水景提供主要资源；利用浮筒原理建设的栈道、亲水平台即环保又有趣。并通过运用水景旱做、景观水生态园（生态湿地）、生态溪沟等“半自然化”景观进行人性化水景设计，避免了人工水景后期管理的难度，反而在水体自净、净化环境和促进生物多样性方面发挥了巨大作用。因此，经得起时间历练的景观必定是容纳了对自然、对传统、对人性的兼容性。

城市景观可持续发展原则及实施细则：

2.1 土地使用的高效性原则

土地为人类赖以生存的最有效的资源之一，尤其在我国人口众多、土地资源

极度匮乏、城市化的迅速提高的背景下，土地的合理高效率利用，是我们应考虑的一个重要课题。对于城市景观而言，如何高效地利用土地呢？立体化是高效使用土地的最有效的手段。城市景观“立体化”思路包含以下六个方面的含义。①在有限的用地上，尽可能多地提供活动场所，形成多层次活动平台的立体化景观环境。②提高绿化用地效率，在同一块土地上，采用符合生态位的地被、灌木、乔木共生共荣的立体种植布局。③解决好人、绿地争地的矛盾，采用绿地和人的活动空间立体交叉的布局。④上下左右、四面八方的立体化视点观察，增加了景观环境视觉形象的可视率。⑤从静态景观走向动态景观。⑥不仅从传统的技术入手，更要引入现代的技术（如立交桥、轻轨、电动轨等），表现出一个多彩的立体空间。

2.2 能源的高效性原则

随着我国城市化的迅速发展，我国的能源需求越来越大，能源缺口也越来越大。近年来，我国各大城市均提出了“亮光”工程，各公共区域夜间照明所消耗的电能巨大。在对能源的高效性的认识上，首先应不仅从节能上考虑，而应站在更高的保护环境的高度去认识，这样意义就更广泛、更深远。（因我国目前70%以上的发电量仍由燃煤获得，存在SO2、CO2 及氮氧化合物等有害气体的排放及燃煤尘埃的排放等一系列环境问题）

2.3 植物配植的生态性原则

城市系统中，绿地系统完善与否对这个城市的环境品质起着至关重要的作用。完善的绿地系统，对改善城市小气候有着极其重要的作用，它能起到改善小区域温度、空气湿度，防风固沙，净化空气，提供氧气等一系列改变生态环境因素的作用。城市绿地系统作为城市外部人类重要的活动空间，规划设计不应仅从植物本身系统出发，还应从更广泛的角度出发，考虑到人对自然的亲近、依赖等要求，一方面满足人的生理需求，如适宜的温度、湿度、洁净的空气等需要，另一方面满足人对自然界的眷恋的心理需要。城市一方面要满足各功能要求，另一方面又要将自然系统潜力发挥至极。

目前，城市的植物配植中存在以下问题：过于强调绿化的园艺技术和工程技术，贪快求简，仅仅形成简单的所谓“乔、灌、草”结构，生态过程被忽视，植物中间竞争激烈，正常生长形态遭抑制，群落的多样性和稳定性受阻，病虫害猖獗，养护成本高，浪费人力、物力、财力。那么在城市设计中植物配植应达到什么样的效果呢？其应是一个满足人的心理和生理活动、满足自然植物的自我完善的循环系统，满足微生物、植物、鸟类及各种亲近人类动物的生态系统，满足对水土保护、空气净化、水净化等起最大限度的调整功能的系统。给生物提供更多和谐有序而稳定的栖息地和更大的生存空间，建立复合层次的和优美季相色彩的植物群落，城市景观仅提供低度人工管理，景观资源可持续维持和发展，这些就是我们追求的目标。这一原则指导下，城市中植物配植应考虑以下细则。

①城市各区绿色植物配植要与城市绿地系统相匹配，与城市及周边植物景观形成整体的动态稳定的绿地生态体系。

②模拟地带性群落的结构特征，遵守“生态位”原则，建立适宜的复层群落结构，利用不同物种生态位的分异，采用耐荫性的个体大小、叶型、根系深浅、养分需求和物侯期等方面差异较大的植物，避免种间直接竞争，形成互惠共生，以乔木为骨架的乔、灌、草的复合群落结构与功能相统一的良性生态系统。

③新品种的引进过程中，一定要选择与当地气候、土壤相适应的物种，为系统的稳定性提供依据。在与本土化植物互惠公生的前提下，形成生物的多样性。

④不仅从植物系统本身出发，还应考虑人类可亲近动物的生存和繁衍，如鸟类等。

⑤植物配植中，要满足人类对自然界其它要素如阳光、空气等的需求。

⑥植物在满足其“生态位”原则的基础上，还应从植物的景观、美感、寓意、韵律等方面考虑以期达到生态、科学、美学的高度和谐，与城市景观及形态、美学相融合。

2.4 对自然群落的保护及利用原则

在城市景观设计的过程中常常遇到的一个重要问题，那就是规划用地上有很好的自然群落或苍天大树。

这些自然群落和苍天大树，经过了时间的洗礼和漫长的生长过程，从而形成了其优美的景观效果。景观设计要在保护和利用的指导思想下进行，不要去破坏这些时间送给人类的礼物，白白浪费了自然的优美。

因此，在城市景观设计时，对遇到自然群落或苍天大树，我们的指导思想就是：在保护和利用的基础上，从功能、美学等一系列角度出发，设计出能反映时间、历史影响的优美景观。

2.5 水资源的有效利用和保护原则

生态环境是一个大系统，包括土地、水、空气、阳光、植物以及与之有关的生物链。水资源作为系统重要的组成部分，作为人类的起源及赖以生存的重要资源，若不能有效的利用和保护，将严重制约经济、社会的发展，危及人类的未来。我国作为一个人口众多，水资源极度贫乏的国家，在水资源的有效利用上却肆意浪费，污染和破坏性地开发水资源，加剧了水资源的紧张，并引发地面沉降，海水倒灌等一系列次生灾害。

我国目前城市景观中的用水，主要还是传统的人工地面灌水。园林工作者，开着灌水车，用消防高压水龙头，对园林植物等实行极其粗糙的浇灌，而且规划设计时，对地下水、地表水的储存均无系统的设计，致使浇灌水迅速从地表流失，严重地浪费了水资源。广场中其他各类观赏性用水，也常常是从市政自来水中直接取用，对水资源未能进行很好的等级划分及运用。

随着城市绿化覆盖率日益增加，在养护过程中对水资源的利用量越来越大，随着世界各地人们对水资源利用及保护的重视，经过长时间研究和分析，产生了很多行之有效的方法。我们在城市设计时也应很好的加以运用。目前国内外关于城市水资源的利用及保护的方法主要为：

①中水的利用。②雨水的汇集系统的规划设计。③节水灌溉系统的运用。主要有以下几种：a.喷灌技术；b.微灌技术；c.根灌技术。④地下水与地面水的互动运用。通过以上各种节水方法的总结，设计出系统方法，相信会起到良好的节水效果。

结语

城市景观设计与生态规划的联系非常紧密，是相互影响、相互渗透的。从一个城市的小标志性建筑到整个城市的规划与设计，都需要其通透的相关知识，并从以生态学、人文性、地方性、心理学、社会学、哲学、美学等学科不断研究和探索。科学、合理的建设城市景观设计。

景观设计的服务对象是人，是社会。人们在设计中的体会与感受也同样表现在这个事物上，要合理规划必须从理解人的心理，尊重人的行为着手，这是景观设计的基础，也是城市规划的重要细节。

景观设计的另一个服务对象是自然，必须把气候、水、地形、动植物、建筑物、道路等这样因素的考虑放在人与自然相互作用的前提下。西蒙兹说：“生态

设计仅是有效地适应自然过程并与之统一。”这就是为我们景观设计如何正确对待自然指明了方向。

目前关于城市的可持续发展，从资源、环境、经济和社会的角度，运用系统的方法，分析研究城市发展中的可持续发展。对城市景观设计的生态化分析，是在城市发展的大原则下研究。本文通过对城市景观领域的分析与研究，使以可持续发展的原则及以人为本的原则为基础的生态规划在城市景观设计中具体化、技术化，具有可操作性。只有这样才能真正实现城市景观的可持续发展和以人为本的目的，为建立生态城市提供保证。

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