第一讲 汉译英
英汉翻译教程第一讲完整版.ppt
11. Constant dripping wears away a stone. 11.水滴石穿.
12. Creep before you walk.
12. 循序渐进。
13. Don't put the cart before the horse.
13. 不要本末倒置。
14. Don't trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.
11. Constant dripping wears away a stone. 12. Creep before you walk. 13. Don't put the cart before the horse. 14. Don't trouble trouble until trouble
境和风俗习惯的影响而具有不同的特点。 Drug : 药; 大麻（美俚）
1.2.5 社会政治
一些词语的意义，有时与社会政治密切相关。就 是说，社会制度相同，有关文化之间的差异就比 较少；社会制度不同， 差异就相对地多一些。如：
working class; peasant propaganda; Exploit （开发利用、获取利润） 汉语中是：“剥削”
1.2.6 文学艺术
文学艺术反映一个民族的感情色彩。 对待同一事物， 不同民族的文化感情色彩可能完全不同
Dragon, dog, ox
不同文化艺术中，人们还常常用不同的事物表达相 同的思想。
Work like a horse 像老黄牛一样干活。
As strong as a horse As stupid as a goose
Scope of translation
Translation汉译英课件第一节
三.五四以前——第三次高潮
对西方政治、哲学和文学作品的翻译。 代表人物——严复、林纾 1 .林纾
Uncle Tom’s Cabin《黑奴吁天录》 David Copperfield 《快肉余生述》 Hamlet 《王子复仇记》
• 译文语言必须通顺易懂，合乎规范。 “理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写 作。”（傅雷）
• 译文的通顺度还要注意与原文的通顺度 相一致，即不要损害原文的异国情调。
• Boy, fetch me a pen and a piece of paper.
“忠实”与“通顺”的关系：
• 一个矛盾体的两个方面，二者相辅相成，不 可割裂。忠实而不通顺，读者看不懂，或者 看不下去，忠实便失去意义，实际上就是不 忠实；通顺而不忠实，读者倒可以看下去， 但却是被歪曲的信息，其危害比忠实而不通 顺还要严重。忠实与通顺二者一定要兼顾，， 并且要把握好分寸。
关于翻译的标准
• 翻译要解决的根本问题在于：解决“忠 实”和“通顺”的问题。 Faithfulness( in content , style), smoothness (natural, readable, expressive)
• 我们把“忠实而通顺”视为翻译的基本 标准；如果在此基础上还能充分传达出
（functional equivalence）
• That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
第一讲：汉英语言文化对比及汉译英的原则
前重心与后重心
英语句子和汉语句子的重心一般都 落在结果,结论 假设或事实上; 结论,假设或事实上 落在结果 结论 假设或事实上 但是重心的位置不同:英语句子一般 但是重心的位置不同 英语句子一般 是前重心;汉语句子一般是后重心 汉语句子一般是后重心. 是前重心 汉语句子一般是后重心
三分与二分
从英汉对比的角度看， 从英汉对比的角度看，英汉两种语言的句子结构 常式不同，英语句子结构常式为“三分” 常式不同，英语句子结构常式为“三分”，即 SVO，（教材 ，（教材 ，（教材p37-41）汉语句子结构常式为“ ）汉语句子结构常式为“ 两分” 和说明comment） 两分”，即TC（话题 （话题topic和说明 和说明 ） 。 英语是注重主语的语言， 英语是注重主语的语言，汉语是注重话题的语言 见教材P41）。 （见教材 ） 英语句子的三分结构是语法的 的三分结构是语法的， 英语句子的三分结构是语法的，语法的句子结构 注重形式的严谨性，所谓严谨性， 注重形式的严谨性，所谓严谨性，暴扣主谓一致 关系，动宾支配关系， 关系，动宾支配关系，性，数，时态等等的配合 汉语句子的二分结构是语义的 的二分结构是语义的， 。汉语句子的二分结构是语义的，语义的句子结 构注重内容的意会性。所谓意会性， 构注重内容的意会性。所谓意会性，就是一句话 的意思是需要由意境去意会的， 的意思是需要由意境去意会的，话题虽是主要的 但不一定是必有的，结构上可以省略等等。 ，但不一定是必有的，结构上可以省略等等。
句子扩展模式
汉语: 汉语:逆线性延伸 (open首开放性 (open-beginning) 尾封闭性(close (close尾封闭性(close-ending) 句首开放性(左分支) 句首开放性(左分支)
对. 不对. 不对. 他不对. 他不对. 我认为他不对. 我认为他不对. 我告诉过你我认为他不对. 我告诉过你我认为他不对. 我明明告诉过你我认为他不对. 我明明告诉过你我认为他不对. 我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对. 我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对. 我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对. 我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对.
汉译英第一讲(词的翻译技巧)
课后练习
9 那个人就是他的哥哥。 10 我就不信我学不会。 11 你就是送给我，我也不要。 12 就我所知，他英语很好。 13 两国代表团就共同关心问题进行了会谈。 轻重： 1 这两口箱子轻重不一样。 2 工作应该分轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。 3 你别见怪，他说话就是不知道轻重。
词语搭配
heavy weather 阴沉的天气 heavy casualties 重大伤亡 heavy smoker 烟瘾很大的人 heavy vote 大量的得票 heavy schedule 紧凑的日程 heavy foliage 浓密的叶子 heavy sea 波涛汹涌的大海 heavy investor 巨额投资者 heavy rain 大雨 heavy thinker 思想深沉的人
英语中的惯用法
汉语可以说“吃饭”，也可以说“吃药”，但在英语 里可以说eat a meal，却不可以说eat medicine，而 应该说take medicine。 同样，英语可以说male doctor，也可以说male dog， 但译成汉语只能说“男医生”和“公狗”，不能说 “公医生”、“男狗”。 在英语中，人们说： 违规break rules 发表演说deliver a speech/make a speech
词语搭配
(5)我们可能去那儿,那得看情况而定。 We may go there, but that depends. (6)如何办理,到时候看情况再说。 As to how to deal with it, we shall have to wait and see. (7)她询问了他的健康情况。 She inquired about his health condition. (8)那个地方的情况很混乱。 That place is in a state of confusion.
《 英汉互译(一)》第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。
第1讲 初识翻译-英汉互译入门
• 1. 傳統語文學研究階段的翻譯定義
Definition 1, 2, 3
• “有似嚼飯與人，非徒失味，有令嘔穢 也。”——鳩摩羅什（佛教譯經家） • 翻譯如以寬頸瓶中水灌注狹頸瓶中，傍 傾而流失者必多。——雨果
• 翻譯如以此種樂器演奏原為他種樂器所 譜之曲調。——叔本華
Definition 4
• 2. 交稿时间
• 9月27日晚上12点前发至296580117@ • 以Word文档保存；文件名格式：“Assignment 1_姓名_专业”
Presentation
目標
• 1. 与全班分享小组成员在翻译中遇到的难点 、疑问以及解决办法。 • 2. 与全班分享小组的翻譯思考和总结。 • Group 1 & 2, please prepared.
Definition 3
• Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. - Eugene A. Nida
Seemingly Right Translation
1. Do you have a family? 你有家嗎？ 你成家了嗎？ 你有孩子了嗎？ √ 2. I can’t agree more. 我不能同意更多了。 我完全同意。/我舉雙手贊成。√ 3. The stranger robbed his wife. 那個陌生人搶了他的妻子。 那個陌生了搶了他妻子的錢/東西。√
第一讲 汉译英的特点和步骤
大概：about, roughly，approximately
阅卷程序：(1)根据第一印象给个基础分(2)文章中的闪光点及错误适当加减分得出最终分
(1)第一印象非常重要，卷面要整齐(2)文章要有闪光点
大错：漏译、错译、句子结构错误、动词错误、时态语态错误、第三人称单数动词错误。
第一讲汉译英的特点和步骤
一、汉译英的特点和基本程序
1汉译英都是短文翻译,而作为基础则需要从句子开始.
2汉译英题目的测试点：在于测试考生对英语常用词汇、习惯用法和句子结构的掌握情况。同时还要测试考生将汉语短文转换为英语时对上下文的理解。表达原文的连贯性、完整性、以及行文流畅的能力。
3汉译英基本程序－句子翻译
用法：第一句话，however….是错误的，however一般用作副词，后加逗号
第一句话。Nevertheless+第二句话。/第一句话；nevertheless+第二句话。
【补充】：whereasconj.然而,反之,鉴于,尽管,但是
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
and........as well.....；
such....as.......；
not......until........；
表示目的：in order to.......；
in order that........；
so as to........；
it句型：
高级词汇：
转折：but conj, however, yet（把这三个词都忘掉），nevertheless adv./, nonetheless adv./, whereas conj.
汉译英第一讲(词的翻译技巧).
词语搭配
例2：（1）他有钥匙，但是没有锁。 He has the key, but not the lock. （2）离开屋子时，请把门锁上。 Please lock the door when you leave the room. 例3：（1） 山坡上种了许多树。 There are many trees planted on the hill slope. (2) 十年树木，百年树人。 It takes ten years to grow trees, but one hundred
civilization. 例7：环境卫生 /个人卫生/ 公共卫生 environmental sanitation/personal hygiene/public health
词语搭配
课堂练习：仔细思考下下面的搭配如何处理： 发扬主人翁精神/发扬优良传统/发扬民主/发扬光大 打毛衣/打酒/ 打杂儿 /打官腔 /打水 /打针 /打铁/打人/ 打井/打电话 发展同各国人民的友谊/发展新党员 /发展新会员/发展
词语搭配
他主抓工业。 抓：负责，掌管 He is in charge of industry. 抓养猪 抓：重视 attach importance to pig-breeding “两手抓，两手都要硬。” （重视） We should lay equal emphasis on material and spiritual
lodge a protest /pose a cfute/counter-revolution/inverse function one’s line (occupation)/original idea/to be honest/put the car before the horse symptom of a trend/benefit/enemy seaman/technician/research fellow/typist/official
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第一讲汉译英一、（2012年天津市中考）1. 我经常帮助妈妈收拾房间。
I often help my mum to _____________ _____________ the room2. 2010年以来，这个地区发生了很大的变化。
Great changes have ___________ ___________ in this area since 2010.3. 他们正在建一条隧道，它将穿过这座山。
They are building a tunnel, and it will _________ _____________ the mountain.4. 他现在不在办公室。
He isn’t in the office __________.5. 我想下个星期顺便看望一下吉尔。
I think I’ll _______ __________ on Jill next week.二、（2012年北京市中考）1. 很抱歉我没能参加你的生日晚会。
_____for missing your birthday party.2. 你在课余时间喜欢读书吗？Do you _____ in your spare time?3. 杰克会和同学们相处得很好。
Jack will _____ his classmates.4. 这个演讲非常精彩。
我们都听得很认真。
The speech _____ we all listened carefully.5. 他们很难在这么短的时间内想出新的办法。
_____ a new way in such a short time.三、（2012年兰州市中考）1、平衡的饮食能使你保持健康。
Eating a balanced diet can make you ______ ______.2、为了鼓舞医院里的孩子们，这位年轻的志愿者常去为他们唱歌。
This young volunteer often sings for the children at the hospital to _____them _______.3、总的来说，法国是个消费很高的地方。
In _______, France is quite an expensive place.4、新体育馆的设计图样将在图书馆展出。
Designs for the new gym will be on _______in the library.5、每个人登机前都要通过安检。
Everyone must go _______the security check before boarding the plane.四、（2012年烟台市中考）1. 据调查，许多学生都会为了实现自己的目标而努力学习。
__________ ________the survey, many students were willing to work hard to achieve their aims.2. 我更喜欢歌词很棒的音乐。
I ____________music that __________ great lyrics.3. 你们反对在城里建一个新的动物园吗？Are you_________ _________a new zoo in the town?4. 我认为年轻人应该把更多的注意力集中在工作上。
I think young people should ____________more ___________their work.5. 听到这坏消息，Robert默默地跟他的朋友一起走回了家。
When he heard the bad news, Robert walked home together with his friends______ ______.6. 制作香蕉奶昔的第二个步骤是将香蕉切碎。
The second step of making a banana milk shake is _______ ______the bananas.7. 这部电影太乏味了, 以至于我看到一半就睡着了。
The movie was so boring that I __________ ________half way through it.8. 如果你弟弟未经允许拿走了你的衣服你会怎么办？What would you do if your brother took away your clothes __________ ___________?9. 什么时候动身取决于天气条件。
When to start __________ ___________the weather conditions.10. 他在火车站偶然遇到了他的一位老校友。
He met with an old schoolmate of his ________ _________at the railway station.五、（2012年黄石市中考）1、外面太热，我宁愿呆在家里，也不愿去钓鱼。
It is too hot outside, I would _____stay at home ______go fishing.2、你介意在我外出度假时照顾一下我的猫吗？Would you mind ______ _______of my cat while I am out on holiday?3、你应该找份兼职以多赚点钱。
You _____ _______to find a part-time job to earn more money.4、如果你坚持你的梦想，终有一天它会成真。
If you hold on to your dream, it will _____ _______one day.5、很抱歉又迟到了，我保证下次不会了。
I am very _____ ______being late again. I promise no next time.6、为了保持健康，我们别无选择，只有健康饮食和加强锻炼。
To keep fit, we have no choice ______ ______eat healthily and take exercise.7、英语演讲比赛直到下午3:30才开始。
The English Speech Contest _____ begin _____3:30 in the afternoon.8、当观众们看到林书豪时，他们激动得大喊大叫。
When the audience saw Jeremy Lin, they got _____ excited ______they cried out.9、让我们非常高兴的是，刘翔有希望在严重受伤后又夺金牌。
_______ our great _______,Liu Xiang is expected to win gold medals again after he was badly hurt.10、他应该专心学习，而不应该如此关注电脑游戏。
He should concentrate on his studies instead of ______ so much ______ to computer games.六、（2012年自贡市中考）1．尽量仔细一些，下次就会更少犯错误了。
Try to be more careful then you'll fewer next time．2．你认为东方广场和新建的大道怎么样?What do you think of the Dong fang and the new ?3．学英语最好的方法是尽可能的多说。
The best way to 1earn English is to speak it as as ·4．在二十一世纪，那些观念陈旧的人将落后于时代。
In the 21st century, those people old ideas will be left the times.5．嘲笑处于困境中的人是不礼貌的。
It's to laugh at those people in ·七、（2012年盐城市中考）1、我打算给Peter买一下礼物。
I am going to ___________________________________________.2、我长大了想当一名社会工作者。
I want to be a social woker _________________________________.3、盐城有许多公园，你最喜欢哪一个？There are many parks in Yancheng._____________________________.4、颜色能够改变我们的心情，使我们感觉快乐或悲伤。
Colors can change our moods and _____________________________.5、我难以想象未来火星上的生活会是什么样。
I can not imagine ________________________________________.八、（2012年淮安市中考）1、在西方国家，许多家长经常留一些时间带孩子们去博物馆。
In _______,many parents often set aside some time to ________ to museums.3、我们不能只想着自己而不关心他人。
We can not only _____ourselves and never ___________ others.4、“素食星期一”建议人们每周至少有一天不吃肉，这样我们可以更好地保持健康。
“Meatless Mondays ”advise people __________at least one day each week, so we can______in a better way.6、交通安全非常重要，过马路要小心。
Traffic safety is very important.We should _________ when ____________.7、迈克，你要多做户外运动而不是整天在网上聊天。
Mike, you should do more outdoor activities _______________all day.九、（2012年陕西省中考）1. 英语是你最喜欢的科目吗？Is English your ?2. 每天读书是个好习惯。
It’s a good habit to every day.3. 帮助别人就是帮助我们自己。